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Kryukov AI, Kunel'skaya NL, Zaoeva ZO, Bajbakova EV, Chugunova MA, Vasilchenko NO, Panasov SA, Panova TN. [Involvement of the trigeminal nerve system in the sense of smell]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2023; 123:7-12. [PMID: 38147376 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro20231231217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
A systematic review of literature on the issue of involvement in the sense of smell, as well as the interaction between the trigeminal and olfactory nerves, was carried out. The article discusses the features of the chemical perception systems, as well as the treatment of olfactory disorders using transcranial electrical stimulation of the trigeminal nerve.
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Affiliation(s)
- A I Kryukov
- Sverzhevsky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - N L Kunel'skaya
- Sverzhevsky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Z O Zaoeva
- Sverzhevsky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Bajbakova
- Sverzhevsky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Chugunova
- Sverzhevsky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
| | - N O Vasilchenko
- Sverzhevsky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
| | - S A Panasov
- Sverzhevsky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
| | - T N Panova
- Sverzhevsky Research Clinical Institute of Otorhinolaryngology, Moscow, Russia
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2
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Li H, Lee C, Kay LM. Testing effects of trigeminal stimulation on binary odor mixture quality in rats. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1059741. [PMID: 36960175 PMCID: PMC10027748 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1059741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior attempts at forming theoretical predictions regarding the quality of binary odor mixtures have failed to find any consistent predictor for overshadowing of one component in a binary mixture by the other. We test here the hypothesis that trigeminality contributes to overshadowing effects in binary mixture perception. Most odorants stimulate the trigeminal nerve in the nasal sensory epithelium. In the current study we test rats' ability to detect component odorants in four binary odor sets chosen for their relative trigeminality. We predicted that the difference in trigeminal intensity would predict the degree of overshadowing by boosting or suppressing perceptual intensity of these odorants during learning or during mixture perception. We used a two-alternative choice (TAC) task in which rats were trained to recognize the two components of each mixture and tested on a range of mixtures of the two without reinforcement. We found that even though odorant concentrations were adjusted to balance volatility, all odor sets produced asymmetric psychometric curves. Odor pairs with the greatest difference in trigeminality showed overshadowing by the odorant with weaker trigeminal properties. Odor sets with more evenly matched trigeminal properties also showed asymmetry that was not predicted by either small differences in volatility or trigeminality. Thus, trigeminal properties may influence overshadowing in odor mixtures, but other factors are also likely involved. These mixed results further support the need to test each odor mixture to determine its odor quality and underscore recent results at the level of olfactory receptor neurons that show massive and unpredictable inhibition among odorants in complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibo Li
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Clara Lee
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Leslie M. Kay
- Department of Psychology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Institute for Mind and Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- The College, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- *Correspondence: Leslie M. Kay,
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3
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Chao Y, Woosch D, Pieniak M, Hummel T. Gender difference in ratings of odor intensity during olfactory training. J SENS STUD 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun‐Ting Chao
- Smell and Taste Clinic Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden Dresden Germany
- Division of Rhinology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery Taipei Veterans General Hospital Taipei
- Institute of Brain Science National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Taipei
| | - Dorothea Woosch
- Smell and Taste Clinic Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden Dresden Germany
| | - Michal Pieniak
- Smell and Taste Clinic Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden Dresden Germany
- University of Wrocław, Faculty of Historical and Pedagogical Sciences Institute of Psychology Wrocław Poland
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden Dresden Germany
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Ramadan B, Cabeza L, Cramoisy S, Houdayer C, Andrieu P, Millot JL, Haffen E, Risold PY, Peterschmitt Y. Beneficial effects of prolonged 2-phenylethyl alcohol inhalation on chronic distress-induced anxio-depressive-like phenotype in female mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 151:113100. [PMID: 35597115 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic distress-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis deregulations have been associated with the development of neuropsychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. Currently available drugs treating such pathological conditions have limited efficacy and diverse side effects, revealing the need of new safer strategies. Aromatic plant-based compounds are largely used in herbal medicine due to their therapeutic properties on mood, physiology, and general well-being. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 2-phenylethyl alcohol (PEA), one of the pharmacologically active constituents of rose essential oil, on chronic corticosterone (CORT)-induced behavioral and neurobiological changes in female mice. Animals followed a prolonged PEA inhalation exposure (30 min per day) for 15 consecutive days prior to behavioral evaluation with open-field, forced swim and novelty-suppressed feeding tests. CORT treatment induced an anxio-depressive-like phenotype, evidenced by a reduced locomotor activity in the open-field, and an increased latency to feed in the novelty-suppressed feeding paradigms. To elucidate the neural correlates of our behavioral results, immunohistochemistry was further performed to provide a global map of neural activity based on cerebral cFos expression. The altered feeding behavior was accompanied by a significant decrease in the number of cFos-positive cells in the olfactory bulb, and altered functional brain connectivity as shown by cross-correlation-based network analysis. CORT-induced behavioral and neurobiological alterations were reversed by prolonged PEA inhalation, suggesting a therapeutic action that allows regulating the activity of neural circuits involved in sensory, emotional and feeding behaviors. These findings might contribute to better understand the therapeutic potential of PEA on anxio-depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahrie Ramadan
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive UR-LINC 481, Université de Franche-Comté, Université de B ourgogne - Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.
| | - Lidia Cabeza
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive UR-LINC 481, Université de Franche-Comté, Université de B ourgogne - Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Stéphanie Cramoisy
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive UR-LINC 481, Université de Franche-Comté, Université de B ourgogne - Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Christophe Houdayer
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive UR-LINC 481, Université de Franche-Comté, Université de B ourgogne - Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Patrice Andrieu
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive UR-LINC 481, Université de Franche-Comté, Université de B ourgogne - Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Jean-Louis Millot
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive UR-LINC 481, Université de Franche-Comté, Université de B ourgogne - Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Emmanuel Haffen
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive UR-LINC 481, Université de Franche-Comté, Université de B ourgogne - Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Service de Psychiatrie de l'Adulte, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon CHU, Besançon, France; Centre d'Investigation Clinique, CIC-INSERM-1431, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Besançon CHU, Besançon, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Risold
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive UR-LINC 481, Université de Franche-Comté, Université de B ourgogne - Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Yvan Peterschmitt
- Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive UR-LINC 481, Université de Franche-Comté, Université de B ourgogne - Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.
