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Jacquot Y, Kampa M, Lindsey SH. Editorial: GPER: Control and Functions. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:794344. [PMID: 34912301 PMCID: PMC8666656 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.794344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Jacquot
- CiTCoM, CNRS UMR 8038, INSERM U1268, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marilena Kampa
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Sarah H. Lindsey
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Goldberg J, Pastorello RG, Vallius T, Davis J, Cui YX, Agudo J, Waks AG, Keenan T, McAllister SS, Tolaney SM, Mittendorf EA, Guerriero JL. The Immunology of Hormone Receptor Positive Breast Cancer. Front Immunol 2021; 12:674192. [PMID: 34135901 PMCID: PMC8202289 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.674192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has revolutionized the treatment of cancer patients. The main focus of ICB has been on reinvigorating the adaptive immune response, namely, activating cytotoxic T cells. ICB has demonstrated only modest benefit against advanced breast cancer, as breast tumors typically establish an immune suppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with infiltration of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and patients with TNBC have shown clinical responses to ICB. In contrast, hormone receptor positive (HR+) breast cancer is characterized by low TIL infiltration and minimal response to ICB. Here we review how HR+ breast tumors establish a TME devoid of TILs, have low HLA class I expression, and recruit immune cells, other than T cells, which impact response to therapy. In addition, we review emerging technologies that have been employed to characterize components of the TME to reveal that tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are abundant in HR+ cancer, are highly immune-suppressive, associated with tumor progression, chemotherapy and ICB-resistance, metastasis and poor survival. We reveal novel therapeutic targets and possible combinations with ICB to enhance anti-tumor immune responses, which may have great potential in HR+ breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Goldberg
- Breast Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ricardo G. Pastorello
- Breast Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tuulia Vallius
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Janae Davis
- Breast Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yvonne Xiaoyong Cui
- Breast Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Judith Agudo
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Adrienne G. Waks
- Breast Oncology Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tanya Keenan
- Breast Oncology Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sandra S. McAllister
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Sara M. Tolaney
- Breast Oncology Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Mittendorf
- Breast Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Breast Oncology Program, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Guerriero
- Breast Tumor Immunology Laboratory, Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, United States
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Research at Harvard, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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Jacquot Y, Kampa M, Lindsey SH. Editorial: GPER and Human Pathologies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:794332. [PMID: 34858355 PMCID: PMC8631492 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.794332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yves Jacquot
- CiTCoM, CNRS UMR 8038, INSERM U1268, Faculté de Pharmacie de Paris, Université de Paris, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Yves Jacquot,
| | - Marilena Kampa
- Laboratory of Experimental Endocrinology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Sarah H. Lindsey
- Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, United States
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Maciuszek M, Pijanowski L, Pekala-Safinska A, Palichleb P, Błachut M, Verburg-van Kemenade BML, Chadzińska M. 17α-ethinylestradiol and 4-tert-octylphenol concurrently disrupt the immune response of common carp. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 107:238-250. [PMID: 33038508 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic environment is massively polluted with endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) including synthetic estrogens (e.g. 17α-ethinylestradiol, EE2) and alkylphenols (e.g. 4-tert-octylphenol, 4t-OP). A major mechanism of action for estrogenic EDCs is their interaction with estrogen receptors and consequently their modulation of the action of enzymes involved in steroid conversion e.g. aromatase CYP19. We now studied the effects of EE2 and 4t-OP on the anti-bacterial immune response of common carp. We investigated effects on the number/composition of inflammatory leukocytes and on the gene expression of mediators that regulate inflammation and EDC binding. In vitro we found that high concentrations of both EE2 and 4t-OP down-regulated IFN-γ2 and IFN-γ-dependent immune responses in LPS-stimulated monocytes/macrophages. Similarly, during bacterial infection in fish, in vivo treated with EE2 and 4t-OP, decreased gene expression of il-12p35 and of ifn-γ2 was found in the focus of inflammation. Moreover, during A. salmonicida-induced infection in EE2-treated carp, but not in fish fed with 4t-OP-treated food, we found an enhanced inflammatory reaction manifested by high number of inflammatory peritoneal leukocytes, including phagocytes and higher expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (inos, il-1β, cxcl8_l2). Furthermore, in the liver, EE2 down-regulated the expression of acute phase proteins: CRPs and C3. Importantly, both in vitro and in vivo, EDCs altered the expression of estrogen receptors: nuclear (erα and erβ) and membrane (gpr30). EDCs also induced up-regulation of the cyp19b gene. Our findings reveal that contamination of the aquatic milieu with estrogenic EDCs, may considerably violate the subtle and particular allostatic interactions between the immune response and endogenous estrogens and this may have negative consequences for fish health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Maciuszek
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Lukasz Pijanowski
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Pekala-Safinska
- Department of Fish Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantow Ave., 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Paulina Palichleb
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Michał Błachut
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | | | - Magdalena Chadzińska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland.
