Herbal infusions of black seed and wheat germ oil: Their chemical profiles, in vitro bio-investigations and effective formulations as Phyto-Nanoemulsions

Enhancing Radiotherapy Tolerance With Papaya Seed-Derived Nanoemulsions

Flavonoid-rich plant materials have gained attention for their potential to reduce radiotherapy side effects. Carica papaya (CP) seeds, known for high flavonoid content, hold promise for therapeutic applications. This study explored the extraction and evaluation of two oils-sunflower oil-based papaya oil (SPO) and pure papaya oil (PPO)-and their nano emulsions (SPOE and PPOE), derived from CP seeds, for radioprotective effects. Chemical analysis using QTOF-MS revealed antioxidants and phytochemicals in the oils and emulsions. Size analysis and zeta potential measurements using dynamic light scattering (DLS) showed particle sizes of 140 ± 26.06 nm for PPOE and 293.7 ± 49.42 nm for SPOE. Post-radiation, both SPOE and PPOE significantly enhanced cell viability, with values of 72.24 ± 3.92 (p ≤ 0.001) and 75.85 ± 2.62 (p ≤ 0.001), respectively. These nanoemulsions show potential as topical agents for reducing radiation-induced tissue damage in radiotherapy. Despite the promising in vitro findings, further in vivo studies are needed to confirm the clinical relevance of these nanoemulsions. Additionally, their incorporation into sunscreen formulations could provide further protection against radiation-induced skin damage, broadening their potential applications.

Effects of cold-pressed wheat germ oil and Bacillus subtilis on growth performance, digestibility, immune status, intestinal microbial enumeration, and gene expression of broilers under heat stress

This study evaluated the effect of wheat germ oil (WGO), Bacillus subtilis, and their combination on growth performance, immune response, nutrient digestibility, intestinal microbial, oxidative status, and gene expression in heat-stressed broilers. Four hundred one-day-old male Ross 308 broilers were distributed into five pens (20 birds/pen) in four experimental groups: a control (CON) without additives, WGO group fed diet with WGO at 200 mg.kg-1, BS group fed diet with B. subtilis at 500 mg.kg-1 containing 5 × 108 CFU.g-1, and CWB group received both WGO and B. subtilis. Heat stress exposure adversely affected broiler growth performance, carcass traits, immune response, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and mucin2 (MUC2) mRNA expression. However, the CWB group showed a lower FCR, reduced mortality rate, and increased BWG compared to the other groups. Nutrient digestion was also improved, with a higher digestibility of ether extract, dry matter, and crude protein. By day 35, stress biomarkers like corticosterone and glucose levels were reduced, while triiodothyronine levels increased in the BS and CWB groups. The CWB group also showed lower malondialdehyde and interleukin-6 levels, with higher superoxide dismutase activity, and increased levels of IgA, IgG, and interleukin-10. Additionally, the CWB group had higher HDL levels and lower cholesterol and LDL levels (P < 0.05). Notably, CWB supplements modified the structure of the cecal microbial community by increasing Lactobacillus counts and decreasing E. coli and C. perfringens counts. Furthermore, the expressions of intestinal MUC2 and hepatic IGF-1 were up-regulated (P < 0.05) in the CWB group. This study provides evidence that supplementing heat-stressed broiler diets with a mixture of WGO and B. subtilis enhances antioxidant capacity, immune response, growth performance, and gut integrity via modulating the microbial community and regulating gene expression.

Nanoencapsulation of quinoa oil enhanced the antioxidant potential and inhibited digestive enzymes

Quinoa oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E, but its instability limits its application in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products. Nanoencapsulation emerges as a promising strategy to promote water dispersibility, preserve and enhance functional properties, and increase the bioavailability of bioactive compounds. This study encapsulated quinoa oil through O/W emulsification, using porcine gelatin (OG) and isolated whey protein (OWG) as encapsulating agents. The particles were characterized by different physical and chemical methods and evaluated in vitro for cytotoxicity using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, human hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2) and epithelial cells, and bioactive potential through the determination of Total Antioxidant Capacity (CAT) (acidic and neutral media) and iron chelation, and inhibition of digestive enzymes (α-amylase and amyloglucosidase). OG and OWG particles presented smooth surfaces, with an average size between 161 ± 7 and 264 ± 6 nm, with a polydispersity index of 0.11 ± 0.03 and 0.130 ± 0.04, encapsulation efficiency of 74 ± 1.47 % and 83 ± 2.92 %, and water dispersibility >70 %, respectively. Free and nanoencapsulated quinoa oil did not show cytotoxic effects (cell viability >70 %). Nanoencapsulation promoted the enhancement of the antioxidant activity of quinoa oil in the range of 50-63 % in a neutral medium and 96-153 % in an acidic medium than free oil (p < 0.05). OG and OWG also enhanced the inhibition of the enzymes α-amylase (by 5-7 %) and amyloglucosidase (6-9 times more) than free oil (p < 0.05). The results showed that nanoencapsulation increased the potential for quinoa oil application, enabling the development of innovative products.

