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Quast A, Sadlonova M, Asendorf T, Derad C, Mouchoux J, Horn J, Schliephake H, Kauffmann P, Meyer-Marcotty P. The impact of orthodontic-surgical treatment on facial expressions-a four-dimensional clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2023; 27:5841-5851. [PMID: 37561212 PMCID: PMC10560183 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-023-05195-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this clinical trial was to compare facial expressions (magnitude, shape change, time, and symmetry) before (T0) and after (T1) orthognathic surgery by implementing a novel method of four-dimensional (4D) motion capture analysis, known as videostereophotogrammetry, in orthodontics. METHODS This prospective, single-centre, single-arm trial included a total of 26 adult patients (mean age 28.4 years; skeletal class II: n = 13, skeletal class III: n = 13) with indication for orthodontic-surgical treatment. Two reproducible facial expressions (maximum smile, lip purse) were captured at T0 and T1 by videostereophotogrammetry as 4D face scan. The magnitude, shape change, symmetry, and time of the facial movements were analysed. The motion changes were analysed in dependence of skeletal class and surgical movements. RESULTS 4D motion capture analysis was feasible in all cases. The magnitude of the expression maximum smile increased from 15.24 to 17.27 mm (p = 0.002), while that of the expression lip purse decreased from 9.34 to 8.31 mm (p = 0.01). Shape change, symmetry, and time of the facial movements did not differ significantly pre- and postsurgical. The changes in facial movements following orthodontic-surgical treatment were observed independently of skeletal class and surgical movements. CONCLUSIONS Orthodontic-surgical treatment not only affects static soft tissue but also soft tissue dynamics while smiling or lip pursing. CLINICAL RELEVANCE To achieve comprehensive orthodontic treatment plans, the integration of facial dynamics via videostereophotogrammetry provides a promising approach in diagnostics. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER DRKS00017206.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Quast
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Monika Sadlonova
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University of Goettingen Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, University of Goettingen Medical Center, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Asendorf
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Carlotta Derad
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jérémy Mouchoux
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Julia Horn
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Henning Schliephake
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Kauffmann
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Meyer-Marcotty
- Department of Orthodontics, University Medical Center Goettingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Goettingen, Germany
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2
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Sarhan FR, Olivetto M, Ben Mansour K, Neiva C, Colin E, Choteau B, Marie JP, Testelin S, Marin F, Dakpé S. Quantified analysis of facial movement: A reference for clinical applications. Clin Anat 2023; 36:492-502. [PMID: 36625484 DOI: 10.1002/ca.23999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Most techniques for evaluating unilateral impairments in facial movement yield subjective measurements. The objective of the present study was to define a reference dataset and develop a visualization tool for clinical assessments. In this prospective study, a motion capture system was used to quantify facial movements in 30 healthy adults and 2 patients. We analyzed the displacements of 105 reflective markers placed on the participant's face during five movements (M1-M5). For each marker, the primary endpoint was the maximum amplitude of displacement from the static position (M0) in an analysis of variance. The measurement precision was 0.1 mm. Significant displacements of markers were identified for M1-M5, and displacement patterns were defined. The patients and age-matched healthy participants were compared with regard to the amplitude of displacement. We created a new type of radar plot to visually represent the diagnosis and facilitate effective communication between medical professionals. In proof-of-concept experiments, we collected quantitative data on patients with facial palsy and created a patient-specific radar plot. Our new protocol for clinical facial motion capture ("quantified analysis of facial movement," QAFM) was accurate and should thus facilitate the long-term clinical follow-up of patients with facial palsy. To take account of the limitations affecting the comparison with the healthy side, we created a dataset of healthy facial movements; our method might therefore be applicable to other conditions in which movements on one or both sides of the face are impaired. The patient-specific radar plot enables clinicians to read and understand the results rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Régis Sarhan
- UR 7516 CHIMERE, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Maxillofacial Surgery Department, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France.,Institut Faire Faces, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France.,Physiotherapy School, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Matthieu Olivetto
- UR 7516 CHIMERE, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Maxillofacial Surgery Department, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France.,Institut Faire Faces, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Khalil Ben Mansour
- UMR CNRS 7338, Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Sorbonne Université, Compiègne, France
| | - Cécilia Neiva
- Maxillofacial Surgery Department, Hôpital Necker APHP, Paris, France
| | - Emilien Colin
- UR 7516 CHIMERE, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Maxillofacial Surgery Department, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France.,Institut Faire Faces, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Baptiste Choteau
