Fluorescence detection platform of metal-organic frameworks for biomarkers

Chromium-functionalized metal-organic frameworks as highly sensitive, dual-mode sensors for real time and rapid detection of dopamine

Dopamine (DA): the brain's "feel-good" chemical that keeps us motivated, happy, and ready to take on the world. This essential neurotransmitter is involved in various physiological processes such as motor control, reward, and mood regulation. Dysregulation of DA levels is linked to several neurodegenerative diseases, emphasizing the need for sensitive and accurate detection methods for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. Fluorometric sensing presents an appealing, cost-effective approach to detect DA, especially in complex biological fluids. In this study, we report the synthesis and application of chromium-based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), Cr-IA and Cr-BTC (IA: itaconic acid and BTC: benzene-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid), as highly sensitive fluorometric sensors for DA detection in bio-fluids. Cr-IA and Cr-BTC MOFs were synthesized using a solvothermal method with their respective ligands and chromium salts, utilizing a mixed solvent system comprising water, ethanol, and dimethylformamide (DMF). Both MOFs were characterized using a variety of techniques, including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analysis, powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), zeta potential measurements, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) that provided essential information on the structural integrity, surface morphology, crystallinity, thermal stability, and surface charge properties of the MOFs, confirming the successful synthesis and characterization of both materials. The synthesized MOFs exhibited remarkable fluorometric sensing capabilities for dopamine detection in HEPES buffer, aqueous solution, and human serum, showcasing strong fluorescence response with high sensitivity, selectivity, and stability across a wide pH range. Cr-IA MOF demonstrated a 3.4-fold fluorescence intensity increase in HEPES buffer, while Cr-BTC MOF achieved a 5-fold enhancement. Both MOFs showed low limits of detection, with Cr-IA and Cr-BTC achieving 21 nM and 41 nM in HEPES buffer, and 26 nM and 20 nM in water, respectively. Fluorescence quenching and visible color changes upon dopamine addition enabled real-time and visual detection, while their dose-response behavior in human serum further validated their reliability for bioanalytical applications. Cytotoxicity studies confirmed their biocompatibility, ensuring their safe use in biological systems. These findings establish Cr-IA and Cr-BTC as highly promising materials for diagnostic and therapeutic monitoring, offering potential for clinical diagnostics and broader biomedical applications.

Recent advances in fluorescent nanomaterials designed for biomarker detection and imaging

The highly sensitive detection and imaging of biomarkers are critical for early diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis monitoring. The unique size and structure of fluorescent nanomaterials provide key benefits such as excellent photostability, high fluorescence quantum yield, and tunable excitation and emission wavelengths. These properties have led to the widespread application of nanomaterials in fluorescent biomarkers detection and imaging. In this review, we began by introducing the composition of fluorescent probes and discussing the underlying sensing mechanisms. We then summarized recent advances in the use of fluorescent nanomaterials such as quantum dots (QDs), metal nanoclusters (MNCs), carbon dots (CDs), and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) for biomarker detection and imaging. Additionally, we highlighted the applications of fluorescent nanomaterials in the detection and imaging of small molecules, biomacromolecules, and various biomarkers, including metal ions, bacteria, and circulating tumor cells (CTCs). The challenges and future prospects of fluorescent nanomaterials in biomarker detection and imaging were also discussed. We anticipate that fluorescent nanomaterials will have profound implications for clinical biomarker detection and imaging, with considerable application in both academic research and industrial applications.

Recent Advances in HPV Detection: From Traditional Methods to Nanotechnology and the Application of Quantum Dots

Cervical cancer, a significant public health concern, demands precise and expeditious detection methods to curb the spread of human papillomavirus (HPV). The early detection of cervical cancer remains a critical challenge in developing reliable and efficient screening tools to meet the demand for controlling cervical cancer. Traditional detection techniques are often cumbersome, costly, and inadequate for on-site HPV testing. Nanotechnology, with its unique electrical, chemical, and optical properties, has emerged as a pivotal component in the development of biosensors for rapid and reliable HPV detection. This article provides a comprehensive review of the advancements in cervical cancer detection, encompassing traditional methods, emerging protocols, and novel quantum dots (QDs)-based approaches for detection. The review examines the application of various nanomaterials in electrochemical and photoelectrochemical biosensors for the diagnosis of cervical cancer, with these innovations offering a significant improvement over conventional approach. Furthermore, we detail the synthesis methods of QDs and their properties, illustrate the substantial enhancement in sensor performance achieved through their applications, and elucidate the improvements and challenges associated with these new protocols while highlighting the potential application prospects of novel QDs technology in HPV detection.

