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Leet JK, Greer JB, Richter CA, Iwanowicz LR, Spinard E, McDonald J, Conway C, Gale RW, Tillitt DE, Hansen JD. Exposure to 17α-Ethinylestradiol Results in Differential Susceptibility of Largemouth Bass ( Micropterus salmoides) to Bacterial Infection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14375-14386. [PMID: 36197672 PMCID: PMC9583602 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Disease outbreaks, skin lesions, mortality events, and reproductive abnormalities have been observed in wild populations of centrarchids. The presence of estrogenic endocrine disrupting compounds (EEDCs) has been implicated as a potential causal factor for these effects. The effects of prior EEDC exposure on immune response were examined in juvenile largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) exposed to a potent synthetic estrogen (17α-ethinylestradiol, EE2) at a low (EE2Low, 0.87 ng/L) or high (EE2High, 9.08 ng/L) dose for 4 weeks, followed by transfer to clean water and injection with an LD40 dose of the Gram-negative bacteria Edwardsiella piscicida. Unexpectedly, this prior exposure to EE2High significantly increased survivorship at 10 d post-infection compared to solvent control or EE2Low-exposed, infected fish. Both prior exposure and infection with E. piscicida led to significantly reduced hepatic glycogen levels, indicating a stress response resulting in depletion of energy stores. Additionally, pathway analysis for liver and spleen indicated differentially expressed genes associated with immunometabolic processes in the mock-injected EE2High treatment that could underlie the observed protective effect and metabolic shift in EE2High-infected fish. Our results demonstrate that exposure to a model EEDC alters metabolism and immune function in a fish species that is ecologically and economically important in North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K. Leet
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental
Research Center, 4200
New Haven Road, Columbia, Missouri 65201, United
States
| | - Justin B. Greer
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research
Center, 6505 NE 65th Street, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Catherine A. Richter
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental
Research Center, 4200
New Haven Road, Columbia, Missouri 65201, United
States
| | - Luke R. Iwanowicz
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science
Center, 11649 Leetown
Road, Kearneysville, West
Virginia 25430, United
States
| | - Edward Spinard
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research
Center, 6505 NE 65th Street, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Jacquelyn McDonald
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research
Center, 6505 NE 65th Street, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Carla Conway
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research
Center, 6505 NE 65th Street, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
| | - Robert W. Gale
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental
Research Center, 4200
New Haven Road, Columbia, Missouri 65201, United
States
| | - Donald E. Tillitt
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental
Research Center, 4200
New Haven Road, Columbia, Missouri 65201, United
States
| | - John D. Hansen
- U.S.
Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research
Center, 6505 NE 65th Street, Seattle, Washington 98115, United States
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Campos-Sánchez JC, Mayor-Lafuente J, González-Silvera D, Guardiola FA, Esteban MÁ. Acute inflammatory response in the skin of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) caused by carrageenin. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 119:623-634. [PMID: 34656758 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although inflammation is a well-characterized process in mammals, few studies have dealt with the mechanisms involved in this process in fish. The present study evaluated the expression of inflammation-related genes in the skin of fish injected with carrageenin, which has previously been used in inflammatory models in mammals. In our case, fish were injected subcutaneously with PBS (as control) or carrageenin (1%), and skin samples from the injection site were collected 1.5, 3 and 6 h post-injection. The gene expression of inflammatory markers (csfr1, mhc-ii and phox40), several pro-inflammatory cytokines (il1b, tnfa, il6, il8 and il18) and other molecules related (such as myd88 and c-rel) were up-regulated at 1.5 and 3 h in fish injected with carrageenin compared with control levels. By contrast, the gene expression of anti-inflammatory molecules (nlrx1, nlrc5 isoform 1, ctsd and ctss) was down-regulated in fish injected with carrageenin and sampled 3 h post injection, again compared to the gene expression in control fish. According to our results, carrageenin can be considered not only a good stimulator to study skin inflammation in gilthead seabream but also this method might be use to study the modulation of fish inflammatory process caused by internal or external factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Campos-Sánchez
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Javier Mayor-Lafuente
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Daniel González-Silvera
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco A Guardiola
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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3
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Patel S, Choudhary M, Chandra RK, Bhardwaj AK, Tripathi MK. Sex steroids exert a suppressive effect on innate and cell mediated immune responses in fresh water teleost, Channa punctatus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 100:103415. [PMID: 31202893 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the potential role of two important sex steroids, crucial for reproductive success, on innate and cell mediated immune responses in a seasonally breeding, economically important fish, Channa punctatus. Intraperitoneal injections of testosterone and progesterone were given to different groups of fishes. Spleen and head kidney macrophages were isolated and studied for phagocytosis. Superoxide production and nitrite release by phagocytes were also investigated. Cell mediated immunity was measured by lymphocyte proliferation in presence of T and B cell mitogens. In vitro effect of steroids on mitogen induced lymphocyte proliferation was also analyzed. Results of the present investigation revealed the suppressive effects of testosterone and progesterone on immune responses of cells from spleen and head kidney. Concentration dependent effect of sex steroids were observed in vitro studies where phagocytosis and lymphocyte proliferation were suppressed. Immunosupression by these hormones may be the cost of reproduction and it is postulated that by suppressing immune responses, these steroids may, therefore, act as a physiological check regulating the relative amount of energy invested into either reproductive effort or immunocompetence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Patel
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, C.G, India
| | - Meghmala Choudhary
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, C.G, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Chandra
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, C.G, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Bhardwaj
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, C.G, India
| | - Manish Kumar Tripathi
- Department of Zoology, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Bilaspur, C.G, India.