- Maxillofacial Surgery Department, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France.,UMR CNRS 7338, Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Sorbonne Université, Compiègne, France
| | - Jean-Paul Marie
- Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, CHU Rouen Normandie, Hôpital Charles-Nicolles, Rouen, France.,EA3830 GRHV, Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Sylvie Testelin
- UR 7516 CHIMERE, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Maxillofacial Surgery Department, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France.,Institut Faire Faces, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
| | - Frédéric Marin
- UMR CNRS 7338, Biomécanique et Bioingénierie, Université de Technologie de Compiègne, Sorbonne Université, Compiègne, France
| | - Stéphanie Dakpé
- UR 7516 CHIMERE, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France.,Maxillofacial Surgery Department, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France.,Institut Faire Faces, CHU Amiens-Picardie, Amiens, France
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3
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Xue Z, Ye G, Qiu T, Liu X, Wang X, Li Z. An objective, quantitative, dynamic assessment of facial movement symmetry changes after orthognathic surgery. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2023; 52:272-281. [PMID: 35753942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to generate a quantitative dynamic assessment of facial movement symmetry changes after orthognathic surgery. Twenty-five patients diagnosed with skeletal class III malocclusion with facial asymmetry who underwent bimaxillary surgery were recruited. The patients were asked to perform a maximum smile that was recorded using a three-dimensional facial motion capture system preoperatively (T0), 6 months postoperatively (T1), and 12 months postoperatively (T2). Eleven facial landmarks were selected to analyse the cumulative distance and average speed during smiling. The absolute differences for the paired landmarks between the sides were analysed to reflect the symmetry changes. The results showed that the asymmetry index of the cheilions at T2 was significantly lower than that at T0 (P = 0.004), as was the index of the mid-lateral lower lips (P = 0.006). The mean difference in cheilions was 2.13 ± 1.41 mm at T0, 1.33 ± 1.09 mm at T1, and 1.00 ± 0.98 mm at T2. The facial total mobility at T1 was significantly lower than that at T0 (P < 0.001), while the total mobility at T2 was significantly higher than that at T1 (P = 0.012). The orthognathic surgical correction of facial asymmetry was able to improve the associated asymmetry of facial movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Xue
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - G Ye
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - T Qiu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - X Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - X Wang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Z Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
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Rodríguez Martínez EA, Polezhaeva O, Marcellin F, Colin É, Boyaval L, Sarhan FR, Dakpé S. DeepSmile: Anomaly Detection Software for Facial Movement Assessment. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13020254. [PMID: 36673064 PMCID: PMC9858579 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13020254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Facial movements are crucial for human interaction because they provide relevant information on verbal and non-verbal communication and social interactions. From a clinical point of view, the analysis of facial movements is important for diagnosis, follow-up, drug therapy, and surgical treatment. Current methods of assessing facial palsy are either (i) objective but inaccurate, (ii) subjective and, thus, depending on the clinician's level of experience, or (iii) based on static data. To address the aforementioned problems, we implemented a deep learning algorithm to assess facial movements during smiling. Such a model was trained on a dataset that contains healthy smiles only following an anomaly detection strategy. Generally speaking, the degree of anomaly is computed by comparing the model's suggested healthy smile with the person's actual smile. The experimentation showed that the model successfully computed a high degree of anomaly when assessing the patients' smiles. Furthermore, a graphical user interface was developed to test its practical usage in a clinical routine. In conclusion, we present a deep learning model, implemented on open-source software, designed to help clinicians to assess facial movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eder A. Rodríguez Martínez
- UR 7516 Laboratory CHIMERE, University of Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France
- Institut Faire Faces, 80000 Amiens, France
- Correspondence: (E.A.R.M.); (S.D.); Tel.: +33-(0)-22-08-90-48 (E.A.R.M.)
| | - Olga Polezhaeva
- UR 7516 Laboratory CHIMERE, University of Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France
- Faculty of Odontology, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Félix Marcellin
- UR 7516 Laboratory CHIMERE, University of Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France
- Institut Faire Faces, 80000 Amiens, France
| | - Émilien Colin
- UR 7516 Laboratory CHIMERE, University of Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France
- Institut Faire Faces, 80000 Amiens, France
- Maxillofacial Surgery, CHU Amiens-Picardie, 80000 Amiens, France
| | - Lisa Boyaval
- UR 7516 Laboratory CHIMERE, University of Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France
- Faculty of Odontology, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51097 Reims, France
| | - François-Régis Sarhan
- UR 7516 Laboratory CHIMERE, University of Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France
- Institut Faire Faces, 80000 Amiens, France
- Physiotherapy School, CHU Amiens-Picardie, 80000 Amiens, France
| | - Stéphanie Dakpé
- UR 7516 Laboratory CHIMERE, University of Picardie Jules Verne, 80039 Amiens, France
- Institut Faire Faces, 80000 Amiens, France
- Maxillofacial Surgery, CHU Amiens-Picardie, 80000 Amiens, France
- Correspondence: (E.A.R.M.); (S.D.); Tel.: +33-(0)-22-08-90-48 (E.A.R.M.)
