Health beliefs and perceived need for mental health care of anxiety and depression—The patients' perspective explored

Help-seeking at the intersection of race and age: Perceived need and treatment access for depression in the United States

Race/ethnicity and age are well-documented factors that influence help-seeking variables for adults with depression, yet the intersection of race/ethnicity and age on help-seeking is less known. The present study examined the intersection of race/ethnicity (comparing racial minority groups to White adults) and age on perceived need, treatment access, and unmet need for mental health services among adults with a past-year major depressive episode (N = 35,033) using data from the 2010-2019 waves of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. After controlling for age, Black (OR = 0.50), Hispanic (OR = 0.50), Pacific Islander (OR = 0.23), and Asian (OR = 0.39) respondents had lower odds of perceiving need (p's < .001); Black (OR = 0.62), Asian (OR = 0.62), Hispanic (OR = 0.77), and multiracial respondents (OR = 0.75) had lower odds of accessing treatment (p's < .05); and Black (OR = 1.38) and Hispanic (OR = 1.19) respondents had higher odds of reporting an unmet need (p's < .05). After controlling for race, younger and older adults had lower odds of perceiving a need (p's < .05) compared to middle-aged adults. Younger adults had lower odds of accessing treatment and higher odds of experiencing an unmet need (p's < .001). An interaction revealed that Black adults were less likely to perceive need than White adults (p < .001), and this gap was especially large among younger members of both groups (p = .020). These results extend previous research by highlighting the intersection of race/ethnicity and age on help-seeking, with implications for culturally competent and age-appropriate interventions, while emphasizing the need for racial/age equity in the mental health care system.

Perceived need for treatment for mental disorders: A review and critical evaluation

Mental disorders are highly prevalent worldwide. Unfortunately, most people with these disorders do not receive any treatment. This is due in part to a large set of barriers that impede treatment delivery. An initial barrier is the perception that one does not need treatment. Perceived need for treatment (PNFT) refers to whether an individual sees a need to obtain an intervention for their mental health problem. Among individuals with a mental disorder, lack of perceived need is the most common reason people give for not initiating treatment. This article describes PNFT, its characteristics, correlates, and predictors. A critical evaluation of the concept challenges key notions such as whether meeting criteria for a disorder means that someone needs treatment, whether PNFT actually is the initial obstacle limiting treatment seeking, how people may seek an intervention but do not elect mental health treatment, and that PNFT is neither a necessary nor a sufficient condition for entering treatment. Several research priorities are discussed including the importance of perceived need among parents and other caregivers, evaluating whether increasing the rates of PNFT would actually increase service use, the need to study the treatment needs of many neglected groups, and considering whether PNFT influences other facets of the treatment process (e.g., adherence to treatment, dropping out early) where perceiving there no longer is a mental health problem may occur.

Antidepressant prescribing inequalities in people with comorbid depression and type 2 diabetes: A UK primary care electronic health record study

AIMS

To compare the likelihood of being prescribed an antidepressant in depressed individuals with and without type 2 diabetes.

METHODS

We performed a matched cohort study using primary care record data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. We used multivariable logistic regression to compare antidepressant prescribing during the first five years of starting oral antidiabetic medication to a comparison group without type 2 diabetes, matched based on GP practice, age and sex. We performed subgroup analyses stratified by sex, age and ethnicity.

RESULTS

People with type 2 diabetes and depression were 75% less likely to be prescribed an antidepressant compared to people with depression alone (odds ratio (OR) 0.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.25 to 0.26). This difference was greater in males (OR 0.23, 95% CI, 0.22 to 0.24), people older than 56 years (OR 0.23, 95% CI, 0.22 to 0.24), or from a minoritised ethnic background (Asian OR 0.14, 95% CI 0.12-0.14; Black OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.09-0.14).

CONCLUSIONS

There may be inequalities in access to antidepressant treatment for people with type 2 diabetes, particularly those who are male, older or from minoritised ethnic backgrounds.

Validity and reliability of the Depression Information Needs Scale among the Iranian general population

Introduction

The prevalence of depression in the community is high. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the information needs on depression in the community. This cross-sectional study aimed to translate and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Depression Information Needs Scale (DINS) among the general population.

Methods

The translation and assessment of the validity and reliability of the DINS were conducted from February 2022 to May 2023 in Gonabad, Iran. The inclusion criteria in this study were individuals 18 years or older, those living in Gonabad for 1 year or more, and participants who provided written informed consent. Sample sizes of 546 and 629 were used for the exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), respectively. The reliability of the DINS was examined using three methods: McDonald's omega coefficient, test-retest reliability, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient.

Results

Most participants were women, had a bachelor's degree, and were married. The values of 0.959 for scale content validity index averaging (S-CVI/Ave) and 0.817 for content validity ratio (CVR) were calculated. In the EFA section, four factors with eigenvalues greater than 1 were extracted and explained 63.861% of the variance. Only two items were not placed in related or acceptable factors and were deleted. Finally, based on the results of the goodness-of-fit indexes (e.g., RMSEA = 0.074, CFI = 0.944, NFI = 0.930, and GFI = 0.911), the scale was approved with 18 items and 4 factors: lived experience (4 items), general (facts about depression) (6 items), research and policies (4 items), and specific treatments (4 items). For all the DINS items, the McDonald's omega coefficient, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) were 0.953, 0.950, and 0.957, respectively.

Conclusion

The Persian version of the DINS was validated with 18 items and 4 factors, and this scale can be used to assess depression information needs in the general public and specific groups.

Factors Influencing the Health Care Utilization Among People With Depression and/or Anxiety Symptoms

BACKGROUND

This analysis aimed to examine the factors predictive of service utilization among patients with anxiety and/or depression. Quick and appropriate treatment for anxiety and depression can reduce disease burden and improve social functioning. Currently, less than half of the population with comorbid anxiety and depression receives the recommended treatment.

AIMS

This analysis aims to identify factors predictive of utilizing mental health treatment for those with anxiety and/or depression by analyzing intrinsic, patient-centered factors.

METHODS

This study is a cross-sectional cohort analysis using National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 2019 data. The sample size is 7,156 adults aged 18 to 64 with family incomes ≤100% of the federal poverty level. We used multivariate logistic regression analysis to identify factors predictive of care utilization in this population. Variables of interest include scores on Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7), service utilization, level of social functioning, having a usual source for care, and previous mental health care utilization. Additional covariates were age, gender, race, country of origin, education, marital status, and insurance coverage.

RESULTS

Twenty-one percent of respondents reported using mental health services. Factors predictive of care utilization were older age, female gender, limited social functioning, having a usual source of care, and insurance coverage.

CONCLUSION

There are significant barriers to receiving quick and appropriate care for anxiety and/or depression. Strategies should focus on reducing barriers for young adults, men, and the uninsured/underinsured. Strategies for integrating mental health services into primary care could increase the percentage of people with anxiety and/or depression who receive services.

Snapshot of knowledge and stigma toward mental health disorders and treatment in Spain

Background

Mental disorders significantly impact individuals and societies globally. Addressing societal stigma is crucial, as it affects help-seeking behaviors and the effectiveness of treatment for mental disorders.

Objective

This study aims to explore the knowledge and perceptions of the Spanish population toward mental disorders and their treatment, assess changes in mental health stigma over time, and examine variations across sociodemographic variables by comparing current results with previous studies.

