1
|
Scully S, Earley B, Smith PE, McAloon C, Waters SM. Health-associated changes of the fecal microbiota in dairy heifer calves during the pre-weaning period. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1359611. [PMID: 38737409 PMCID: PMC11082272 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1359611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neonatal calf diarrhea is a multifactorial condition that occurs in early life when calves are particularly susceptible to enteric infection and dysbiosis of the gut microbiome. Good calf health is dependent on successful passive transfer of immunity from the dam through colostrum. There are limited studies on the developing gut microbiota from birth to weaning in calves. Methodology Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the effect of immune status and diarrheal incidence on the development of the fecal microbiota in Jersey (n = 22) and Holstein (n = 29) heifer calves throughout the pre-weaning period. Calves were hand-fed a colostrum volume equivalent to 8.5% of their birthweight, from either the calf's dam (n = 28) or re-heated mixed colostrum (≤2 cows, ≤1d; n = 23) within 2 h of birth. All calves were clinically assessed using a modified Wisconsin-Madison calf health scoring system and rectal temperature at day (d) 0, d7, d21, or disease manifestation (DM) and weaning (d83). Weights were recorded at d0, d21, and d83. Calf blood samples were collected at d7 for the determination of calf serum IgG (sIgG). Fecal samples were obtained at d7, d21/DM [mean d22 (SE 0.70)], and at weaning for 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing of the fecal microbiota. Data were processed in R using DADA2; taxonomy was assigned using the SILVA database and further analyzed using Phyloseq and MaAsLin 2. Results and discussion Significant amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) and calf performance data underwent a Spearman rank-order correlation test. There was no effect (p > 0.05) of colostrum source or calf breed on serum total protein. An effect of calf breed (p < 0.05) was observed on sIgG concentrations such that Holstein calves had 6.49 (SE 2.99) mg/ml higher sIgG than Jersey calves. Colostrum source and calf breed had no effect (p > 0.05) on health status or the alpha diversity of the fecal microbiota. There was a relationship between health status and time interaction (p < 0.001), whereby alpha diversity increased with time; however, diarrheic calves had reduced microbial diversity at DM. No difference (p > 0.05) in beta diversity of the microbiota was detected at d7 or d83. At the genus level, 33 ASVs were associated (adj.p < 0.05) with health status over the pre-weaning period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Scully
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Grange, Meath, Ireland
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Bernadette Earley
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Grange, Meath, Ireland
| | - Paul E. Smith
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc Grange, Meath, Ireland
| | - Catherine McAloon
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinéad M. Waters
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chirivi M, Contreras GA. Endotoxin-induced alterations of adipose tissue function: a pathway to bovine metabolic stress. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:53. [PMID: 38581064 PMCID: PMC10998405 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
During the periparturient period, dairy cows exhibit negative energy balance due to limited appetite and increased energy requirements for lactogenesis. The delicate equilibrium between energy availability and expenditure puts cows in a state of metabolic stress characterized by excessive lipolysis in white adipose tissues (AT), increased production of reactive oxygen species, and immune cell dysfunction. Metabolic stress, especially in AT, increases the risk for metabolic and inflammatory diseases. Around parturition, cows are also susceptible to endotoxemia. Bacterial-derived toxins cause endotoxemia by promoting inflammatory processes and immune cell infiltration in different organs and systems while impacting metabolic function by altering lipolysis, mitochondrial activity, and insulin sensitivity. In dairy cows, endotoxins enter the bloodstream after overcoming the defense mechanisms of the epithelial barriers, particularly during common periparturient conditions such as mastitis, metritis, and pneumonia, or after abrupt changes in the gut microbiome. In the bovine AT, endotoxins induce a pro-inflammatory response and stimulate lipolysis in AT, leading to the release of free fatty acids into the bloodstream. When excessive and protracted, endotoxin-induced lipolysis can impair adipocyte's insulin signaling pathways and lipid synthesis. Endotoxin exposure can also induce oxidative stress in AT through the production of reactive oxygen species by inflammatory cells and other cellular components. This review provides insights into endotoxins' impact on AT function, highlighting the gaps in our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying AT dysfunction, its connection with periparturient cows' disease risk, and the need to develop effective interventions to prevent and treat endotoxemia-related inflammatory conditions in dairy cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Chirivi
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - G Andres Contreras
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yarnall M, Amovilli F, Assié S, Bokma J, Pugh M, Werling D. Identifying and addressing barriers and opportunities for bovine respiratory disease complex vaccination: a consensus paper on practical recommendations for best practise vaccination. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1368060. [PMID: 38645648 PMCID: PMC11027935 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1368060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Many questions are raised, and challenges faced in the new era of (intranasal) bovine respiratory disease complex vaccination. An increase in vaccination rate is expected, due to its positive impact on cattle health, reduction of antimicrobial use and economic factors. However, engagement of farmers and veterinarians with regard to vaccination is often affected by limitations, resulting in the development of barriers to vaccination, but also opportunities to overcome these. The objective of the report is to provide practical recommendations and a consensus on best practises for BRDC vaccination, addressing barriers faced by veterinarians and farmers. The report combines an evidence review with expert opinions and includes discussions on different vaccination approaches, such as intranasal and systemic protocols. As result of the discussions, several barriers to BRDC vaccination were identified, including a lack of knowledge or visibility of the disease's impact, the preference for blanket antibiotic use over vaccination, resistance to change, the need for visible success, uncertainty about the best time to vaccinate, and concerns about adverse reactions and vaccine efficacy in the presence of maternal antibodies. While these barriers seem substantial, they provide opportunities for the veterinary sector. Indeed, veterinarians are encouraged to use the argumentation presented, along with local case studies and diagnostic testing to highlight the impact of disease, while conducting calf health audits, ensuring expectations are managed to achieve visible success. Overall, this consensus paper aims to provide practical recommendations and support for veterinarians and farmers to overcome barriers and increase BRDC vaccination rates in cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matt Yarnall
- Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany
| | | | - Sébastien Assié
- Oniris, Veterinary School Route de Gachet Cedex, Nantes, France
| | - Jade Bokma
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Reproduction and Population Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Matt Pugh
- Belmont Farm and Equine Veterinarians Ltd., Rotherwas, United Kingdom
| | - Dirk Werling
- Centre for Vaccinology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Cangiano LR, Villot C, Guan LL, Ipharraguerre IR, Steele MA. Graduate Student Literature Review: Developmental adaptations of immune function in calves and the influence of the intestinal microbiota in health and disease. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2543-2555. [PMID: 37939842 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
This graduate student literature review provides an examination of the ontological adaptations of the calf's immune system and how the intestinal microbiota influences calf immune function in health and disease. Within dairy rearing systems, various nutritional and management factors have emerged as critical determinants of development influencing multiple physiological axes in the calf. Furthermore, we discuss how multiple pre- and postnatal maternal factors influence the trajectory of immune development in favor of establishing regulatory networks to successfully cope with the new environment, while providing early immune protection via immune passive transfer from colostrum. Additionally, our review provides insights into the current understanding of how the intestinal microbiota contributes to the development of the intestinal and systemic immune system in calves. Lastly, we address potential concerns related to the use of prophylactic antimicrobials and waste milk, specifically examining their adverse effects on intestinal health and metabolic function. By examining these factors, we aim to better understand the intricate relationship between current management practices and their long-term effect on animal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L R Cangiano
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706; Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2.