Unlocking the potential of flavonoid-infused drug delivery systems for diabetic wound healing with a mechanistic exploration

Diabetes is one of the common endocrine disorders generally characterized by elevated levels of blood sugar. It can originate either from the inability of the pancreas to synthesize insulin, which is considered as an autoimmune disorder, or the reduced production of insulin, considered as insulin resistivity. A wound can be defined as a condition of damage to living tissues including skin, mucous membrane and other organs as well. Wounds get complicated with respect to time based on specific processes like diabetes mellitus, obesity and immunocompromised conditions. Proper growth and functionality of the epidermis gets sustained due to impaired diabetic wound healing which shows a sign of dysregulated wound healing process. In comparison with synthetic medications, phytochemicals like flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids and glycosides have gained enormous importance relying on their distinct potential to heal diabetic wounds. Flavonoids are one of the most promising and important groups of natural compounds which can be used to treat acute as well as chronic wounds. Flavonoids show excellent properties due to the presence of hydroxyl groups in their chemical structure, which makes this class of compounds different from others. Based on the novel principles of nanotechnology via utilizing suitable drug delivery systems, the delivery of bioactive constituents from plant source amplifies the wound-healing mechanism, minimizes complexities and enhances bioavailability. Hence, the encapsulation and applicability of flavonoids with an emphasis on mechanistic route and wound-healing therapeutics have been highlighted in the subsequent study with focus on multiple drug delivery systems.

Effects of nitrogen starvation on growth and biochemical composition of some microalgae species

Nitrogen is one of the most important nutrient sources for the growth of microalgae. We studied the effects of nitrogen starvation on the growth responses, biochemical composition, and fatty acid profile of Dunaliella tertiolecta, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and Nannochloropsis oculata. The lack of nitrogen caused changes in carbohydrate, protein, lipid, and fatty acid composition in all examined microalgae. The carbohydrate content increased 59% in D. tertiolecta, while the lipid level increased 139% in P. tricornutum under nitrogen stress conditions compared to the control groups. Nitrogen starvation increased the oligosaccharide and polysaccharide contents of D. tertiolecta 4.1-fold and 3.6-fold, respectively. Furthermore, triacylglycerol (TAG) levels in N. oculata and P. tricornutum increased 2.3-fold and 7.4-fold, respectively. The dramatic increase in the amount of TAG is important for the use of these microalgae as raw materials in biodiesel. Nitrogen starvation increased the amounts of oligosaccharides and polysaccharides of D. tertiolecta, while increased eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in N. oculata and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content in P. tricornutum. The amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), EPA, DHA, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides in microalgal species can be increased without using the too costly nitrogen source in the culture conditions, which can reduce the most costly of living feeding.

The Protecting Role of Black Seed Oil and Its Nano-Formulation in LPS-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Mice: Evaluation of Oxidative Stress, Biochemical & Molecular Parameters

Background

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a medical concern that is accompanied by the rapid deterioration of kidney function. It can be triggered by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria as it activates a complicated immune response, resulting in widespread inflammation and potential organ dysfunction. Black seed oil (BSO) is rich in beneficial constituents and has been widely used owing to its nutritional advantages.

Purpose

This research is aimed to investigate the potential protective effects of BSO and its nano-formulation on AKI induced by LPS. It also aimed to compare their anti-inflammatory activity with indomethacin, a known synthetic anti-inflammatory drug.

Materials and Methods

Forty-eight mice were placed randomly into 8 groups. A single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 2.5 mg/kg B.W. of LPS was used to trigger inflammation, and pretreatment with BSO and its nano-formulation was at 0.2 mL/kg/day for 14 consecutive days. Indomethacin was used as a reference drug and its efficacy was tested alone or in combination with BSO at lower doses. Renal function was assessed using urea, creatinine, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1). Also, oxidative and inflammatory markers were assessed by measuring levels of reduced glutathione (GSH), nitric oxide (NO), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4). Histopathological examination of the kidney tissues was also performed.