Methods

A panel of three psychiatrists designed a questionnaire to collect public opinions about various aspects of mental illness in Spain, covering topics such as social perception, diagnostic reliability, causes, symptoms, treatment, suicide, and media influence. The survey, conducted from October to December 2022, involved 1,002 Spanish individuals aged 18-70.

Results

Our results indicated an improved general knowledge of mental health, reduced stigma, and greater acceptance of those affected by these disorders, compared to past research. Almost 80% of the participants have accurate knowledge regarding the complex and multifactorial nature of mental illnesses. Around 90% of the participants share the belief that stigma affects those affected by mental disorders. Psychological and pharmacological treatment are considered to be effective and helpful by more than 70% of the sample. More than 60% of the participants highlighted that suicide needs to be addressed appropriately in the media.

Conclusion

These findings suggest a significant shift in how Spanish society views mental disorders, marking progress over decades of discrimination. Reducing the stigma associated with mental health can encourage individuals to seek assistance without the fear of judgment or discrimination, thereby increasing the likelihood of early intervention and treatment. Open conversations about mental health within families, communities, and workplaces can create a supportive environment that enhances recovery. However, continued efforts and awareness campaigns targeted to broader audiences remain necessary. Responsible media portrayals of mental health, avoiding stigmatizing language or sensationalism, are also essential.

Mental healthcare access among US adults with vision impairment and depression and/or anxiety symptoms

BACKGROUND

Although individuals with vision impairment are at greater risk for depression and anxiety, there has been limited study of mental healthcare utilization among this population.

OBJECTIVES

To address this gap, this pooled cross-sectional study estimates the prevalence of mental healthcare utilization among individuals with vision impairment during the COVID-19 pandemic.

METHODS

We calculated adjusted relative risk ratios and 95% confidence intervals of depression and/or anxiety symptoms and mental healthcare utilization using multinomial logistic regression, accounting for demographics, social determinants of health, and survey week. The population-based, U.S. Census Bureau Household Pulse Survey was administered April 2021-March 2022. Participants included 800,935 US adults (weighted population: 174,598,530) RESULTS: Adjusting for other factors, adults with vision impairment were more likely to report depression symptoms (RRR: 2.33; 95% CI: 2.03-2.68), anxiety symptoms (RRR: 2.12; 95% CI: 1.94-2.33, and comorbid depression and anxiety symptoms (RRR: 3.77; 95% CI: 3.51-4.04) compared with individuals with no vision impairment. Among individuals reporting anxiety or depression symptoms, individuals with vision impairment (RRR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.35-1.59) were more likely to lack of mental healthcare utilization compared with individuals with no vision impairment.

CONCLUSION

Findings suggest that individuals with vision impairment are at increased risk for depression and/or anxiety symptoms and report reduced mental healthcare utilization compared with individuals without vision impairment. Additional programs and policies are needed to improve mental healthcare utilization among individuals with vision impairment and depression and/or anxiety symptoms, such as increased telehealth accessibility and coordination of behavioral health and ophthalmology services.

User Experiences of Well-Being Chatbots

OBJECTIVE

The current paper conducted two parallel studies to explore user experiences of well-being conversational agents (CAs) and identify important features for engagement.

BACKGROUND

Students transitioning into university life take on greater responsibility, yet tend to sacrifice healthy behaviors to strive for academic and financial gain. Additionally, students faced an unprecedented pandemic, leading to remote courses and reduced access to healthcare services. One tool designed to improve healthcare accessibility is well-being CAs. CAs have addressed mental health support in the general population but have yet to address physical well-being support and accessibility to those in disadvantaged socio-economic backgrounds where healthcare access is further limited.

METHOD

Study One comprised a thematic analysis of mental health applications featuring CAs from the public forum, Reddit. Study Two explored emerging usability themes of an SMS-based CA designed to improve accessibility to well-being services alongside a commercially available CA, Woebot.

RESULTS

Study One identified several themes, including accessibility and availability, communication style, and anthropomorphism as important features. Study Two identified themes such as user response modality, perceived CA role, question specificity, and conversation flow control as critical for user engagement.

CONCLUSION

Various themes emerged from individuals' experiences regarding CA features, functionality, and responses. The mixed experiences relevant to the communication and conversational styles between the CA and the user suggest varied motivations for using CAs for mental and physical well-being.

APPLICATION

Practical recommendations to encourage continued use include providing dynamic response modalities, anthropomorphizing the chatbot, and calibrating expectations early.

Treatment Preferences of Adolescents and Young Adults with Depressive Symptoms: A Discrete Choice Experiment

BACKGROUND

Depression in adolescents and young adults is common and causes considerable disease burden while hampering their development, leading to adverse consequences in later life. Although treatment is available, young people are a vulnerable group regarding uptake and completion of treatment. To improve this, insight into youth's preferences for treatment is essential.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to investigate patient preferences for depression treatment in a Dutch sample aged 16-24 years using a discrete choice experiment (DCE).

METHODS

The study was conducted in The Netherlands between October 2018 and June 2019, and included 236 adolescents and young adults with current depressive symptoms or previous treatment. The DCE included five attributes (treatment type, frequency of appointment, waiting time, effectiveness, evaluation of therapeutic alliance) with corresponding levels. Results were analysed using latent class analysis.

RESULTS

Results show a general preference for individual psychotherapy, treatment with high frequency, high effectiveness, short waiting time and a standard evaluation of the therapeutic alliance ('click' with the therapist) early in treatment. Latent class analysis revealed three different patterns of preferences regarding treatment type and willingness to engage in therapy. The first class showed a strong preference for individual therapy. The second class, including relatively older, higher educated and treatment-experienced participants, preferred high frequency treatment and was more open to different forms of therapy. The third class, including lower educated, younger and treatment-naïve adolescents showed reluctance to engage in therapy overall and in group therapy specifically.

CONCLUSION

In this DCE, three classes could be identified that share similar preferences regarding treatment effectiveness, waiting time and evaluation of the therapeutic alliance, but varied considerably in their preference for treatment type (individual, group, or combined psychotherapy) and their willingness to engage. The results from this study may inform mental health care providers and institutions and help optimize professional care for adolescents and young adults with depressive symptoms, improving engagement in this vulnerable group.

Structural equation models of health behaviour, psychological well-being, symptom severity and quality of life in abdominal bloating

Background

The objective of this study was to investigate the inter-relationship between psychosocial variables and their impact on symptom severity and quality of life (QoL) concerning abdominal bloating.

Methods

The study adopted a cross-sectional design with purposive sampling. Participants who consented and met the criteria for bloating based on the Rome IV classification completed designated questionnaires. Independent variables comprised health beliefs, intentions, health-promoting behaviors, social support, depression, and anxiety, while dependent variables included bloating severity (general and within 24 h) and QoL. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was conducted utilizing Mplus 8.0 to analyze the relationships between these factors.

Results

A total of 323 participants, with a mean age of 27.69 years (SD = 11.50), predominantly females (64.7%), volunteered to participate in the study. The final SEM model exhibited good fit based on various indices (CFI = 0.922, SRMR = 0.064, RMSEA (95% CI) = 0.048 (0.041-0.054), p-value = 0.714), with 15 significant path relationships identified. The model explained 12.0% of the variance in severity within 24 h, 6% in general severity, and 53.8% in QoL.

Conclusion

The findings underscore the significant influence of health beliefs, intentions, behaviors, social support, depression, and anxiety on symptom severity and QoL in individuals experiencing abdominal bloating.