| | - C Villot
- Lallemand Animal Nutrition, F-31702 Blagnac, France, and Milwaukee, WI 53218
| | - L L Guan
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada, T6G 2P5
| | - I R Ipharraguerre
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - M A Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Animal Science and Nutrition, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 1Y2
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kowsar R, Sadeghi K, Hashemzadeh F, Miyamoto A. Ovarian sex steroid and epithelial control of immune responses in the uterus and oviduct: human and animal models†. Biol Reprod 2024; 110:230-245. [PMID: 38038990 PMCID: PMC10873282 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The female reproductive tract (FRT), including the uterus and oviduct (Fallopian tube), is responsible for maintaining an optimal microenvironment for reproductive processes, such as gamete activation and transportation, sperm capacitation, fertilization, and early embryonic and fetal development. The mucosal surface of the FRT may be exposed to pathogens and sexually transmitted microorganisms due to the opening of the cervix during mating. Pathogens and endotoxins may also reach the oviduct through the peritoneal fluid. To maintain an optimum reproductive environment while recognizing and killing pathogenic bacterial and viral agents, the oviduct and uterus should be equipped with an efficient and rigorously controlled immune system. Ovarian sex steroids can affect epithelial cells and underlying stromal cells, which have been shown to mediate innate and adaptive immune responses. This, in turn, protects against potential infections while maintaining an optimal milieu for reproductive events, highlighting the homeostatic involvement of ovarian sex steroids and reproductive epithelial cells. This article will discuss how ovarian sex steroids affect the immune reactions elicited by the epithelial cells of the non-pregnant uterus and oviduct in the bovine, murine, and human species. Finally, we propose that there are regional and species-specific differences in the immune responses in FRT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Kowsar
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Farzad Hashemzadeh
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Akio Miyamoto
- Global Agromedicine Research Center, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Tibbs-Cortes BW, Rahic-Seggerman FM, Schmitz-Esser S, Boggiatto PM, Olsen S, Putz EJ. Fecal and vaginal microbiota of vaccinated and non-vaccinated pregnant elk challenged with Brucella abortus. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1334858. [PMID: 38352039 PMCID: PMC10861794 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1334858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Brucella abortus is the causative agent of brucellosis in cattle and in humans, resulting in economic losses in the agricultural sector and representing a major threat to public health. Elk populations in the American Northwest are reservoirs for this bacterium and transmit the agent to domestic cattle herds. One potential strategy to mitigate the transmission of brucellosis by elk is vaccination of elk populations against B. abortus; however, elk appear to be immunologically distinct from cattle in their responses to current vaccination strategies. The differences in host response to B. abortus between cattle and elk could be attributed to differences between the cattle and elk innate and adaptive immune responses. Because species-specific interactions between the host microbiome and the immune system are also known to affect immunity, we sought to investigate interactions between the elk microbiome and B. abortus infection and vaccination. Methods We analyzed the fecal and vaginal microbial communities of B. abortus-vaccinated and unvaccinated elk which were challenged with B. abortus during the periparturient period. Results We observed that the elk fecal and vaginal microbiota are similar to those of other ruminants, and these microbial communities were affected both by time of sampling and by vaccination status. Notably, we observed that taxa representing ruminant reproductive tract pathogens tended to increase in abundance in the elk vaginal microbiome following parturition. Furthermore, many of these taxa differed significantly in abundance depending on vaccination status, indicating that vaccination against B. abortus affects the elk vaginal microbiota with potential implications for animal reproductive health. Discussion This study is the first to analyze the vaginal microbiota of any species of the genus Cervus and is also the first to assess the effects of B. abortus vaccination and challenge on the vaginal microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bienvenido W. Tibbs-Cortes
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Faith M. Rahic-Seggerman
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Stephan Schmitz-Esser
- Interdepartmental Microbiology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Paola M. Boggiatto
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Steven Olsen
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Ellie J. Putz
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Palkumbura PGAS, Mahakapuge TAN, Wijesundera RRMKK, Wijewardana V, Kangethe RT, Rajapakse RPVJ. Mucosal Immunity of Major Gastrointestinal Nematode Infections in Small Ruminants Can Be Harnessed to Develop New Prevention Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1409. [PMID: 38338687 PMCID: PMC10855138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal parasitic nematode (GIN) infections are the cause of severe losses to farmers in countries where small ruminants such as sheep and goat are the mainstay of livestock holdings. There is a need to develop effective and easy-to-administer anti-parasite vaccines in areas where anthelmintic resistance is rapidly rising due to the inefficient use of drugs currently available. In this review, we describe the most prevalent and economically significant group of GIN infections that infect small ruminants and the immune responses that occur in the host during infection with an emphasis on mucosal immunity. Furthermore, we outline the different prevention strategies that exist with a focus on whole and purified native parasite antigens as vaccine candidates and their possible oral-nasal administration as a part of an integrated parasite control toolbox in areas where drug resistance is on the rise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P. G. Ashani S. Palkumbura
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Thilini A. N. Mahakapuge
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - R. R. M. K. Kavindra Wijesundera
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Viskam Wijewardana
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Richard Thiga Kangethe
- Animal Production and Health Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Centre of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - R. P. V. Jayanthe Rajapakse
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy 20400, Sri Lanka
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nussbaum O, Gross JJ, Bruckmaier RM, Eicher R. Efficacy of oral administration of specific immunoglobulins in preventing neonatal calf diarrhoea in dairy herds. Vet Rec 2023; 193:e3559. [PMID: 38030961 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.3559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of bovine concentrated lactoserum (BCL) containing specific immunoglobulin G against Escherichia coli, rotavirus and coronavirus in preventing neonatal calf diarrhoea (NCD). METHODS A total of 489 newborn calves from 35 herds were orally given either BCL or a placebo before the first feeding of colostrum and clinically supervised by the farmers for the first 14 days of life. The diarrhoea score was defined according to the following criteria: 0 = no diarrhoea; 1 = light diarrhoea without medical treatment; 2 = diarrhoea requiring oral treatment (rehydration and/or antibiotic therapy); and 3 = severe diarrhoea requiring parenteral rehydration or resulting in death. RESULTS A total of 138 calves suffered from diarrhoea (28%), and 65 (13%) showed signs of diarrhoea requiring treatment. The odds of getting NCD were reduced (odds ratio = 0.326; p < 0.001) in the BCL group. There was a tendency towards a reduction in the duration of NCD in the BCL group (2.25 (±1.7) days vs. 2.88 (±2.7) days in the placebo group) (p = 0.052). Furthermore, no calves died in the BCL group, whereas four calves died in the placebo group. LIMITATIONS Because of the design of the study using animals in practice, the mechanisms explaining the clinical findings remain as hypotheses. Diarrhoea scoring performed by farmers has to be analysed and interpreted with caution. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that BCL as a single preventive treatment is effective in reducing the incidence of NCD even in a region with good general management of dairy calves and overall good colostrum quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Nussbaum
- Tierärztliche Praxis Schwyz AG, Schwyz, Switzerland
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Josef J Gross
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rupert M Bruckmaier
- Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Richard Eicher
- Biokema, Crissier, Switzerland
