1
|
Tanveer M, Ntakiyisumba E, Hirwa F, Yoon H, Oh SI, Kim C, Kim MH, Yoon JS, Won G. Prevalence of Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Canines with Pyoderma and Otitis Externa in Korea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vet Sci 2024; 11:656. [PMID: 39728996 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11120656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2024] [Revised: 12/06/2024] [Accepted: 12/14/2024] [Indexed: 12/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial skin infections, particularly pyoderma and otitis externa, are widespread in dogs, primarily caused by Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas species. This study evaluates the prevalence and types of bacterial pathogens in affected dogs in South Korea using a meta-analytical approach. Following the PRISMA guidelines, five electronic databases were searched for relevant studies published between 1990 and 2024. Three researchers independently performed data extraction and quality assessment. A subgroup analysis explored the variability in pathogen prevalence across studies based on bacterial genus, bacterial species, publication year, sampling year, sampling location, infection type, diagnostic method, and sample size. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger's regression test, with all analyses conducted using the R program. Of the 944 articles, 29 met the eligibility criteria. The pooled bacterial prevalence among infected dogs was 99.95% (95%CI: 99.85-100). Staphylococcus was the most prevalent genus (95.93%), followed by Pseudomonas (48.43%), Enterococcus (20.32%), and Escherichia (17.63%). The most common species were Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (78.89%), Staphylococcus intermedius (71.43%), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (46.13%). This study underscores the need for comprehensive treatment strategies targeting Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, emphasizing further research on antimicrobial resistance patterns and treatment efficacy to enhance canine health outcomes in South Korea.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryum Tanveer
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Eurade Ntakiyisumba
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Fabrice Hirwa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Hakyoung Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Ik Oh
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Chongchan Kim
- Korea Thumb Vet Co., Ltd., 470-15 Seonhwa-ro, Iksan 54631, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi Hye Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Woosuk University, Wanju 55338, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seon Yoon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Gayeon Won
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan Campus, Gobong-ro 79, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Türkmen E, Parmaksız S, Nigiz Ş, Sağıroğlu M, Şenel S. A safe bioadhesive system for topical delivery of combined antimicrobials in treatment of skin infections in veterinary medicine. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.104116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
3
|
Sousa CA, Chatfield J, File TM, Koch SN, Leu DB, Loeffler A, Loft KE, Souza C, Weese JS. Hostage to history - questioning the duration of systemic antimicrobial therapy for the treatment of canine superficial bacterial folliculitis. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2022; 260:1153-1156. [PMID: 35507517 DOI: 10.2460/javma.22.03.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Current guidelines for the use of systemic antimicrobials for the treatment of superficial bacterial folliculitis in dogs include the recommendation that the disease be treated for a minimum of 3 weeks and for at least 1 week beyond clinical resolution. With increasing antimicrobial resistance being noted for bacteria involved in this condition, as well as the increased use of evidence-based medicine, this dogma needs to be reevaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas M File
- 3Infectious Disease Division, Summa Health, Akron, OH.,4Infectious Disease Section, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH
| | - Sandra N Koch
- 5Veterinary Clinical Sciences Department, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| | | | - Anette Loeffler
- 7Department of Clinical Sciences and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, UK
| | | | - Clarissa Souza
- 9Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
| | - J Scott Weese
- 10Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
|
5
|
Zur G, Gurevich B, Elad D. Prior antimicrobial use as a risk factor for resistance in selectedStaphylococcus pseudintermediusisolates from the skin and ears of dogs. Vet Dermatol 2016; 27:468-e125. [DOI: 10.1111/vde.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gila Zur
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital; The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; PO Box 12 Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Bella Gurevich
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital; The Koret School of Veterinary Medicine; The Hebrew University of Jerusalem; PO Box 12 Rehovot 76100 Israel
| | - Daniel Elad
- Department of Clinical Bacteriology and Mycology; Kimron Veterinary Institute; Veterinary Services; Ministry of Agriculture; Beit Dagan 50250 Israel