EGCG/bimetallic organic framework modified titanium implants: Harmonising anti-inflammatory and antioxidant responses to promote osteointegration

Titanium-based repair of diabetic bone defects is often accompanied by oxidative stress, persistent inflammation and poor osseointegration, which need to be urgently addressed. In the present study, p-xylylenebisphosphonate (PXBP) was used to coordinate with Ce ions and Zn2 + to construct a metal-organic framework structure (Zn/Ce-P-TN) on the surface of titanium dioxide nanorods (TN), and a multifunctional pH-responsive E@Zn/Ce-P-TN coating was obtained by encapsulation with gallic acid (E). The coating had good hydrophilicity, corrosion resistance, and hemocompatibility. E@Zn/Ce-P-TN modulated macrophage polarization toward M2 type by upregulating anti-inflammatory factors (a 2.5-fold increase in CD206 expression) and downregulating pro-inflammatory factors (a 68 % decrease in iNOS expression). In addition, the coating promoted HUVEC migration, lumen formation and expression of angiogenic factors (VEGF upregulation by 3.2-fold). Meanwhile, the coating was able to upregulate the expression of genes and proteins related to osteogenesis and promote osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells. In vivo and in vitro, E@Zn/Ce-P-TN could effectively remove excessive ROS (86.7 % DPPH scavenging) and reduce oxidative stress (80 % ROS reduction in vivo). In vivo, E@Zn/Ce-P-TN also exhibited excellent anti-inflammatory, as well as pro-vascularization and bone regeneration abilities with good biosafety. In conclusion, E@Zn/Ce-P-TN provided an effective strategy for diabetic bone defect repair and was expected to improve clinical outcomes through its multimodal mechanism of action.

Microstructural Modulation of Isomorphic Luminescent Coordination Polymers To Achieve Sensing Effect Transformation

The sensing effect transformation is first exploited by microstructural modulation. Two AIE functional ligands L-1 and L-2 were developed to construct two isomorphic coordination polymers [Cu(L-1)2(SCN)2]n (1) and [Cu(L-2)2(SCN)2]n (2), respectively (L-1 = 4,4'-((9H-fluoren-9-ylidene)-methylene)dipyridine; L-2 = 5,5'-((9H-fluoren-9-ylidene)-methylene)dipyrimidine). 1 and 2 exhibit 1-D single-chain architectures and have good water, pH, and thermal stabilities. 1 and 2 show the functional-ligand-originated luminescence and reduced emission intensities. L-1 and L-2 stack in a back-to-back manner in 1 and 2 with the distances of 4.61 and 5.38 Å, resulting in distinct MnO4- sensing effects for 1 and 2. 1 exhibits "turn-off" (luminescence quenching) MnO4- sensing. In a sharp contrast, 2 shows "turn-on" (luminescence enhancing) MnO4- sensing ability with ultrahigh sensitivity. Particularly, 2 represents the first "turn-on" MnO4- sensor. Their sensing mechanism toward a distinct MnO4- sensing effect is discussed in detail.

Near infrared-emitting carbon dots for the detection of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP): a non-enzymatic approach for the early identification of stroke and glioblastoma

Immunoassay techniques are widely recognized for their sensitivity and selectivity in biomarker detection; however, their high cost, time-consuming protocols and limited stability often pose significant limitations. In this study, we address these challenges by developing an antibody-free fluorescent platform for the detection of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a biomarker released from astrocytes, which plays a critical role in neurological diseases such as ischemic stroke and glioblastoma (GBM). Glutamic acid (GA), a neurotransmitter prevalent in the brain, was selected to quench a near-infrared (NIR) emitting carbon dot-based probe, exploiting the potential interaction between GA and GFAP. The probe demonstrated a turn-on response towards GFAP in the presence of various co-existing biomolecules and ions with a detection limit of 1.8 pg mL-1. A real sample assay conducted in human serum further validated the performance of the probe, achieving a recovery rate of 85% to 97%, underscoring the potential of the probe as a reliable and cost-effective tool for GFAP detection in clinical settings.