- Division of Herd Health, Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fabjanowska J, Kowalczuk-Vasilev E, Klebaniuk R, Milewski S, Gümüş H. N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids as a Nutritional Support of the Reproductive and Immune System of Cattle-A Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3589. [PMID: 38003206 PMCID: PMC10668692 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper focuses on the role of n-3 fatty acids as a nutrient crucial to the proper functioning of reproductive and immune systems in cattle. Emphasis was placed on the connection between maternal and offspring immunity. The summarized results confirm the importance and beneficial effect of n-3 family fatty acids on ruminant organisms. Meanwhile, dietary n-3 fatty acids supplementation, especially during the critical first week for dairy cows experiencing their peripartum period, in general, is expected to enhance reproductive performance, and the impact of its supplementation appears to be dependent on body condition scores of cows during the drying period, the severity of the negative energy balance, and the amount of fat in the basic feed ration. An unbalanced, insufficient, or excessive fatty acid supplementation of cows' diets in the early stages of pregnancy (during fetus development) may affect both the metabolic and nutritional programming of the offspring. The presence of the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the n-3 family in the calves' ration affects not only the performance of calves but also the immune response, antioxidant status, and overall metabolism of the future adult cow.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Fabjanowska
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (J.F.); (R.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Edyta Kowalczuk-Vasilev
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (J.F.); (R.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Renata Klebaniuk
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (J.F.); (R.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Szymon Milewski
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Bromatology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 20-950 Lublin, Poland; (J.F.); (R.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Hıdır Gümüş
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy, 15030 Burdur, Türkiye;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li TT, Xia T, Wu JQ, Hong H, Sun ZL, Wang M, Ding FR, Wang J, Jiang S, Li J, Pan J, Yang G, Feng JN, Dai YP, Zhang XM, Zhou T, Li T. De novo genome assembly depicts the immune genomic characteristics of cattle. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6601. [PMID: 37857610 PMCID: PMC10587341 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42161-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunogenomic loci remain poorly understood because of their genetic complexity and size. Here, we report the de novo assembly of a cattle genome and provide a detailed annotation of the immunogenomic loci. The assembled genome contains 143 contigs (N50 ~ 74.0 Mb). In contrast to the current reference genome (ARS-UCD1.2), 156 gaps are closed and 467 scaffolds are located in our assembly. Importantly, the immunogenomic regions, including three immunoglobulin (IG) loci, four T-cell receptor (TR) loci, and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus, are seamlessly assembled and precisely annotated. With the characterization of 258 IG genes and 657 TR genes distributed across seven genomic loci, we present a detailed depiction of immune gene diversity in cattle. Moreover, the MHC gene structures are integrally revealed with properly phased haplotypes. Together, our work describes a more complete cattle genome, and provides a comprehensive view of its complex immune-genome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Li
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Tian Xia
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jia-Qi Wu
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Hao Hong
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Zhao-Lin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Beijing, 100193, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fang-Rong Ding
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Shuai Jiang
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jin Li
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jie Pan
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Jian-Nan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Yun-Ping Dai
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan Xilu, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xue-Min Zhang
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Tao Li
- Nanhu Laboratory, National Center of Biomedical Analysis, Beijing, 100850, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lamers K, Steele M, Cangiano L. A novel method for isolation and flow cytometry analysis of intraepithelial lymphocytes from colon biopsies. JDS COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:433-437. [PMID: 37727247 PMCID: PMC10505762 DOI: 10.3168/jdsc.2022-0352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the immune responses of the intestine in response to different insults is predominantly limited to indirect methods such as circulating markers of intestinal health or gene expression from dissections. We describe here a validated protocol for the isolation and subsequent flow cytometry analysis of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL) from colonic biopsy samples. Colon biopsy samples were collected with endoscopy forceps from Holstein dairy bull calves at d 2, 28, and 42 of life. The biopsies were put into an isolation solution of Hanks' balanced salt solution, and fetal bovine serum followed by digestion solution. The solution was filtered and the flow-through, containing IEL, was stained with fluorescent antibodies for flow cytometry analysis. Density gradient separation of the isolate yielded higher viability and cleaner samples for flow cytometry analysis. Anti-bovine γ chain of the T cell receptor was used to identify populations of gamma delta (γδ) T cells via flow cytometry. In addition, γδ T cell subsets were identified using an anti-bovine antibody against the coreceptor workshop cluster 1. This method allowed for the precise identification of lymphocyte populations and evaluation of the proportion of different subsets of γδ T cells from intestinal IEL over time. The technique described here will allow the research community to characterize intestinal immune function over time and improve our understanding of how different management and nutritional strategies affect intestinal health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K. Lamers
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - M.A. Steele
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - L.R. Cangiano
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Azhar NA, Paul BT, Jesse FFA, Mohd-Lila MA, Chung ELT, Kamarulrizal MI. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and reproductive hormone responses in bucks post-challenge with Mannheimia haemolytica A2 and its outer membrane protein. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:291. [PMID: 37589856 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03706-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin and outer membrane protein (OMP) are among the virulence factors of Gram-negative bacteria responsible for inducing pathogenicity in the infected host. OMP and LPS occur on the outer membrane of M. haemolytica A2, the primary aetiological agent of pneumonic mannheimiosis in small ruminants. While the LPS is known to mediate Gram-negative bacterial infection by activating downstream inflammatory pathways, the potential role of OMP during inflammatory responses remained unclear. Hence, this study determined the effect of the OMP of M. haemolytica A2 on the serum concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the male reproductive hormones (testosterone and Luteinizing Hormone). We randomly assigned twelve bucks to three groups (n = 4 bucks each): Group 1 was challenged with 2 mL PBS buffer (pH 7.0) intranasally; Group 2 received 2 mL of 1.2 X 109 CFU/mL whole M. haemolytica A2 intranasally; and Group 3 received 2 mL of OMP extract obtained from 1.2 X 109 CFU/mL M. haemolytica A2 intramuscularly. Serum samples collected at pre-determined intervals were used for the quantitative determination of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα) and reproductive hormones (testosterone and LH) using commercial sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The serum concentration of IL1β was initially increased within the first-hour post-challenge in Groups 2 and 3, followed by a significant decrease in concentration at 21d and 35d (p < 0.05) in Group 3. Only mild fluctuations in IL-6 occurred in group 2, as opposed to the 1.7-fold rapid increase in TNFα within 2 h post-challenge before decreasing at 6 h. An increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines was accompanied by an acute febrile response of 39.5 ± 0.38 °C (p < 0.05) at 2 h and 40.1 ± 0.29 °C (p < 0.05) at 4 h in Group 2 and Group 3, respectively. Serum testosterone decreased significantly (p < 0.05) in both treatment groups but remained significantly (p > 0.05) lower than in Group 1 throughout the study. There was a moderate negative association between testosterone and IL1β (r = -0.473; p > 0.05) or TNFα (r = -0.527; p < 0.05) in Group 2. Serum LH also showed moderate negative associations with TNFα in Group 2 (r = -0.63; p < 0.05) and Group 3 (r = -0.54; p > 0.05). The results of this study demonstrated that M. haemolytica A2 and its OMP produced marked alterations in serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and male reproductive hormones. The negative correlations between serum testosterone and inflammatory cytokines would suggest the potential role of OMP in causing male infertility by mediating innate inflammatory responses to suppress testosterone production in bucks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nur Amira Azhar
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bura Thlama Paul
- Department of Animal Science and Fisheries, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia Campus Bintulu Sarawak, 97003, Bintulu, Malaysia