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Prasad S, Arunachalam S, Boillat T, Ghoneima A, Gandedkar N, Diar-Bakirly S. Wearable Orofacial Technology and Orthodontics. Dent J (Basel) 2023; 11:dj11010024. [PMID: 36661561 PMCID: PMC9858298 DOI: 10.3390/dj11010024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Wearable technology to augment traditional approaches are increasingly being added to the arsenals of treatment providers. Wearable technology generally refers to electronic systems, devices, or sensors that are usually worn on or are in close proximity to the human body. Wearables may be stand-alone or integrated into materials that are worn on the body. What sets medical wearables apart from other systems is their ability to collect, store, and relay information regarding an individual's current body status to other devices operating on compatible networks in naturalistic settings. The last decade has witnessed a steady increase in the use of wearables specific to the orofacial region. Applications range from supplementing diagnosis, tracking treatment progress, monitoring patient compliance, and better understanding the jaw's functional and parafunctional activities. Orofacial wearable devices may be unimodal or incorporate multiple sensing modalities. The objective data collected continuously, in real time, in naturalistic settings using these orofacial wearables provide opportunities to formulate accurate and personalized treatment strategies. In the not-too-distant future, it is anticipated that information about an individual's current oral health status may provide patient-centric personalized care to prevent, diagnose, and treat oral diseases, with wearables playing a key role. In this review, we examine the progress achieved, summarize applications of orthodontic relevance and examine the future potential of orofacial wearables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabarinath Prasad
- Department of Orthodontics, Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai 50505, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence:
| | - Sivakumar Arunachalam
- Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dentistry, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur 57000, Malaysia
| | - Thomas Boillat
- Design Lab, College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai 50505, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahmed Ghoneima
- Department of Orthodontics, Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai 50505, United Arab Emirates
| | - Narayan Gandedkar
- Discipline of Orthodontics & Paediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Samira Diar-Bakirly
- Department of Orthodontics, Hamdan Bin Mohammed College of Dental Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai 50505, United Arab Emirates
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Three-Dimensional Motion Capture of a Smile in Repaired Unilateral Cleft Lip: What's Our Vector, Victor? J Craniofac Surg 2021; 33:469-474. [PMID: 34545050 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000008189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Following surgical repair, patients with unilateral cleft lip (UCL) exhibit dynamic asymmetry during facial expressions compared to healthy individuals. Previous studies using Euclidean distances to describe this asymmetry fail to take the direction of the movement into account. The aim of this study is to compare differences in participants with UCL and controls using analysis of motion vectors during facial expressions. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, twenty-six pediatric participants were recruited: 13 participants with repaired left UCL and 13 participants with no craniofacial diagnosis. Participants were recorded performing a maximal smile by a 4D stereophotogrammetric system. Phases of the smile were divided into closed lip and open lip smiles. Ten regions of interest were analyzed: subnasal area, upper lip, lower lip, oral commissure, and ala on both sides. The motion vectors were calculated and vector magnitude and direction for each region was compared. RESULTS Between cleft and control groups, the differences in vector direction were greater than the magnitude differences. Significant differences in vector direction were identified at both oral commissures in the closed lip smile; and at the oral commissure, subnasal, upper lip, and lower lip regions during open lip smile. CONCLUSIONS Vector analysis demonstrated significant movement asymmetry during facial animation in participants following UCL repair, not previously identified when analyzing magnitude of skin displacement.
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Zhao C, Hallac RR, Seaward JR. Analysis of Facial Movement in Repaired Unilateral Cleft Lip Using Three-Dimensional Motion Capture. J Craniofac Surg 2021; 32:2074-2077. [PMID: 33770029 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000007636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Unilateral cleft lip (UCL) is one of the most common craniofacial deformities. Surgical intervention reconstructs lip and nose anatomy; however, some degree of asymmetry persists after repair. This demonstrates a need for a model for studying and improving outcomes for patients with orofacial clefts. This study's main question was whether there is a significant difference in dynamic facial asymmetry between participants with repaired UCLs and control participants during smiling. Ten pediatric subjects with repaired left UCLs and 12 with no craniofacial diagnoses were recorded performing maximum smiles using a markerless 4D video stereophotogrammetrical system. A facial mesh template containing 884 landmarks was conformed to each initial frame and tracked throughout. Kinetic analysis of smiles was performed by calculating landmark 3D Euclidean distance between frames. Patients with left repaired UCL showed increasing facial asymmetry throughout smiling. Oral commissures, upper, and lower lips demonstrated significantly greater movement on the right side (P < 0.05). Control patients showed facial asymmetry during the first half of smiling, with greater movement on the left side. Displacement difference between right and left was significantly greater at oral commissures and upper lips in patients with repaired ULC compared to control patients. This study provides a highly detailed, quantitative analysis of postoperative UCLs, and help improve outcomes of future repair surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Zhao
- Analytical Imaging and Modeling Center, Children's Medical Center
| | - Rami R Hallac
- Analytical Imaging and Modeling Center, Children's Medical Center.,Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - James R Seaward