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Yildirim D, Kandemirli SG, Tekcan Sanli DE, Akinci O, Altundag A. A Comparative Olfactory MRI, DTI and fMRI Study of COVID-19 Related Anosmia and Post Viral Olfactory Dysfunction. Acad Radiol 2022; 29:31-41. [PMID: 34810059 PMCID: PMC8549400 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2021.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Rationale and Objective To evaluate how COVID-19 anosmia imaging findings resembled and differed from postinfectious olfactory dysfunction (OD). Material and Methods A total of 31 patients presenting with persistent COVID-19 related OD and 97 patients with post-infectious OD were included. Olfactory bulb MRI, DTI and olfactory fMRI findings in both groups were retrospectively assessed. Results All COVID-19 related OD cases were anosmic, 18.6% of post-infectious OD patients were hyposmic and remaining 81.4% were anosmic. Mean interval between onset of OD and imaging was 1.5 months for COVID-19 related OD and 6 months for post-infectious OD. Olfactory bulb volumes were significantly higher in COVID-19 related OD than post-infectious OD. Deformed bulb morphology and increased olfactory bulb signal intensity was seen in 58.1% and 51.6% with COVID-19 related OD; and 63.9% – 46.4% with post-infectious OD; without significant difference. Significantly higher rate of olfactory nerve clumping and higher QA values at orbitofrontal and entorhinal regions were observed in COVID-19 related OD than post-infectious OD. Absence of orbitofrontal and entorhinal activity showed no statistically significant difference between COVID-19 related OD and post-infectious OD, however trigeminosensory activity was more robust in COVID-19 related OD cases. Conclusion Olfactory bulb damage may play a central role in persistent COVID-19 related anosmia. Though there is decreased olfactory bulb volume and decreased white matter tract integrity of olfactory regions in COVID-19 related anosmia, this is not as pronounced as in other post-infectious OD. Trigeminosensory activity was more robust in COVID-19 related OD. These findings may reflect better preserved central olfactory system in COVID-19 related OD compared to COVID-19 related OD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duzgun Yildirim
- Acibadem University, Department of Medical Imaging, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sedat Giray Kandemirli
- University of Iowa, Hospital and Clinics, Department of Radiology, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242.
| | | | - Ozlem Akinci
- Sancaktepe Sehit Prof Dr Ilhan Varank Research and Training Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aytug Altundag
- Acibadem Taksim Hospital, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Istanbul, Turkey
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Badran BW, Gruber EM, O’Leary GH, Austelle CW, Huffman SM, Kahn AT, McTeague LM, Uhde TW, Cortese BM. Electrical stimulation of the trigeminal nerve improves olfaction in healthy individuals: A randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial. Brain Stimul 2022; 15:761-768. [PMID: 35561963 PMCID: PMC9976566 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both activated by environmental odorants, there is a clear role for the intranasal trigeminal and olfactory nerves in smell function. Unfortunately, our ability to perceive odorants decreases with age or with injury, and limited interventions are available to treat smell loss. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether electrical stimulation of the trigeminal nerve via trigeminal nerve stimulation (TNS) or transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulates odor sensitivity in healthy individuals. METHODS We recruited 20 healthy adults (12 Female, mean age = 27) to participate in this three-visit, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial. Participants were randomized to receive one of three stimulation modalities (TNS, tDCS, or sham) during each of their visits. Odor detection thresholds were obtained at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and 30-min post-intervention. Furthermore, participants were asked to complete a sustained attention task and mood assessments before odor detection testing. RESULTS Findings reveal a timeXcondition interaction for guaiacol (GUA) odorant detection thresholds (F (3.188, 60.57) = 3.833, P = 0.0125), but not phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEA) odorant thresholds. At 30-min post-stimulation, both active TNS and active tDCS showed significantly increased sensitivity to GUA compared to sham TNS (Sham TNS = -8.30% vs. Active TNS = 9.11%, mean difference 17.43%, 95% CI 5.674 to 29.18, p = 0.0044; Sham TNS = -8.30% vs. Active tDCS = 13.58%, mean difference 21.89%, 95% CI 10.47 to 33.32, p = 0.0004). CONCLUSION TNS is a safe, simple, noninvasive method for boosting olfaction. Future studies should investigate the use of TNS on smell function across different stimulation parameters, odorants, and patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bernadette M. Cortese
- Corresponding author. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, BA 504F, Charleston, South Carolina, 29425, USA. (B.M. Cortese)
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Kokocińska-Kusiak A, Woszczyło M, Zybala M, Maciocha J, Barłowska K, Dzięcioł M. Canine Olfaction: Physiology, Behavior, and Possibilities for Practical Applications. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082463. [PMID: 34438920 PMCID: PMC8388720 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Dogs have an extraordinary olfactory capability, which far exceeds that of humans. Dogs’ sense of smell seems to be the main sense, allowing them to not only gather both current and historical information about their surrounding environment, but also to find the source of the smell, which is crucial for locating food, danger, or partners for reproduction. Dogs can be trained by humans to use their olfactory abilities in a variety of fields, with a detection limit often much lower than that of sophisticated laboratory instruments. The specific anatomical and physiological features of dog olfaction allow humans to achieve outstanding results in the detection of drugs, explosives, and different illnesses, such as cancer, diabetes, or infectious disease. This article provides an overview of the anatomical features and physiological mechanisms involved in the process of odor detection and identification, as well as behavioral aspects of canine olfaction and its use in the service of humans in many fields. Abstract Olfaction in dogs is crucial for gathering important information about the environment, recognizing individuals, making decisions, and learning. It is far more specialized and sensitive than humans’ sense of smell. Using the strength of dogs’ sense of smell, humans work with dogs for the recognition of different odors, with a precision far exceeding the analytical capabilities of most modern instruments. Due to their extremely sensitive sense of smell, dogs could be used as modern, super-sensitive mobile area scanners, detecting specific chemical signals in real time in various environments outside the laboratory, and then tracking the odor of dynamic targets to their source, also in crowded places. Recent studies show that dogs can detect not only specific scents of drugs or explosives, but also changes in emotions as well as in human cell metabolism during various illnesses, including COVID-19 infection. Here, we provide an overview of canine olfaction, discussing aspects connected with anatomy, physiology, behavioral aspects of sniffing, and factors influencing the olfactory abilities of the domestic dog (Canis familiaris).