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maiduguri, 600230, Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria
| | - Faez Firdaus Abdullah Jesse
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Mohd-Azmi Mohd-Lila
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Eric Lim Teik Chung
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mat Isa Kamarulrizal
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Campolina JP, Coelho SG, Belli AL, Neves LFM, Machado FS, Pereira LGR, Tomich TR, Carvalho WA, Daibert RMP, Reis DRL, Costa SF, Voorsluys AL, Jacob DV, Campos MM. Potential benefits of a blend of essential oils on metabolism, digestibility, organ development and gene expression of dairy calves. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3378. [PMID: 36854876 PMCID: PMC9974966 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30088-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate blood cells and metabolites, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), digestibility, internal organs weight and histology, gene expression, and spleen cell proliferation of pre-weaned bull calves supplemented with a blend of essential oils in milk replacer (MR). Sixteen newborn Holstein × Gyr crossbred dairy bull calves, with body weight at birth of 33.3 ± 3.7 kg, were housed in individual sand bedded pens, blocked by genetic composition, and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments in a randomized complete block design: Control (CON, n = 8) and blend of essential oils supplementation (BEO, n = 8, 1 g/day/calf, Apex Calf, Adisseo, China). The commercial blend was composed by plant extracts derived from anise, cinnamon, garlic, rosemary, and thyme. Animals were fed 5 L of MR/day reconstituted at 15% (dry matter basis), divided into two equal meals. Water and starter were provided ad libitum. ß-hydroxybutyrate, urea, and glucose were evaluated weekly, IGF-1 was evaluated biweekly, and total blood cell count was performed every four weeks until the end of the trial at eight weeks of age. Feed samples were collected three times a week and polled for weekly analysis. Apparent total nutrient digestibility was determined from d 56 to 60 of age. On d 60 ± 1, animals were euthanized for organ weight, histology, spleen cell proliferation, and intestinal gene expression analysis. Data were analyzed independently using linear mixed models using the REML method in the nlme package in R for continuous outcomes. A non-parametric test was used for ordered categorical outcomes using the Artools package in R. There were no differences between groups for blood evaluations, digestibility, gene expression, and a spleen cell proliferation assay. However, BEO calves presented a heavier pancreas, heavier intestines, bigger ileum villi, and higher cecum butyrate levels (P < 0.05), demonstrating that the EO supplementation helped intestinal development and symbiotic bacteria. It was also observed in CON animals' heavier respiratory tract and a higher eosinophil count (P < 0.05). Therefore, the organs where eosinophils are more active had a better response for BEO animals. No differences were found in the intestinal gene expression in the immune context. These results demonstrate that supplementing essential oils in MR could contribute to gut development and immune function. However, more research is needed to understand its impact on body development and define the best dosage and route of administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana P. Campolina
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30161-970 Brazil
| | - Sandra Gesteira Coelho
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30161-970 Brazil
| | - Anna Luiza Belli
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30161-970 Brazil
| | - Luiz F. Martins Neves
- grid.8430.f0000 0001 2181 4888Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais 30161-970 Brazil
| | - Fernanda S. Machado
- grid.460200.00000 0004 0541 873XEmbrapa Gado de Leite, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330 Brazil
| | - Luiz G. R. Pereira
- grid.460200.00000 0004 0541 873XEmbrapa Gado de Leite, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330 Brazil
| | - Thierry R. Tomich
- grid.460200.00000 0004 0541 873XEmbrapa Gado de Leite, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330 Brazil
| | - Wanessa A. Carvalho
- grid.460200.00000 0004 0541 873XEmbrapa Gado de Leite, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330 Brazil
| | - Raquel M. P. Daibert
- grid.460200.00000 0004 0541 873XEmbrapa Gado de Leite, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330 Brazil
| | - Daniele R. L. Reis
- grid.460200.00000 0004 0541 873XEmbrapa Gado de Leite, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330 Brazil
| | - Suely F. Costa
- grid.411269.90000 0000 8816 9513Departmento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais Brazil
| | | | | | - Mariana M. Campos
- grid.460200.00000 0004 0541 873XEmbrapa Gado de Leite, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA), Juiz de Fora, MG 36038-330 Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bond S, McMullen C, Timsit E, Léguillette R. Topography of the respiratory, oral, and guttural pouch bacterial and fungal microbiotas in horses. J Vet Intern Med 2023; 37:349-360. [PMID: 36607177 PMCID: PMC9889660 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lower respiratory tract microbiota of the horse is different in states of health and disease, but the bacterial and fungal composition of the healthy respiratory tract of the horse has not been studied in detail. HYPOTHESIS The respiratory tract environment contains distinct niche microbiotas, which decrease in species richness at more distal sampling locations. OBJECTIVE Characterize the bacterial and fungal microbiotas along the upper and lower respiratory tract of the horse. ANIMALS Healthy Argentinian Thoroughbred horses (n = 11) from the same client-owned herd. METHODS Prospective cross-sectional study. Eleven upper and lower respiratory tract anatomical locations (bilateral nasal, bilateral deep nasal, nasopharynx, floor of mouth, oropharynx, arytenoids, proximal and distal trachea, guttural pouch) were sampled using a combination of swabs, protected specimen brushes, and saline washes. Total DNA was extracted from each sample and negative control, and the 16S rRNA gene (V4) and ITS2 region were sequenced. Community composition, alpha-diversity, and beta-diversity were compared among sampling locations. RESULTS Fungal species richness and diversity were highest in the nostrils. More spatial heterogeneity was found in bacterial composition than in fungal communities. The pharyngeal microbiota was most similar to the distal tracheal bacterial and fungal microbiota in healthy horses and therefore may serve as the primary source of bacteria and fungi to the lower respiratory tract. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE The pharynx is an important location that should be targeted in respiratory microbiota research in horses. Future studies that investigate whether biomarkers of respiratory disease can be reliably detected in nasopharyngeal swab samples are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Bond
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada,School of Veterinary Science, Faculty of ScienceUniversity of QueenslandGattonAustralia
| | - Christopher McMullen
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada,Feedlot Health Management Services, IncOkotoksAlbertaCanada
| | - Edouard Timsit
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaCanada,I&D Pharma DepartementCeva Santé AnimaleLibourneFrance
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Brunetto AL, Marcon C, Favero JF, Bissacotti BF, Copeti PM, Morsch VM, de Oliveira FDC, Wagner R, Alves R, Pereira WA, Vedovatto M, Fritzen A, Kozloski GV, Zotti CA, Da Silva AS. Phytogenic blend in the diet of growing Holstein steers: effects on performance, digestibility, rumen volatile fatty acid profile, and immune and antioxidant responses. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2023.115595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
16
|
Homeostasis of the Intestinal Mucosa in Healthy Horses-Correlation between the Fecal Microbiome, Secretory Immunoglobulin A and Fecal Egg Count. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223094. [PMID: 36428322 PMCID: PMC9687066 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The defensive function of the intestinal mucosa depends both on the ability to secrete immunoglobulin A and communication with the mucus microbiome. In horses, the functioning of this system is also influenced by the presence of nematode eggs. Feces collected from healthy horses were examined to determine the fecal egg count, immunoglobulin A level (ELISA), microbiome composition (Next-Generation Sequencing, NGS, V3−V4 and V7−V9 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene analysis and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production ((high-performance liquid chromatography, HPLC). In the taxonomic analysis within the phylum, the following order of dominance was found: Firmicutes, Bacteroidota, Verrucomicrobiota and Fibrobacterota. The coefficient of phylogenetic diversity of the microbiome positively correlated with both secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA) [μg/g of feces] (p = 0.0354, r = 0.61) and SIgA [μg/mg of fecal protein] (p = 0.0382, r = 0.6) and with the number of Cyathostomum eggs (p = 0.0023, r = 0.79). Important components of the key microbiome in horses, such as phylum Proteobacteria and species Ruminococcus flavefaciens, were positively correlated with the fecal SIgA (p < 0.05). All the obtained results indicate the existence of significant relationships between the host response (SIgA production) and composition and SCFA production in the microbiome as well as the presence of small strongyles in the digestive tract of horses.