Results

The study showed that BSO and its nano-formulation had anti-inflammatory effects comparable to or better than those of indomethacin. They greatly decreased the oxidative stress and inflammatory markers induced by LPS. Their protective effect against pathological alterations in kidney tissues was significantly noticed.

Conclusion

BSO and its nano-formulation could be used as nephroprotective and anti-inflammatory supplements.

Randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of olive and black seed oil combination on pain intensity and episiotomy wound healing in primiparous women: A study protocol

BACKGROUND

Episiotomy is associated with side effects, such as pain and wound infection. Additionally, discomfort after episiotomy affects the quality of life of both the mother and the baby. Medicinal herbs are one alternative method for the treatment of episiotomy wounds. This study will investigate the effectiveness of the combination of olive and black seed oil on pain intensity and the healing of episiotomy wounds in primiparous women.

METHODS

This randomized clinical trial will be conducted on primiparous women who have had a normal delivery with an episiotomy. There are 3 groups in this study: one group will receive a combination of olive oil and black seed oil, another group will receive olive oil alone, and the use of oils will start 24 hours after delivery. Ten drops will be applied topically 3 times a day for 10 days. The third group (control) will receive only routine care. Data will be collected through a demographic characteristics questionnaire, REEDA (Redness, Edema, Ecchymosis, Discharge, and Approximation) Scale, and Visual Analog Scale. To determine and compare the effects of pharmaceutical interventions on pain intensity and episiotomy wound healing in the groups, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) test with repeated measurements will be used with SPSS version 22.

DISCUSSION

The results of this study will show the effects of a combination of olive and black seed oil, as well as olive oil alone, on pain intensity and episiotomy wound healing in primiparous women. The positive effects observed in this trial with these oils could be valuable for women who have undergone an episiotomy.

Formulation of wheat germ oil based on nanoemulsions to mitigate cisplatin's nephrotoxic effects

The present study was designed to fabricate wheat germ oil nanoemulsions (WGO-NEs) by using two different emulsifiers in their physical properties and their chemical structures which were Triton X-100 and Lecithin to form Triton X-100 coated WGO nanoemulsion (WGOT-NE) and Lecithin coated WGO nanoemulsion (WGOL-NE) then characterized them using Transmission Electron Microscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and study their biological effects against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. The experimental study was performed on fifty male albino rats divided into 5 groups. healthy group, group injected with a single dose of cisplatin (CP), group injected with a single dose of CP then received WGO orally, group injected with a single dose of CP then received WGOL-NE and group injected a single dose of CP then received WGOT-NE. The results showed that the shape of the particles of WGOL-NE is spherical with poorly aggregation and average particle size is 161.2 nm while WGOT-NE is nearly spherical but with noticeable agglomeration and an average particle size of 194.6 nm. In the experimental study, the results showed involvement of cisplatin in nephrotoxicity through disturbance kidney function and histological examination of the cortical tissue of the kidney and increased biochemical markers related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptotic pathway. Otherwise, treatment with WGO, WGOT-NE, and WGOL-NE increased a significant amelioration in all the biochemical markers. In conclusion, WGOT-NE and WGOL-NE were more efficient than the native WGO in attenuating the kidney damage induced by CP although WGOL-NE showed the nearest results to the control group.

Preparation of glutathione loaded nanoemulsions and testing of hepatoprotective activity on THLE-2 cells

To improve bioavailability and stability of hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds, nanoemulsions are good alternatives as delivery systems because of their nontoxic and nonirritant nature. Glutathione (GSH) suffers from low stability in water, where its encapsulation in nanoemulsions is a powerful strategy to its stability in aqueous systems. The aim of this study was to obtain nanoemulsions from the hydrophobic/hydrophilic contents of N. sativa seed oil so as to improve GSH stability along with bioavailability of N. sativa seed oil. Then, the prepared nanoemulsions were tested for in vitro hepatoprotective activity against ethanol toxicity. To the best of our knowledge, there is no study on the test of nanoemulsions by the combination of Nigella sativa seed oils and GSH in hepatoprotective activity. Here, nanoemulsions with different contents were prepared using Nigella sativa seed oils. Content analyses and characterisation studies of prepared nanoemulsions were carried out. In order to investigate the protective effects against to ethanol exposure, THLE-2 cells were pretreated with nanoemulsions for 2 h with the maximum benign dose (0.5 mg/mL of nanoemulsions). Ethanol (400 mM) was introduced to pretreated cells and nontreated cells for 48- or 72-h periods, followed by cell viability assay was carried out. Fluorescence microscopy tests revealed the introduction of the nanoemulsions into THLE-2 cells. The findings show that nanoformulations have promising in vitro hepatoprotective effects on the THLE-2 cell line against ethanol exposure.