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Kokocińska-Kusiak
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, ul. Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warszawa, Poland; (A.K.-K.); (J.M.)
| | - Martyna Woszczyło
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland;
| | - Mikołaj Zybala
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Doctoral School, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, ul. Konarskiego 2, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland;
| | - Julia Maciocha
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, ul. Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warszawa, Poland; (A.K.-K.); (J.M.)
| | - Katarzyna Barłowska
- Department of Biotechnology and Nutrigenomics, Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland;
| | - Michał Dzięcioł
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Plac Grunwaldzki 49, 50-366 Wrocław, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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Honnens de Lichtenberg Broge E, Wendin K, Hyldig G, Bredie WLP. Development of an olfactory test method for measuring perception of everyday food odors among older adults. J SENS STUD 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Honnens de Lichtenberg Broge
- Department of Food Science, Section for Food Design and Consumer Behaviour, Future Consumer Lab University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark
| | - Karin Wendin
- Department of Food Science, Section for Food Design and Consumer Behaviour, Future Consumer Lab University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark
- Department of Food and Meal Science Kristianstad University Kristianstad Sweden
| | - Grethe Hyldig
- Division of Food Technology, National Food Institute Technical University of Denmark Lyngby Denmark
| | - Wender L. P. Bredie
- Department of Food Science, Section for Food Design and Consumer Behaviour, Future Consumer Lab University of Copenhagen Frederiksberg Denmark
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9
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Thomas DC, Baddireddy SM, Kohli D. Anosmia: A review in the context of coronavirus disease 2019 and orofacial pain. J Am Dent Assoc 2020; 151:696-702. [PMID: 32854871 PMCID: PMC7328601 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2020.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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10
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Spencer M, Dalton P. The third dimension of flavor: A chemesthetic approach to healthier eating (a review). J SENS STUD 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Molly Spencer
- Monell Chemical Senses Center Philadelphia Pennsylvania
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11
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Chemosensory Perception: A Review on Electrophysiological Methods in “Cognitive Neuro-Olfactometry”. CHEMOSENSORS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors7030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Various brain imaging techniques are available, but few are specifically designed to visualize chemical sensory and, in particular, olfactory processing. This review describes the results of quantitative and qualitative studies that have used electroencephalography (EEG) and magneto-encephalography (MEG) to evaluate responses to olfactory stimulation (OS). EEG and MEG are able to detect the components of chemosensory event-related potentials (CSERPs) and the cortical rhythms associated with different types of OS. Olfactory studies are filling the gaps in both the developmental field of the life cycle (from newborns to geriatric age) and the clinical and basic research fields, in a way that can be considered the modern “cognitive neuro-olfactometry”.
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Maurer M, Papotto N, Sertel-Nakajima J, Schueler M, De Col R, Möhrlen F, Messlinger K, Frings S, Carr RW. Photoactivation of olfactory sensory neurons does not affect action potential conduction in individual trigeminal sensory axons innervating the rodent nasal cavity. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211175. [PMID: 31412038 PMCID: PMC6693769 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory and trigeminal chemosensory systems reside in parallel within the mammalian nose. Psychophysical studies in people indicate that these two systems interact at a perceptual level. Trigeminal sensations of pungency mask odour perception, while olfactory stimuli can influence trigeminal signal processing tasks such as odour localization. While imaging studies indicate overlap in limbic and cortical somatosensory areas activated by nasal trigeminal and olfactory stimuli, there is also potential cross-talk at the level of the olfactory epithelium, the olfactory bulb and trigeminal brainstem. Here we explored the influence of olfactory and trigeminal signaling in the nasal cavity. A forced choice water consumption paradigm was used to ascertain whether trigeminal and olfactory stimuli could influence behaviour in mice. Mice avoided water sources surrounded by both volatile TRPV1 (cyclohexanone) and TRPA1 (allyl isothiocyanate) irritants and the aversion to cyclohexanone was mitigated when combined with a pure odorant (rose fragrance, phenylethyl alcohol, PEA). To determine whether olfactory-trigeminal interactions within the nose could potentially account for this behavioural effect we recorded from single trigeminal sensory axons innervating the nasal respiratory and olfactory epithelium using an isolated in vitro preparation. To circumvent non-specific effects of chemical stimuli, optical stimulation was used to excite olfactory sensory neurons in mice expressing channel-rhodopsin (ChR2) under the olfactory marker protein (OMP) promoter. Photoactivation of olfactory sensory neurons produced no modulation of axonal action potential conduction in individual trigeminal axons. Similarly, no evidence was found for collateral branching of trigeminal axon that might serve as a conduit for cross-talk between the olfactory and respiratory epithelium and olfactory dura mater. Using direct assessment of action potential activity in trigeminal axons we observed neither paracrine nor axon reflex mediated cross-talk between olfactory and trigeminal sensory systems in the rodent nasal cavity. Our current results suggest that olfactory sensory neurons exert minimal influence on trigeminal signals within the nasal cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Maurer
- Experimental Pain Research, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Nunzia Papotto
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julika Sertel-Nakajima
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Schueler
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Germany
| | - Roberto De Col
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Möhrlen
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl Messlinger
- Institute for Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Frings
- Centre for Organismal Studies, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Richard W. Carr
- Experimental Pain Research, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- * E-mail:
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13