Collapse
|
17
|
Word A, Broadway PR, Burdick-Sanchez N, Carroll J, Hales K, Karr K, Holland B, Ellis G, Maxwell C, Canterbury L, Leonhard JT, LaFleur D, Hergenreder J, Trojan S. The effect of supplementing CLOSTAT 500 ( Bacillus subtilis PB6) to yearling steers in a commercial feedyard on health, Salmonella spp. prevalence, feedlot growth performance and carcass characteristics. Transl Anim Sci 2022; 6:txac131. [PMID: 36381948 PMCID: PMC9661306 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txac131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
British and British × Continental crossbred beef steers, n = 2,100; 313 ± 38 kg of initial body weight (BW) were used to evaluate the effects of Bacillus subtilis PB6 supplementation to yearling steers in a commercial feedyard on health, prevalence of Salmonella spp., growth performance, and carcass characteristics. Steers were blocked by arrival date and assigned randomly to pens within the block; pens were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 dietary treatments within block. Treatments, replicated in 15 pens/treatment with 70 steers/pen, included: 1) control (CON), diets containing no supplemental direct-fed microbials; 2) CLOSTAT (CLO), diets supplemented with 0.5 g/steer/d Bacillus subtilis PB6 (CLOSTAT 500, Kemin Industries, Des Moines, IA) to provide 6.6 × 109 CFU/g of the active ingredient. Supplementing CLO decreased the overall incidence of morbidity (P = 0.03), 10.38% (CLO) vs. 13.43% (CON), decreased the percentage of steers treated once for bovine respiratory disease (BRD; P < 0.01), 9.14% (CLO) vs. 12.76% (CON), and decreased the incidence of BRD retreatment (P = 0.03) compared with CON. Mortality did not differ among treatments (P = 0.23); however, overall deads and removals tended to be less for CLO than CON (53 heads vs. 73 heads respectively, P = 0.06). Prevalence of fecal Salmonella did not differ among treatments, (P ≥ 0.35); overall fecal Salmonella counts tended to be less for CLO (1.59 log (10) CFU/g) than CON (2.04 log (10) CFU/g; P = 0.07). Salmonella concentration in subiliac lymph nodes (n =150/treatment) was not different (P = 0.62) between CON (0.22 log (10) CFU/g) or CLO (0.19 log (10) CFU/g); however, there was a 46% reduction in the overall mean prevalence of lymph node Salmonella (P = 0.46; 15.48% vs. 28.66%) for CLO and CON, respectively. With deads and removals included, final BW was heavier for CLO steers than CON, (654 kg vs. 641 kg, respectively, P = 0.05), and average daily gain (ADG; P = 0.08) and gain efficiency (G:F; P = 0.06) tended to be greater for CLO than CON. With deads and removals excluded, final BW, ADG, and G:F did not differ among treatments (P ≥ 0.30). Carcass traits were not different between treatments (P ≥ 0.15). Supplementing CLO throughout the feeding period in a commercial feedyard improved the health outcomes of yearling steers by decreasing BRD and overall treatment rates, reducing the overall abundance of Salmonella, and resulting in fewer steers removed from the study compared with CON.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jeff Carroll
- Livestock Issues Research Unit, Lubbock, TX 79403, USA
| | | | | | | | - Guy Ellis
- Cactus Research, Amarillo, TX 79101, USA
| | | | | | | | - Doug LaFleur
- Kemin Industries, Inc., Des Moines, IA 50317, USA
| | | | - Sara Trojan
- Peak Beef Nutrition and Management Consulting, LLC, Casper, WY 82604, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Parrilla I, Gil MA, Cuello C, Cambra JM, Gonzalez‐Plaza A, Lucas X, Vazquez JL, Vazquez JM, Rodriguez‐Martinez H, Martinez EA. Immunological uterine response to pig embryos before and during implantation. Reprod Domest Anim 2022; 57 Suppl 5:4-13. [PMID: 35500162 PMCID: PMC9790529 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The establishment of a successful pregnancy can only occur through a concerted functioning of the entire female reproductive system, allowing for fertilization, subsequent embryo development and implantation of the conceptus. In this context, the uterine immunological responses responsible for rejection or tolerance of the conceptus are of critical importance. The aim of the present review is to summarize our current knowledge about those cellular and molecular immunological events occurring at the uterine level during pre-implantation and implantation stages of pregnancy in the pig. Advancing our understanding of the immune mechanisms involved in the success or failure of pregnancy will provide cues to develop novel strategies augmenting endometrial receptivity, finally increasing the efficiency of assisted reproductive technologies in pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inmaculada Parrilla
- Department of Medicine and Animal SurgeryFaculty of Veterinary MedicineInternational Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research “Campus Mare Nostrum”University of MurciaMurciaSpain,Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB‐Arrixaca)El Palmar, MurciaSpain
| | - Maria Antonia Gil
- Department of Medicine and Animal SurgeryFaculty of Veterinary MedicineInternational Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research “Campus Mare Nostrum”University of MurciaMurciaSpain,Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB‐Arrixaca)El Palmar, MurciaSpain
| | - Cristina Cuello
- Department of Medicine and Animal SurgeryFaculty of Veterinary MedicineInternational Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research “Campus Mare Nostrum”University of MurciaMurciaSpain,Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB‐Arrixaca)El Palmar, MurciaSpain
| | - Josep M. Cambra
- Department of Medicine and Animal SurgeryFaculty of Veterinary MedicineInternational Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research “Campus Mare Nostrum”University of MurciaMurciaSpain,Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB‐Arrixaca)El Palmar, MurciaSpain
| | - Alejandro Gonzalez‐Plaza
- Department of Medicine and Animal SurgeryFaculty of Veterinary MedicineInternational Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research “Campus Mare Nostrum”University of MurciaMurciaSpain,Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB‐Arrixaca)El Palmar, MurciaSpain
| | - Xiomara Lucas
- Department of Medicine and Animal SurgeryFaculty of Veterinary MedicineInternational Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research “Campus Mare Nostrum”University of MurciaMurciaSpain,Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB‐Arrixaca)El Palmar, MurciaSpain
| | - Jose L. Vazquez
- Department of Medicine and Animal SurgeryFaculty of Veterinary MedicineInternational Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research “Campus Mare Nostrum”University of MurciaMurciaSpain,Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB‐Arrixaca)El Palmar, MurciaSpain
| | - Juan M. Vazquez
- Department of Medicine and Animal SurgeryFaculty of Veterinary MedicineInternational Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research “Campus Mare Nostrum”University of MurciaMurciaSpain,Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB‐Arrixaca)El Palmar, MurciaSpain
| | | | - Emilio A. Martinez
- Department of Medicine and Animal SurgeryFaculty of Veterinary MedicineInternational Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research “Campus Mare Nostrum”University of MurciaMurciaSpain,Institute for Biomedical Research of Murcia (IMIB‐Arrixaca)El Palmar, MurciaSpain
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Luo S, Wang Y, Kang X, Liu P, Wang G. Research progress on the association between mastitis and gastrointestinal microbes in dairy cows and the effect of probiotics. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105809. [PMID: 36183956 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis in dairy cows affects milk quality and thereby constrains the development of the dairy industry. A clear understanding of the pathogenesis of mastitis can help its treatment. Mastitis is caused by the invasion of pathogenic bacteria into the mammary gland through the mammary ducts. However, recent studies suggested that an endogenous entero-mammary pathway in dairy cattle might also be playing an important role in regulating mastitis. Also, probiotic intervention regulating host gut microbes has become an interesting tool to control mastitis. This review discusses the association of gastrointestinal microbes with mastitis and the mechanism of action of probiotics in dairy cows to provide new ideas for the management of mastitis in large-scale dairy farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuangyan Luo
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, 750021, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yuxia Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, 750021, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xinyun Kang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, 750021, Yinchuan, China
| | - Panpan Liu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, 750021, Yinchuan, China
| | - Guiqin Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, 750021, Yinchuan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
de Souza CMS, Lima EDS, Ordonho RF, Oliveira BRRDS, Rodrigues RC, de Moura MF, Lima DM, Blagitz MG, Ramos Sanchez EM, de Medeiros IA, Souza FN, Fernandes ACDC. Brief Research Report: Expression of PD-1 and CTLA-4 in T Lymphocytes and Their Relationship With the Periparturient Period and the Endometrial Cytology of Dairy Cows During the Postpartum Period. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:928521. [PMID: 35937283 PMCID: PMC9353034 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.928521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study sought to evaluate the expression of PD-1 and CTLA-4 in blood T lymphocytes during the periparturient period and their relationship with uterine health in dairy cows, as determined by endometrial cytology and serum concentrations of β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), which are indicators of a negative energy balance. The second objective of this study was to investigate whether the expression of PD-1 and CTLA-4 in T lymphocytes is associated with the serum acute phase-protein haptoglobin concentration during the periparturient period. To address these objectives, 26 clinically healthy dairy cows were used. Peripheral blood was collected 14 days prepartum (T-14), at calving (T0), and 30 days postpartum (T30) to measure the expression of PD-1 and CTLA-4 in blood T lymphocytes by flow cytometry. In addition, we collected blood at T0, 10 days after parturition (T10), and T30 to obtain serum and determine the serum concentrations of NEFA, BHB, and Hp. Endometrial cytology was performed at T10, 20 days after parturition (T20), and T30. In the present study, we observed higher expression of CTLA-4 and PD-1 in T lymphocytes at parturition and in the prepartum period, which could indicate a relationship between these immune checkpoints and immunological tolerance during gestation in dairy cattle. In addition, a negative association between the expression of these immune checkpoints prepartum or at parturition and endometrial cytology at T20 and T30 was observed, indicating the negative implications of these immune response regulators in susceptibility to infections. This finding was further corroborated by the relationship between the serum concentration of haptoglobin and the expression of CTLA-4 and PD-1 by T lymphocytes. However, we did not observe a relationship between the indicators of negative energy balance, evaluated by the serum concentrations of BHB and NEFA, and the expression of the immune checkpoint markers studied. Thus, our findings represent an initial step that paves the way for the development of new therapeutic alternatives directed by the host with the objective of increasing the resistance of dairy cattle to infections in this critical period of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Menezes Suassuna de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
