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Madjirebaye P, Peng F, Mueed A, Huang T, Mahamat B, Pahane MM, Xi Q, Chen X, Moussa K, Kadebe ZT, Otchom BB, Xu Y, Xie M, Xiong T, Peng Z. Exploring Impact of Probiotic-Fermented Soymilk on Dextran-Sulfate-Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis via Modulating Inflammation and Gut Microbiota Profile. Mol Nutr Food Res 2024; 68:e2300586. [PMID: 38299716 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202300586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
SCOPE Lactic acid bacteria with probiotic functions and their fermentation products play a role in regulating ulcerative colitis (UC). This study investigates the potential role of fermented soymilk (FSM4) rich in isoflavones on DSS-induced UC. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice received 3% DSS and are supplemented daily once for 1 week by NFSM and FSM4. DSS usually causes intestinal inflammation and alters the gut microbiota. FSM4 intervention improves the UC-related inflammation and gut microbiota alteration. It considerably decreases pro-inflammatories such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in serum and COX-2 and MPO in colon tissues and pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia-Shigella). This facilitates gut-healthy bacteria growth. These healthy bacteria negatively correlat with pro-inflammatory factors but positively associated with acetic acid, butyric acid, and propionic acid, which may act for PPAR-γ pathway activating and NF-κB p65 pathway inhibiting, lowering the risk of UC. Overall, FSM4 might alleviate UC and significantly reverse the dysbiosis of gut microbiota via the PPAR-γ activation. It could be a good alternative for developing functional food to protect against UC. CONCLUSION FSM4 attenuates intestinal inflammation and modulates the SCFA-producing bacteria growth, which enable the PPAR-γ activation to alleviate the UC target, which could be a dietary intervention strategy for gut health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Madjirebaye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, P.R. China
- School of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, P.R. China
| | - Fei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, P.R. China
- School of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, P.R. China
| | - Abdul Mueed
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, P.R. China
- School of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, P.R. China
| | - Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, P.R. China
- School of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, P.R. China
- International Institute of Food Innovation, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, P.R. China
| | - Bechir Mahamat
- Faculty of Human Health Sciences, University of N'Djamena, N'Djamena, BP:117, Chad
| | | | - Qinghua Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, P.R. China
- School of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, P.R. China
| | - Xianxiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, P.R. China
- School of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, P.R. China
| | - Kalli Moussa
- Faculty of Human Health Sciences, University of N'Djamena, N'Djamena, BP:117, Chad
| | - Zoua Tessou Kadebe
- Faculty of Human Health Sciences, University of N'Djamena, N'Djamena, BP:117, Chad
| | - Brahim Boy Otchom
- Faculty of Human Health Sciences, University of N'Djamena, N'Djamena, BP:117, Chad
| | - Yazhou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, P.R. China
- School of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, P.R. China
| | - Mingyong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, P.R. China
- School of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, P.R. China
| | - Tao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, P.R. China
- School of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, P.R. China
- School of Food Science and Resources, Nanchang University, No. 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330047, P.R. China
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Ruan H, Zhang J, Wang Y, Huang Y, Wu J, He C, Ke T, Luo J, Yang M. 27-Hydroxycholesterol/liver X receptor/apolipoprotein E mediates zearalenone-induced intestinal immunosuppression: A key target potentially linking zearalenone and cancer. J Pharm Anal 2024; 14:371-388. [PMID: 38618245 PMCID: PMC11010457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycotoxin that extensively contaminates food and feed, posing a significant threat to public health. However, the mechanisms behind ZEN-induced intestinal immunotoxicity remain unclear. In this study, Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were exposed to ZEN at a dosage of 5 mg/kg/day b.w. for a duration of 14 days. The results demonstrated that ZEN exposure led to notable pathological alterations and immunosuppression within the intestine. Furthermore, ZEN exposure caused a significant reduction in the levels of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and liver X receptor (LXR) (P < 0.05). Conversely, it upregulated the levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) markers (P < 0.05) and decreased the presence of 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-HC) in the intestine (P < 0.05). It was observed that ApoE or LXR agonists were able to mitigate the immunosuppressive effects induced by ZEN. Additionally, a bioinformatics analysis highlighted that the downregulation of ApoE might elevate the susceptibility to colorectal, breast, and lung cancers. These findings underscore the crucial role of the 27-HC/LXR/ApoE axis disruption in ZEN-induced MDSCs proliferation and subsequent inhibition of T lymphocyte activation within the rat intestine. Notably, ApoE may emerge as a pivotal target linking ZEN exposure to cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yunyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiashuo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Chunjiao He