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mohammad H, Reddy PVN, Monteleone D, Mayhoub AS, Cushman M, Hammac GK, Seleem MN. Antibacterial Characterization of Novel Synthetic Thiazole Compounds against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130385. [PMID: 26086336 PMCID: PMC4472782 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a commensal organism of companion animals that is a significant source of opportunistic infections in dogs. With the emergence of clinical isolates of S. pseudintermedius (chiefly methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (MRSP)) exhibiting increased resistance to nearly all antibiotic classes, new antimicrobials and therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Thiazole compounds have been previously shown to possess potent antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus of human and animal concern. Given the genetic similarity between S. aureus and S. pseudintermedius, this study explores the potential use of thiazole compounds as novel antibacterial agents against methicillin-sensitive S. pseudintermedius (MSSP) and MRSP. A broth microdilution assay confirmed these compounds exhibit potent bactericidal activity (at sub-microgram/mL concentrations) against both MSSA and MRSP clinical isolates while the MTS assay confirmed three compounds (at 10 μg/mL) were not toxic to mammalian cells. A time-kill assay revealed two derivatives rapidly kill MRSP within two hours. However, this rapid bactericidal activity was not due to disruption of the bacterial cell membrane indicating an alternative mechanism of action for these compounds against MRSP. A multi-step resistance selection analysis revealed compounds 4 and 5 exhibited a modest (two-fold) shift in activity over ten passages. Furthermore, all six compounds (at a subinihibitory concentration) demonstrated the ability to re-sensitize MRSP to oxacillin, indicating these compounds have potential use for extending the therapeutic utility of β-lactam antibiotics against MRSP. Metabolic stability analysis with dog liver microsomes revealed compound 3 exhibited an improved physicochemical profile compared to the lead compound. In addition to this, all six thiazole compounds possessed a long post-antibiotic effect (at least 8 hours) against MRSP. Collectively the present study demonstrates these synthetic thiazole compounds possess potent antibacterial activity against both MSSP and MRSP and warrant further investigation into their use as novel antimicrobial agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haroon Mohammad
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - P. V. Narasimha Reddy
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University College of Pharmacy West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Dennis Monteleone
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University College of Pharmacy West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Abdelrahman S. Mayhoub
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University College of Pharmacy West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mark Cushman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University College of Pharmacy West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- Purdue Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - G. Kenitra Hammac
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mohamed N. Seleem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Windahl U, Bengtsson B, Nyman AK, Holst B. The distribution of pathogens and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among canine surgical wound infections in Sweden in relation to different risk factors. Acta Vet Scand 2015; 57:11. [PMID: 25886937 PMCID: PMC4361205 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-015-0102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Surgical site infection (SSI) is a common nosocomial infection in dogs and a growing concern in veterinary hospitals as an increase in multidrug-resistant pathogens is reported. Despite the need for rational and prudent antimicrobial use, few peer-reviewed and published veterinary studies have investigated the pathogenic growth including susceptibility patterns of the isolated pathogens in canine SSIs. The first objective of the present study was to estimate the distribution of bacterial pathogens in dogs with SSI and to investigate whether this was influenced by type of surgical procedure (clean, clean-contaminated, contaminated or dirty), duration of hospitalization, wound classification and depth of the infection, or antimicrobial treatment. The second objective was to assess susceptibility patterns to clinically relevant antimicrobials. During three years, four animal referral hospitals and three small animal clinics submitted bacterial swabs from canine SSIs for culture and susceptibility, together with a questionnaire completed by the attending clinician. Results Approximately two thirds of the in total 194 isolates were staphylococci. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius was the most prevalent finding (46%) followed by beta haemolytic Streptococcus spp. (24%). No associations between distribution of the isolated pathogens and classification of the surgical procedure, duration of hospitalization or depth of the SSI were shown, with the exception of Escherichia coli isolates being significantly more often found in deep wound infections than in superficial skin infections. Overall the possibilities of finding first generations antimicrobials to treat the SSIs included in the study were favorable, as the isolated pathogens were mostly without acquired antimicrobial resistance and multidrug resistance was uncommon. There were only three cases of methicillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius-infections (one percent of all isolates), one case of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing E. coli-infection, and no methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections. Conclusions None of the investigated factors were shown to influence the distribution of bacterial pathogens. The majority of SSIs were caused by staphylococci, and S. pseudintermedius was the most prevalent pathogen. Based on the study results, use of first-line antimicrobials prior to receiving culture and susceptibility results is a rational empirical antimicrobial therapy for the studied dog population.