How gender and low mental health literacy are related to unmet need for mental healthcare: a cross-sectional population-based study in Sweden

BACKGROUND

Men are more likely to have unmet need for mental healthcare than women. However, an under-investigated aspect of the gender difference is the role of mental health literacy. This study investigated how combinations of gender and mental health literacy were related to two indicators of unmet need: not perceiving a need for mental healthcare despite poor mental health, and refraining from seeking mental healthcare.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study was based on a questionnaire sent to a general population sample, aged 16-84 years, in Stockholm County, Sweden, in 2019. Of the 1863 respondents (38%), 1563 were included (≥18 years). The sample was stratified into four groups, men and women with low or high mental health literacy, using the third quartile of the Mental Health Knowledge Schedule. The likelihood of not perceiving a need for mental healthcare and refraining from seeking mental healthcare, at any time in life, were investigated by calculating odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals.

RESULTS

Men with low mental health literacy were most likely to not perceive a need for mental healthcare, also when adjusting for age, education, and poor mental health (OR 5.3, 95% CI 3.6-7.7), and to refrain from seeking mental healthcare, also when adjusting for age and education (OR 3.3, 95% CI 1.7-6.4), followed by men with high mental health literacy (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.5-2.4, and OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.0-2.2) and women with low mental health literacy (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2-2.9, and OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1-3.9). Women with high mental health literacy were least likely (reference group).

CONCLUSION

The results show differences in the likelihood of unmet need for mental healthcare based on combinations of gender and mental health literacy level, with men having low mental health literacy being most at risk, and women with high mental health literacy being least at risk. This challenges generalisations of a gender difference in unmet need by showing heterogeneity among men and women based on mental health literacy. Men with low mental health literacy may be particularly in need of targeted interventions to reduce potential individual and societal consequences of their unmet need.

Perceived Need for a Faith-Based Trauma-Focused Treatment in a Sample of Forcibly Displaced Muslims

Forcibly displaced Muslims, including refugees, internally displaced persons, and asylum seekers who have fled their homes to escape violence, conflict, and persecution, often have inequitable access to quality mental health services, despite substantial trauma exposure and high rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Understanding factors associated with domains of perceived need (i.e., community, individual, friends/family) for culturally-responsive, trauma-focused mental health interventions among forcibly displaced Muslims may provide insight into those most likely to seek psychological treatment. A sample of 108 forcibly displaced Muslims endorsed moderate to high perceived need across all three domains for a trauma healing group tailored for Muslim refugees. PTSD severity related to perceived individual need, regardless of locus of displacement. Among participants with minimal PTSD symptoms, those who were externally displaced had higher perceived community and friends or family need than those who were internally displaced. Findings highlight a need for culturally responsive, trauma-focused mental health services to facilitate access to mental health care for forcibly displaced Muslims.

The role of the communicated treatment rationale on treatment outcome: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BACKGROUND

Placebo effects are a well-established phenomenon in the treatment of depression. However, the mechanism underlying these effects are not fully understood. Treatment expectations are considered one explanation for why placebos work. Treatment expectations are likely to be affected by clinician-patient interactions. This study aims to investigate the role of the communicated treatment rationale in modulating treatment expectations and its effects on the treatment outcomes of a pharmacological and a psychological active placebo intervention for depression. In this study, treatment expectations are modulated by presenting illness models that are either congruent or incongruent with the treatment intervention that follows.

METHODS

This 2 × 2 randomized controlled trial will involve patients with major depression. Participants will either receive a biological or a psychological illness model from a clinician. Following this, they are randomly assigned to receive either a pharmacological or a psychological active placebo intervention. The illness model and the treatment are either congruent or incongruent with each other, resulting in four groups. In addition, a natural course control group will be included.

DISCUSSION

This study will provide insights into the mechanism of expectation modulation in active placebo treatments for major depression. The results may provide insights for clinicians to improve their communication with patients by focusing on treatment expectations. By identifying the factors that contribute to placebo effects, this study has the potential to improve the effectiveness of existing depression treatments and reduce the burden of this highly prevalent mental health condition.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

This trial has been registered prospectively at ClinicalTrials.gov under the identifier: NCT04719663. Registered on January 22, 2021.

Framing Effects of Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for Depression on Perceptions of Believability, Acceptability, and Credibility

While CBT is an effective treatment for depression, uptake can be low. This is largely due to attitudinal barriers. Accordingly, the goals of the current investigation were to (a) tailor and develop persuasive psychoeducational materials to match dominant cultural beliefs about the causes of depression and (b) examine the effectiveness of tailored CBT descriptions in improving CBT perceptions. We examined the believability of CBT mechanisms by invoking commonly endorsed etiological models of depression and investigated whether tailoring CBT descriptions to match etiological beliefs about depression influences perceptions of CBT. Participants were recruited using TurkPrime. In Study 1, participants (n = 425) read a CBT description that was generic or framed to match an etiological model of depression (biological, stress/environmental, or relationship/interpersonal). The participants indicated believability of each model as adopted by CBT. In study 2, the participants (n = 449) selected what they believed was the most important cause of depression. Subsequently, the participants were randomised to receive either a CBT description tailored to their endorsed model or a generic CBT description, and they provided ratings for CBT's acceptability, credibility, and expectancy. In Study 1, the believability of biological CBT mechanisms was low across conditions, but participants reported greater believability when receiving a biological description than when receiving other mechanistic descriptions. Participants who received the stress- and relationship-focused descriptions did not rate the respective models as more believable than those who received a generic description. In study 2, there were no differences in the perceptions of acceptability, credibility and expectancy between participants who received a tailored description and those who received a generic description. Our findings suggest that CBT is believed to be a psychologically appropriate treatment; however, the believability of biological mechanisms is improved by presenting a biology-focused description.

Clinician and patient perspectives on the ontology of mental disorder: a qualitative study

Background

Psychiatry may face an "identity crisis" regarding its very foundations. The lack of consensus regarding the theoretical grounds of psychiatry as a discipline has its epicenter in the discussion about the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM). A growing number of academics considers the manual broken and a growing number of patients voice concern. Despite the huge body of critique, 90% of Randomized Trials are based on DSM definitions of mental disorder. Therefore, the question regarding the ontology of mental disorder remains: what is a mental disorder, exactly?

Aims

We aim to identify ontologies that live among patients and clinicians, evaluate the degree of consistency and coherence between clinician and patient views and contribute to the establishment of a novel ontological paradigm of mental disorder that is aligned with patients' and clinicians' perspectives.

Method

Eighty participants (clinicians/patients/clinicians with lived experience) were interviewed using a semi-structured interview, exploring their ideas on the ontology of mental disorder. This question was approached from different angles which led to comprising the interview schedule into different topics: "concept of disorder," "representation by DSM," "what is treated," "what is recovered," and "the right outcome measure." Interviews were transcribed and analyzed using inductive Thematic Analysis.

Results

From all subthemes and main themes, a typology was constructed in which six, not necessarily mutually exclusive, ontological domains were identified: mental disorder as (1) disease, (2) functional impairment, (3) loss of adaptation, (4) existential problem, (5) highly subjective phenomenon, and (6) deviation from social norms. Common ground for the sample groups was that mental disorder is about functional impairment. Although about a fourth of sample clinicians holds an ontological concept of disease, only a small percentage of patients and none of the clinicians with lived experience adhered to an ontological concept of disease. The sample clinicians most often understand mental disorder to be a highly subjective phenomenon, and individuals with lived experience (patients and clinicians) most often understand mental (dis)order to be adaptational in nature: an (im)balance of burden in relation to strengths, skills, and recourses.