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Tongwei Ke
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jiaoyang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
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Cai P, Liu S, Tu Y, Shan T. Toxicity, biodegradation, and nutritional intervention mechanism of zearalenone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 911:168648. [PMID: 37992844 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA), a global mycotoxin commonly found in a variety of grain products and animal feed, causes damage to the gastrointestinal tract, immune organs, liver and reproductive system. Many treatments, including physical, chemical and biological methods, have been reported for the degradation of ZEA. Each degradation method has different degradation efficacies and distinct mechanisms. In this article, the global pollution status, hazard and toxicity of ZEA are summarized. We also review the biological detoxification methods and nutritional regulation strategies for alleviating the toxicity of ZEA. Moreover, we discuss the molecular detoxification mechanism of ZEA to help explore more efficient detoxification methods to better reduce the global pollution and hazard of ZEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Cai
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuang Tu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tizhong Shan
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
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Perugino F, Pedroni L, Galaverna G, Dall'Asta C, Dellafiora L. A mechanistic toxicology study to grasp the mechanics of zearalenone estrogenicity: Spotlighting aromatase and the effects of its genetic variability. Toxicology 2024; 501:153686. [PMID: 38036094 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2023.153686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a mycoestrogen produced by Fusarium fungi contaminating cereals and in grain-based products threatening human and animal health due to its endocrine disrupting effects. Germane to the mechanisms of action, ZEN may activate the estrogen receptors and inhibit the estrogens-producing enzyme aromatase (CYP19A1). Both show single nucleotide variants (SNVs) among humans associated with a diverse susceptibility of being activated or inhibited. These variations might modify the endocrine disrupting action of ZEN, requiring dedicated studies to improve its toxicological understanding. This work focused on human aromatase investigating via 3D molecular modelling whether some of the SNVs reported so far (n = 434) may affect the inhibitory potential of ZEN. It has been also calculated the inhibition capability of α-zearalenol, the most prominent and estrogenically potent phase I metabolite of ZEN, toward those aromatase variants with an expected diverse sensitivity of being inhibited by ZEN. The study: i) described SNVs likely associated with a different susceptibility to ZEN and α-zearalenol inhibition - like T310S that is likely more susceptible to inhibition, or D309G and S478F that are possibly inactive variants; ii) proofed the possible existence of inter-individual susceptibility to ZEN; iii) prioritized aromatase variants for future investigations toward a better comprehension of ZEN xenoestrogenicity at an individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florinda Perugino
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pedroni
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | - Luca Dellafiora
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
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Li L, Huang X, Chen H. Unveiling the hidden players: exploring the role of gut mycobiome in cancer development and treatment dynamics. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2328868. [PMID: 38485702 PMCID: PMC10950292 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2328868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The role of gut fungal species in tumor-related processes remains largely unexplored, with most studies still focusing on fungal infections. This review examines the accumulating evidence suggesting the involvement of commensal and pathogenic fungi in cancer biological process, including oncogenesis, progression, and treatment response. Mechanisms explored include fungal influence on host immunity, secretion of bioactive toxins/metabolites, interaction with bacterial commensals, and migration to other tissues in certain types of cancers. Attempts to utilize fungal molecular signatures for cancer diagnosis and fungal-derived products for treatment are discussed. A few studies highlight fungi's impact on the responsiveness and sensitivity to chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and fecal microbiota transplant. Given the limited understanding and techniques in fungal research, the studies on gut fungi are still facing great challenges, despite having great potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaowen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Haoyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Ministry of Health, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