Collapse
|
8
|
Beco L, Guaguère E, Lorente Méndez C, Noli C, Nuttall T, Vroom M. Suggested guidelines for using systemic antimicrobials in bacterial skin infections (1): diagnosis based on clinical presentation, cytology and culture. Vet Rec 2013; 172:72-8. [PMID: 23292951 PMCID: PMC3551225 DOI: 10.1136/vr.101069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Systemic antimicrobials are critically important in veterinary healthcare, and resistance is a major concern. Antimicrobial stewardship will be important in maintaining clinical efficacy by reducing the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Bacterial skin infections are one of the most common reasons for using systemic antimicrobials in dogs and cats. Appropriate management of these infections is, therefore, crucial in any policy for responsible antimicrobial use. The goals of therapy are to confirm that an infection is present, identify the causative bacteria, select the most appropriate antimicrobial, ensure that the infection is treated correctly, and to identify and manage any underlying conditions. This is the first of two articles that will provide evidence-led guidelines to help practitioners address these issues. This article covers diagnosis, including descriptions of the different clinical presentations of surface, superficial and deep bacterial skin infections, how to perform and interpret cytology, and how to best use bacterial culture and sensitivity testing. Part 2 will discuss therapy, including choice of drug and treatment regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Beco
- Cabinet Vétérinaire, Spa, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Abstract
Although bacterial pyoderma is among the most commonly encountered dermatologic conditions in dogs, some cases present diagnostic challenges even to experienced clinicians. This article presents several unusual manifestations of pyoderma, including bullous impetigo, superficial spreading pyoderma, mucocutaneous pyoderma, and post-grooming furunculosis. Conditions mimicking pyoderma, including juvenile cellulitis, immunomodulatory-responsive lymphocytic-plasmacytic pododermatitis, and pemphigus foliaceus are also described. Diagnostic techniques used for diagnosing and characterizing pyoderma are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Gortel
- Lake Country Veterinary Specialist Hospital, Lake Country, British Columbia, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Yu HW, Vogelnest LJ. Feline superficial pyoderma: a retrospective study of 52 cases (2001-2011). Vet Dermatol 2012; 23:448-e86. [PMID: 22900753 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01085.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Superficial pyoderma is traditionally considered rare in cats but may be more prevalent than previously reported. OBJECTIVES To better characterize superficial pyoderma in cats. ANIMALS Fifty-two cats from a dermatology referral population over a 10 year period. METHODS This study was retrospective. Cases were included if neutrophils and intracellular bacteria were reported from surface cytology of skin lesions. Medical records were reviewed for signalment, historical and clinical data, cytology results, primary skin diagnoses and treatment details. RESULTS Disease prevalence was 20%, with no breed or sex predispositions. The estimated median age of onset was 2 years, affecting 54% of cats by 3 years and 23% after 9 years. Fewer cases presented during winter (15%) compared with other seasons. Skin lesions were typically multifocal, affecting the face (62%), neck (37%), limbs (33%) and ventral abdomen (29%) most commonly. Crusting (83%), alopecia (67%), ulceration/erosion (54%) and erythema (46%) were common lesion types. Pruritus was reported in 92% of cats. Underlying hypersensitivities (confirmed in 60%; suspected in 19%), and atopic dermatitis specifically (confirmed in 48%), were the most frequent primary dermatoses. Cats were treated with a variety of systemic and/or topical antimicrobials. The overall apparent response was considered good in 61% and poor in 27% of cats. Recurrence was confirmed or suspected in 42% of cats. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Feline superficial pyoderma was more prevalent in this study population than previously reported. Young cats with hypersensitivities and older cats were more commonly affected, and a variety of lesion types and distributions occurred.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui W Yu