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4
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Rastgar S, Alijani Ardeshir R, Zabihi E, Movahedinia A, Salati AP. Immunotoxicity of estrogen and nonylphenol on apoptosis and expression of ERs in goldfish macrophage: Opening new avenue for discovering the role of experimental model systems and sexes. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 209:159-167. [PMID: 30780113 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) and their roles in important cell processes such as apoptosis in the macrophages exposed to estrogen/xenoestrogen have remained a complex secret. This study focused on the expression of estrogen receptors (ERs) and the stimulation of apoptosis in the macrophages from the two sexes of goldfish (Carassius auratus) exposed to 17-βestradiol (E2) and nonylphenol (NP) under in vivo and in vitro conditions. For the in vivo experiment, fish were exposed to NP (10-6 M and 10-7 M) and E2 (10-6 M) for 24 days. Then, the head kidney macrophages from the male and the female goldfish were isolated and assayed. For the in vitro experiments, the macrophages derived from the two sexes were cultured in L-15 medium and exposed to E2 (150 nM) and NP (10 nM and 150 nM) for 3 days. The results showed that the three isoforms of ERs (ERα, ERβ1, ERβ2) were expressed in the goldfish macrophages. After the exposure of macrophages to NP and E2, sex-specific increase of ERs expression and apoptosis were observed (P < 0.05). The expression of ERα after NP treatment showed the highest alteration, with the response being concentration-dependent. The most alteration of ERs expression were observed in the in vivo experiment. This study provides insight to understand how exposure of the goldfish macrophages to E2 and NP can up-regulate the transcript levels of estrogen receptor subtypes and stimulate apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rastgar
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, P.O. Box 669, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Rashid Alijani Ardeshir
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, P.O. Box 669, Khorramshahr, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Zabihi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Abdolali Movahedinia
- Department of Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran
| | - Amir Parviz Salati
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural resources, Khorramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, P.O. Box 669, Khorramshahr, Iran.
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5
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Cabas I, Chaves-Pozo E, Mulero V, García-Ayala A. Role of estrogens in fish immunity with special emphasis on GPER1. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 89:102-110. [PMID: 30092317 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is well accepted that estrogens, the primary female sex hormones, play a key role in modulating different aspects of the immune response. Moreover, estrogens have been linked with the sexual dimorphism observed in some immune disorders, such as chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Nevertheless, their effects are often controversial and depend on several factors, such as the pool of estrogen receptors (ERs) involved in the response. Their classical mode of action is through nuclear ERs, which act as transcription factors, promoting the regulation of target genes. However, it has long been noted that some of the estrogen-mediated effects cannot be explained by these classical receptors, since they are rapid and mediated by non-genomic signaling pathways. Hence, the interest in membrane ERs, especially in G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1), has grown in recent years. Although the presence of nuclear ERs, and ER signaling, in immune cells in mammals and fish has been well documented, information on membrane ERs is much scarcer. In this context, the present manuscript aims to review our knowledge concerning the effect of estrogens on fish immunity, with special emphasis on GPER1. For example, the numerous tools developed over recent years allowed us to report for the first time that the regulation of fish granulocyte functions by estrogens through GPER1 predates the split of fish and tetrapods more than 450 million years ago, pointing to the relevance of estrogens as modulators of the immune responses, and the pivotal role of GPER1 in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cabas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Murcia, Spain
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfonsa García-Ayala
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
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6