Development of novel cationic microemulsion as parenteral adjuvant for influenza vaccine

Squalene-based oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions have been used as effective and safe adjuvants in approved influenza vaccines. However, there are concerns regarding the safety and side effects of increasing risk of narcolepsy. In present study, novel O/W microemulsions (MEs) containing wheat germ oil, D-alpha tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS) and Cremophor EL (CreEL) or Solutol HS15 were formulated with/without a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and then sterilized by autoclaving. Their physical properties and biological efficacies were evaluated. The results demonstrated that autoclaving reduced the droplet size to ∼20 nm with narrow size distributions resulting in monodisperse systems with good stability up to 3 years. Hemolytic activity, viscosity, pH, and osmolality were appropriate for parenteral use. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), a model antigen, after mixing with MEs retained the protein integrity, assessed by SDS-PAGE and CD spectroscopy. Greater percentages of 28SC cell viability were observed from CreEL-based MEs. Uptake of FITC-BSA-MEs increased with the increasing concentration of CTAB confirmed by CLSM images. Furthermore, cationic CreEL-based MEs could induce Th1 cytokine synthesis with an increase in TNF-α and IL-12 levels and a decrease in IL-10 level. In vivo immunization study in mice of adjuvants admixed with influenza virus solution revealed that nonionic and selected cationic CreEL-MEs enhanced immune responses as measured by influenza-specific serum antibody titers and hemagglutination inhibition titers. Particularly, cationic CreEL-based ME showed better humoral and cellular immunity with higher IgG2a titer than nonionic CreEL-based ME and antigen alone. No differences in immune responses were observed between mice immunized with selected cationic CreEL-based ME and marketed adjuvant. In addition, the selected ME induced antigen-sparing while retained immune stimulating effects compared to antigen alone. No inflammatory change in muscle fiber structure was observed. Accordingly, the developed cationic CreEL-based ME had potential as novel adjuvant for parenteral influenza vaccine.

Comparative Evaluation of Two Hyaluronic Acid Gel Products for the Treatment of Interdental Papillary Defects

Objectives

The aim was to investigate the efficacy of single injections of two different hyaluronic acid products, Flex Barrier and Revident, in reducing the size of black triangles to treat Nordland-Tarnow Class I and II recessions.

Materials and Methods

Forty adult patients were recruited with at least two upper and two lower interdental papilla defects in the front region between canine teeth. According to the Nordland-Tarnow classification of papillary defects, both Class I and Class II recessions were included in the investigation. Patients were randomly assigned to experimental groups to receive single injections of two different hyaluronic acid products, either Flex Barrier or Revident. The untreated sites served as controls. Photographs were taken before and immediately after the treatment, and again after one week and one month. To determine the size of the black triangles, Image J software was used. For statistical analysis, a mixed-design ANOVA was applied.

Results

Both Flex Barrier and Revident significantly decreased the size of the treated defects immediately after the treatment and also one week later (p<0.001). The beneficial effect of Revident lasted longer than Flex Barrier as it remained significant even after one month in Revident-treated patients, however, not in the Flex Barrier-treated group. Furthermore, Nordland-Tarnow Class I lesions generally showed a greater improvement than Class II lesions.

Conclusion

In this proof-of-concept, randomized clinical trial we have demonstrated the clinical applicability of both Flex Barrier and Revident, although Revident gave longer-lasting improvements than Flex Barrier. Further trials are needed to optimize multiple-application protocols for treating gingival black triangles.