Conclusion

The ontological palette is more diverse than what is taught about mental disorder in dominant scientific and educational discourse. There is a need to diversify the current, dominant ontology and make room for other ontologies. Investment is required in the development, elaboration and coming of age of these alternative ontologies, allowing them to reach their full potential and act as drivers of a landscape of promising novel scientific and clinical approaches.

Educational level and the use of mental health services, psychotropic medication and psychotherapy among adults with a history of physician diagnosed mental disorders

BACKGROUND

The prevalence of mental disorders is increased among people of low socioeconomic status or educational level, but it remains unclear whether their access to treatment matches their increased need.

AIMS

Our objective was to examine whether educational level as an indicator of socioeconomic status is associated with use of mental health services, psychotropic medication and psychotherapy in Finland.

METHOD

Cross-sectional data from a follow-up survey of a longitudinal, population-based cohort study were used to form a sample of 3,053 men and women aged 24 to 68 with a current or previous physician diagnosed mental disorder. The prevalence of mental disorders, mental health service use and educational level were assessed with self-report questionnaire. Educational level was determined by the highest educational attainment and grouped into three levels: high, intermediate and low. The associations between educational level and mental health service -related outcomes were assessed with binary logistic regression. Covariates in the fully adjusted model were age, gender and number of somatic diseases.

RESULTS

Compared to high educational level, low educational level was associated with higher odds of using antidepressants (OR 1.35, 95% CI [1.09, 1.66]), hypnotics (OR 1.33, 95% CI [1.07, 1.66]) and sedatives (OR 2.17, 95% CI [1.69, 2.78]), and lower odds of using mental health services (OR 0.80, 95% CI [0.65, 0.98]). No associations were found between educational level and use of psychotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS

The results do not suggest a general socioeconomic status related mismatch. A pharmacological emphasis was observed in the treatment of low educational background participants, whereas overall mental health service use was emphasized among high educational background participants.

Moderated by personal perception: The preventive relationship between home HIIT dance and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic in China

Introduction

Lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic were believed to greatly increase the risk of depression among isolated residents in both China and in Western countries. How to effectively reduce this risk has become one of the key issues in the field of public mental health.

Methods

The present study seeks to examine the preventive relationship between doing home HIIT dance-which became popular during Shanghai's COVID-19 lockdown in 2022-and depression, and how such a preventive relationship has been mediated by different personal perception factors using an online survey with 528 samples.

Results

The preventive relationship between doing home HIIT dance and depression was differently mediated by residents' personal perception factors, such as perceived benefits, severity, and self-efficacy, based on the health belief model.

Discussion

These results deepen the research on the psychological effects of doing home HIIT dance on preventing depression, especially in the COVID-19 lockdown period, emphasizing the possible moderation effects of different self-perception factors.

Barriers and Facilitating Factors of Adherence to Antidepressant Treatments: An Exploratory Qualitative Study with Patients and Psychiatrists

This study examines the experiences and expectations of patients with depressive disorders regarding the disease and different antidepressants, as well as examining the barriers and facilitating factors that could affect their adherence to medications. An exploratory qualitative study was carried out. The study involved two focus groups made up of patients and caregivers and six semi-structured interviews with psychiatrists. In both cases, the participants were selected by intentional theoretical sampling, seeking maximum significance variation of social types. Prejudice about the side effects of medication was relevant. The importance of patients being well informed about the disease/treatments was noteworthy. The stigmatization of antidepressants by patients was identified as a barrier to medication adherence. The involvement of family members and the motivation of patients to be actively involved in the process to recover from the disease were identified as facilitating factors. The work carried out suggests the need for patients to have rigorous information about the disease/treatment to reduce the possible prejudices generated by beliefs. Maintaining greater contact and monitoring of patients/caregivers to help therapeutic adherence in patients with depressive disorders was also identified as being of great importance.

The complex association of barriers and interest in internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for depression and anxiety: informing e-health policies through exploratory path analysis

BACKGROUND

Internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy (ICBT) provides critical remote access to mental health care to at-risk populations. However, to our knowledge, no investigation has been conducted to understand complex pathways through which barriers to care (i.e. structural, attitudinal and technological) correlate with patient interest in ICBT.

AIM

The objective of this study is to develop and test a pathway analysis framework using structural equation modeling to understand direct and mediating associations of barriers to care with interest in ICBT.

METHODS

This cross-sectional observational study was conducted among adult (>18 years) urban and rural residents (n = 200) in Saskatchewan, Canada. An online survey assessed interest in ICBT, barriers to ICBT, demographics, and depression and anxiety symptoms. Utilizing structural equation modeling, a path analysis framework was developed.

RESULTS

Path analysis results showed how associations between complex barriers and demographic variables correlate with interest in ICBT. For instance, the negative association of perceived financial concerns and life chaos on interest in ICBT was mediated by perceived access to care.

CONCLUSION

The findings identify specific barriers that could be addressed through targeted population health interventions to improve uptake of ICBT.

How to measure barriers in accessing mental healthcare? Psychometric evaluation of a screening tool in parents of children with intellectual and developmental disabilities

Caring for children with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) can cause an enormous physical and emotional burden, and therefore these parents have an elevated risk to experience mental health problems. The characteristics of current healthcare systems and parents' responsibilities to care for their children seem to impede their access to mental healthcare. There is so far a lack of instruments to screen for such obstacles. The aim of this study was to develop and validate a scale for measuring barriers to accessing mental healthcare. The Parental Healthcare Barriers Scale (PHBS) was developed on the basis of an extensive literature research, input and discussion from experts and parents with lived experience. A cross-sectional survey was used to collect data from 456 parents of children with IDD. Physical health, mental health, social support, and parenting were measured for concurrent and discriminant validity of the PHBS. The PHBS scale revealed acceptable to good reliability and validity. It consists of four subscales (i.e., support accessibility, personal belief, emotional readiness, and resource availability). The PHBS found parents prioritized their children's treatments over their own mental health challenges (93.4%), did not have enough time (90.4%), and had financial concerns (85.8%). Parents in rural and remote areas had more limited resources. Findings from our study suggest increasing financial support for the parents seeking mental health services, introducing evidence-based treatments, increasing the availability of healthcare services for parents, and adjusting current services to their needs.

Parent preferences for adolescent depression treatment: The role of past treatment experience and biological etiological beliefs

BACKGROUND

Parents play a crucial role in facilitating depression treatment for adolescents, yet parental preferences for adolescent treatments are ill-understood. Past treatment experience and belief in a biological model of depression may impact preferences, and warrant investigation.

METHODS

Parents (N = 143) of teens (12-18 years) completed a survey assessing preference for adolescent depression treatments, treatment knowledge, and beliefs about the biological etiology of depression. Details about parents' and adolescents' past mental health concerns and treatment were obtained. Parents indicated degree of preference from 0 (Not at all preferable) - 10 (Highly preferable) for six treatment options (counselling, antidepressant medication, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, electroconvulsive therapy, exercise, no treatment) for three adolescents vignettes depicting varying depression severity (Mild/Moderate, Severe, and Treatment-Resistant).

RESULTS

Mean preference ratings across all vignette severities were high for counselling (range: 8.57-9.38) and exercise (range: 9.04-9.25). Multiple regression revealed parental past experience of psychopharmacological treatment was significantly associated with current preference for adolescent antidepressant medication, with increased helpfulness and milder/fewer adverse events associated with stronger preference. Greater perceived helpfulness of past teen psychopharmacological treatment was significantly associated with greater current parental preference for adolescent antidepressant medication. Strength of biological beliefs and counselling preference were significantly positively associated.