- Analytical Imaging and Modeling Center, Children's Medical Center.,Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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The Effect of Autologous Alveolar Bone Grafting on Nasolabial Asymmetry in Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate. J Craniofac Surg 2020; 31:1687-1691. [PMID: 32282667 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000006393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to examine whether an autologous alveolar bone graft has an effect on the nasolabial asymmetry in unilateral cleft lip, alveolus, and palate. Fifteen children (mean age 7.5 ± 2.4 years) with non-syndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate (CLP) were included. Non-ionizing three-dimensional images were acquired prior to and three months after the alveolar bone grafting procedure. A 2D and a landmark-independent 3D asymmetry assessment were used to detect changes of asymmetry in the nasolabial area. For the 2D assessment, a cleft and non-cleft side ratio for 4 linear nasal and 2 linear labial distances was expressed as a Coefficient of Asymmetry (CA). The 3D asymmetry assessment comprised a robust superimposition of the face with its mirror image, expressed as a root-mean-square-error (RSME) in mm. A significant decrease in the CA for the labial distance from the facial midline to the labial commissure was observed (P = 0.036). Also, the CA for the labial distance from the facial midline to the highest point of Cupid's bow increased significantly (P = 0.028). Non-significant changes were observed for the CA for the 2 nasal distances and the 2 other labial distances. No significant changes in 3D nasal asymmetry were detected (P = 0.820). Alveolar bone grafting completes the alveolar ridge but has only little to no clinical effect on the asymmetry of the secondary cleft lip nasal deformity.
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Zhao B, Sun Z, Zhang W, Xu Z, Yang X, Mu W. Digital anatomical study and clinical application of screw placement for quadrilateral plate fractures in the danger zone. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2020; 21:222. [PMID: 32278348 PMCID: PMC7149894 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-020-03265-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Direct screw placement for quadrilateral plate fractures in the danger zone of the acetabulum is very difficult. This study was performed to simulate the surgical procedure and try to obtain effective and safe screw angles through the middle window of the ilioinguinal approach in Chinese patients. METHODS We randomly collected the pelvic computed tomography (CT) scans of 100 adults. DICOM-formatted CT-scan images were imported into Mimics software. The three-dimensional reconstruction (3D) digital model of the semi-pelvis was established. A 3.5 mm cylinder was used to simulate the pathway of the screw from the designated insertion point. The angles of insertion and intersex differences were explored by statistical analyses. RESULTS The screws could be inserted via three angles: medial inclination, anterior inclination and posterior inclination. The mean minimum medial inclination angle (MIMIA) of insertion point A was 4.96° ± 1.11° in males and 8.66° ± 3.40° in females, and the intersex difference was significant. The mean minimum medial inclination angle (MIMIA) of insertion point B was - 5.31° ± 3.69° in males and 1.75° ± 8.95° in females, and the intersex difference was significant. There were no differences between any of the angles for males and females at insertion point O. CONCLUSIONS Preoperative measurement and calculation by digital tools before screw placement for quadrilateral plate fractures of the acetabulum are feasible. Double cortical screws could be placed safely in the danger zone through the middle window of the ilioinguinal approach to increase the stability of the acetabulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Zhao
- Department of Traumatic Orthopaedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 324 Jing Wu Road, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong China
| | - Zhongye Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong China
| | - Zhongbao Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong China
| | - Xiaofei Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong China
| | - Weidong Mu
- Department of Traumatic Orthopaedics, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, 324 Jing Wu Road, Jinan, 250012 Shandong China
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Digital Anatomy to Improve Screw Insertion Techniques for Plate-Screw Fixation of the Pubic Body. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2018:4690879. [PMID: 30643807 PMCID: PMC6311337 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4690879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to investigate screw insertion sites on the pubic body and the safe screw insertion parameters of a plate-screw fixation system based on the premise of avoiding damage to the inguinal canal and disruption of the rectus abdominis at the pubic symphysis and pubic crest. Research Methods Excluding cases with poor image quality, tumors, malformations, and fractures, the data of 80 healthy adults (40 males and 40 females aged from 21 to 83 years old, with an average age of 51.65 years) undergoing a computed tomography (CT) scan of the pelvis between January and June of 2017 were collected from Shandong Provincial Hospital. The CT scans were imported to Mimics® software to reconstruct three-dimensional pelvic models. A 3.5 mm pelvic reconstruction plate was placed starting at the outer edge of the pubic tubercle and along the pelvic brim. The two innermost screw insertion sites were marked. The safe range for the screw insertion sites was then determined. The screw insertion plane was selected to measure the safe screw insertion parameters. The length of the screw, the direction of insertion, and intersex differences were then explored via statistical analyses. Results The medial inclination angles (MIAs) of the screw insertion plane for males and females were 30.42±7.95° and 32.88±10.65°, respectively, with no statistically significant differences. For the medial screw, the maximum anterior inclination angle (MAIA), the maximum screw length, and the maximum posterior inclination angle (MPIA) were 46.51±4.01°, 12.40±9.53 mm, and 11.78±10.22° on average, respectively, with no significant differences by gender (P>0.05). For the lateral screw, the MAIA was 10.35±9.46° and showed no gender differences (P>0.05), but the male group had a greater MPIA (male 11.80±11.00° vs. female 6.23±7.91°, P<0.05) and maximum screw length (male 55.71±6.36 mm vs. female 48.68±8.65, P<0.001). For the tangential screw, the maximum screw length, MIA, and anterior/posterior inclination angle (APIA) were 52.19±8.33 mm, 31.65±9.42°, and 7.53±10.18°, respectively, with no significant differences in the angles by gender (both P>0.05), although the screw length in the male group was significantly longer than that in the female group. Conclusions Insertion of two screws into the pubic body through a plate from the lateral side of the pubic tubercle is safe and can maintain the origin of the rectus abdominis and the integrity of the inguinal canal compared to traditional plate-screw fixation. Considering that the pubic body is thinner on the lateral side, we suggest a more medial inclination angle for the lateral screw.