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Ye RR, Peterson DR, Kitamura SI, Segner H, Seemann F, Au DWT. Sex-specific immunomodulatory action of the environmentalestrogen 17α-ethynylestradiol alongside with reproductive impairment in fish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 203:95-106. [PMID: 30099325 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EEDCs) are present ubiquitously in sediments and aquatic ecosystems worldwide. The detrimental impact of EEDCs on the reproduction of wildlife is widely recognized. Increasing evidence shows the immunosuppressive effects of EEDCs in vertebrates. Yet, no studies have considered concomitantly EEDC-induced impacts on reproductive impairment and immune suppression in vivo, which are deemed essential for risk assessment and environmental monitoring. In this study, EE2 was used as a representative EEDC, for parallel evaluation of EEDC-induced immune suppression (immune marker gene expression, leukocyte numbers, host resistance assay, and immune competence index) and reproductive impairment (estrogen responsive gene expression, fecundity, fertilization success, hatching success, and reproductive competence index) in an established fish model (marine medaka Oryzias melastigma), considering sex-specific induction and adaptation and recovery responses under different EE2 exposure scenarios. The findings in marine medaka reveal distinct sex differences in the EE2-mediated biological responses. For female fish, low concentration of exogenous EE2 (33 ng/L) could induce hormesis (immune enhancement), enable adaptation (restored reproduction) and even boost fish resistance to bacterial challenge after abatement of EE2. However, a prolonged exposure to high levels of EE2 (113 ng/L) not only impaired F0 immune function, but also perturbed females recovering from reproductive impairment, resulting in a persistent impact on the F1 generation output. Thus, for female fish, the exposure concentration of EE2 is more critical than the dose of EE2 in determining the impacts of EE2 on immune function and reproduction. Conversely, male fish are far more sensitive than females to the presence of low levels of exogenous EE2 in water and the EE2-mediated biological impacts are clearly dose-dependent. It is also evident in male fish that direct contact of EE2 is essential to sustain impairments of immune competence and reproductive output as well as deregulation of immune function genes in vivo. The immunomodulatory pathways altered by EE2 were deciphered for male and female fish, separately. Downregulation of hepatic tlr3 and c3 (in female) and tlr3, tlr5 and c3 (in male) may be indicative of impaired fish immune competence. Taken together, impaired immune competence in the EE2-exposed fish poses an immediate thread on the survival of F0 population. Impaired reproduction in the EE2-exposed fish can directly affect F1 output. Parallel evaluation of immune competence and reproduction are important considerations when assessing the risk of sublethal levels of EE2/EEDCs in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy R Ye
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Drew R Peterson
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Shin-Ichi Kitamura
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
| | - Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, University of Bern, CH3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Frauke Seemann
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Department of Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, TX, 78412, USA.
| | - Doris W T Au
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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7
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Immune-Endocrine Interactions in the Fish Gonad during Infection: An Open Door to Vertical Transmission. FISHES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes3020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Effects of Sex Steroids on Fish Leukocytes. BIOLOGY 2018; 7:biology7010009. [PMID: 29315244 PMCID: PMC5872035 DOI: 10.3390/biology7010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In vertebrates, in addition to their classically reproductive functions, steroids regulate the immune system. This action is possible mainly due to the presence of steroid receptors in the different immune cell types. Much evidence suggests that the immune system of fish is vulnerable to xenosteroids, which are ubiquitous in the aquatic environment. In vivo and in vitro assays have amply demonstrated that oestrogens interfere with both the innate and the adaptive immune system of fish by regulating the main leukocyte activities and transcriptional genes. They activate nuclear oestrogen receptors and/or G-protein coupled oestrogen receptor. Less understood is the role of androgens in the immune system, mainly due to the complexity of the transcriptional regulation of androgen receptors in fish. The aim of this manuscript is to review our present knowledge concerning the effect of sex steroid hormones and the presence of their receptors on fish leukocytes, taking into consideration that the studies performed vary as regard the fish species, doses, exposure protocols and hormones used. Moreover, we also include evidence of the probable role of progestins in the regulation of the immune system of fish.