LIMITATIONS

Sample was highly educated, predominately female, and majority treatment-utilizing limiting the generalizability of findings.

CONCLUSIONS

Parents' own past medication experiences and degree of biological etiological beliefs appear to be associated with current teen depression treatment preferences. Counselling and exercise were highly preferred across depression severity.

Digital Interventions to Enhance Readiness for Psychological Therapy: Scoping Review

BACKGROUND

Psychological therapy is an effective treatment method for mental illness; however, many people with mental illness do not seek treatment or drop out of treatment early. Increasing client uptake and engagement in therapy is key to addressing the escalating global problem of mental illness. Attitudinal barriers, such as a lack of motivation, are a leading cause of low engagement in therapy. Digital interventions to increase motivation and readiness for change hold promise as accessible and scalable solutions; however, little is known about the range of interventions being used and their feasibility as a means to increase engagement with therapy.

OBJECTIVE

This review aimed to define the emerging field of digital interventions to enhance readiness for psychological therapy and detect gaps in the literature.

METHODS

A literature search was conducted in PubMed, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, Scopus, Embase, ACM Guide to Computing Literature, and IEEE Xplore Digital Library from January 1, 2006, to November 30, 2021. The PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) methodology was applied. Publications were included when they concerned a digitally delivered intervention, a specific target of which was enhancing engagement with further psychological treatment, and when this intervention occurred before the target psychological treatment.

RESULTS

A total of 45 publications met the inclusion criteria. The conditions included depression, unspecified general mental health, comorbid anxiety and depression, smoking, eating disorders, suicide, social anxiety, substance use, gambling, and psychosis. Almost half of the interventions (22/48, 46%) were web-based programs; the other formats included screening tools, videos, apps, and websites. The components of the interventions included psychoeducation, symptom assessment and feedback, information on treatment options and referrals, client testimonials, expectation management, and pro-con lists. Regarding feasibility, of the 16 controlled studies, 7 (44%) measuring actual behavior or action showed evidence of intervention effectiveness compared with controls, 7 (44%) found no differences, and 2 (12%) indicated worse behavioral outcomes. In general, the outcomes were mixed and inconclusive owing to variations in trial designs, control types, and outcome measures.

CONCLUSIONS

Digital interventions to enhance readiness for psychological therapy are broad and varied. Although these easily accessible digital approaches show potential as a means of preparing people for therapy, they are not without risks. The complex nature of stigma, motivation, and individual emotional responses toward engaging in treatment for mental health difficulties suggests that a careful approach is needed when developing and evaluating digital readiness interventions. Further qualitative, naturalistic, and longitudinal research is needed to deepen our knowledge in this area.

Information needs and sources of information among people with depression and anxiety: a scoping review

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have identified substantial unmet information needs in people with depression and anxiety. Sufficient information about the disorder, treatment, available services, and strategies for self-management is essential as it may influence quality of care and patients' quality of life. This scoping review aimed to provide a broad overview of information needs of people with depression and anxiety as well as the sources that they use to seek this information.

METHODS

We included all primary research published in English that investigated information needs or information sources in people with depression or anxiety, with no restrictions imposed on the study design, location, setting, or participant characteristics. Six electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL, LISTA, Web of Science) and the grey literature (Google and Google Scholar) were searched for relevant studies published up to November 2021. Two reviewers independently screened articles and extracted data. Narrative synthesis was performed to identify key themes of information needs and information sources. Factors associated with information needs/sources such as demographic variables and symptom severity were also identified.

RESULTS

Fifty-six studies (comprising 8320 participants) were included. Information needs were categorised into seven themes, including general facts, treatment, lived experience, healthcare services, coping, financial/legal, and other information. The most frequently reported needs in both people with depression and anxiety were general facts and treatment information. Subclinical samples who self-reported depressive/anxious symptoms appeared less interested in treatment information than patients with clinical diagnoses. Information sources were summarised into five categories: health professionals, written materials, media, interpersonal interactions, and organisational resources. Health professionals and media (including the internet) were the most frequently adopted and preferred sources. Although few studies have examined factors associated with information needs and information sources, there is preliminary evidence that symptom severity and disease subtypes are related to information needs/sources, whereas findings on demographic factors were mixed.

CONCLUSIONS

Information needs appear to be high in people with depression and anxiety. Future research should examine differences between subgroups and associated factors such as the treatment course. Personalised information provision strategies are also needed to customise information according to individual needs and patient profiles.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

The protocol of this scoping review was registered on Open Science Framework (OSF; link: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/DF2M6 ).

Measuring Mood and Anxiety Disorders by Patient Reported Outcomes in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Literature Review Update

Background Anxiety and depression are the most common psychological disorders found in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) patients. Accurate measuring of these disorders should be proposed for a prompt management. Patient-reported outcome measurements (PROMs) allow patients to self-report their psychological symptoms. Objective To highlight the presence of PROMs measuring anxiety and depression in IBD setting evaluating the most used psychometric tools. Methods We reviewed the literature from 2010 up to September 2021. Articles on adult IBD patients assessing depression and anxiety by PROMs in English language were included. Results Thirty-six studies, including 11 psychometric tools were found. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (21 studies), Beck Depression Inventory II (5 studies), Spielberg State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (3 studies), Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (3 studies), Symptom Checklist-90 (2 studies), Euro Quality of Life (2 studies) mostly used psychometric tools for anxiety and depression in IBD settings. Conclusion Our review analyzed psychometric tools used for PROMs evaluating anxiety and depression in IBD setting. No chronological differences have emerged, all have been used in the last ten years, highlighting a lack of specificity. The strong association between IBD and mood disorders suggests that clinicians should consider the evaluation of depression and anxiety as integral parts of IBD clinical care. It is essential to identify tools enabling these items to be detected better. A global view of IBD patients, accounting not only for physical but also for psychical symptoms with an early and feasible assessment of unrecognized psychiatric disorders, can have a strong impact on their management strategy.

Effects of Restorative Environment and Presence on Anxiety and Depression Based on Interactive Virtual Reality Scenarios

Anxiety and depression have been growing global mental health problems. The following studies explored the effect of interactive VR scenarios to find a low-cost and high-efficiency solution. Study 1 designed a 2 (anxiety and depression state) × 4 (interactive VR scenarios) experiment, the results of 20 participants showed that the designed scenarios had good restoration and presence, assisting to improve depression mood for people with mild to moderate anxiety and depression. Study 2 further investigated the intervention effects of two environment types (urban and park) and four interactive activities (automatic viewing, free-roaming, fishing, and watering plants in the park environment), based on data from a 10-minute experiment conducted by 195 participants with mild to moderate anxiety and depression. The subjective scales, EEG and EMG, and scenario experience were analyzed and the results showed that: (1) the restorative and present VR scenarios were beneficial in alleviating state anxiety and depression; (2) the restorative environment and presence were significantly and positively related to the reduction of anxiety and depression respectively, moreover, presence mediated the restorative environment on the recovery from anxiety and depression; (3) the environmental settings, the complexity of interaction, human factors, and maturity of VR devices and technology were also key factors that influenced the effects of interactive VR scenario experience and intervention. These studies revealed VR psychological intervention scenarios could be designed with comprehensive factors. Moreover, they might help pave the way for future study in exploring the physiology and psychology mode in virtual and real spaces, enhancing intervention effectiveness.