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Temporal Encoding During Unimodal and Bimodal Odor Processing in the Human Brain. CHEMOSENS PERCEPT 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12078-018-9251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Tremblay C, Frasnelli J. Olfactory and Trigeminal Systems Interact in the Periphery. Chem Senses 2018; 43:611-616. [DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjy049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cécilia Tremblay
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
| | - Johannes Frasnelli
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 3351 Boul. des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
- Research Center, Sacré-Coeur Hospital of Montreal, 5400 boul. Gouin Ouest, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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15
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Kemp B, Condé B, Jégou S, Howell K, Vasserot Y, Marchal R. Chemical compounds and mechanisms involved in the formation and stabilization of foam in sparkling wines. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:2072-2094. [PMID: 29420057 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1437535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The visual properties of sparkling wine including foam and bubbles are an indicator of sparkling wine quality. Foam properties, particularly foam height (FH) and foam stability (TS), are significantly influenced by the chemical composition of the wine. This review investigates our current knowledge of specific chemical compounds and, the mechanisms by which they influence the foam properties of sparkling wines. Grape and yeast proteins, amino acids, polysaccharides, phenolic compounds, organic acids, fatty acids, ethanol and sugar are examined with respect to their contribution to foam characteristics in sparkling wines made with the Traditional, Transfer, and Charmat and carbonation methods. Contradictory results have been identified that appear to be due to the analytical methods used to measure and quantify compounds and foam. Biopolymer complexes are discussed and absent knowledge with regards to thaumatin-like proteins (TLPs), polysaccharides, amino acids, oak-derived phenolic compounds and organic acids are identified. Future research is also likely to concentrate on visual analysis of sparkling wines by in-depth imaging analysis and specific sensory analysis techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda Kemp
- a Cool Climate Oenology and Viticulture Institute (CCOVI), Brock University , Sir Isaac Brock Way, St Catharines , Ontario , Canada.,b Adjunct Professor, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Science , Brock University , Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines , Ontario , Canada
| | - Bruna Condé
- c Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences , University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Sandrine Jégou
- d Laboratoire d'Oenologie de Chimie Appliquée , Unité de Recherche Vigne et Vins de Champagne (URVVC)-EA 4707 , Moulin de la Housse, Reims Cédex, France
| | - Kate Howell
- c Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences , University of Melbourne , Victoria , Australia
| | - Yann Vasserot
- d Laboratoire d'Oenologie de Chimie Appliquée , Unité de Recherche Vigne et Vins de Champagne (URVVC)-EA 4707 , Moulin de la Housse, Reims Cédex, France
| | - Richard Marchal
- d Laboratoire d'Oenologie de Chimie Appliquée , Unité de Recherche Vigne et Vins de Champagne (URVVC)-EA 4707 , Moulin de la Housse, Reims Cédex, France
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16
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Inui K, Chen C, Pauli JL, Kuroki C, Tashiro S, Kanmura Y, Kashiwadani H, Kuwaki T. Nasal TRPA1 mediates irritant-induced bradypnea in mice. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/24/e13098. [PMID: 28039411 PMCID: PMC5210382 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1), a member of the TRP superfamily, exists in sensory neurons such as trigeminal neurons innervating the nasal cavity and vagal neurons innervating the trachea and the lung. Although TRPA1 has been proposed as an irritant receptor that, when stimulated, triggers bradypnea, precise locations of the receptors responsible have not been elucidated. Here, we examined the relative importance of TRPA1 located in the upper airway (nasal) and the lower airway (trachea/lungs) in urethane-anesthetized mice. To stimulate the upper and lower airways separately, two cannulas were inserted through a hole made in the trachea just caudal to the thyroid cartilage, one into the nasal cavity and the second into the lower trachea. A vapor of one of the TRPA1-agonists, allyl isothiocyanate (AITC), was introduced by placing a piece of cotton paper soaked with AITC solution into the airline. AITC decreased the respiratory frequency when applied to the upper airway (ca -30%) but not to the lower airway (ca -5%). No response was observed in TRPA1 knockout mice. Contribution of the olfactory nerve seemed minimal because olfactory bulbectomized wild-type mice showed a similar response to that of the intact mice. AITC-induced bradypnea seemed to be mediated, at least in part, by the trigeminal nerve because trigeminal ganglion neurons were activated by AITC as revealed by an increase in the phosphorylated form of extracellular signal-regulated kinase in the neurons. These data clearly show that trigeminal TRPA1 in the nasal cavity play an essential role in irritant-induced bradypnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Inui
- Department of Physiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical & Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - ChangPing Chen
- Department of Physiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical & Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Jordan L Pauli
- Department of Physiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical & Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Chiharu Kuroki
- Department of Physiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical & Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.,Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical & Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Shogo Tashiro
- Department of Physiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical & Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan.,Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical & Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yuichi Kanmura
- Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical & Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hideki Kashiwadani
- Department of Physiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical & Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kuwaki
- Department of Physiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical & Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
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17
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Pellegrino R, Drechsler E, Hummel C, Warr J, Hummel T. Bimodal odor processing with a trigeminal component at sub- and suprathreshold levels. Neuroscience 2017; 363:43-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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18