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9
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Gómez González NE, Cabas I, Rodenas MC, Arizcun M, Mulero V, García Ayala A. 17α-Ethynylestradiol alters the peritoneal immune response of gilthead seabream. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 76:143-149. [PMID: 28595972 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
17α-Ethynylestradiol (EE2), a synthetic estrogen used in most oral contraceptives pills and hormone replacement therapies, is found in many water bodies, where it can modulate the fish immune response. EE2 acts as an endocrine disruptor in gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata L., a marine teleost fish of great economic value in Mediterranean aquaculture, as it induces hepatic vitellogenin gene (vtg) expression. Moreover, EE2 also alters the capacity of gilthead seabream to appropriately respond to infection although it does not behave as an immunosuppressor. Nevertheless, these previous studies have mainly focused on the head kidney leukocytes and no information exists on peritoneal leukocytes, including mast cells. In the present work, juvenile gilthead seabream fish were fed a pellet diet supplemented with EE2 for 76 days and intraperitoneally injected with hemocyanin plus imject alum adjuvant at the end of EE2 treatment and 92 days later, and the peritoneal immune response was analyzed. EE2 supplementation induced vtg expression but returned to basal levels by 3 months post-treatment. Interestingly, gilthead seabream peritoneal leukocytes express the genes encoding for the nuclear estrogen receptor α and the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 and the dietary intake of EE2 induced these expression. Moreover, EE2 induced an inflammatory response in the peritoneal cavity in unvaccinated fish, which was largely maintained for several months after the cessation of the treatment. However, the impact of EE2 in vaccinated fish was rather minor and transient. Taken together, the study provides fresh information about endocrine immune disruption, focusing on peritoneal leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Gómez González
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - I Cabas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M C Rodenas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M Arizcun
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain
| | - V Mulero
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - A García Ayala
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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10
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Rehberger K, Werner I, Hitzfeld B, Segner H, Baumann L. 20 Years of fish immunotoxicology - what we know and where we are. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:509-535. [PMID: 28425344 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1288024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Despite frequent field observations of impaired immune response and increased disease incidence in contaminant-exposed wildlife populations, immunotoxic effects are rarely considered in ecotoxicological risk assessment. The aim of this study was to review the literature on immunotoxic effects of chemicals in fish to quantitatively evaluate (i) which experimental approaches were used to assess immunotoxic effects, (ii) whether immune markers exist to screen for potential immunotoxic activities of chemicals, and (iii) how predictive those parameters are for adverse alterations of fish immunocompetence and disease resistance. A total of 241 publications on fish immunotoxicity were quantitatively analyzed. The main conclusions included: (i) To date, fish immunotoxicology focused mainly on innate immune responses and immunosuppressive effects. (ii) In numerous studies, the experimental conditions are poorly documented, as for instance age or sex of the fish or the rationale for the selected exposure conditions is often missing. (iii) Although a broad variety of parameters were used to assess immunotoxicity, the rationale for the choice of measured parameters was often not given, remaining unclear how they link to the suspected immunotoxic mode of action of the chemicals. (iv) At the current state of knowledge, it is impossible to identify a set of immune parameters that could reliably screen for immunotoxic potentials of chemicals. (v) Similarly, in fish immunotoxicology there is insufficient understanding of how and when chemical-induced modulations of molecular/cellular immune changes relate to adverse alterations of fish immunocompetence, although this would be crucial to include immunotoxicity in ecotoxicological risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Rehberger
- a Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Inge Werner
- b Swiss Centre for Applied Ecotoxicology , Dübendorf , Switzerland
| | | | - Helmut Segner
- a Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
| | - Lisa Baumann
- a Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Vetsuisse Faculty , University of Bern , Bern , Switzerland
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11
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Segner H, Verburg-van Kemenade BML, Chadzinska M. The immunomodulatory role of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis: Proximate mechanism for reproduction-immune trade offs? DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 66:43-60. [PMID: 27404794 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present review discusses the communication between the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad (HPG) axis and the immune system of vertebrates, attempting to situate the HPG-immune interaction into the context of life history trade-offs between reproductive and immune functions. More specifically, (i) we review molecular and cellular interactions between hormones of the HPG axis, and, as far as known, the involved mechanisms on immune functions, (ii) we evaluate whether the HPG-immune crosstalk serves as proximate mechanism mediating reproductive-immune trade-offs, and (iii) we ask whether the nature of the HPG-immune interaction is conserved throughout vertebrate evolution, despite the changes in immune functions, reproductive modes, and life histories. In all vertebrate classes studied so far, HPG hormones have immunomodulatory functions, and indications exist that they contribute to reproduction-immunity resource