A synchronous fluorescence biosensor mediated by hydrogen-bonding interaction for highly selective detection of dopamine

A highly selective and sensitive silicon nanoparticles (Si NPs) biosensor was developed for dopamine (DA) detection utilizing synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS). Si NPs were synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal method, utilizing 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) as the silane precursor and polyethyleneimine (PEI) as the reducing agent. The Si NPs exhibited a spherical morphology, with an average diameter of 3.7 nm. Additionally, the Si NPs demonstrated remarkable fluorescent properties. When integrated into the DA detection process utilizing SFS, the synchronous fluorescence spectrum of the DA system exclusively exhibits a peak at 530 nm, whereas systems involving epinephrine and norepinephrine both display peaks at 484 nm and 530 nm. Consequently, this detection system exhibits a high capacity for effectively differentiating between DA and other catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine), ensuring a high degree of specificity in the detection process. Additionally, this combined approach also presents a strong linear relationship between the enhancement of synchronous fluorescence intensity (F530/F484) and DA concentrations within the concentration ranges 1-10 μM and 10-50 μM, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.22 μM (3σ/k). Finally, the biosensor was successfully employed for the detection of DA in the spiked serum samples. This work introduced a novel approach for DA detection and provided a valuable technical platform for rapid monitoring of DA levels in biological samples.

Preparation and application of achiral UiO-66-NH2 MOFs for enantioselective fluorescent detection of lysine enantiomers

Lysine (Lys) is an essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in the growth and development of living organisms. Chiral analysis of Lys holds significant importance for ensuring the safety of food, pharmaceuticals, and health products. In this work, an achiral Zr-based metal organic frameworks (MOFs), UiO-66-NH2, was proposed as a fluorescent probe to achieve rapid response to l-lysine (L-Lys) in solution. Additionally, Zr4+ in the skeleton of UiO-66-NH2 framework exhibited different binding capacities towards Lys enantiomers, leading to distinct fluorescence responses for L-Lys and d-lysine (D-Lys). Leveraging these properties, the UiO-66-NH2 probe enabled accurate determination of L-Lys concentrations in solution, as well as the enantiomeric excess (ee) values of Lys solutions. Notably, in the detection of Lys enantiomers, the achiral UiO-66-NH2 acted as both a chiral selector and a fluorescent indicator, greatly improving the efficiency and stability of the detection system. The probable mechanism was further elucidated by pH titration experiments and density functional theory calculations. Additionally, the general applicability of this mechanism was validated by similar amino MOFs. The application of the UiO-66-NH2 fluorescent probe in analysis of infant formula milk powders and liquid milk samples confirmed the reliability of the method. Moreover, the construction of fluorescence test paper by immobilizing UiO-66-NH2 onto filler papers enabled the rapid identification of Lys enantiomers. Compared to previous fluorescent analyses of chiral amino acids assisted by additional metal ions, this study presented a novel approach and methodology that offers high efficiency, stability, reproducibility and reusability for the identification and detection of Lys enantiomers, highlighting the potential of the UiO-66-NH2 fluorescent probe in advancing analytical techniques.

Optical sensors for transdermal biomarker detection: A review

This review has explored optical sensors and their important role in non-invasive transdermal biomarker detection. While electrochemical sensors have been thoroughly studied for biomarker tracking, optical sensors present a compelling alternative due to their high sensitivity and selectivity, multiplex capabilities, cost-efficiency, and small form factor. This review examines the latest advancements in optical sensing technologies for transdermal biomarker detection, such as colorimetry, fluorescence, surface plasmon resonance (SPR), fiber optics, photonic crystals, and Raman spectroscopy. These technologies have been applied in the analysis of biomarkers present in sweat and skin gases, which are essential for non-invasive health monitoring. Furthermore, the review has discussed the challenges and future perspectives of optical sensors in in transdermal biomarker detection. The analysis of various sensor types and their applications highlights the transformative potential of optical sensors in enhancing disease diagnostics and promoting proactive health management.