- The University of Sydney, Veterinary Teaching Hospitals, Camden & Sydney, 410 Werombi Road, Camden NSW 2570, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Summers JF, Brodbelt DC, Forsythe PJ, Loeffler A, Hendricks A. The effectiveness of systemic antimicrobial treatment in canine superficial and deep pyoderma: a systematic review. Vet Dermatol 2012; 23:305-29, e61. [PMID: 22734856 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2012.01050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To identify and evaluate existing evidence for the effectiveness of systemic antimicrobial treatments for naturally occurring superficial and deep canine pyoderma. METHOD Electronic searches of PubMed, MEDLINE and CAB Direct were carried out (25 May 2011) without date or language restrictions. Proceedings of ESVD/ECVD, AAVD/ACVD, NAVDF and WCVD annual congresses were searched. Unpublished studies were sought via the Veterinary Dermatology discussion list and Veterinary Information Network. RESULTS Seventeen full-length, peer-reviewed controlled trials reporting clinical outcomes of systemic antimicrobial treatment for canine pyoderma were identified. Outcomes specific to superficial or deep pyoderma were reported in nine and five studies, respectively. Five studies reported outcomes only for nondifferentiated pyoderma depth. Heterogeneity of study designs and outcome measures made meta-analysis inappropriate. A good level of evidence was identified supporting the high efficacy of subcutaneously injected cefovecin in superficial pyoderma and for oral amoxicillin-clavulanic acid in deep pyoderma. A fair level of evidence was identified for moderate to high efficacy of oral amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, clindamycin, cefadroxil, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and sulfadimethoxine-ormetoprim in superficial pyoderma and oral pradofloxacin, oral cefadroxil and subcutaneously injected cefovecin in deep pyoderma. Eleven trials reported observations of adverse effects in treated pyoderma cases by intervention group; four dogs were withdrawn owing to the severity of adverse effects. CONCLUSIONS There is a need for greater numbers of adequately sized, blinded, randomized controlled trials evaluating systemic antimicrobial interventions for canine pyoderma. Improved differentiation between superficial and deep pyoderma in outcome reporting, outcome measure standardization and association of outcomes with causative bacterial species and their resistance patterns are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer F Summers
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Estimation of the clinical and economic consequences of non-compliance with antimicrobial treatment of canine skin infections. Prev Vet Med 2011; 99:201-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
14
|
SHIMADA E, MIYAMOTO T, HATOYA S. Causative Bacteria and Antibiogram in Various Infectious Diseases in Canines and Felines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.12935/jvma.64.810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
15
|
Briscoe KA, Barrs VR, Lindsay S, Hoffmann KL, Cockwill KR, Muscatello G, Beatty JA. Encrusting cystitis in a cat secondary to Corynebacterium urealyticum infection. J Feline Med Surg 2010; 12:972-7. [PMID: 21041106 PMCID: PMC11135555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfms.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2010] [Revised: 07/15/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An 18-year-old male neutered domestic shorthair cat was presented for investigation of haematuria and lethargy. The cat had sustained a traumatic T3-L3 lesion 5 years prior resulting in upper motor neuron incontinence. On further investigation the cat was found to be hyperkalaemic, hypothermic and dehydrated. Ultrasonography of the bladder revealed a markedly hypoechoic, thickened bladder wall with an irregular, hyperechoic mucosal layer. The patient responded to symptomatic and supportive care and was discharged. Despite initial improvement, the patient returned 10 days after discharge with recurrence of haematuria and lethargy. Ultrasound-guided aspiration and culture of the material on the mucosal surface of the bladder confirmed diagnosis of UTI caused by Corynebacterium urealyticum. On post-mortem examination, gross and histopathological features were consistent with encrusting cystitis. This is the first case report of encrusting cystitis in a cat. C urealyticum, an uncommon urinary tract pathogen in small animals, should be considered in patients with predisposing conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Briscoe
- Valentine Charlton Cat Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Kil DY, Swanson KS. Companion animals symposium: role of microbes in canine and feline health. J Anim Sci 2010; 89:1498-505. [PMID: 21036940 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2010-3498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether in an ocean reef, a landfill, or a gastrointestinal tract (GIT), invisible communities of highly active and adaptable microbes prosper. Over time, mammals have developed a symbiosis with microbes that are important inhabitants not only in the GIT, but also in the mouth, skin, and urogenital tract. In the GIT, the number of commensal microbes exceeds the total number of host cells by at least 10 times. The GIT microbes play a critical role in nutritional, developmental, defensive, and physiologic processes in the host. Recent evidence also suggests a role of GIT microbes in metabolic phenotype and disease risk (e.g., obesity, metabolic syndrome) of the host. Proper balance is