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Cao P, Yue M, Cheng Y, Sullivan MA, Chen W, Yu H, Li F, Wu S, Lv Y, Zhai X, Zhang Y. Naringenin prevents non-alcoholic steatohepatitis by modulating the host metabolome and intestinal microbiome in MCD diet-fed mice. Food Sci Nutr 2023; 11:7826-7840. [PMID: 38107095 PMCID: PMC10724642 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.3700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a severe inflammatory phase of the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) spectrum and can progress to advanced stages of NAFLD if left untreated. This study uses multi-omics data to elucidate the underlying mechanism of naringenin's reported benefit in alleviating (NASH). Male mice were fed a NASH-inducing (methionine-choline-deficient) MCD diet with or without naringenin supplementation for 6 weeks. Naringenin prevented NASH-induced histopathological liver damage and reversed the abnormal levels of hepatic triglyceride (TG)/total cholesterol (TC), serum TG/TC, serum alanine aminotransferase/aspartate transaminase, and hepatic malondialdehyde and glutathione. Importantly, naringenin intervention significantly modulated the relative abundance of gut microbiota and the host metabolomic profile. We detected more than 700 metabolites in the serum and found that the gut genus levels of Anaeroplasma and the [Eubacterium] nodatum group were closely associated with xanthine, 2-picoline, and securinine, respectively. Tuzzerella alterations showed the highest number of associations with host endogenous metabolites such as FAHFA (8:0/10:0), FFA (20:2), carnitine C8:1, tridecanedioic acid, securinine, acetylvaline, DL-O-tyrosine, and Phe-Asn. This study indicates that the interplay between host serum metabolites and gut microbiota may contribute to the therapeutic effect of naringenin against NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cao
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical IllnessWuhanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Ming Yue
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
- Department of Pharmacy, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Yuanlei Cheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
- Department of Pharmacy, The Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
| | - Mitchell A. Sullivan
- Glycation and Diabetes, Mater Research Institute – The University of QueenslandTranslational Research InstituteBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical IllnessWuhanChina
| | - Huifan Yu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
| | - Fei Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, School of Pharmaceutical SciencesHubei University of MedicineShiyanChina
| | - Sanlan Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical IllnessWuhanChina
| | - Yongning Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical IllnessWuhanChina
| | - Xuejia Zhai
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical IllnessWuhanChina
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhanChina
- Hubei Province Clinical Research Center for Precision Medicine for Critical IllnessWuhanChina
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Leung HKM, Lo EKK, Chen C, Zhang F, Ismaiah MJ, El-Nezami H. Zearalenone attenuates colitis associated colorectal tumorigenesis through Ras/Raf/ERK pathway suppression and SCFA-producing bacteria promotion. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114973. [PMID: 37269808 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The high prevalence of colorectal cancer (CRC) and its leading death causing rate have placed a considerable burden on patients and healthcare providers. There is a need for a therapy that has fewer adverse effects and greater efficiency. Zearalenone (ZEA), an estrogenic mycotoxin, has been demonstrated to exert apoptotic properties when administrated in higher doses. However, it is unclear whether such apoptotic effect remains valid in an in vivo setting. The current study aimed to investigate the effect of ZEA on CRC and its underlying mechanisms in the azoxymethane/ dextran sodium sulfate (AOM/DSS) model. Our results revealed that ZEA significantly lowered the total number of tumours, colon weight, colonic crypt depth, collagen fibrosis and spleen weight. ZEA suppressed Ras/Raf/ERK/cyclin D1 pathway, increasing the expression of apoptosis parker, cleaved caspase 3, while decreasing the expression of proliferative marker, Ki67 and cyclin D1. The gut microbiota composition in ZEA group showed higher stability and lower vulnerability in the microbial community when compared to AOM/DSS group. ZEA increased the abundance of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) producing bacteria unidentified Ruminococcaceae, Parabacteroidies and Blautia, as well as the faecal acetate content. Notably, unidentified Ruminococcaceae and Parabacteroidies were substantially correlated with the decrease in tumour count. Overall, ZEA demonstrated a promising inhibitory effect on colorectal tumorigenesis and exhibited the potential for further development as a CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoi Kit Matthew Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Emily Kwun Kwan Lo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Congjia Chen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fangfei Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Marsena Jasiel Ismaiah
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hani El-Nezami
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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