π-π conjugated PDI supramolecular regulating the photoluminescence of imine-COFs for sensitive smartphone visual detection of levofloxacin

As the contamination and enrichment in food chain of levofloxacin (LV) antibiotics have caused a significant threat to life safety, the instant detection of LV has become an urgent need. Here, a PDI-functionalized imine-based covalent organic framework (PDI-COF300) was prepared by the electrostatic self-assembly method as fluorescent probe for smartphone visual detection of LV, which exhibited excellent fluorescence quantum yield (82.68%), greater stability, high sensitivity with detection limit of 0.303 μM. Based on the results of molecular docking and Stern-Volmer equation, the LV detection by PDI-COF300 was mainly a static quenching process through π-π stacked hydrophobic interactions and fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Besides, PDI-COF300 was applied to LV detection in environmental medium and milk samples with recoveries from 85.56% to 108.34% and relative standard deviations <2.70%. This work also provided a new general strategy for using PDI-COF in smartphone devices and fluorescent papers for LV fluorescence detection and microanalysis.

Advances in multifunctional metal-organic framework (MOF)-based nanoplatforms for cancer starvation therapy

Cancer remains a significant threat to human health today. Even though starvation therapy and other treatment methods have recently advanced to a new level of rapid development in tumour treatment, their limited therapeutic effectiveness and unexpected side effects prevent them from becoming the first option in clinical treatment. With rapid advancement in nanotechnology, the utilization of nanomaterials in therapeutics offers the potential to address the shortcomings in cancer treatment. Notably, multifunctional metal-organic framework (MOF) has been widely employed in cancer therapy due to their customizable shape, adjustable diameter, high porosity, diverse compositions, large specific surface area, high degree of functionalization and strong biocompatibility. This paper reviews the current progress and success of MOF-based multifunctional nanoplatforms for cancer starvation therapy, as well as the prospects and potential barriers for the application of MOF nanoplatforms in cancer starvation therapy.

Metal-organic frameworks in drug delivery: engineering versatile platforms for therapeutic applications

Recently, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted much attention as versatile materials for drug delivery and personalized medicine. MOFs are porous structures made up of metal ions coupled with organic ligands. This review highlights the synthesis techniques used to design MOFs with specific features such as surface area and pore size, and the drug encapsulation within MOFs not only improves their stability and solubility but also allows for controlled release kinetics, which improves therapeutic efficacy and minimizes adverse effects. Furthermore, it discusses the challenges and potential advantages of MOF-based drug delivery, such as MOF stability, biocompatibility, and scale-up production. With further advancements in MOF synthesis, functionalization techniques, and understanding of their interactions using biological systems, MOFs can have significant promise for expanding the area of personalized medicine and improving patient outcomes.

Recent Progress in Biosensors for Depression Monitoring-Advancing Personalized Treatment

Depression is currently a major contributor to unnatural deaths and the healthcare burden globally, and a patient's battle with depression is often a long one. Because the causes, symptoms, and effects of medications are complex and highly individualized, early identification and personalized treatment of depression are key to improving treatment outcomes. The development of wearable electronics, machine learning, and other technologies in recent years has provided more possibilities for the realization of this goal. Conducting regular monitoring through biosensing technology allows for a more comprehensive and objective analysis than previous self-evaluations. This includes identifying depressive episodes, distinguishing somatization symptoms, analyzing etiology, and evaluating the effectiveness of treatment programs. This review summarizes recent research on biosensing technologies for depression. Special attention is given to technologies that can be portable or wearable, with the potential to enable patient use outside of the hospital, for long periods.

The Application of Hydrogen Sulfide Fluorescent Probe in Food Preservation, Detection and Evaluation

This work primarily reviewed the response mechanism of fluorescent probes for H2S detection in foodstuffs in recent years, as well as the methodologies employed for detecting foodstuffs. Firstly, the significance of studying H2S gas as an important signaling molecule is introduced. Subsequently, a review of the response mechanism of the scientific community on how to detect H2S in foodstuffs samples by fluorescent probe technology is carried out. Secondly, the methods commonly used for detecting foodstuffs samples are discussed, including the test strip method and the spiking recovery methods. Nevertheless, despite the significant advancements in this field, there remain some research gaps. Finally, the article identifies the remaining issues that require further attention in current research and proposes avenues for future investigation. More importantly, this work identifies the current limitations of research in this field and proposes future applications of fluorescent probes for H2S in assessing food freshness and determining food spoilage. Therefore, this review will provide robust technical support for the protection of consumer health and the advancement of the sustainable development of the food industry and also put forward some new ideas and suggestions for future research.