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Cortese BM, Schumann AY, Howell AN, McConnell PA, Yang QX, Uhde TW. Preliminary evidence for differential olfactory and trigeminal processing in combat veterans with and without PTSD. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 17:378-387. [PMID: 29159050 PMCID: PMC5683811 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Structural and functional changes in the olfactory system are increasingly implicated in the expression of PTSD. Still, very little is known about the neurobiological networks of trauma-related odor sensitivity or how they relate to other objective and subjective measures of olfaction and PTSD. The purpose of this study was to replicate prior findings and further characterize olfactory function in trauma-exposed combat veterans with and without PTSD. We also sought to extend this area of research by exploring the effects of time since the combat-related index trauma (TST) on post-trauma olfactory function, as well as by correlating odor-elicited brain activity to general olfactory ability and odor-elicited PTSD symptoms. Participants included combat veterans with PTSD (CV+PTSD; n = 21) or without any psychiatric disorder (CV-PTSD; n = 27). TST was coded as greater (n = 24) or less (n = 24) than 5 years. There were main effects and/or interaction for PTSD-status and TST across several parameters of olfactory function: odor detection, odor identification, ratings for trauma-related odor intensity and triggered PTSD symptoms, and trauma odor-elicited brain activation. Overall, results suggest olfactory impairment in chronic PTSD, but not necessarily in the earlier stages of the disorder, although some early-stage olfactory findings may be predictive of later olfactory impairment. Results also suggest that trauma-exposed individuals who never develop PTSD may demonstrate olfactory resiliency. Finally, results highlight a potentially unique role of trigeminal odor properties in the olfactory-PTSD relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aicko Y Schumann
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, MUSC, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Ashley N Howell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, MUSC, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Qing X Yang
- Department of Radiology, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Thomas W Uhde
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, MUSC, Charleston, SC, USA
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19
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Oleszkiewicz A, Meusel T, Güpfert M, Westermann B, Hummel T, Welge-Lüssen A. Olfactory deficits decrease the time resolution for trigeminal lateralization. Int J Psychophysiol 2017; 121:18-21. [PMID: 28918916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To date the temporal resolution of the detection of almost simultaneously applied intranasal trigeminal stimuli is unknown. The aim of our study was to examine this temporal resolution in an/hyposmic subjects, who are known to have reduced trigeminal sensitivity and compare it with healthy controls. METHODS Participants were 20 posttraumatic an/hyposmic patients, and 23 healthy controls (matched with regard to sex and age). Olfactory function was tested psychophysically using the Sniffin´ Sticks test battery. Bilateral trigeminal stimulation was carried out using a birhinal high-precision olfactometer. The trigeminal stimulus used was CO₂ 60% v/v, the interstimulus interval ranged from 28 to 32s, stimulus duration was 200ms. Time-lags tested between right and left side of stimulation were at 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200ms. Subjects raised their left or right hand to indicate the side on which the stimulus had been perceived first. RESULTS In both groups the accuracy in the trigeminal lateralization task increased with the time-lag but normosmic subjects significantly outperformed an/hyposmics in the 200ms time-lag condition. Normosmics significantly exceeded 50% chance level at the time-lag of 80ms, whereas an/hyposmics were only able to score above chance starting from 120ms time-lag. Lateralization scores significantly decreased with age. CONCLUSIONS At a time lag of 200ms intranasal trigeminal stimuli can be lateralized. The reduced trigeminal sensitivity in patients with anosmia or hyposmia leads to an increased time lag required for correct perception of intranasal, almost simultaneously, applied stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Oleszkiewicz
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - T Meusel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Erlangen Medical School, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Güpfert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - B Westermann
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - T Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - A Welge-Lüssen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Marin C, Laxe S, Langdon C, Berenguer J, Lehrer E, Mariño-Sánchez F, Alobid I, Bernabeu M, Mullol J. Olfactory function in an excitotoxic model for secondary neuronal degeneration: Role of dopaminergic interneurons. Neuroscience 2017; 364:28-44. [PMID: 28918258 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Secondary neuronal degeneration (SND) occurring in Traumatic brain injury (TBI) consists in downstream destructive events affecting cells that were not or only marginally affected by the initial wound, further increasing the effects of the primary injury. Glutamate excitotoxicity is hypothesized to play an important role in SND. TBI is a common cause of olfactory dysfunction that may be spontaneous and partially recovered. The role of the glutamate excitotoxicity in the TBI-induced olfactory dysfunction is still unknown. We investigated the effects of excitotoxicity induced by bilateral N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) OB administration in the olfactory function, OB volumes, and subventricular zone (SVZ) and OB neurogenesis in rats. NMDA OB administration induced a decrease in the number of correct choices in the olfactory discrimination tests one week after lesions (p<0.01), and a spontaneous recovery of the olfactory deficit two weeks after lesions (p<0.05). A lack of correlation between OB volumes and olfactory function was observed. An increase in SVZ neurogenesis (Ki67+ cells, PSANCAM+ cells (p<0.01) associated with an increase in OB glomerular dopaminergic immunostaining (p<0.05) were related to olfactory function recovery. The present results show that changes in OB volumes cannot explain the recovery of the olfactory function and suggest a relevant role for dopaminergic OB interneurons in the pathophysiology of recovery of loss of smell in TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concepció Marin
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Sara Laxe
- Brain Injury Unit, Guttmann-Institut-Hospital for Neurorehabilitation adscript UAB, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Cristobal Langdon
- Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Spain
| | - Joan Berenguer
- Neuroradiology Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Lehrer
- Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Franklin Mariño-Sánchez
- Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Spain
| | - Isam Alobid
- Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Spain
| | - Montserrat Bernabeu
- Brain Injury Unit, Guttmann-Institut-Hospital for Neurorehabilitation adscript UAB, Badalona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joaquim Mullol