Nutraceutical Vegetable Oil Nanoformulations for Prevention and Management of Diseases

The scientific community is becoming increasingly interested in identifying, characterizing, and delivering nutraceuticals, which constitutes a multi-billion-dollar business. These bioactive agents are claimed to exhibit several health benefits, including the prevention and treatment of diseases such as arthritis, cancer, osteoporosis, cataracts, Alzheimer's, and Huntington's diseases, heart, brain and metabolic disorders, etc. Nutraceuticals are typically consumed as part of a regular human diet and are usually present within foods, comprising vegetable oil, although at low levels and variable composition. Thus, it is difficult to control the type, amount and frequency of their ingestion by individuals. Nanoformulations about vegetable oil-based bioactive compounds with nutraceutical properties are useful for overcoming these issues, while improving the uptake, absorption, and bioavailability in the body. The purpose of this current study is to review papers on such nanoformulations, particularly those relevant for health benefits and the prevention and management of diseases, as well as bioactives extracted from vegetable oils enhancing the drug effectiveness, retrieved through bibliographic databases by setting a timespan from January 2000 to April 2020 (about 1758 records).

Natural product-based nanomedicines for wound healing purposes: therapeutic targets and drug delivery systems

Wound healing process is an intricate sequence of well-orchestrated biochemical and cellular phenomena to restore the integrity of the skin and subcutaneous tissue. Several plant extracts and their phytoconstituents are known as a promising alternative for wound healing agents due to the presence of diverse active components, ease of access, and their limited side effects. The development of nanotechnological methods can help to improve the efficacy of different therapeutics as well as herbal-based products. Here, we present a review of the efficacy of the plant based-nanomaterials in the management of wounds and discuss the involved therapeutic targets. For this purpose, a profound search has been conducted on in vitro, in vivo, and/or clinical evidences evaluating the efficacy and pharmacological mechanisms of natural product-based nanostructures on different types of wounds. Different pharmacological targets are involved in the wound healing effects of herbal-based nanostructures, including suppressing the production of inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory transduction cascades, reducing oxidative factors and enhancing antioxidative enzymes, and promoting neovascularization and angiogenic pathways through increasing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor. Moreover, nanostructure of plant extracts and their phytochemicals can enhance their bioavailability, control their release in the form of sustained delivery systems to the wound site, and enhance the permeability of these therapeutics to the underlying skin layers, which are all necessary for the healing process. Overall, various plant extracts and their natural compounds, used in nanoformulations, have demonstrated high activity in the management of wounds and thus can be assumed as future pharmaceutical drugs.

Astaxanthin-alpha tocopherol nanoemulsion formulation by emulsification methods: Investigation on anticancer, wound healing, and antibacterial effects

Emulsion-based delivery systems have been fabricated and developed to increase the bioavailability of astaxanthin and alpha-tocopherol as active compounds for various biomedical applications. Astaxanthin-alpha tocopherol nanoemulsion (ATNE) is well known for its potential 6.-6.30 effect. The current study investigated ATNE by spontaneous (SENE) and ultrasonication emulsification (USNE) methods to optimally fabricate oil/water nanoemulsion characterized for biomedical applications. The two methods were compared by using a response surface method of 3-level Box-Behnken design (BBD) with significant factors. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed spherical-shaped nanoemulsion from SENE and USNE methods and dynamic light scattering (DLS) proved the good stability of the fabricated nanoemulsion. Cytotoxicity studies on three different cancer cells confirmed that the nanoemulsion at higher concentrations was more toxic than one at lower concentrations by accompanying a significant decrease in the cellular viability after 24 and 48 h of exposure. The wound-healing potential using scratch assay evidenced faster healing effect of the nanoemulsion. Both minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) methods confirmed significant antibacterial activity to disrupt the integrity of the bacterial cell membrane. The current results suggested that ATNE act as effectively targeted drug delivery vehicles in the future for cancer treatment applications due to its significant results of anticancer, wound healing, and antimicrobial effects.

Structural Variation and Microrheological Properties of a Homogeneous Polysaccharide from Wheat Germ

A novel polysaccharide (WGP) was purified from crude wheat germ polysaccharide by Sephacryl S-500HRgel filtration. The molecular weight of WGP was determined as 4.89 × 10⁶ Da and consisted of arabinose, xylose, glucose, and galactose. Methylation analysis and 1D/2D nuclear magnetic resonance was used to analyze the structural characterization of WGP. WGP was mainly a backbone composed of (1 → 4)-linked-β-d-Xylp (19.01%) and (1 → 3, 4)-linked-β-d-Xylp (26.27%) residues, which was branched of (1 → 5)-linked α-l-Araf (28.09%) and (1 → 3,6)-linked β-d-Galp (12.11%) with β-d-Glcp (14.52%) as terminal unit. The calculated values of Turbiscan stability indexes suggested that WGP (0.1-0.5 mg/mL) is a stable system. Microrheology results showed that WGP can form gel behavior when the concentration of WGP ranges from 0.1 to 3 mg/mL. Results of in vitro assays showed that WGP could cause the proliferation of RAW264.7 macrophages, upregulating the release of TNF-α and IL-8 in the lymphocytes.