Prospects, advances and biological applications of MOF-based platform for the treatment of lung cancer

Nowadays in our society, lung cancer is exhibiting a high mortality rate and threat to human health. Conventional diagnostic techniques used in the field of lung cancer often necessitate the use of extensive instrumentation, exhibit a tendency for false positives, and are not suitable for widespread early screening purposes. Conventional approaches to treat lung cancer primarily involve surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. However, these broad-spectrum treatments suffer from drawbacks such as imprecise targeting and significant side effects, which restrict their widespread use. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted significant attention in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer owing to their tunable electronic properties and structures and potential applications. These porous nanomaterials are formed through the intricate assembly of metal centers and organic ligands, resulting in highly versatile frameworks. Compared to traditional diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, MOFs can improve the sensitivity of lung cancer biomarker detection in the diagnosis of lung cancer. In terms of treatment, they can significantly reduce side effects and improve therapeutic efficacy. Hence, this perspective provides an overview concerning the advancements made in the field of MOFs as potent biosensors for lung cancer biomarkers. It also delves into the latest research dealing with the use of MOFs as carriers for drug delivery. Additionally, it explores the applications of MOFs in various therapeutic approaches, including chemodynamic therapy, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and immunotherapy. Furthermore, this review comprehensively analyses potential applications of MOFs as biosensors in the field of lung cancer diagnosis and combines different therapeutic approaches aiming for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. It also presents a concise overview of the existing obstacles, aiming to pave the way for future advancements in lung cancer diagnosis and treatment.

Construction of a series of pH stable Ca-based MOFs, their CO2 adsorption and catalytic activity

In this study, three different solvent systems have been employed to investigate the effect of reaction parameters on the synthesis of four alkaline earth metal-based MOFs namely [Ca(0.5 1,4-phenyl diacetic acid)2(H2O)DMF]∞ (Ca-MOF-1), [Ca(1,4-naphthalene dicarboxylate)DMF]∞ (Ca-MOF-2), [Ca2(0.5 1,2,4,5-benzene tetracarboxylate)2(H2O)3DMF]∞ (Ca-MOF-3) and [Ca2(2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate)2(H2O)6]∞ (Ca-MOF-4). The crystal structures of these four MOFs have been resolved through single crystal X-ray analysis and the bulk phase purity of these MOFs was assessed using PXRD and FT-IR analysis. To check the stability of these MOFs, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out. To analyze the robustness of these MOFs, the PXRD of the samples was also collected at different pH levels. These MOFs were further explored as Lewis acid catalysts for the alcoholysis of epoxides and the activity of these catalysts depend on the open metal sites present in the MOFs. The catalytic activity follows the order: Ca-MOF-2 > Ca-MOF-4 > Ca-MOF-1 > Ca-MOF-3. The activity was also checked with various epoxide substrates using Ca-MOF-2. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations also support this trend with the help of the thermodynamic feasibility of epoxide binding, considering model MOF structures. The weak interaction between the epoxide oxygen and the metal centre of the most stable MOF structure has also been clarified by computational studies.

Bioactive Metal-Organic Frameworks as a Distinctive Platform to Diagnosis and Treat Vascular Diseases

Vascular diseases (VDs) pose the leading threat worldwide due to high morbidity and mortality. The detection of VDs is commonly dependent on individual signs, which limits the accuracy and timeliness of therapies, especially for asymptomatic patients in clinical management. Therefore, more effective early diagnosis and lesion-targeted treatments remain a pressing clinical need. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous crystalline materials formed by the coordination of inorganic metal ions and organic ligands. Due to their unique high specific surface area, structural flexibility, and functional versatility, MOFs are recognized as highly promising candidates for diagnostic and therapeutic applications in the field of VDs. In this review, the potential of MOFs to act as biosensors, contrast agents, artificial nanozymes, and multifunctional therapeutic agents in the diagnosis and treatment of VDs from the clinical perspective, highlighting the integration between clinical methods with MOFs is generalized. At the same time, multidisciplinary cooperation from chemistry, physics, biology, and medicine to promote the substantial commercial transformation of MOFs in tackling VDs is called for.