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11
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Alagha M, Ju X, Morley S, Ayoub A. Reproducibility of the dynamics of facial expressions in unilateral facial palsy. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2018; 47:268-275. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Depth accuracy of the RealSense F200: Low-cost 4D facial imaging. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16263. [PMID: 29176666 PMCID: PMC5701257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16608-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The RealSense F200 represents a new generation of economically viable 4-dimensional imaging (4D) systems for home use. However, its 3D geometric (depth) accuracy has not been clinically tested. Therefore, this study determined the depth accuracy of the RealSense, in a cohort of patients with a unilateral facial palsy (n = 34), by using the clinically validated 3dMD system as a gold standard. The patients were simultaneously recorded with both systems, capturing six Sunnybrook poses. This study has shown that the RealSense depth accuracy was not affected by a facial palsy (1.48 ± 0.28 mm), compared to a healthy face (1.46 ± 0.26 mm). Furthermore, the Sunnybrook poses did not influence the RealSense depth accuracy (p = 0.76). However, the distance of the patients to the RealSense was shown to affect the accuracy of the system, where the highest depth accuracy of 1.07 mm was measured at a distance of 35 cm. Overall, this study has shown that the RealSense can provide reliable and accurate depth data when recording a range of facial movements. Therefore, when the portability, low-costs, and availability of the RealSense are taken into consideration, the camera is a viable option for 4D close range imaging in telehealth.
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Husain A, Makhija PG, Ummer AA, Kuijpers-Jagtman AM, Kuijpers MAR. Three-camera setup to record simultaneously standardized high-definition video for smile analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2017; 152:711-716. [PMID: 29103449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our objective was to develop a photographic setup that would simultaneously capture subjects' smiles from 3 views, both statically and dynamically, and develop a software to crop the produced video clip and slice the frames to study the smile at different stages. METHODS Facial images were made of 96 subjects, aged 18 to 28 years, in natural head position using a standardized setup of 3 digital single lens reflex cameras, with a reference sticker (10 × 10 mm) on the forehead of each subject. To test the reproducibility of the setup, 1 operator took 3 images of all subjects on the same day and on 3 different days in a subset of 26 subjects. RESULTS For the same-day observations, correlation coefficients varied between 0.87 and 0.93. For the observations on 3 different days, correlation coefficients were also high. The duplicate measurement error and the mean difference between measurements were small and not significant, pointing to good reliability. CONCLUSIONS This new technique to capture standardized high-definition video and still images simultaneously from 3 positions is a reliable and practical tool. The technique is easy to learn and implement in the orthodontic office.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhter Husain
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya University, Deralakatte, Mangalore, India
| | - Parmanand G Makhija
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Modern Dental College & Research Centre, Indore, India
| | - Aseena Alungal Ummer
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Yenepoya Dental College, Yenepoya University, Deralakatte, Mangalore, India
| | - Anne Marie Kuijpers-Jagtman
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Mette A R Kuijpers
- Department of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Thevenot J, Lopez MB, Hadid A. A Survey on Computer Vision for Assistive Medical Diagnosis From Faces. IEEE J Biomed Health Inform 2017; 22:1497-1511. [PMID: 28991753 DOI: 10.1109/jbhi.2017.2754861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Automatic medical diagnosis is an emerging center of interest in computer vision as it provides unobtrusive objective information on a patient's condition. The face, as a mirror of health status, can reveal symptomatic indications of specific diseases. Thus, the detection of facial abnormalities or atypical features is at upmost importance when it comes to medical diagnostics. This survey aims to give an overview of the recent developments in medical diagnostics from facial images based on computer vision methods. Various approaches have been considered to assess facial symptoms and to eventually provide further help to the practitioners. However, the developed tools are still seldom used in clinical practice, since their reliability is still a concern due to the lack of clinical validation of the methodologies and their inadequate applicability. Nonetheless, efforts are being made to provide robust solutions suitable for healthcare environments, by dealing with practical issues such as real-time assessment or patients positioning. This survey provides an updated collection of the most relevant and innovative solutions in facial images analysis. The findings show that with the help of computer vision methods, over 30 medical conditions can be preliminarily diagnosed from the automatic detection of some of their symptoms. Furthermore, future perspectives, such as the need for interdisciplinary collaboration and collecting publicly available databases, are highlighted.