- Núcleo Aplicado à Produção e Sanidade da Glândula Mamária (NAPROSA), Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Carolina Menezes Suassuna de Souza
| | - Ewerton de Souza Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
- Núcleo Aplicado à Produção e Sanidade da Glândula Mamária (NAPROSA), Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Raphael Ferreira Ordonho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
- Núcleo Aplicado à Produção e Sanidade da Glândula Mamária (NAPROSA), Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Bianca Rafaella Rodrigues dos Santos Oliveira
- Núcleo Aplicado à Produção e Sanidade da Glândula Mamária (NAPROSA), Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Rebeca Cordeiro Rodrigues
- Núcleo Aplicado à Produção e Sanidade da Glândula Mamária (NAPROSA), Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Marquiliano Farias de Moura
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| | - Daniel Magalhães Lima
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maiara Garcia Blagitz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde, Bem-Estar e Produção Animal Sustentável na Fronteira Sul, Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, Realeza, Brazil
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de S3ão Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Milton Ramos Sanchez
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
- Department of Public Health, School of Health Sciences, National University Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza of Amazonas, Chachapoyas, Peru
- Laboratório de Sorologia e Imunobiologia, Instituto de Medicina Tropical, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isac Almeida de Medeiros
- Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Fernando Nogueira Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
- Núcleo Aplicado à Produção e Sanidade da Glândula Mamária (NAPROSA), Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de S3ão Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Artur Cezar de Carvalho Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
- Núcleo Aplicado à Produção e Sanidade da Glândula Mamária (NAPROSA), Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Areia, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Asakura H, Yamamoto S, Sasaki Y, Okada Y, Katabami S, Fujimori A, Munakata K, Shiraki Y, Nishibu H, Hisamoto C, Kawase J, Ojima Y, Kiyoshima A, Shiroma K. Bacterial Distribution and Community Structure in Beef Cattle Liver and Bile at Slaughter. J Food Prot 2022; 85:424-434. [PMID: 34818425 DOI: 10.4315/jfp-21-288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT In this study, the distribution of hygienic indicator bacteria in cattle livers and bile was examined at slaughterhouses. One hundred twenty-seven cattle livers with gallbladders were carefully eviscerated from carcasses at 10 slaughterhouses. Microbiological examination revealed that nine bile samples (7.1% prevalence) and 19 liver parenchyma samples (15.0% prevalence) were positive for Enterobacteriaceae (EB) with means ± standard deviations of 3.68 ± 4.63 log CFU/mL and 1.59 ± 2.47 log CFU/g, respectively; thus, bacterial contamination was apparent even at the postevisceration stage. Subsequently, 70 cattle livers were obtained at the postprocessing and storage stage from 7 of the 10 slaughterhouses. Microbiological analysis revealed significantly higher levels of EB in the liver parenchyma (3.00 ± 3.89 log CFU/g, P = 0.011) than those at the postevisceration stage, suggesting that bacterial dissemination and/or replication occurred in the liver parenchyma during processing and storage. According to 16S rRNA ion semiconductor sequencing analysis of representative samples from 12 cattle, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Actinobacteria were dominant in both the parenchyma and bile in which EB and Escherichia coli were predominant among livers with higher EB levels. These results suggest that bile plays a role as a vehicle for bacterial transmission to the liver parenchyma. This study is the first to evaluate bacterial distribution and community structure in the liver and biliary microecosystem of cattle at slaughter. Our data support the use of EB testing of bile to screen cattle livers contaminated with high levels of fecal indicator bacteria. HIGHLIGHTS
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Asakura
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shiori Yamamoto
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Sasaki
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yumiko Okada
- Division of Biomedical Food Research, National Institute of Health Sciences, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Sachiko Katabami
- Towada Meat Inspection Office of Aomori Prefecture, Aomori, Japan
| | - Akiko Fujimori
- Iwate Prefectural Research Institute for Environmental Sciences and Public Health, Iwate, Japan
| | - Kanako Munakata
- Tou-sou Meat Inspection Office of Chiba Prefecture, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yutaka Shiraki
- Gifu Prefectural Research Institute for Health and Environmental Sciences, Gifu, Japan
| | | | - Chie Hisamoto
- Meat Inspection Center of Hyogo Prefecture, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Jun Kawase
- Shimane Prefectural Institute of Public Health and Environmental Science, Shimane, Japan
| | | | | | - Ken Shiroma
- Akune Meat Inspection Office of Kagoshima Prefecture, Kagoshima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Zou S, Ye J, Hu S, Wei Y, Xu J. Mutations in the TTN Gene are a Prognostic Factor for Patients with Lung Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Int J Gen Med 2022; 15:19-31. [PMID: 35018111 PMCID: PMC8742622 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s343259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To analyze the relationship between titin (TTN) mutation gene and tumor mutational burden (TMB) and the with prognosis of lung squamous cell carcinomas (LUSC), and to explore the feasibility of TTN as a potential prognostic marker of for LUSC. Methods We analyzed the somatic mutation landscape of LUSC samples using datasets obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) databases. Sequence data were divided into wild and mutant groups, and differences in TMB values between the groups compared using a Mann–Whitney U-test. The Kaplan Meier method was used to analyze the correlation between TTN mutation and LUSC prognosis, whereas CIBERSORT algorithm was used to calculate the degree of relative enrichment degree of among tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in LUSC. Results Analysis of both datasets revealed high mutations in the TTN gene, with mutants exhibiting a significantly higher TMB value relative to the wild-type (P < 0.001). Prognosis of the TTN mutant group in LUSC was significantly better than that of wild-type (P = 0.009). Kaplan Meier curves showed that TTN mutation may be an independent prognostic factor in LUSC patients (HR: 0.64, 95% CI 0.48–0.85, P = 0.001), while GSEA analysis revealed that TTN mutation plays a potential role in the development of LUSC. Finally, analysis of LUSC immune microenvironment revealed that TTN mutation was significantly associated with enrichment of macrophages M1 (p < 0.05). Conclusion TTN mutation is associated with TMB, and is positively correlated with prognosis of LUSC. Therefore, this mutation may serve as a potential prognostic indicator of LUSC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zou
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayue Ye
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiping Wei
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Xu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330006, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Parenteral Antioxidant Supplementation at Birth Improves the Response to Intranasal Vaccination in Newborn Dairy Calves. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121979. [PMID: 34943082 PMCID: PMC8750176 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborn calves experience oxidative stress throughout the first month of their life, which is known to decrease lymphocyte functions relevant to vaccine responsiveness. Thus, this study aimed to determine the extent to which parenteral antioxidant supplementation given at birth improves the response to an intranasal viral vaccine in the first month of life of newborn dairy calves. For this, 21 calves were randomly assigned at birth to one of two commercially available antioxidant micronutrient supplements or a placebo group receiving 0.9% sterile saline (n = 7/group). Serum and nasal secretion samples were collected before administration of treatments and an intranasal vaccine against respiratory viruses (bovine herpesvirus type 1, bovine syncytial respiratory virus, and parainfluenza 3), and once weekly for the first four weeks of age. Systemic redox balance was determined in serum. Immunoglobulin A specific for bovine herpesvirus 1 and bovine syncytial respiratory virus was quantified in nasal secretions as a proxy to intranasal vaccine responsiveness. Our results showed that parenteral administration of antioxidants at birth improved calves' redox balance. Additionally, calves receiving antioxidant supplementation had higher concentrations of immunoglobulin A in their nasal secretions than calves in the control group. Thus, we conclude that supplementation of calves with antioxidants at birth could be a practical strategy to improve intranasal vaccine response. Future larger studies should evaluate the extent to which this increased mucosal response to intranasal vaccination could result in decreased calf morbidity and mortality.
Collapse
|
24
|
Wu JJ, Zhu S, Gu F, Valencak TG, Liu JX, Sun HZ. Cross-tissue single-cell transcriptomic landscape reveals the key cell subtypes and their potential roles in the nutrient absorption and metabolism in dairy cattle. J Adv Res 2021; 37:1-18. [PMID: 35499046 PMCID: PMC9039752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Discover 55 cell types and their specific markers in the first single-cell atlas of cattle; Identify and verify 3 epithelial progenitor-like cell subtypes in the forestomach Reveal vital but nonimmune functions of neutrophils in the mammary gland; Uncover key cell subtypes with preferential nutrient uptake; Find Th17 cells regulate epithelial cells responding to nutrient transport in the forestomach.