A Benzothiadiazole-Based Zn(II) Metal-Organic Framework with Visual Turn-On Sensing for Anthrax Biomarker and Theoretical Calculation

2,6-pyridine dicarboxylic acid (DPA) is an exceptional biomarker of notorious anthrax spores. Therefore, the rapid, sensitive, and selective quantitative detection of DPA is extremely significant and urgent. This paper reports a Zn(II) metal-organic framework with the formula of {[Zn6(NDA)6(DPBT)3] 2H2O·3DMF}n (MOF-1), which consists of 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (2,6-NDA), 4,7-di(4-pyridyl)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (DPBT), and Zn(II) ions. Structural analysis indicated that MOF-1 is a three-dimensional (3D) network which crystallized in the monoclinic system with the C2/c space group, revealing high pH, solvent, and thermal stability. Luminescence sensing studies demonstrated that MOF-1 had the potential to be a highly selective, sensitive, and recyclable fluorescence sensor for the identification of DPA. Furthermore, fluorescent test paper was made to detect DPA promptly with color changes. The enhancement mechanism was established by the hydrogen-bonding interaction and photoinduced electron transfer transition between MOF-1 and DPA molecules.

A target-triggered strand displacement-assisted target recycling based on carbon dots-based fluorescent probe and MSNs@PDA nanoparticles for miRNA amplified detection and fluorescence imaging

A target-triggered strand displacement-assisted target recycling based on carbon dots-based fluorescent probe and mesoporous silica nanoparticles@polydopamine (MSNs@PDA) was established to detect miRNA. The surface of MSNs rich in mesopores was coated with a layer of PDA, which can adsorb and quench the fluorescence of single-stranded Fuel DNA with fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) modified at the end through fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). After adding double-stranded DNA-gold nanoparticles (dsDNA-AuNPs) and target let-7a, it will trigger two toehold-mediated strand displacement reactions (TSDR), leading to the recovery of fluorescence and the recycling of target let-7a (excitation wavelength: 380 nm; emission wavelength: 458 nm). The recovery value of fluorescence is proportional to the logarithm of the target microRNA let-7a concentration, thus realizing the sensitivity amplification detection of disease markers. The MSNs@PDA@Fuel DNA-CDs/dsDNA-AuNPs nanoplatform based on the strategy of "on-off-on" and TSDR cyclic amplification may hold great potential as an effective and safe nanoprobe for accurate fluorescence imaging of diseases related to miRNA with low abundances.

The luminescent principle and sensing mechanism of metal-organic framework for bioanalysis and bioimaging

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) porous material have obtained more and more attention during the past decade. Among various MOFs materials, luminescent MOFs with specific chemical characteristics and excellent optical properties have been regarded as promising candidates in the research of cancer biomarkers detection and bioimaging. Therefore, the latest advances and the principal biosensing and imaging strategies based on the luminescent MOFs were discussed in this review. The effective synthesis methods of luminescent MOFs were emphasized firstly. Subsequently, the luminescent principle of MOFs has been summarized. Furthermore, the luminescent MOF-based sensing mechanisms have been highlighted to provide insights into the design of biosensors. The designability of LMOFs was suitable for different needs of biorecognition, detection, and imaging. Typical examples of luminescent MOF in the various cancer biomarkers detection and bioimaging were emphatically introduced. Finally, the future outlooks and challenges of luminescent MOF-based biosensing systems were proposed for clinical cancer diagnosis.

Yb-TCPP metal-organic framework as fluorescence sensor for detecting tetracycline in milk

Developing effective means for detecting contamination in milk during production, processing, and storage is both important and challenging. Tetracycline (TC), due to its use in treating animal infections, is among the most prevalent organic pollutants in milk, posing potential and significant threats to human health. However, efficient and in situ monitoring of TC remains lacking. Nevertheless, we have successfully developed a highly sensitive and selective fluorescence method for detecting TC in milk using a metal-organic framework material made from Yb-TCPP (ytterbium-tetra(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin). The calculated Stern-Volmer constant (KSV) was 12,310.88 M-1, and the detection limit was 2.44 × 10-6 M, surpassing previous reports. Crucially, Yb-TCPP fluoresces in the near-infrared region, promising its development into a specific fluorescence detection product for practical TC detection in milk, offering potential application value.