trade-offs, although the very limited information available for most non-mammalian vertebrates makes it difficult to judge how comparable or different the interactions are. There is good evidence that the HPG-immune crosstalk is part of the proximate mechanisms underlying the reproductive-immune trade-offs of vertebrates, but it is only one factor in a complex network of factors and processes. The fact that the HPG-immune interaction is flexible and can adapt to the functional and physiological requirements of specific life histories. Moreover, the assumption of a relatively fixed pattern of HPG influence on immune functions, with, for example, androgens always leading to immunosuppression and estrogens always being immunoprotective, is probably oversimplified, but the HPG-immune interaction can vary depending on the physiological and envoironmental context. Finally, the HPG-immune interaction is not only driven by resource trade-offs, but additional factors such as, for instance, the evolution of viviparity shape this neuroendocrine-immune relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helmut Segner
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Dept of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, P.O. Box, CH-3001, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - B M Lidy Verburg-van Kemenade
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Dept. of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Magdalena Chadzinska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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12
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García-García M, Liarte S, Gómez-González NE, García-Alcázar A, Pérez-Sánchez J, Meseguer J, Mulero V, García-Ayala A, Chaves-Pozo E. Cimetidine disrupts the renewal of testicular cells and the steroidogenesis in a hermaphrodite fish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 189:44-53. [PMID: 27475025 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The importance of histamine in the physiology of the testis in mammals and reptiles has been recently shown. Histamine receptors (Hrs) are well conserved in fish and are functional in several fish species. We report here for the first time that histamine and the mRNA of Hrh1, Hrh2 and Hrh3 are all present in the gonad of the hermaphrodite teleost fish gilthead seabream. Moreover, cimetidine, which acts in vitro as an agonist of Hrh1 and Hrh2 on this species, was intraperitoneally injected in one and two years old gilthead seabream males. After three and five days of cimetidine injection, we found that this compound differently modified the gonadal hrs transcript levels and affects the testicular cell renewal and the gene expression of steroidogenesis-related molecules as well as the serum steroid levels. Our data point to cimetidine as a reproductive disruptor and elucidate a role for histamine in the gonad of this hermaphrodite fish species through Hr signalling.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cimetidine/toxicity
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Endocrine Disruptors/toxicity
- Fish Proteins/drug effects
- Fish Proteins/genetics
- Fish Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gonadal Steroid Hormones/biosynthesis
- Hermaphroditic Organisms
- Histamine H2 Antagonists/toxicity
- Male
- Receptors, Histamine H1/drug effects
- Receptors, Histamine H1/genetics
- Receptors, Histamine H1/metabolism
- Receptors, Histamine H2/drug effects
- Receptors, Histamine H2/genetics
- Receptors, Histamine H2/metabolism
- Receptors, Histamine H3/drug effects
- Receptors, Histamine H3/genetics
- Receptors, Histamine H3/metabolism
- Regeneration/drug effects
- Sea Bream/genetics
- Sea Bream/growth & development
- Sea Bream/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Testis/drug effects
- Testis/metabolism
- Testis/physiopathology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- María García-García
- Sección de Microscopía, Servicio de Apoyo a la Investigación, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain
| | - Sergio Liarte
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Nuria E Gómez-González
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alicia García-Alcázar
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n. Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jaume Pérez-Sánchez
- Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture of Torre la Sal, IATS-CSIC, 12595 Ribera de Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | - José Meseguer
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfonsa García-Ayala
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n. Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain.
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13
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Burgos-Aceves MA, Cohen A, Smith Y, Faggio C. Estrogen regulation of gene expression in the teleost fish immune system. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:42-49. [PMID: 27633675 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the mechanisms of estrogens-induced immunomodulation in teleost fish is of great importance due to the observed worldwide continuing decrease in pristine environments. However, little is know about the immunotoxicological consequences of exposure to these chemicals in fish, or of the mechanisms through which these effects are mediated. In this review, we summarize the results showing estrogens (natural or synthetic) acting through estrogen receptors and regulating specific target genes, also through microRNAs (miRNAs), leading to modulation of the immune functioning. The identification and characterization of miRNAs will provide new opportunities for functional genome research on teleost immune system and can also be useful when screening for novel molecule biomarkers for environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alberto Burgos-Aceves
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas de Noroeste, S.C., Mar Bermejo 195, Col. Playa Palo de Sta. Rita, La Paz BCS, 23090, México
| | - Amit Cohen
- Genomic Data Analysis Unit, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Yoav Smith
- Genomic Data Analysis Unit, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem-Hadassah Medical School, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
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14