The Influence of Linguistic Agency and Causality Attribution in Support-seeking about Depression on Perceived Stigma and Support Messages

This experiment examined how two language features-linguistic agency and assignment of causality-of online support-seekers' messages regarding depression influenced viewers' perceived stigma and features of their support messages. Participants (N = 254) read and responded to an online support-seeking post about depression. Our results revealed that personal stigma toward a depressed individual was lower when the individual disclosed a biological cause for the depression and assigned agency to depression than agency to human. Additionally, when agency was assigned to depression with a biological rather than non-biological cause, more positive emotion words were utilized in participants' response posts. Cognitive process words were used more often in response to messages with non-biological causality than biological causality.

Cognitive illness representations among Israeli Arabs diagnosed with depression and their relationship with health-related quality of life

BACKGROUND

The number of studies that have assessed cognitive illness representations among people diagnosed with depression, and their relationship to health outcomes, has clearly grown. Nevertheless, the relationship between cognitive illness representations and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has received very little research attention.

AIMS

This study examined cognitive illness representations, based on the self-regulation model (SRM), and the contribution of each dimension of these cognitive illness representations to health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among Israeli Arabs diagnosed with depression.

METHODS

A convenience sample of 160 Israeli Arabs with depression completed measures of cognitive illness representations (identity, timeline, consequences, personal control, treatment control, and coherence), HRQoL, and sociodemographic and health characteristics.

RESULTS

Participants reported high levels of negative perceptions in the identity, timeline, and consequences dimensions, and moderate levels in the dimensions of personal control, treatment control, and coherence. Also, participants reported low levels of HRQoL. Identity, consequences, and coherence were found to be the main determinants of HRQoL.

CONCLUSION

This study underlines the crucial role of the identity, consequences, and coherence dimensions in the HRQoL of individuals diagnosed with depression. The findings indicate that clinical interventions targeting cognitive illness representations of individuals with depression, and in particular identity, consequences, and coherence, might be helpful in improving the HRQoL of this population.

'The Explanation You Have Been Looking For': Neurobiology as Promise and Hermeneutic Closure

The biomedical aspiration of psychiatry has fundamentally reoriented clinical practice since the DSM-III in 1980 and reverberated in the public sphere. Over time, lay public understanding of the causes of mental suffering has increasingly endorsed biological conceptions. In this paper, I explore the sources from which a neurobiological model for mental suffering reaches ordinary people, and investigate its rhetorical appeal, personal appropriation, and consequences. Drawing on interviews and other data, I show that these sources-physicians, popular media, and advertising-share common ontological and moral assumptions. These assumptions, in turn, influence how people take up neurobiological explanation to account for their suffering, and how, paradoxically, they join it to their projects of self-determination. I conclude by considering how, from a phenomenological perspective, a neurobiological account fails to enhance self-knowledge or determination but leads to a hermeneutic dead end.

Pathways to mental health consultations: A study from a tertiary care setting in India

BACKGROUND

Research indicates that help seeking for mental health is low and often delayed. Understanding pathways to care is crucial to facilitate mental health referrals and reduce the time to consultation.

METHODS

In the present study, 63 individuals were assessed on illness severity, attitudes towards help-seeking and pathways-to-care.

RESULTS

Multiple pathways for therapy were noted, a delayed-pathway, two-step referral pathway and a direct-pathway. Most prominent pathway was the delayed-pathway. The direct-pathway had least treatment delay, contributed by timely recognition of symptoms by the patient. As first point of contact, patients preferred psychiatrists and popularly sought information about treatment via media.

CONCLUSIONS

There are multiple pathways to consultations, often leading to treatment delay in care received. Timely recognition of symptoms was associated a direct pathway and the least delay. These findings have implications for strengthening routes to mental health specialists at early stages and increasing awareness about treatment available.

Identifying the underlying factors associated with antidepressant drug discontinuation: content analysis of patients' drug reviews

The rate of antidepressant prescriptions is globally increasing. A large portion of patients stop their medications, which could lead to many side effects including relapse, and anxiety. The aim of this was to develop a drug-continuity prediction model and identify the factors associated with drug-continuity using online patient forums. We retrieved 982 antidepressant drug reviews from the online patient's forum AskaPatient.com. We followed the Analytical Framework Method to extract structured data from unstructured data. Using the structured data, we examined the factors associated with antidepressant discontinuity and developed a predictive model using multiple machine learning techniques. We tested multiple machine learning techniques which resulted in different performances ranging from accuracy of 65% to 82%. We found that Random Forest algorithm provides the highest prediction method with 82% Accuracy, 78% Precision, 88.03% Recall, and 84.2% F1-Score. The factors associated with drug discontinuity the most were: withdrawal symptoms, effectiveness-ineffectiveness, perceived-distress-adverse drug reaction, rating, and perceiveddistress related to withdrawal symptoms. Although the nature of data available at online forums differ from data collected through surveys, we found that online patients forum can be a valuable source of data for drug continuity prediction and understanding patients experience. The factors identified through our techniques were consistent with the findings of prior studies that used surveys.

"I don't need any treatment" - barriers to mental health treatment in the general population of a megacity

OBJECTIVE

Most countries fail to treat individuals with psychopathologies. Investigating treatment barriers and reasons for dropout are key elements to overcoming this scenario.

METHODS

A representative sample of 2,942 urban-dwelling adults was interviewed face-to-face within a cross-sectional, stratified, multistage probability survey of the general population. Psychiatric diagnosis, severity level, use of services, reasons for not seeking treatment, and treatment dropout were investigated.

RESULTS

Only 23% of individuals with a psychopathology of any severity level in the last 12 months received treatment. Low perceived need for treatment (56%) was the most common reason for not seeking treatment. The most visited settings were psychiatric, other mental health care, and general medical care. Among those with a perceived need for treatment (44%), psychological barriers were the most common reason for not seeking it. Treatment dropout was more prevalent among those who visited a general medical care setting. Among individuals still in treatment, human services and psychiatric care were the most common types. Female sex was associated with structural barriers (OR = 2.1). Disorder severity was negatively associated with need barriers (OR = 0.4), and positively associated with structural barriers (OR = 2.5) and psychological barriers (OR = 2.5).

CONCLUSION

Despite the need for treatment and better services, psychological barriers were the major reason for not seeking treatment. Apart from providing more specialists, investing in awareness, de-stigmatization, and information is the ultimate strategy for improving psychiatric care.

Development and Psychometric Properties of the Adversity and Stress Scale (ASS): Validation in the Adult Mexican Population

Since stress is known to play a role in the development of physical and mental illness, empirically validated measurements are required to assess the effect of adverse events such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the psychometric properties of the Adversity and Stress Scale (ASS). A sample of 3937 adults living in Mexico was used. The structure of the instrument was evaluated using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Construct validity was measured through associations between the ASS and psychological symptoms. In the EFA, the relational and contextual dimensions of stress were identified. A good fit was obtained in the CFA (CFI = 0.980, RMSEA = 0.040). The ASS score was associated with all the selected variables in the expected direction, and internal consistency was α = .86. The ASS is a valid, reliable measure, with the potential to be used in other adverse events.