- INGENIO, IRCE, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Rhinology Unit and Smell Clinic, ENT Department, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Investigation in Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), Spain
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21
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Genovese F, Bauersachs HG, Gräßer I, Kupke J, Magin L, Daiber P, Nakajima J, Möhrlen F, Messlinger K, Frings S. Possible role of calcitonin gene-related peptide in trigeminal modulation of glomerular microcircuits of the rodent olfactory bulb. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 45:587-600. [PMID: 27891688 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chemosensation in the mammalian nose comprises detection of odorants, irritants and pheromones. While the traditional view assigned one distinct sub-system to each stimulus type, recent research has produced a more complex picture. Odorants are not only detected by olfactory sensory neurons but also by the trigeminal system. Irritants, in turn, may have a distinct odor, and some pheromones are detected by the olfactory epithelium. Moreover, it is well established that irritants change odor perception and vice versa. A wealth of psychophysical evidence on olfactory-trigeminal interactions in humans contrasts with a paucity of structural insight. In particular, it is unclear whether the two systems communicate just by sharing stimuli, or whether neuronal connections mediate cross-modal signaling. One connection could exist in the olfactory bulb that performs the primary processing of olfactory signals and receives trigeminal innervation. In the present study, neuroanatomical tracing of the mouse ethmoid system illustrates how peptidergic fibers enter the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb, where local microcircuits process and filter the afferent signal. Biochemical assays reveal release of calcitonin gene-related peptide from olfactory bulb slices and attenuation of cAMP signaling by the neuropeptide. In the non-stimulated tissue, the neuropeptide specifically inhibited the basal activity of calbindin-expressing periglomerular interneurons, but did not affect the basal activity of neurons expressing calretinin, parvalbumin, or tyrosine hydroxylase, nor the activity of astrocytes. This study represents a first step towards understanding trigeminal neuromodulation of olfactory-bulb microcircuits and provides a working hypothesis for trigeminal inhibition of olfactory signal processing. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Genovese
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Centre of Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hanke Gwendolyn Bauersachs
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Centre of Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ines Gräßer
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Centre of Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Janina Kupke
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Centre of Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Laila Magin
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Centre of Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Daiber
- Interfacultary Biomedical Faculty, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julika Nakajima
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Möhrlen
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Centre of Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Karl Messlinger
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephan Frings
- Department of Animal Molecular Physiology, Centre of Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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22
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Pérez de Los Cobos Pallares F, Bautista TG, Stanić D, Egger V, Dutschmann M. Brainstem-mediated sniffing and respiratory modulation during odor stimulation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 233:17-24. [PMID: 27473930 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The trigeminal and olfactory systems interact during sensory processing of odor. Here, we investigate odor-evoked modulations of brainstem respiratory networks in a decerebrated perfused brainstem preparation of rat with intact olfactory bulbs. Intranasal application of non-trigeminal odors (rose) did not evoke respiratory modulation in absence of cortico-limbic circuits. Conversely, trigeminal odors such as menthol or lavender evoked robust respiratory modulations via direct activation of preserved brainstem circuits. Trigeminal odors consistently triggered short phrenic nerve bursts (fictive sniff), and the strong trigeminal odor menthol also triggered a slowing of phrenic nerve frequency. Phrenic and vagal nerve recordings reveal that fictive sniffs transiently interrupted odor evoked tonic postinspiratory vagal discharge. This motor pattern is significantly different from normal (eupneic) respiratory activity. In conclusion, we show for the first time the direct involvement of brainstem circuits in primary odor processing to evoke protective sniffs and respiratory modulation in the complete absence of forebrain commands.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tara G Bautista
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Gate 11 Royal Parade, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Davor Stanić
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Gate 11 Royal Parade, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Veronica Egger
- Zoological Institute, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mathias Dutschmann
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Gate 11 Royal Parade, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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23
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Czerniawska E, Zegardło E, Wojciechowski J. Memories evoked by odors stimulating the olfactory nerve versus odors stimulating both the olfactory and trigeminal nerves: possible qualitative differences? Percept Mot Skills 2014; 117:1290-8. [PMID: 24422354 DOI: 10.2466/24.27.pms.117x15z5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to establish whether autobiographical memories differ when a stimulus producing olfactory or/and trigeminal sensations was used as memory cue. The following hypothesis was formulated: memories evoked by odors activating the trigeminal and olfactory nerves would be subjectively assessed as more detailed, more clear, more important and less happy, as compared to memories evoked by odors activating exclusively the olfactory nerve. The hypothesis was based on the assumption that trigeminal odors are perceived as signaling potential threats for the organism. 30 Polish psychology students (M age = 22 yr.; 20 women, 10 men) were tested using six odors: three stimulating the olfactory nerve only and three stimulating both the olfactory and trigeminal nerves. Participants were asked whether a particular odor evoked any memories, and if they answered "yes," they were to respond to four questions related to the qualities of the memory. Ratings of memories evoked by odors that stimulated the olfactory nerve and those that stimulated both the olfactory and trigeminal nerves differed in clarity. Odors stimulating the trigeminal nerve may induce less happy memories. The results are promising as to the role of the trigeminal system in coding and retrieval of survival-related memories.