Role of Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) in treating and diagnosing microbial infections

This review article highlights the innovative role of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in addressing global healthcare challenges related to microbial infections. MOFs, comprised of metal nodes and organic ligands, offer unique properties that can be applied in the treatment and diagnosis of these infections. Traditional methods, such as antibiotics and conventional diagnostics, face issues such as antibiotic resistance and diagnostic limitations. MOFs, with their highly porous and customizable structure, can encapsulate and deliver therapeutic or diagnostic molecules precisely. Their large surface area and customizable pore structures allow for sensitive detection and selective recognition of microbial pathogens. They also show potential in delivering therapeutic agents to infection sites, enabling controlled release and possible synergistic effects. However, challenges like optimizing synthesis techniques, enhancing stability, and developing targeted delivery systems remain. Regulatory and safety considerations for clinical translation also need to be addressed. This review not only explores the potential of MOFs in treating and diagnosing microbial infections but also emphasizes their unique approach and discusses existing challenges and future directions.

Topological analysis of tetracyanobenzene metal-organic framework

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are vital in modern material science, offering unique properties for gas storage, catalysis, and drug delivery due to their highly porous and customizable structures. Chemical graph theory emerges as a critical tool, providing a mathematical model to represent the molecular structure of these frameworks. Topological indices/molecular descriptors are mathematical formulations applied to molecular models, enabling the analysis of physicochemical properties and circumventing costly lab experiments. These descriptors are crucial for quantitative structure-property and structure-activity relationship studies in mathematical chemistry. In this paper, we study the different molecular descriptors of tetracyanobenzene metal-organic framework. We also give numerical comparison of computed molecular descriptors.

Recent advances and prospects of metal-organic frameworks in cancer therapies

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been broadly applied in biomedical and other fields. MOFs have high porosity, a large comparative area, and good biostability and have attracted significant attention, especially in cancer therapies. This paper presents the latest applications of MOFs in chemodynamic therapy (CDT), sonodynamic therapy (SDT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), immunotherapy (IT), and combination therapy for breast cancer. A combination therapy is the combination of two different treatment modalities, such as CDT and PDT combination therapy, and is considered more effective than separate therapies. Herein, we have also discussed the advantages and disadvantages of combination therapy in the treatment of breast cancer. This paper aims to illustrate the potential of MOFs in new cancer therapeutic approaches, discuss their potential advantages, and provide some reflections on the latest research results.

Current status and prospect of ZIF-based materials for breast cancer treatment

Breast cancer, one of the three most life-threatening cancers in modern times, must be explored for treatments with low side effects and practical efficacy. Metal organic framework materials (MOFs) is made by metal ions as the center for point and organic ligands as a bridge connecting a new type of porous nano-materials, among them, the zinc base zeolite imidazole skeleton material series (ZIFs) because of its excellent biocompatibility and pH slow controlled release ability, is widely used in the tumor microenvironment in basic research and achieved remarkable curative effect. Inspired by this, in this review, we focus on the recent research progress on the application of ZIFs in the treatment of breast cancer, mainly studying the structure of ZIFs such as ZIF-8, ZIF-90 and ZIF-67 and their application in novel therapies for breast cancer treatment, such as targeted drug delivery, photothermal therapy, immunotherapy and gene therapy.We will more fully demonstrate the potential of zif in breast cancer treatment, hoping to provide an avenue for exploring breast cancer treatment.

Advances and prospects of tumor immunotherapy mediated by immune cell-derived biomimetic metal-organic frameworks

The clinical translational success of nanomedicine and immunotherapy has already proved the immense potential in the field of nanotechnology and immunization. However, the development of nanomedicine is confronted with challenges such as potential toxicity and unclear nano-bio interactions. The efficacy of immunotherapy is limited to only a few groups. Combining immunotherapy with nanomedicine for multi-modal treatment effectively compensates for the limitations of the above single therapy. Immune cell membrane camouflaged metal-organic frameworks (ICM-MOFs) have emerged as a simple yet promising multimodal treatment strategy that possess multifunctional nanoscale properties and exhibit immune cell-like behaviors of stealth, targeting and immunomodulation. Here, we comprehensively discuss the latest advancements in ICM-MOFs, with a focus on the challenges of mono-immunotherapy, the superiority of biomimetic coating for MOF functionalization, preparation methods, related action mechanisms and biomedical applications. Finally, we address the challenges and prospects for clinical translation.