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Valero Y, Arizcun M, Esteban MÁ, Bandín I, Olveira JG, Patel S, Cuesta A, Chaves-Pozo E. Nodavirus Colonizes and Replicates in the Testis of Gilthead Seabream and European Sea Bass Modulating Its Immune and Reproductive Functions. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145131. [PMID: 26691348 PMCID: PMC4686992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are threatening pathogens for fish aquaculture. Some of them are transmitted through gonad fluids or gametes as occurs with nervous necrosis virus (NNV). In order to be transmitted through the gonad, the virus should colonize and replicate inside some cell types of this tissue and avoid the subsequent immune response locally. However, whether NNV colonizes the gonad, the cell types that are infected, and how the immune response in the gonad is regulated has never been studied. We have demonstrated for the first time the presence and localization of NNV into the testis after an experimental infection in the European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), and in the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), a very susceptible and an asymptomatic host fish species, respectively. Thus, we localized in the testis viral RNA in both species using in situ PCR and viral proteins in gilthead seabream by immunohistochemistry, suggesting that males might also transmit the virus. In addition, we were able to isolate infective particles from the testis of both species demonstrating that NNV colonizes and replicates into the testis of both species. Blood contamination of the tissues sampled was discarded by completely fish bleeding, furthermore the in situ PCR and immunocytochemistry techniques never showed staining in blood vessels or cells. Moreover, we also determined how the immune and reproductive functions are affected comparing the effects in the testis with those found in the brain, the main target tissue of the virus. Interestingly, NNV triggered the immune response in the European sea bass but not in the gilthead seabream testis. Regarding reproductive functions, NNV infection alters 17β-estradiol and 11-ketotestosterone production and the potential sensitivity of brain and testis to these hormones, whereas there is no disruption of testicular functions according to several reproductive parameters. Moreover, we have also studied the NNV infection of the testis in vitro to assess local responses. Our in vitro results show that the changes observed on the expression of immune and reproductive genes in the testis of both species are different to those observed upon in vivo infections in most of the cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulema Valero
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n. Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Marta Arizcun
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n. Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - M. Ángeles Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Isabel Bandín
- Unidad de Ictiopatología-Patología Viral, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José G. Olveira
- Unidad de Ictiopatología-Patología Viral, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Vida, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sonal Patel
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n. Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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15
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Rodenas MC, Cabas I, Abellán E, Meseguer J, Mulero V, García-Ayala A. Tamoxifen persistently disrupts the humoral adaptive immune response of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 53:283-292. [PMID: 26234710 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing concern about the possible effect of pharmaceutical compounds may have on the fish immune system. Bath exposition of 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), a synthetic estrogen used in oral contraceptives, altered the immune response of the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.), a marine hermaphrodite teleost. Tamoxifen (Tmx) is a selective estrogen-receptor modulator used in hormone replacement therapy, the effects of which are unknown in fish immunity. This study aims to investigate the effects of dietary administration of EE2 (5 μg/g food) and Tmx (100 μg/g food) on the immune response of gilthead seabream, and the capacity of the immune system to recover its functionality after a recovery period. The results show for the first time the reversibility of the effect of EE2 and Tmx on the fish immune response. Tmx promoted a transient alteration in hepatic vitellogenin gene expression of a different magnitude to that produced by EE2. Both, EE2 and Tmx inhibited the induction of interleukin-1β gene expression while reversed the inhibition of ROI production in leukocytes following vaccination. However, none of these effects were observed after ceasing EE2 and Tmx exposure. EE2 and Tmx stimulated the antibody response of vaccinated fish although Tmx, but not EE2, altered the antibody response and modulated the percentage of IgM(+) B lymphocytes of vaccinated fish during the recovery phase. Taken together, our results suggest that EE2 and Tmx might alter the capacity of fish to appropriately respond to infection and show that Tmx has a long-lasting effect on humoral adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Rodenas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - I Cabas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - E Abellán
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain
| | - J Meseguer
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - V Mulero
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - A García-Ayala
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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16