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24
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Lübbert M, Kyereme J, Rothermel M, Wetzel CH, Hoffmann KP, Hatt H. In vivo monitoring of chemically evoked activity patterns in the rat trigeminal ganglion. Front Syst Neurosci 2013; 7:64. [PMID: 24115922 PMCID: PMC3792369 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2013.00064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Albeit lacking a sense of smell, anosmic patients maintain a reduced ability to distinguish different volatile chemicals by relying exclusively on their trigeminal system (TS). To elucidate differences in the neuronal representation of these volatile substances in the TS, we performed voltage-sensitive dye imaging (VSDI) in the rat trigeminal ganglion (TG) in vivo. We demonstrated that stimulus-specific patterns of bioelectrical activity occur within the TG upon nasal administration of ten different volatile chemicals. With regard to spatial differences between the evoked trigeminal response patterns, these substances could be sorted into three groups. Signal intensity and onset latencies were also dependent on the administered stimulus and its concentration. We conclude that particular compounds detected by the TS are represented by (1) a specific spatial response pattern, (2) the signal intensity, and (3) onset latencies within the pattern. Jointly, these trigeminal representations may contribute to the surprisingly high discriminative skills of anosmic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Lübbert
- Department of Cell Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum Bochum, Germany
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25
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Daiber P, Genovese F, Schriever VA, Hummel T, Möhrlen F, Frings S. Neuropeptide receptors provide a signalling pathway for trigeminal modulation of olfactory transduction. Eur J Neurosci 2012. [PMID: 23205840 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian olfactory epithelium contains olfactory receptor neurons and trigeminal sensory endings. The former mediate odor detection, the latter the detection of irritants. The two apparently parallel chemosensory systems are in reality interdependent in various well-documented ways. Psychophysical studies have shown that virtually all odorants can act as irritants, and that most irritants have an odor. Thus, the sensory perception of odorants and irritants is based on simultaneous input from the two systems. Moreover, functional interactions between the olfactory system and the trigeminal system exist on both peripheral and central levels. Here we examine the impact of trigeminal stimulation on the odor response of olfactory receptor neurons. Using an odorant with low trigeminal potency (phenylethyl alcohol) and a non-odorous irritant (CO(2) ), we have explored this interaction in psychophysical experiments with human subjects and in electroolfactogram (EOG) recordings from rats. We have demonstrated that simultaneous activation of the trigeminal system attenuates the perception of odor intensity and distorts the EOG response. On the molecular level, we have identified a route for this cross-modal interaction. The neuropeptide calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP), which is released from trigeminal sensory fibres upon irritant stimulation, inhibits the odor response of olfactory receptor neurons. CGRP receptors expressed by these neurons mediate this neuromodulatory effect. This study demonstrates a site of trigeminal-olfactory interaction in the periphery. It reveals a pathway for trigeminal impact on olfactory signal processing that influences odor perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Daiber
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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26
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Hayes JE, Jinks AL. Evaluation of smoking on olfactory thresholds of phenyl ethyl alcohol and n-butanol. Physiol Behav 2012; 107:177-80. [PMID: 22776624 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The effect of smoking on the sense of smell remains inconclusive. Previous research suggests that this is due to idiosyncratic acuity dependent on the odorants used in testing. Specifically, it appears that smokers have reduced olfactory acuity to odorants found within cigarettes compared with odorants not within cigarettes. Given that some of these odorants are used in tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, an in-depth understanding of this phenomenon in smoking individuals is crucial. This study assesses the variation of olfactory thresholds in smokers based on selective impairment to two odors commonly used in olfactory testing - n-butanol and phenyl ethyl alcohol (PEA). We presented to 46 participants an 18 step, forced choice, three choice ascending staircase method sniff bottle threshold test using n-butanol and PEA. PEA is present in cigarettes while n-butanol is not. Therefore n-butanol is used as a covariate to control for variance explained by any general olfactory dysfunction. Using this method, we can focus solely on selective impairment. We discovered that n-butanol threshold scores were significantly different between smokers and nonsmokers. In addition, after using n-butanol as covariate, phenyl ethyl alcohol scores remained significantly different between groups. This data suggests that there is an extended impairment to odors within tobacco and this may explain a cause of the inconclusiveness of past research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Hayes
- UWS Olfactory Laboratory, School of Social Sciences and Psychology, University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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27
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Abstract
The present study explores two hypotheses: a) women during early pregnancy should experience increased color discrimination ability, and b) women during early pregnancy should experience shifts in subjective preference away from images of foods that appear either unripe or spoiled. Both of these hypotheses derive from an adaptive view of pregnancy sickness that proposes the function of pregnancy sickness is to decrease the likelihood of ingestion of foods with toxins or teratogens. Changes to color discrimination could be part of a network of perceptual and physiological defenses (e.g., changes to olfaction, nausea, vomiting) that support such a function. Participants included 13 pregnant women and 18 non-pregnant women. Pregnant women scored significantly higher than non-pregnant controls on the Farnsworth-Munsell (FM) 100 Hue Test, an objective test of color discrimination, although no difference was found between groups in preferences for food images at different stages of ripeness or spoilage. These results are the first indication that changes to color discrimination may occur during early pregnancy, and is consistent with the view that pregnancy sickness may function as an adaptive defense mechanism.
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28
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La Buissonnière-Ariza V, Frasnelli J, Collignon O, Lepore F. Olfactory priming leads to faster sound localization. Neurosci Lett 2011; 506:188-92. [PMID: 22094382 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Revised: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 11/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cross-modal interactions between vision, audition and touch have been extensively studied in the last decade. However, our understanding of how the chemical senses interact with other sensory modalities remains relatively scarce. We performed a cued auditory localization paradigm in healthy young adults by measuring reaction times to monaural auditory stimuli after subjects had been cued by unilateral olfactory stimuli, mixed olfactory/trigeminal stimuli or somatosensory stimuli. As expected, all cuing conditions led to enhanced performances in auditory localization. Further, both odors led to significantly shorter reaction times when compared to the somatosensory stimuli. We did not observe any effect of side-congruency between the cues and the targets. These results suggest facilitative effects of odorous cues independent of a possible trigeminal component in the interaction between olfaction and audition.