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Farnell DJJ, Popat H, Richmond S. Multilevel principal component analysis (mPCA) in shape analysis: A feasibility study in medical and dental imaging. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 129:149-159. [PMID: 26830379 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Methods used in image processing should reflect any multilevel structures inherent in the image dataset or they run the risk of functioning inadequately. We wish to test the feasibility of multilevel principal components analysis (PCA) to build active shape models (ASMs) for cases relevant to medical and dental imaging. METHODS Multilevel PCA was used to carry out model fitting to sets of landmark points and it was compared to the results of "standard" (single-level) PCA. Proof of principle was tested by applying mPCA to model basic peri-oral expressions (happy, neutral, sad) approximated to the junction between the mouth/lips. Monte Carlo simulations were used to create this data which allowed exploration of practical implementation issues such as the number of landmark points, number of images, and number of groups (i.e., "expressions" for this example). To further test the robustness of the method, mPCA was subsequently applied to a dental imaging dataset utilising landmark points (placed by different clinicians) along the boundary of mandibular cortical bone in panoramic radiographs of the face. RESULTS Changes of expression that varied between groups were modelled correctly at one level of the model and changes in lip width that varied within groups at another for the Monte Carlo dataset. Extreme cases in the test dataset were modelled adequately by mPCA but not by standard PCA. Similarly, variations in the shape of the cortical bone were modelled by one level of mPCA and variations between the experts at another for the panoramic radiographs dataset. Results for mPCA were found to be comparable to those of standard PCA for point-to-point errors via miss-one-out testing for this dataset. These errors reduce with increasing number of eigenvectors/values retained, as expected. CONCLUSIONS We have shown that mPCA can be used in shape models for dental and medical image processing. mPCA was found to provide more control and flexibility when compared to standard "single-level" PCA. Specifically, mPCA is preferable to "standard" PCA when multiple levels occur naturally in the dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J J Farnell
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom.
| | - H Popat
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
| | - S Richmond
- School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, United Kingdom
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Chae MP, Rozen WM, Spychal RT, Hunter-Smith DJ. Breast volumetric analysis for aesthetic planning in breast reconstruction: a literature review of techniques. Gland Surg 2016; 5:212-26. [PMID: 27047788 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2227-684x.2015.10.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accurate volumetric analysis is an essential component of preoperative planning in both reconstructive and aesthetic breast procedures towards achieving symmetrization and patient-satisfactory outcome. Numerous comparative studies and reviews of individual techniques have been reported. However, a unifying review of all techniques comparing their accuracy, reliability, and practicality has been lacking. METHODS A review of the published English literature dating from 1950 to 2015 using databases, such as PubMed, Medline, Web of Science, and EMBASE, was undertaken. RESULTS Since Bouman's first description of water displacement method, a range of volumetric assessment techniques have been described: thermoplastic casting, direct anthropomorphic measurement, two-dimensional (2D) imaging, and computed tomography (CT)/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. However, most have been unreliable, difficult to execute and demonstrate limited practicability. Introduction of 3D surface imaging has revolutionized the field due to its ease of use, fast speed, accuracy, and reliability. However, its widespread use has been limited by its high cost and lack of high level of evidence. Recent developments have unveiled the first web-based 3D surface imaging program, 4D imaging, and 3D printing. CONCLUSIONS Despite its importance, an accurate, reliable, and simple breast volumetric analysis tool has been elusive until the introduction of 3D surface imaging technology. However, its high cost has limited its wide usage. Novel adjunct technologies, such as web-based 3D surface imaging program, 4D imaging, and 3D printing, appear promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Chae
- 1 Monash University Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Group (Peninsula Clinical School), Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia ; 2 Department of Surgery, Frankston Hospital, Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia
| | - Warren Matthew Rozen
- 1 Monash University Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Group (Peninsula Clinical School), Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia ; 2 Department of Surgery, Frankston Hospital, Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia
| | - Robert T Spychal
- 1 Monash University Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Group (Peninsula Clinical School), Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia ; 2 Department of Surgery, Frankston Hospital, Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia
| | - David J Hunter-Smith
- 1 Monash University Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Group (Peninsula Clinical School), Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia ; 2 Department of Surgery, Frankston Hospital, Peninsula Health, Frankston, Victoria 3199, Australia