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López-Muñoz A, Liarte S, Gómez-González NE, Cabas I, Meseguer J, García-Ayala A, Mulero V. Estrogen receptor 2b deficiency impairs the antiviral response of zebrafish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 53:55-62. [PMID: 26133072 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Although several studies have demonstrated the ability of some endocrine disruptive chemicals (EDCs) to alter the physiology of zebrafish, the immune-reproductive interaction has received little attention in this species. In this study, we used a homozygous line carrying an insertion of 8 amino acids in the ligand-binding domain of the estrogen receptor 2b gene (esr2b) to further understand the role of estrogen signaling on innate immunity. Adult mutant fish showed distorted sexual ratios related with alterations in testicular morphology and supraphysiological testosterone and 17β-estradiol (E2) levels. Immunity-wise, although esr2b mutant fish showed unaltered antibacterial responses, they were unable to mount an effective antiviral response upon viral challenge. RT-qPCR analysis demonstrated that mutant fish were able to induce the genes encoding major antiviral molecules, including Ifnphi1, Ifnphi2, Infphi3, Mxb and Mxc, and the negative feedback regulator of cytokine signaling Socs1. Notably, although esr2b mutant larvae showed a similar resistance to SVCV infection to their wild type siblings, waterborne E2 increased their viral susceptibility. Similarly, the exposure of adult wild type zebrafish to E2 also resulted in increased susceptibility to SVCV infection. Finally, the administration of recombinant Ifnphi1 hardly reversed the higher viral susceptibility of esr2b mutant zebrafish, suggesting that elevated socs1 levels impair Ifn signaling. All together, these results uncover an important role for E2 and Esr signaling in the fine-tuning of sexual hormone balance and the antiviral response of vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azucena López-Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Sergio Liarte
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Nuria E Gómez-González
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Isabel Cabas
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - José Meseguer
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfonsa García-Ayala
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
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17
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Seemann F, Knigge T, Duflot A, Marie S, Olivier S, Minier C, Monsinjon T. Sensitive periods for 17β-estradiol exposure during immune system development in sea bass head kidney. J Appl Toxicol 2015; 36:815-26. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frauke Seemann
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution; City University Hong Kong; Kowloon Hong Kong
| | - Thomas Knigge
- UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH, Unité Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques (SEBIO), SFR SCALE 4116; Université du Havre; Le Havre France
| | - Aurélie Duflot
- UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH, Unité Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques (SEBIO), SFR SCALE 4116; Université du Havre; Le Havre France
| | - Sabine Marie
- UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH, Unité Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques (SEBIO), SFR SCALE 4116; Université du Havre; Le Havre France
| | - Stéphanie Olivier
- UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH, Unité Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques (SEBIO), SFR SCALE 4116; Université du Havre; Le Havre France
| | - Christophe Minier
- UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH, Unité Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques (SEBIO), SFR SCALE 4116; Université du Havre; Le Havre France
- Office National de l'Eau et des Milieux Aquatiques (ONEMA); Grabels France
| | - Tiphaine Monsinjon
- UMR-I 02 INERIS-URCA-ULH, Unité Stress Environnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques (SEBIO), SFR SCALE 4116; Université du Havre; Le Havre France
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18
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Iwanowicz LR, Stafford JL, Patiño R, Bengten E, Miller NW, Blazer VS. Channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) leukocytes express estrogen receptor isoforms ERα and ERβ2 and are functionally modulated by estrogens. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 40:109-19. [PMID: 24973517 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
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19
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Castillo-Briceño P, Aguila-Martínez S, Liarte S, García Alcázar A, Meseguer J, Mulero V, García-Ayala A. In situ forming microparticle implants for delivery of sex steroids in fish: Modulation of the immune response of gilthead seabream by testosterone. Steroids 2013; 78:26-33. [PMID: 23127815 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Current knowledge on the sensitivity of marine fish to androgenic environmental chemicals is limited, despite the growing interest in the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals. To study in vivo the effects of testosterone (T) on the fish immune response, we used a microencapsulation implant technique, the in situ forming microparticle system, containing 1 mg T/kg body weight (T-ISM), in adult specimens of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.), a species of great economic interest. We demonstrated that implants themselves (without T) have no significant effect on most of the parameters measured. In T-ISM implanted fish, T serum levels reached supraphysiological concentrations accompanied by a slight increase in 11-ketotestosterone and 17β-estradiol levels 21 days post-implantation (dpi). Liver and head-kidney samples were processed 7 and 21 dpi to assess T-ISM effect on (i) the mRNA expression of genes involved in the metabolism of steroid hormones and in the immune response, and (ii) phagocyte activities. The expression profile of cytokines, chemokines and immune receptors was altered in T-ISM implanted animals that showed an early pro-inflammatory tendency, and then, a mixed pro-/anti-inflammatory activation during longer exposure. Furthermore, the enhancement of phagocytic activity and the production of reactive oxygen species by leukocytes 21 dpi in T-ISM implanted specimens suggest fine modulation of the innate immune response by T. Taken together, these data demonstrate for the first time the feasibility of using ISM implants in an aquatic species, and provide new data on the role played by T on the immune response in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Castillo-Briceño
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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20