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Stuck B, Baja J, Lenz F, Herr R, Heiser C. Co-stimulation with an olfactory stimulus increases arousal responses to trigeminal stimulation. Neuroscience 2011; 176:442-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Albrecht J, Kopietz R, Linn J, Sakar V, Anzinger A, Schreder T, Pollatos O, Brückmann H, Kobal G, Wiesmann M. Activation of olfactory and trigeminal cortical areas following stimulation of the nasal mucosa with low concentrations of S(-)-nicotine vapor--an fMRI study on chemosensory perception. Hum Brain Mapp 2009; 30:699-710. [PMID: 18381635 PMCID: PMC6870617 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.20535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2007] [Revised: 12/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Applied to the nasal mucosa in low concentrations, nicotine vapor evokes odorous sensations (mediated by the olfactory system) whereas at higher concentrations nicotine vapor additionally produces burning and stinging sensations in the nose (mediated by the trigeminal system). The objective of this study was to determine whether intranasal stimulation with suprathreshold concentrations of S(-)-nicotine vapor causes brain activation in olfactory cortical areas or if trigeminal cortical areas are also activated. Individual olfactory detection thresholds for S(-)-nicotine were determined in 19 healthy occasional smokers using a computer-controlled air-dilution olfactometer. Functional magnetic resonance images were acquired using a 1.5T MR scanner with applications of nicotine in concentrations at or just above the individual's olfactory detection threshold. Subjects reliably perceived the stimuli as being odorous. Accordingly, activation of brain areas known to be involved in processing of olfactory stimuli was identified. Although most of the subjects never or only rarely observed a burning or painful sensation in the nose, brain areas associated with the processing of painful stimuli were activated in all subjects. This indicates that the olfactory and trigeminal systems are activated during perception of nicotine and it is not possible to completely separate olfactory from trigeminal effects by lowering the concentration of the applied nicotine. In conclusion, even at low concentrations that do not consistently lead to painful sensations, intranasally applied nicotine activates both the olfactory and the trigeminal system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Albrecht
- Department of Neuroradiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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Frasnelli J, Hummel T. Interactions between the chemical senses: Trigeminal function in patients with olfactory loss. Int J Psychophysiol 2007; 65:177-81. [PMID: 17434636 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2007.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The intranasal trigeminal and the olfactory system are intimately connected. There is evidence showing that acquired olfactory loss leads to reduced trigeminal sensitivity due to the lack of a central-nervous interaction. Both, the orbitofrontal cortex and the rostral insula appear to be of significance in the amplification of trigeminal input which is missing in patients with olfactory loss. On peripheral levels, however, adaptive mechanisms seem to produce an increase in the trigeminal responsiveness of patients with hyposmia or anosmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Frasnelli
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Dresden Medical School, Dresden, Germany
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Bulsing PJ, Smeets MAM, Hummel T, van den Hout MA. Influence of chemosensory pain-expectancy on olfactory event-related potentials. Neuroimage 2007; 38:164-70. [PMID: 17728154 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Health symptoms attributed to environmental odor exposure are not well understood. Cognitive factors seem to play a significant role in odor-related illness. In the present study, we investigated whether such influences are predominantly interpretational (i.e. best understood as interpretations of perceived odors), or also perceptual (i.e. affect perceptions of the characteristics of the odor). To investigate the neuronal activation behind such processes olfactory ERPs were recorded. The experiment consisted of two conditions: one where participants expected just several administrations of one odor (labelled as the "non-painful" condition), and one where they also expected, in between the odor administrations, to feel irritation in the nose (labelled as the "painful" condition). Participants received painless H(2)S stimuli during both conditions. To reinforce pain-expectancy, a CO(2) pulse was given occasionally during the "painful" condition. Crucial comparisons were made between reactions to H(2)S, under the two expectancy conditions. Detection sensitivity (reflected by amplitudes and latencies of the early N1 peak) and stimulus salience (reflected by amplitudes and latencies of the late "cognitive" positivity) were examined. Peak amplitudes were unaffected by expectancy condition. However, a significant main effect of expectancy on the N1 latency was found, which suggests that expecting a painful stimulus reduces the time to detect a harmless odor. In conclusion, expectancies seem to alter early aspects of odor perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia J Bulsing
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Utrecht University, 3508 TC, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Bensafi M, Frasnelli J, Reden J, Hummel T. The neural representation of odor is modulated by the presence of a trigeminal stimulus during odor encoding. Clin Neurophysiol 2007; 118:696-701. [PMID: 17208517 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2006.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Odor perception does not simply consist in hierarchical processing from transduction to a single "true" cerebral representation. Odor sensation may be modulated by available sensory information during encoding. The present study set out to examine whether the presence of a pure trigeminal stimulus during odor encoding may modulate odor perception at both behavioral and cortical levels. METHODS Participants were tested in a 2-session within-subject design: first, an odor encoding session included a delay conditioning procedure in which relatively selective olfactory stimulants (phenyl ethyl alcohol or vanillin, Conditioned Stimulus+, CS+) were presented either with a pulse of CO(2) (Unconditioned Stimulus, US), or alone (Conditioned Stimulus-, CS-); then, in the second session, both pure odorants (CS+ and CS-) were presented alone. During this second session, olfactory event-related potentials were simultaneously recorded and analyzed at different electrode sites including Cz and Pz (sites known to have maximal amplitudes for trigeminal and olfactory stimuli, respectively). After each trial, subjects were asked to rate odor intensity and hedonics. RESULTS The results showed that CS+ intensity ratings increased in 8 subjects and decreased in 6. Cortically, a group effect was observed for P2 amplitude, which increased in the "CS+ intensity increase" group vs. the "CS+ intensity decrease" group at Cz (p<0.05) but not at Pz (p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS This result suggests that the presence of a pure trigeminal stimulus (CO(2)) during odor encoding alters the neural representation of a pure odor. SIGNIFICANCE The neural representation of odors comprises not only the odor itself but also contextual information (trigeminal in the present case) presented during encoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bensafi
- Laboratoire Neurosciences and Systèmes Sensoriels, CNRS UMR5020, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 50, avenue Tony Garnier, 69366 LYON cedex 07, France.
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