Introduction Dairy cattle are a vitally important ruminant in meeting the demands for high-quality animal protein production worldwide. The complicated biological process of converting human indigestible biomass into highly digestible and nutritious milk is orchestrated by various tissues. However, poorly understanding of the cellular composition and function of the key metabolic tissues hinders the improvement of health and performance of domestic ruminants. Objectives The cellular heterogeneity, metabolic features, interactions across ten tissue types of lactating dairy cattle were studied at single-cell resolution in the current study. Methods Unbiased single-cell RNA-sequencing and analysis were performed on the rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum, ileum, rectum, liver, salivary gland, mammary gland, and peripheral blood of lactating dairy cattle. Immunofluorescences and fluorescence in situ hybridization were performed to verify cell identity. Results In this study, we constructed a single-cell landscape covering 88,013 high-quality (500 < genes < 4,000, UMI < 50, 000, and mitochondrial gene ratio < 40% or 15%) single cells and identified 55 major cell types in lactating dairy cattle. Our systematic survey of the gene expression profiles and metabolic features of epithelial cells related to nutrient transport revealed cell subtypes that have preferential absorption of different nutrients. Importantly, we found that T helper type 17 (Th17) cells (highly expressing CD4 and IL17A) were specifically enriched in the forestomach tissues and predominantly interacted with the epithelial cell subtypes with high potential uptake capacities of short-chain fatty acids through IL-17 signaling. Furthermore, the comparison between IL17RAhighIL17RChigh cells (epithelial cells with IL17RA and IL17RC expression levels both greater than 0.25) and other cells explained the importance of Th17 cells in regulating the epithelial cellular transcriptional response to nutrient transport in the forestomach. Conclusion The findings enhance our understanding of the cellular biology of ruminants and open new avenues for improved animal production of dairy cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jin Wu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Senlin Zhu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fengfei Gu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Teresa G. Valencak
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian-Xin Liu
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Ministry of Education Innovation Team of Development and Function of Animal Digestive System, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hui-Zeng Sun
- Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Ministry of Education Innovation Team of Development and Function of Animal Digestive System, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Corresponding author at: Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Vlasova AN, Saif LJ. Bovine Immunology: Implications for Dairy Cattle. Front Immunol 2021; 12:643206. [PMID: 34267745 PMCID: PMC8276037 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.643206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing world population (7.8 billion) exerts an increased pressure on the cattle industry amongst others. Intensification and expansion of milk and beef production inevitably leads to increased risk of infectious disease spread and exacerbation. This indicates that improved understanding of cattle immune function is needed to provide optimal tools to combat the existing and future pathogens and improve food security. While dairy and beef cattle production is easily the world's most important agricultural industry, there are few current comprehensive reviews of bovine immunobiology. High-yielding dairy cattle and their calves are more vulnerable to various diseases leading to shorter life expectancy and reduced environmental fitness. In this manuscript, we seek to fill this paucity of knowledge and provide an up-to-date overview of immune function in cattle emphasizing the unresolved challenges and most urgent needs in rearing dairy calves. We will also discuss how the combination of available preventative and treatment strategies and herd management practices can maintain optimal health in dairy cows during the transition (periparturient) period and in neonatal calves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia N Vlasova
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| | - Linda J Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhang X, Zhang Z, Xia N, Zhao Q. Carbohydrate-containing nanoparticles as vaccine adjuvants. Expert Rev Vaccines 2021; 20:797-810. [PMID: 34101528 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2021.1939688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Adjuvants are essential to vaccines for immunopotentiation in the elicitation of protective immunity. However, classical and widely used aluminum-based adjuvants have limited capacity to induce cellular response. There are increasing needs for appropriate adjuvants with improved profiles for vaccine development toward emerging pathogens. Carbohydrate-containing nanoparticles (NPs) with immunomodulatory activity and particulate nanocarriers for effective antigen presentation are capable of eliciting a more balanced humoral and cellular immune response.Areas covered: We reviewed several carbohydrates with immunomodulatory properties. They include chitosan, β-glucan, mannan, and saponins, which have been used in vaccine formulations. The mode of action, the preparation methods, characterization of these carbohydrate-containing NPs and the corresponding vaccines are presented.Expert opinion: Several carbohydrate-containing NPs have entered the clinical stage or have been used in licensed vaccines for human use. Saponin-containing NPs are being evaluated in a vaccine against SARS-CoV-2, the pathogen causing the on-going worldwide pandemic. Vaccines with carbohydrate-containing NPs are in different stages of development, from preclinical studies to late-stage clinical trials. A better understanding of the mode of action for carbohydrate-containing NPs as vaccine carriers and as immunostimulators will likely contribute to the design and development of new generation vaccines against cancer and infectious diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China.,School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China.,The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| | - Qinjian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
de Silva K. Developing smarter vaccines for paratuberculosis: From early biomarkers to vaccine design. Immunol Rev 2021; 301:145-156. [PMID: 33619731 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines for paratuberculosis have been used for over a hundred years but the disease continues to affect ruminant health and livestock industries globally. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis which causes the disease also known as Johne's disease is a subversive pathogen able to undermine both innate and adaptive host defense mechanisms. This review focuses on early protective immune pathways that lead to some animals becoming resilient to infection to provide a road map for designing better vaccines and emphasizes the need for harnessing the potential of mucosal immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumudika de Silva
- Faculty of Science, Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Narellan, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Amin N, Seifert J. Dynamic progression of the calf's microbiome and its influence on host health. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:989-1001. [PMID: 33613865 PMCID: PMC7868804 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The first year of a calf's life is a critical phase as its digestive system and immunity are underdeveloped. A high level of stress caused by separation from mothers, transportation, antibiotic treatments, dietary shifts, and weaning can have long-lasting health effects, which can reduce future production parameters, such as milk yield and reproduction, or even increase the mortality of calves. The early succession of microbes throughout the gastrointestinal tract of neonatal calves follows a sequential pattern of colonisation and is greatly influenced by their physiological state, age, diet, and environmental factors; this leads to the establishment of region- and site-specific microbial communities. This review summarises the current information on the various potential factors that may affect the early life microbial colonisation pattern in the gastrointestinal tract of calves. The possible role of host-microbe interactions in the development and maturation of host gut, immune system, and health are described. Additionally, the possibility of improving the health of calves through gut microbiome modulation and using antimicrobial alternatives is discussed. Finally, the trends, challenges, and limitations of the current research are summarised and prospective directions for future studies are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nida Amin
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jana Seifert
- Institute of Animal Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Maina TW, Grego EA, Boggiatto PM, Sacco RE, Narasimhan B, McGill JL. Applications of Nanovaccines for Disease Prevention in Cattle. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:608050. [PMID: 33363134 PMCID: PMC7759628 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.608050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most important tools available to prevent and reduce the incidence of infectious diseases in cattle. Despite their availability and widespread use to combat many important pathogens impacting cattle, several of these products demonstrate variable efficacy and safety in the field, require multiple doses, or are unstable under field conditions. Recently, nanoparticle-based vaccine platforms (nanovaccines) have emerged as promising alternatives to more traditional vaccine platforms. In particular, polymer-based nanovaccines provide sustained release of antigen payloads, stabilize such payloads, and induce enhanced antibod- and cell-mediated immune responses, both systemically and locally. To improve vaccine administrative strategies and efficacy, they can be formulated to contain multiple antigenic payloads and have the ability to protect fragile proteins from degradation. Nanovaccines are also stable at room temperature, minimizing the need for cold chain storage. Nanoparticle platforms can be synthesized for targeted delivery through intranasal, aerosol, or oral administration to induce desired mucosal immunity. In recent years, several nanovaccine platforms have emerged, based on biodegradable and biocompatible polymers, liposomes, and virus-like particles. While most nanovaccine candidates have not yet advanced beyond testing in rodent models, a growing number have shown promise for use against cattle infectious diseases. This review will highlight recent advancements in polymeric nanovaccine development and the mechanisms by which nanovaccines may interact with the bovine immune system. We will also discuss the positive implications of nanovaccines use for combating several important viral and bacterial disease syndromes and consider important future directions for nanovaccine development in beef and dairy cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresia W. Maina
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Grego
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Paola M. Boggiatto
- Infectious Bacterial Diseases Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Randy E. Sacco
- Ruminant Diseases and Immunology Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Balaji Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Jodi L. McGill
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Protective Effect of Hydroxytyrosol on LPS-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Bovine Endometrial Epithelial Cell Line. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040161. [PMID: 33114084 PMCID: PMC7712648 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine endometritis is a serious pathogen-induced infectious disease that affects the physiological processes of estrus, pregnancy and the postpartum condition. The inflamed endometrium responds by activating an inflammatory intracellular signaling cascade that leads to increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidative stress is closely related to several pathological conditions in perinatal dairy cows and play a key role in tissue damage. Hydroxytyrosol (HT), a natural phenolic alcohol with a strong antioxidant activity, displayed a wide range of biological effect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of HT in an in vitro model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in bovine uterine endometrial cells. Our results showed that HT had a significant protective effect in LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative stress. HT was also able to increase the capacity of endogenous antioxidant systems through the up-regulation of the NRF2 pathway. Furthermore, HT restored the tight junction protein expressions. In conclusion, our results showed the protective effects of HT in LPS-stimulated BEND cells. Therefore, the results of this study suggest an important protective role of HT in the treatment and prevention of uterine pathologies in dairy cows.