A New Cd(II)-Based Coordination Polymer for Efficient Photocatalytic Removal of Organic Dyes

Coordination polymers (CPs) are a diverse class of multi-dimensional compounds that show promise as photocatalysts for degrading dyes in polluted water. Herein, a new 1D Cd(II)-based coordination polymer with the formula [Cd(bpyp)(nba)2] (1) (bpyp = 2,5-bis(pyrid-4-yl)pyridine and Hnba = 4-nitrobenzoic acid) is synthesized and characterized. In 1, the two carboxyl groups of two different nba- ligands show μ2-η1:η1 and μ1-η1:η1 coordination modes to connect the CdII centers and sit on either side of the chain along the b direction. The produced CP 1 was utilized as the photocatalyst in the process of the photodegradation of methyl blue (MB), methyl orange (MO), rhodamine B (RhB), and methyl violet (MV) dyes when exposed to UV light. The photocatalytic degradation activities of CP 1 were analyzed, and the results suggest that it exhibits an extraordinary efficiency in the degradation of MB, MV, MO, and RhB. RhB has a 95.52% efficiency of degradation, whereas MV has a 58.92% efficiency, MO has 35.44%, and MB has 29.24%. The photodecomposition of dyes is catalyzed mostly by •O2- and •OH-, as shown by research involving the trapping of radicals.

Metal-Organic Framework/Polyvinyl Alcohol Composite Films for Multiple Applications Prepared by Different Methods

The incorporation of different functional fillers has been widely used to improve the properties of polymeric materials. The polyhydroxy structure of PVA with excellent film-forming ability can be easily combined with organic/inorganic multifunctional compounds, and such an interesting combining phenomenon can create a variety of functional materials in the field of materials science. The composite membrane material obtained by combining MOF material with high porosity, specific surface area, and adjustable structure with PVA, a non-toxic and low-cost polymer material with good solubility and biodegradability, can combine the processability of PVA with the excellent performance of porous filler MOFs, solving the problem that the poor machinability of MOFs and the difficulty of recycling limit the practical application of powdered MOFs and improving the physicochemical properties of PVA, maximizing the advantages of the material to develop a wider range of applications. Firstly, we systematically summarize the preparation of MOF/PVA composite membrane materials using solution casting, electrostatic spinning, and other different methods for such excellent properties, in addition to discussing in detail the various applications of MOF/PVA composite membranes in water treatment, sensing, air purification, separation, antibacterials, and so on. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the difficulties that need to be overcome during the film formation process to affect the performance of the composite film and offer encouraging solutions.

Current status of porous coordination networks (PCNs) derived porphyrin spacers for cancer therapy

INTRODUCTION

Porous coordination networks (PCNs) have been widely used in large number of applications such as light harvesting, catalysis, and biomedical applications. Inserting porphyrins into PCNs scaffolds can alleviate the solubility and chemical stability problems associated with porphyrin ligands and add functionality to PCNs. The discovery that some PCNs materials have photosensitizer and acoustic sensitizer properties has attracted significant attention in the field of biomedicine, particularly in cancer therapy. This article describes the latest applications of the porphyrin ligand-based family of PCNs in cancer chemodynamic therapy (CDT), photodynamic therapy (PDT), sonodynamic therapy (SDT), photothermal therapy (PTT), and combination therapies and offers some observations and reflections on them.

AREAS COVERED

This article discusses the use of the PCN family of MOFs in cancer treatment, specifically focusing on chemodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, photodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, and combination therapy.

EXPERT OPINION

Although a large number of PCNs have been developed for use in novel cancer therapeutic approaches, further improvements are needed to advance the use of PCNs in the clinic. For example, the main mechanism of action of PCNs against cancer and the metabolic processes in organisms, and how to construct PCNs that maintain good stability in the complex environment of organisms.