Evaluation of garlic oil in nano-emulsified form: Optimization and its efficacy in high-fat diet induced dyslipidemia in Wistar rats

Garlic oil nanoemulsion was formulated using ultrasonic emulsification and the optimized garlic oil nanoemulsion ratio (1:2) of oil: surfactant showed spherical, with tiny droplet size 24.9 ± 1.11 nm. It was observed that the prepared nanoemulsion has the zeta potential of -42.63 ± 1.58 mV and a low polydispersity index of 0.2 ± 0.09 with excellent stability. The formulation was subjected to in vivo acute and sub-acute toxicity. In acute toxicity study, single oral administration of 18.63 ml of garlic oil nanoemulsion/kg resulted in immediate mortality. However, garlic oil nanoemulsion (0.46 ml/kg) and tween 80 (0.5 ml/kg) administered rats did not exhibit any toxicity and showed no changes in hematological and histological parameters. Further, both preventive and curative studies of garlic oil nanoemulsion were evaluated in high-fat diet fed dyslipidemic Wistar rats. Garlic oil nanoemulsion administered groups showed a significant effect in reducing the levels of lipid profiles (p < 0.001) compared to atorvastatin and garlic oil. Evaluation of lipid deposits in hepatic tissues was analyzed by Oil Red O staining, which revealed that garlic oil nanoemulsion administered rats markedly reduced the fat depots. Our findings suggest that garlic oil nano-emulsified form reduced toxicity and improved efficacy in preventing and treating dyslipidemia.

Radioprotective effects of lentil sprouts against X-ray radiation

The present study investigated the radioprotective efficacy of lentil (Lens culinaris) sprouts against X-ray radiation-induced cellular damage. Lentil seeds were dark germinated at low temperature and the sprout extract was prepared in PBS. Free radical scavenging of extract was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and then the radioprotective potency of extract (0 to 1000 μg/mL) on the lymphocyte cells was determined by lactate dehydrogenases assay. Moreover, micronuclei assay was assessed using the cytokinesis-block technique. The irradiations were performed using 6 MV X-ray beam. The value of IC₅₀ for DPPH assay was 250 μg/mL. The median lethal dose for radiation was determinate at 5.37 Gy. Pretreatment with lentil sprout extract at 1000 μg/mL reduced cytotoxicity at 6 Gy total concentration from 70% to 50%. The results of micronuclei assay indicated that cells were resistant to radiation at concentrations of 500–1000 μg/mL of exogenous lentil sprout extract. The value of median effective concentration for micronuclei assay was 500 μg/mL. The results indicated that lentil sprout extract showed actually somewhat radioprotective effect on lymphocyte cell. In addition, the obtained results suggest that extract of total lentil sprout have more antioxidant activity than radicle part.

Testing of bioactive-nanovesicles on hepatotoxicity of atypical antipsychotics via digital holography

Atypical antipsychotic drugs induce hepatic toxicity. Thus, it is of importance to eliminate the side effects of these drugs. Herein we describe the preparation of nanoemulsions with a dietary supplement; wheat germ oil (WGO), to ameliorate the liver damage induced by clozapine and olanzapine. THLE-2 cell line was used as a model to investigate the effects of these nanoemulsions on cell viability as well as antioxidative efficiency after antipsychotic insult. In this context, a conventional cell culture method; MTT was used along with a novel cellular imaging technique called digital holography (DH) to evaluate cell viability. Obtained data confirmed that both clozapine and olanzapine induced the liver damage in in vitro model and WGO nanoemulsions were found to be effective on cells and eliminate the cytotoxic effects of these drugs. Briefly, this study has some outputs as follows; it showed that different dietary supplements can be used in such formulations instead of their pristine forms to increase bioavailability. Also, DH was successfully applied for the monitoring of cell viability and it could be a promising approach as the reactive-free cytotoxicity test.