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Al-Hiyali A, Ayoub A, Ju X, Almuzian M, Al-Anezi T. The Impact of Orthognathic Surgery on Facial Expressions. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 73:2380-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Katsumi S, Esaki S, Hattori K, Yamano K, Umezaki T, Murakami S. Quantitative analysis of facial palsy using a three-dimensional facial motion measurement system. Auris Nasus Larynx 2015; 42:275-83. [PMID: 25655983 DOI: 10.1016/j.anl.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The prognosis for facial nerve palsy (FNP) depends on its severity. Currently, many clinicians use the Yanagihara, House-Brackmann, and/or Sunnybrook grading systems to assess FNP. Although these assessments are performed by experts, inter- and intra-observer disagreements have been demonstrated. The quantitative and objective analyses of the degree of FNP would be preferred to monitor functional changes and to plan and evaluate therapeutic interventions in patients with FNP. Numerous two-dimensional (2-D) assessments have been proposed, however, the limitations of 2-D assessment have been reported. The purpose of this study was to introduce a three-dimensional (3-D) image generation system for the analysis of facial nerve palsy (FNP) and to show the correlation between the severity of FNP assessed by this method and two conventional systems. METHODS Five independent facial motions, resting, eyebrow raise, gentle eye closure, full smile with lips open and whistling were recorded with our system and the images were then analyzed using our software. The regional and gross facial symmetries were analyzed. The predicted scores were calculated and compared to the Yanagihara and H-B grading scores. We analyzed 15 normal volunteers and 42 patients with FNP. RESULTS The results showed that 3-D analysis could measure mouth movement in the anteroposterior direction, whereas two-dimensional analysis could not. The system results showed good correlation with the clinical results from the Yanagihara (r(2)=0.86) and House-Brackmann (r(2)=0.81) grading scales. CONCLUSION This objective method can produce consistent results that align with two conventional systems. Therefore, this method is ideally suited for use in a routine clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiyo Katsumi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Kawasumi 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-0001, Japan
| | - Shinichi Esaki
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Kawasumi 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-0001, Japan; Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| | - Koosuke Hattori
- Department of Electronics and Information Engineering, College of Engineering, Chubu University, 1200, Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, Aichi 487-8501, Japan
| | - Koji Yamano
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Kawasumi 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-0001, Japan
| | - Taizo Umezaki
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Bld. 19 #213, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
| | - Shingo Murakami
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences and Medical School, Kawasumi 1, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-0001, Japan
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Emrith K, Broadbent L, Smith L, Smith M, Molleda J. Real-time recovery of moving 3D faces for emerging applications. COMPUT IND 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compind.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Popat H, Richmond S, Zhurov AI, Rosin PL, Marshall D. A geometric morphometric approach to the analysis of lip shape during speech: development of a clinical outcome measure. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57368. [PMID: 23451213 PMCID: PMC3581441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective assessments of lip movement can be beneficial in many disciplines including visual speech recognition, for surgical outcome assessment in patients with cleft lip and for the rehabilitation of patients with facial nerve impairments. The aim of this study was to develop an outcome measure for lip shape during speech using statistical shape analysis techniques. Lip movements during speech were captured from a sample of adult subjects considered as average using a three-dimensional motion capture system. Geometric Morphometrics was employed to extract three-dimensional coordinate data for lip shape during four spoken words decomposed into seven visemes (which included the resting lip shape). Canonical variate analysis was carried out in an attempt to statistically discriminate the seven visemes. The results showed that the second canonical variate discriminated the resting lip shape from articulation of the utterances and accounted for 17.2% of the total variance of the model. The first canonical variate was significant in discriminating between the utterances and accounted for 72.8% of the total variance of the model. The outcome measure was created using the 95% confidence intervals of the canonical variate scores for each subject plotted as ellipses for each viseme. The method and outcome model is proposed as reference to compare lip movement during speech in similar population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashmat Popat
- Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.
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Popat H, Zhurov AI, Richmond S, Marshall D, Rosin PL. Determining normal and abnormal lip shapes at border positions for use as a longitudinal surgical outcome measure. J Oral Rehabil 2013; 40:348-57. [PMID: 23397893 DOI: 10.1111/joor.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective measures of facial movement are important for interventions where surgical repositioning of facial structures can influence soft tissue mobility and include the management of patients with cleft lip, facial nerve palsy and orthognathic surgery. As such, the aim of this study is to present a method for determining the outcome of surgical procedures on lip shape during speech. A control group (CG) of 115 average subjects and 30 patients with a Class 3 malocclusion requiring bimaxillary surgery performed four reproducible verbal utterances during image capture using a non-invasive, three-dimensional (3D) motion scanner (3dMDFace™ Dynamic System). Landmark coordinates around the lips of the 3D facial shells were extracted and subjected to discriminant analysis and principal component analysis to statistically differentiate lip shapes between the CG and the patient group (PG) pre- and post-surgery. Pre-surgically, the PG showed statistically significant differences in lip shape during speech in the lateral and vertical dimensions, preferring a wider, shorter lip shape when compared with the CG for all the utterances. The shape differences normalised towards the CG post-surgery. The method presented utilises pre-existing statistical shape analyses and can be reproduced in the clinical setting to provide a diagnostic and functional outcome tool. In this example, correction of the Class 3 skeletal disproportions appeared to normalise lip shape during speech.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Popat
- Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, UK.