Addressing anhedonia to increase depression treatment engagement

Anhedonia, or reward system dysfunction, is associated with poorer treatment outcomes among depressed individuals. The role of anhedonia in treatment engagement, however, has not yet been explored. We review research on components of reward functioning impaired in depression, including effort valuation, reward anticipation, initial responsiveness, reward learning, reward probability, and reward delay, highlighting potential barriers to treatment engagement associated with these components. We then propose interventions to improve treatment initiation and continuation by addressing deficits in each component of reward functioning, focusing on modifications of existing evidence-based interventions to meet the needs of individuals with heightened anhedonia. We describe potential settings for these interventions and times at which they can be delivered during the process of referring individuals to mental health treatment, conducting intakes or assessments, and providing treatment. Additionally, we note the advantages of using screening processes already in place in primary care, workplace, school, and online settings to identify individuals with heightened anhedonia who may benefit from these interventions. We conclude with suggestions for future research on the impact of anhedonia on treatment engagement and the efficacy of interventions to address it. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Many depressed individuals who might benefit from treatment do not initiate it or discontinue early. One barrier to treatment engagement may be anhedonia, a core symptom of depression characterized by loss of interest or pleasure in usual activities. We describe brief interventions to improve treatment engagement in individuals with anhedonia that can be implemented during the referral process or early in treatment. We argue that interventions aiming to improve treatment engagement in depressed individuals that target anhedonia may be particularly effective.

Barriers and facilitators to recognize and discuss depression and anxiety experienced by adults with vision impairment or blindness: a qualitative study

BACKGROUND

Depression and anxiety are highly prevalent, but often unrecognized in adults with vision impairment (VI) or blindness. The purpose of this study was to explore visually impaired and blind adults' views on facilitators and barriers in recognizing and discussing mental health problems.

METHODS

Semi-structured interviews, based on the Integrated Model for Change, were conducted with 16 visually impaired or blind adults receiving support from three Dutch low vision service organizations. Interview data was analyzed using the framework approach.

RESULTS

Participants perceived their focus on practical support with regard to their VI, lack of mental health literacy, and misattribution of symptoms of depression or anxiety as barriers for recognizing mental health problems. With regard to discussing mental health problems, they perceived difficulties in acknowledging their VI and mental health problems due to feelings of vulnerability and inequality. Participants mentioned that their social support system and healthcare providers (could) facilitate them in recognizing and discussing mental health problems. However, participants thought that healthcare providers currently often lacked the knowledge, skills and attitude to recognize and discuss this topic with their clients.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that visually impaired and blind adults may experience several barriers to recognize, acknowledge and discuss mental health. Healthcare providers and social support systems seem essential for them in reducing these barriers. However, there might be a mismatch between the needs of visually impaired and blind adults and healthcare providers' knowledge, skills and attitude. Training healthcare providers may improve detection of depression and anxiety in adults with VI or blindness, and enhance clinician-patient communication on mental health.

Predictors of preference for cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and yoga interventions among older adults

The purpose of this study was to examine factors that influence a person's choice of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) or yoga, the stability of these preferences, and the impact of preference on engagement and process measures. We conducted a randomized preference trial of CBT and yoga in 500 adults ≥60 years with symptoms of worry. Participants reported their intervention preference, strength of preference, and factors impacting preference. Engagement in the intervention (session completion and dropout rates) was assessed. Process measures included satisfaction with the intervention, therapeutic alliance, and intervention expectancy. Neither intervention preference (48% and 52% chose CBT and yoga, respectively) nor strength of preference differed significantly between the two preference trial groups. Intervention expectancies at baseline among those in the preference trial were approximately 4.5 units (40-point scale) higher for their preferred intervention (p < .0001 within each group). A principal component analysis of factors influencing preference identified three constructs. Using logistic regression, components focused on attitudes about CBT or yoga were predictive of ultimate preference (odds ratio = 11.5, 95% C.I.6.3-21.0 per 1SD difference in component 1 for choosing CBT; odds ratio = 7.8, 95% CI4.3-13.9 per 1SD difference in component 2 for choosing yoga). There were no significant differences between the randomized and preference trials on intervention adherence, completion of assessments, intervention satisfaction, or working alliance. Receiving a preferred treatment had no significant effects on intervention outcomes through participant engagement or process measures. When options are limited, providers may have confidence in offering the most readily available non-pharmacological treatments.

Illness perceptions and health beliefs in persons with common mental disorders

INTRODUCTION

Help seeking is crucial in the context of illness management and care. Various psychological factors impact this process of help-seeking. In this background, the present study explored illness perceptions, attitudes to help-seeking, work and social adjustment in addition to clinical correlates, in a sample of 63 treatment seeking individuals.

METHODS

The study adopted a cross-sectional single group design. Participants were assessed on the Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire, Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help Scale, General Self-efficacy Scale, Internalized Stigma and Work and Social Adjustment Scale.

RESULTS

Majority had illness duration of about 6 years and had delayed seeking treatment for about one and half years. Participants reported higher emotional reactions to illness, concerns regarding effectiveness of treatment and understanding and meaning about illness on the BIPQ. Illness perceptions were significantly correlated with work and social adjustment and attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help. General self- efficacy and internalized stigma emerged as predictors of overall work and social adjustment.

CONCLUSIONS

The study has implications for interventions that need to target beliefs about illness in order to maximize help-seeking and reduce treatment gap.

Depression Illness Representations Among Arabs in Israel: a Qualitative Study Comparing Younger and Older Adults

There has been a noticeable increase in the number of studies assessing perceptions regarding depression (illness representations) among people diagnosed with the disorder. However, these studies have examined mainly younger adults (ages 18 to 65), and very little is known about older adults. This study examined illness representations among younger and older Israeli Arabs with depression based on the Self-Regulation Model (SRM). A total of 12 Israeli Arabs (six younger adults aged 18-64 and six older adults aged 65+) diagnosed with depression took part in semi-structured, in-depth interviews. The majority of the participants in the younger group were female and married, compared to the older group which has a gender equal ratio, half of which are married. The data were analyzed thematically, guided by the SRM illness representations' dimensions (identity; timeline; cause; consequences; control/cure; cyclical and coherence; and emotional representations). Differences between younger and older adults were found in some of the illness representations. Older adults described depression as a chronic illness associated with somatic symptoms, and did not believe in psychological treatment. Younger adults did not perceive depression as chronic, reported cognitive and emotional symptoms, and believed in the efficacy of psychological treatment. Our findings indicated that participants' perceptions about depression appeared to be associated with their age, along with their unique cultural background as they are traditional but undergoing processes of modernization. This study stress the importance of illness representations in intervention programs tailored for different age groups, and considering their specific cultural needs.

The Thin Man is His Clothing: Dressing Masculine to be Masculine

Body image research focuses almost exclusively on women or overweight and obesity or both. Yet, body image concerns among thin men are common and can result, at least in part, from mixed messages in society around how men qua men should dress and behave in order to look good and feel good. Stand-alone interventions to meet these different messages tend to provide men with little therapeutic relief. This conceptual paper draws on literature from the medical humanities; gender and body image studies; the social psychology of clothing; and the author's own lived experience to address this contemporary problem. The paper embraces visual culture as a resource that can frame discussion of how two sets of 'performativity' might reduce male anxiety about thinness. First, thin men could choose repeatedly to wear masculine-looking clothing, which could create their masculinity as a personal aesthetic that strengthens the confidence to harness masculine traits in healthy ways. Secondly, health and allied health service providers could promote and reinforce such dress behavior by offering advice that integrates aesthetic and functional aspects of clothing. Empirical studies are needed to test this dual model of performativity.

Help-seeking for depression among Australian doctors

BACKGROUND

Depression is common among doctors. However, concerns remain that doctors are unlikely to ask for help when symptoms of depression arise.