Collapse
|
31
|
Cortés A, Rooney J, Bartley DJ, Nisbet AJ, Cantacessi C. Helminths, hosts, and their microbiota: new avenues for managing gastrointestinal helminthiases in ruminants. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2020; 18:977-985. [PMID: 32530331 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2020.1782188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence is emerging of complex interactions occurring between gastrointestinal (GI) parasites of ruminants and the resident gut flora, with likely implications for the pathophysiology of worm infection and disease. Similarly, recent data point toward the occurrence of a GI nematode (GIN)-specific microbiota, with potential roles in worm fundamental physiology and reproduction. Parasite-microbiota relationships might represent potential targets for the development of novel parasiticides. AREAS COVERED In this article, we review current knowledge of the role(s) that host- and helminth-associated microbiota play in ruminant host-parasite relationships, and outline potential avenues for the control of GIN of farmed ruminants via the manipulation of resident microbial species with putative functions in infection establishment, host-immune modulation, and/or parasite fitness and survival. EXPERT OPINION In order for this knowledge to be translated into practical applications, we argue that several aspects of the nematode-microbiota cross-talk must be addressed, including (i) the causality of interactions between the parasite, the gut microbiota, and the host immune system, (ii) the modes of action of dietary prebiotics and probiotics, (iii) the mechanisms by which diet supplementation aids the development of resistance/tolerance to GI helminth infections and (iv) the composition of the GIN microbiome and its role(s) in parasite biology and physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alba Cortés
- Departament de Farmàcia i Tecnologia Farmacèutica i Parasotologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de València , València, Spain.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK
| | - James Rooney
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, UK
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
McMullen C, Alexander TW, Léguillette R, Workentine M, Timsit E. Topography of the respiratory tract bacterial microbiota in cattle. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:91. [PMID: 32522285 PMCID: PMC7288481 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00869-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bacterial bronchopneumonia (BP) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in cattle. The nasopharynx is generally accepted as the primary source of pathogenic bacteria that cause BP. However, it has recently been shown in humans that the oropharynx may act as the primary reservoir for pathogens that reach the lung. The objective was therefore to describe the bacterial microbiota present along the entire cattle respiratory tract to determine which upper respiratory tract (URT) niches may contribute the most to the composition of the lung microbiota. METHODS Seventeen upper and lower respiratory tract locations were sampled from 15 healthy feedlot steer calves. Samples were collected using a combination of swabs, protected specimen brushes, and saline washes. DNA was extracted from each sample and the 16S rRNA gene (V3-V4) was sequenced. Community composition, alpha-diversity, and beta-diversity were compared among sampling locations. RESULTS Microbiota composition differed across sampling locations, with physiologically and anatomically distinct locations showing different relative abundances of 1137 observed sequence variants (SVs). An analysis of similarities showed that the lung was more similar to the nasopharynx (R-statistic = 0.091) than it was to the oropharynx (R-statistic = 0.709) or any other URT sampling location. Five distinct metacommunities were identified across all samples after clustering at the genus level using Dirichlet multinomial mixtures. This included a metacommunity found primarily in the lung and nasopharynx that was dominated by Mycoplasma. Further clustering at the SV level showed a shared metacommunity between the lung and nasopharynx that was dominated by Mycoplasma dispar. Other metacommunities found in the nostrils, tonsils, and oral microbiotas were dominated by Moraxella, Fusobacterium, and Streptococcus, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The nasopharyngeal bacterial microbiota is most similar to the lung bacterial microbiota in healthy cattle and therefore may serve as the primary source of bacteria to the lung. This finding indicates that the nasopharynx is likely the most important location that should be targeted when doing bovine respiratory microbiota research. Video abstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Trevor W. Alexander
- Lethbridge Research and Development Center, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Lethbridge, Alberta Canada
| | - Renaud Léguillette
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - Matthew Workentine
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
| | - Edouard Timsit
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
- Simpson Ranch Chair in Beef Cattle Health and Wellness, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta Canada
- Ceva Santé Animale, 10 Avenue de la Ballastière, 33500 Libourne, France
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Criscitiello MF, Kraev I, Lange S. Post-Translational Protein Deimination Signatures in Serum and Serum-Extracellular Vesicles of Bos taurus Reveal Immune, Anti-Pathogenic, Anti-Viral, Metabolic and Cancer-Related Pathways for Deimination. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E2861. [PMID: 32325910 PMCID: PMC7215346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The bovine immune system is known for its unusual traits relating to immunoglobulin and antiviral responses. Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are phylogenetically conserved enzymes that cause post-translational deimination, contributing to protein moonlighting in health and disease. PADs also regulate extracellular vesicle (EV) release, forming a critical part of cellular communication. As PAD-mediated mechanisms in bovine immunology and physiology remain to be investigated, this study profiled deimination signatures in serum and serum-EVs in Bos taurus. Bos EVs were poly-dispersed in a 70-500 nm size range and showed differences in deiminated protein cargo, compared with whole sera. Key immune, metabolic and gene regulatory proteins were identified to be post-translationally deiminated with some overlapping hits in sera and EVs (e.g., immunoglobulins), while some were unique to either serum or serum-EVs (e.g., histones). Protein-protein interaction network analysis of deiminated proteins revealed KEGG pathways common for serum and serum-EVs, including complement and coagulation cascades, viral infection (enveloped viruses), viral myocarditis, bacterial and parasitic infections, autoimmune disease, immunodeficiency intestinal IgA production, B-cell receptor signalling, natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity, platelet activation and hematopoiesis, alongside metabolic pathways including ferroptosis, vitamin digestion and absorption, cholesterol metabolism and mineral absorption. KEGG pathways specific to EVs related to HIF-1 signalling, oestrogen signalling and biosynthesis of amino acids. KEGG pathways specific for serum only, related to Epstein-Barr virus infection, transcription mis-regulation in cancer, bladder cancer, Rap1 signalling pathway, calcium signalling pathway and ECM-receptor interaction. This indicates differences in physiological and pathological pathways for deiminated proteins in serum-EVs, compared with serum. Our findings may shed light on pathways underlying a number of pathological and anti-pathogenic (viral, bacterial, parasitic) pathways, with putative translatable value to human pathologies, zoonotic diseases and development of therapies for infections, including anti-viral therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F. Criscitiello
- Comparative Immunogenetics Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Igor Kraev
- Electron Microscopy Suite, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK;
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6XH, UK
| |
Collapse
|