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Edward L, Dakpe S, Feissel P, Devauchelle B, Marin F. Quantification of facial movements by motion capture. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2012; 15 Suppl 1:259-60. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2012.713706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Three-dimensional assessment of functional change following Class 3 orthognathic correction – A preliminary report. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2012; 40:36-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2010.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2010] [Revised: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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SCHIMMEL M, LEEMANN B, CHRISTOU P, KILIARIDIS S, HERRMANN FR, MÜLLER F. Quantitative assessment of facial muscle impairment in patients with hemispheric stroke. J Oral Rehabil 2011; 38:800-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2842.2011.02219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Popat H, Richmond S, Marshall D, Rosin PL. Facial Movement in 3 Dimensions. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011; 145:24-9. [DOI: 10.1177/0194599811401701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To construct 3-dimensional (3D) templates of average lip movement based on a group of normal healthy subjects. Study Design. Cross-sectional study. Setting. School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, United Kingdom. Subjects and Methods. One hundred fifteen white subjects were asked to perform 2 reproducible verbal gestures (/puppy/ and /rope/) in a normal relaxed manner. The sequences were captured using a noninvasive, 3D motion scanner (3dMDFace Dynamic System). Mesh-registration software was used to align sequential facial shells to a standardized reference plane. Lip movement during the verbal facial gestures was quantified using the displacement vectors ( x, y, z coordinates) of 6 lip landmarks of sequential 3D facial shells subtracted from the reference or rest shell. Descriptive statistics were used to build references for average lip movement, and independent t tests were used to compare lip movement between men and women. Results. Mean reference movements were created for lip opening, lip stretch, and lip purse that corresponded to the visemes /pu/ /ppy/ and /rope/, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the lip movement between genders for the visemes /pu/ and /ppy/, although when quantified these were found not to be of clinical significance. Men favored left-sided movement and women right-sided movement, although only slightly—again, when quantified, this was considered to be within symmetrical limits. Conclusion. It was possible to quantify and create normal templates of lip movement for the words /puppy/ and /rope/. Men and women show similar standardized lip movements for these 2 words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashmat Popat
- Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Stephen Richmond
- Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - David Marshall
- Cardiff School of Computer Science, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Paul L. Rosin
- Cardiff School of Computer Science, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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Popat H, Henley E, Richmond S, Benedikt L, Marshall D, Rosin PL. A comparison of the reproducibility of verbal and nonverbal facial gestures using three-dimensional motion analysis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2010; 142:867-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otohns.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 02/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the reproducibility of selected verbal and nonverbal facial gestures. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom. Subjects and Methods: Twenty-five white subjects were asked to perform four verbal gestures and two nonverbal facial gestures in a normal, relaxed manner. The sequences were captured using a noninvasive, three-dimensional motion analysis scanner (3dMDFace Dynamic System; 3Q Technologies, Atlanta, GA) at an initial time point (T1) and one month later (T2). Principal component analysis was used to analyze the dynamics of lip movement, and dynamic time warping was used to evaluate the reproducibility between T1 and T2 for the individual facial gestures. Statistical analyses were used to compare the reproducibility of the different facial gestures. Results: All four verbal gestures were found to be significantly more reproducible than the nonverbal gestures. The word “puppy” was most reproducible, and the normal smile expression least reproducible. A hierarchy of reproducibility is proposed as “puppy,” “baby,” “rope,” “bob,” standardized smile, normal smile. Conclusion: Verbal facial gestures, in particular the words “puppy” and “baby,” are more appropriate for use in the assessment of lip movement when compared with smile expressions because of their high level of reproducibility over a one-month period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashmat Popat
- Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Henley
- Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Richmond
- Applied Clinical Research and Public Health, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lanthao Benedikt
- Cardiff School of Computer Science, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - David Marshall
- Cardiff School of Computer Science, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Paul L. Rosin
- Cardiff School of Computer Science, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Abstract
There are subtle facial differences that make people unique. We can distinguish between individuals of different gender, age, ethnicity, race and face type. Traditionally, orthodontists have approached facial assessment using lateral skull and posterior/anterior radiographs which could be combined to build a three-dimensional assessment. The aim of this article is to present an outline for a new way of looking at facial growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Richmond
- Department of Orthodontics, University Dental Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.
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