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Deloffre LAM, Andrade A, Filipe AI, Canario AVM. Reference genes to quantify gene expression during oogenesis in a teleost fish. Gene 2012; 506:69-75. [PMID: 22750322 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular events involved in the acquisition of competence during oogenesis is a key step to determine the secret of 'high quality' eggs for aquaculture. Quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is the technique of election to determine changes in transcript abundance in such studies, but choosing reference genes for normalization, in particular during oogenesis, remains a challenge. In the present study, transcription of 6 functionally distinct genes, β actin (ACTB), cathepsin D (CTSD), cathepsin Z (CTSZ), elongation factor 1 α (EEF1A), TATA binding protein (TBP) and tubulin A (TUBA1A) was assessed as normalizers of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI) gene expression in mRNA from Mozambique tilapia oocytes during oogenesis. Reverse transcription was equally efficient and varies little in all samples. Most of the genes considered for reference were stable during early stages of oogenesis but variations were observed during vitellogenesis. A single gene and up to 3 genes were shown to be insufficient for reliable normalization throughout the whole oogenesis. The combination of the genes ACTB, CTSD, EEF1A and CTSZ as reference was found to minimize variation and has the most stable expression pattern between maturation stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence A M Deloffre
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMar), University of the Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
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21
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Cabas I, Liarte S, García-Alcázar A, Meseguer J, Mulero V, García-Ayala A. 17α-Ethynylestradiol alters the immune response of the teleost gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) both in vivo and in vitro. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 36:547-56. [PMID: 22020196 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing public attention concerning the effect of endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs) on the immune system. One important group belonging to EDCs are the environmental estrogens. Commonly found in the effluents in wastewater treatment plants, 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE(2)) which is used in contraceptive pills, is an endocrine disruptor with strong estrogenic effects. This study aims to investigate the capacity of EE(2) to modulate in vivo and in vitro the innate immune response of the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.), a teleost species of great commercial value. For this purpose, adult specimens were bath-exposed to EE(2) (0, 5 and 50 ng/L) and then immunized with hemocyanin in the presence of the adjuvant aluminum. The results indicate that, after 15 days of EE(2)-exposure, the disruptor was able to inhibit in a dose-dependent manner the induction of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) gene expression, but did not significantly alter the specific antibody titer. To shed light on the role played by EE(2) into seabream immune response, leukocytes were exposed in vitro to several concentrations of EE(2) (0, 0.5, 5, 50 and 500 ng/ml) for 3, 16 and 48 h and the production of reactive oxygen intermediates, the phagocytic activity and the gene expression profile of these cells were analyzed. EE(2) was seen to inhibit both cellular activities and to alter the immune gene expression profile in primary macrophages. Thus, low concentrations of EE(2) increase the mRNA levels of IL-1 β, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor α and tumour growth factor β in non-activated macrophages. In contrast, EE(2) treatment of activated macrophages resulted in the decreased expression of pro-inflammatory genes and the increased expression of genes encoding anti-inflammatory and tissue remodeling/repair enzymes. Taken together, our results suggest that EE(2) might alter the capacity of fish to appropriately respond to infection although it does not behave as an immunosuppressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cabas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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22
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Zhang RC, Chen J, Li CH, Lu XJ, Shi YH. Prokaryotic expression, purification, and refolding of leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 and its effect on gene expression of head kidney-derived macrophages of a teleost fish, ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 31:911-918. [PMID: 21871568 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2011.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte cell-derived chemotaxin 2 (LECT2) is reported to be an immunorelevant protein in ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis). In this study, ayu LECT2 mature peptide (aLECT2m) was expressed as insoluble inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli. The denatured recombinant aLECT2m (raLECT2m) was refolded by a size-exclusion chromatography refolding process achieved by using arginine-containing mobile phase and a decreasing urea gradient. The in vitro chemotactic activity assay showed that the refolded raLECT2m had the bioactivity. By using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) method, we further identified up-regulated genes in ayu macrophages treated with refolded raLECT2m. These genes were tightly involved in endocytosis, hydrolysis, transcriptional regulation, signal transduction, and so on. Moreover, real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) results confirmed that selected 10 genes expression was significantly up-regulated in refolded raLECT2m-treated ayu macrophages. This study provides a basis for further studies of the mechanism of cytokine LECT2 in fish immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Ningbo city 315211, Zhejiang Province, People's Republic of China
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23
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Liarte S, Cabas I, Chaves-Pozo E, Arizcun M, Meseguer J, Mulero V, García-Ayala A. Natural and synthetic estrogens modulate the inflammatory response in the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) through the activation of endothelial cells. Mol Immunol 2011; 48:1917-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2011.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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