AIMS

To determine rates and patterns of help-seeking for depression among doctors and to identify predictors of and barriers to such behaviour.

METHODS

A secondary analysis was conducted on a nation-wide survey of 12 252 Australian doctors. The study sample consisted of doctors who reported having ever felt seriously depressed (n = 4154; 33.9% of total sample). Rates of help-seeking, professional help-seeking behaviours and self-reported barriers were explored. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between professional help-seeking and predetermined predictive factors.

RESULTS

Sixty percent (95% confidence interval (CI): 58.5-61.5) of doctors who have ever felt seriously depressed reported some form of professional help-seeking for depression. The most common barrier to help-seeking was 'privacy/confidentiality'. Females (odds ratio (OR) = 1.74; 95% CI: 1.50-2.01; P < 0.001), locally trained doctors (OR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.12-1.59; P = 0.001) and senior doctors (OR = 1.35; 95% CI: 1.14-1.61; P = 0.001) were more likely to seek professional help than their counterparts. Compared with general practitioners, psychiatrists (OR = 1.565; 95% CI: 1.15-2.13; P = 0.004) were more likely to seek professional help while surgeons (OR = 0.518; 95% CI: 0.37-0.72; P < 0.001) and pathologists/radiologists (OR = 0.695; 95% CI: 0.49-0.99; P = 0.043) were less likely.

CONCLUSION

While it is reassuring that the majority of depressed doctors were able to seek professional help, many were not. Major barriers to professional help-seeking, particularly concerns about confidentiality and impact on career, remain a problem. Male, overseas-trained, junior doctors, surgeons and pathologists/radiologists were less likely to seek help for depression. Targeted interventions are required to increase appropriate help-seeking for depression in doctors.

Cross-sectional mixed-methods study protocol exploring the enablers and barriers for people with severe and enduring mental illness in Jamaica when accessing healthcare for chronic physical illness

INTRODUCTION

Extant international research suggests that people with severe and enduring mental illness (PWSEMI) experience increased rates of chronic physical illness (CPI), reduced life expectancy and higher mortality than those in the general population. The high prevalence of CPI among PWSEMI is associated with a number of barriers that this population experiences when accessing physical healthcare. Although substantial research has been conducted in North America, Europe and Australia, there appears to be a paucity of research exploring CPI among PWSEMI in the Caribbean region, although this region has reported very high rates of non-communicable diseases within its populations. The current study will be situated in Jamaica and will explore the enablers and barriers to PWSEMI accessing healthcare for CPI.

METHODS AND ANALYSIS

A convergent mixed-method design will explore the enablers and barriers to accessing healthcare for CPI among PWSEMI. This cross-sectional study will collect data from PWSEMI, caregivers and family members, community health aides, primary care physicians, psychiatrists and health policymakers.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

The study findings will provide baseline data describing the prevalence of CPI among PWSEMI in Jamaica and will identify enablers for, and barriers to, PWSEMI accessing CPI care. Findings will be disseminated widely in Jamaica and internationally to key stakeholders through publications and conferences. Institutional ethical approval was granted from Jamaica's Ministry of Health and Wellness Medico-legal Ethics Review Panel (# 2019/49), the Curtin University Human Research and Ethics Committee (HRE 2020-0022) and the University of the West Indies FMS Ethics Committee (ECP 101, 19/20).

Barriers to Mental Health Treatment in the Saudi National Mental Health Survey

Objectives: To examine barriers to initiation and continuation of treatment among individuals with common mental disorders in the Saudi National Mental Health Survey (SNMHS). Methods: The SNMHS is a community-based epidemiological survey in a nationally representative household sample of respondents aged 15-65 in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) 3.0 was used. Predictors of barriers to treatment were analyzed with multivariable logistic regression. Results: Among participants with a 12-month DSM-IV/CIDI disorder (n = 711), 86.1% reported no service use. Of those (n = 597), 50.7% did not think they needed any help (categorized as "low perceived need") and 49.3% did perceive need. Of those who perceived need (n = 309), the majority (98.9%) reported attitudinal barriers to initiation. In contrast, 10.3% of those with a perceived need reported structural barriers. Respondents who were previously married or indicated below-average income were more likely to believe they needed help. Conclusions: Among people with a diagnosed mental disorder, low perceived need and attitudinal barriers are the primary barriers to mental health treatment in the KSA. The results suggest that addressing poor mental health literacy may be essential factor in reducing the unmet need for mental health treatment in the KSA.

Clinical relevance of findings in trials of CBT for depression

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is beneficial in depression. Symptom scores can be translated into Clinical Global Impression (CGI) scale scores to indicate clinical relevance. We aimed to assess the clinical relevance of findings of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of CBT in depression. We identified RCTs of CBT that used the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HAMD). HAMD scores were translated into Clinical Global Impression – Change scale (CGI-I) scores to measure clinical relevance. One hundred and seventy datasets from 82 studies were included. The mean percentage HAMD change for treatment arms was 53.66%, and 29.81% for control arms, a statistically significant difference. Combined active therapies showed the biggest improvement on CGI-I score, followed by CBT alone. All active treatments had better than expected HAMD percentage reduction and CGI-I scores. CBT has a clinically relevant effect in depression, with a notional CGI-I score of 2.2, indicating a significant clinical response. The non-specific or placebo effect of being in a psychotherapy trial was a 29% reduction of HAMD.

Treatment of Depression in Primary Care with Computerized Psychological Therapies: Systematic Reviews

Depression is one of the most important causes of disability due to illness in our environment. The primary care health system receives a high percentage of this consultation about psychological distress. Often this end in a pharmacological overtreatment in patients with mild depression, due to a lack of access to alternative tools for management. To analyze the evidence that exists by now about the effectiveness of computerized psychological therapies, in people with depression in primary care setting. The search process was mainly done through MEDLINE and Cochrane using keywords such as: "depression", "treatment", "primary care", "online", "internet", "computerized", "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy" and delimiting the search by years and types of studies. The Oxman quality scale was used to analyze quality of Systematic Reviews (SR). 11 previous SR were analyzed. Almost all research is experimental and has not been implemented in the public health network except in the United Kingdom, where there is a tradition in the use of the Beating the Blues program. It requires research in our country and development of programs in Spanish, or adaptation of those of other countries, to test the effectiveness in our health system and to study, in turn, the cost-efficiency. But it is proven to be effective in reducing depressive symptoms and must be study as a possible tool to be introduced in the management of depression in non-specialized care.

First-generation migrants' use of psychotropic medication in Northern Ireland: a record linkage study

PURPOSE

There is a recent and growing migrant population in Northern Ireland. However, rigorous research is absent regarding access to mental health care by different migrant groups. In order to address this knowledge gap, this study aimed to identify the relative use of psychotropic medication between the largest first generation migrant groups in Northern Ireland and the majority population.

METHODS

Census (2011) data was linked to psychotropic prescriptions for the entire enumerated population of Northern Ireland using data linkage methodology through the Administrative Data Research Centre Northern Ireland (ADRC-NI).

RESULTS

Lower prescription dispensation for all psychotropic medication types, particularly antidepressants (OR = 0.35, CI 95% 0.33-0.36) and anxiolytics (OR = 0.42, CI 95% 0.40-0.44), was observed for all migrant groups with the exception of migrants from Germany.

CONCLUSIONS

It is likely that the results reflect poorer access to services and indicate a need to improve access and the match between resources, services and the health and social care needs of migrants. Further research is required to identify barriers to accessing primary care and mental health services.