a key to maintaining GIT health. Balanced microbial colonization is also important for other body regions such as the oral cavity, the region with the greatest prevalence of disease in dogs and cats. A significant obstruction to studying microbial populations has been the lack of tools to identify and quantify microbial communities accurately and efficiently. Most of the current knowledge of microbial populations has been established by traditional cultivation methods that are not only laborious, time-consuming, and often inaccurate, but also greatly limited in scope. However, recent advances in molecular-based techniques have resulted in a dramatic improvement in studying microbial communities. These DNA-based high-throughput technologies have enabled us to more clearly characterize the identity and metabolic activity of microbes living in the host and their association with health and diseases. Despite this recent progress, however, published data pertaining to microbial communities of dogs and cats are still lacking in comparison with data in humans and other animals. More research is required to provide a more detailed description of the canine and feline microbiome and its role in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Y Kil
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Woolley KL, Kelly RF, Fazakerley J, Williams NJ, Nuttall TJ, McEwan NA. Reduced in vitro adherence of Staphylococcus species to feline corneocytes compared to canine and human corneocytes. Vet Dermatol 2008; 19:1-6. [PMID: 18177284 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2007.00649.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
It is apparent that in-contact humans and animals exchange commensal staphylococci. Previous in vitro studies, however, indicate that staphylococci preferentially adhere to corneocytes from host species. This study compared adherence of meticillin-sensitive and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA/MRSA), S. intermedius, S. felis and S. hominis to feline, canine and human corneocytes acquired from 10 healthy subjects using adhesive tape discs. Adherent bacteria were counted using an image processing and analysis programme. Mean adherence of MSSA (P = 0.0009), MRSA (P = 0.0162) and S. intermedius (P = 0.0117), but not S. felis or S. hominis, to feline corneocytes was significantly lower than that to canine and human corneocytes. All the isolates had similar adherence to both human and canine corneocytes. S. felis was the most adherent species to feline corneocytes followed by S. intermedius, and then MSSA, MRSA and S. hominis. For dogs and humans, S. intermedius and S. felis were the most adherent, followed by MRSA and MSSA, and then S. hominis. These results do not reveal any preferential adherence of staphylococci to canine or human corneocytes. Poor adherence to feline corneocytes could suggest that cats are relatively resistant to pyoderma and cross-species transmission of staphylococci.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K L Woolley
- The University of Liverpool Faculty of Veterinary Science, Liverpool L69 7ZJ, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hillier A, Alcorn JR, Cole LK, Kowalski JJ. Pyoderma caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in dogs: 20 cases. Vet Dermatol 2006; 17:432-9. [PMID: 17083575 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2006.00550.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this report we describe the historical, clinical, histopathological and microbiological features, as well as treatments and clinical outcome, of pyoderma where Pseudomonas aeruginosa alone was isolated on bacterial culture from lesional skin. Twenty dogs were included in this retrospective study. Seven dogs without prior history of systemic or skin disease presented with acute deep pseudomonal pyoderma characterized by a sudden onset of dorsal truncal pain. Skin lesions in these dogs consisted of erythematous papules, haemorrhagic bullae, ulcers and haemorrhagic crusts confined to the dorsum. An excellent clinical response was achieved with 3-4 weeks of treatment with oral fluoroquinolones. Thirteen dogs with a more gradual onset of skin lesions associated with pseudomonal pyoderma had a history of prior skin, ear or systemic disease and had previously been treated with antibiotics and/or immunomodulatory drugs. Skin lesions in these dogs were variable and similar to those described for superficial and deep staphylococcal pyoderma. In this group, one dog was euthanized prior to commencement of treatment, two dogs were lost to follow up, and 9 had resolution of lesions following treatment with topical silver sulfadiazine (one dog), fluoroquinolones (six dogs) or cephalexin (two dogs) administered orally for 3 to 12 weeks. Rod-shaped bacteria were not always detected on cytology. Histopathology of dogs with deep pseudomonal pyoderma was characterized by severe perforating suppurative folliculitis and furunculosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Hillier
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|