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Chen D, Li Q, Chen H, Huang Q, Zeng M. Estrogen receptor regulates immune defense by suppressing NF-κB signaling in the Crassostrea hongkongensis. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2020; 106:796-803. [PMID: 32846244 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The crosstalk between the estrogen receptor (ER) and NF-κB signalling pathways has merged in vertebrates and plays a key role in the control of genes involved in inflammation, cell proliferation and apoptosis. However, such crosstalk between the endocrine and immune systems needs to be explored in lower invertebrates. In this study, we identified a 2856-bp homologue of the estrogen receptor from Hong Kong oyster (ChER), containing a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 234 bp, a 3' UTR of 387 bp, and an open reading frame (ORF) of 2235 bp. We observed that overexpression of ChER suppressed ChRel-dependent NF-kappaB (NF-κB) activation in the HEK293T (human embryonic kidney 293T) cell line, and depletion of ChER in vivo resulted in upregulation of two NF-κB-responsive marker genes, namely, TNF-α and IL-17, which confirmed its potential role in controlling NF-κB signalling. Furthermore, an EMSA (electrophoretic mobility shift assay) showed that ChER could negatively regulate the binding of ChRel to NF-κB probe-responsive elements. Serial domain requirement analysis showed that both region C (DNA-binding domain) and region E (ligand-binding domain) of ChER were essential for mediating the crosstalk underlying ChER-dependent NF-κB suppression. In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time the negative regulatory role of the ER in NF-κB signalling in oysters, strongly indicating the presence of complex crosstalk between the endocrine and immune systems in lower marine molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qiuhong Li
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hongmei Chen
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Qingsong Huang
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Manhong Zeng
- School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics of Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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Hruschka N, Kalisz M, Subijana M, Graña-Castro O, Del Cano-Ochoa F, Brunet LP, Chernukhin I, Sagrera A, De Reynies A, Kloesch B, Chin SF, Burgués O, Andreu D, Bermejo B, Cejalvo JM, Sutton J, Caldas C, Ramón-Maiques S, Carroll JS, Prat A, Real FX, Martinelli P. The GATA3 X308_Splice breast cancer mutation is a hormone context-dependent oncogenic driver. Oncogene 2020; 39:5455-5467. [PMID: 32587399 PMCID: PMC7410826 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1376-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
As the catalog of oncogenic driver mutations is expanding, it becomes clear that alterations in a given gene might have different functions and should not be lumped into one class. The transcription factor GATA3 is a paradigm of this. We investigated the functions of the most common GATA3 mutation (X308_Splice) and five additional mutations, which converge into a neoprotein that we called "neoGATA3," associated with excellent prognosis in patients. Analysis of available molecular data from >3000 breast cancer patients revealed a dysregulation of the ER-dependent transcriptional response in tumors carrying neoGATA3-generating mutations. Mechanistic studies in vitro showed that neoGATA3 interferes with the transcriptional programs controlled by estrogen and progesterone receptors, without fully abrogating them. ChIP-Seq analysis indicated that ER binding is reduced in neoGATA3-expressing cells, especially at distal regions, suggesting that neoGATA3 interferes with the fine tuning of ER-dependent gene expression. This has opposite outputs in distinct hormonal context, having pro- or anti-proliferative effects, depending on the estrogen/progesterone ratio. Our data call for functional analyses of putative cancer drivers to guide clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Hruschka
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mark Kalisz
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Subijana
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Osvaldo Graña-Castro
- Bioinformatics Unit, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Del Cano-Ochoa
- Department of Genome Dynamics and Function, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Laia Paré Brunet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Igor Chernukhin
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 ORE, UK
| | - Ana Sagrera
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aurelien De Reynies
- Programme Cartes d'Identité des Tumeurs, Ligue Nationale Contre le Cancer, 75013, Paris, France
| | - Bernhard Kloesch
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Suet-Feung Chin
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Octavio Burgués
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- Pathology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario-CIBERONC, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Andreu
- Laboratory of Proteomics and Protein Chemistry, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Begoña Bermejo
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- Oncology and Hematology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario-CIBERONC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Miguel Cejalvo
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- Oncology and Hematology Department, Hospital Clínico Universitario-CIBERONC, Valencia, Spain
| | - Joe Sutton
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 ORE, UK
| | - Carlos Caldas
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Santiago Ramón-Maiques
- Department of Genome Dynamics and Function, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jason S Carroll
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Robinson Way, Cambridge, CB2 ORE, UK
| | - Aleix Prat
- Department of Medical Oncology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
- Translational Genomics and Targeted Therapeutics in Solid Tumors, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco X Real
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paola Martinelli
- Institute of Cancer Research, Medical University Vienna, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vienna, Austria.
- Epithelial Carcinogenesis Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre-CNIO, CIBERONC, Madrid, Spain.
- Cancer Cell Signaling Department, Boehringer-Ingelheim RCV, Vienna, Austria.
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Peng L, Zhang Z, Zhao D, Zhao J, Mao F, Sun Q. Discordance of immunohistochemical markers between primary and recurrent or metastatic breast cancer: A retrospective analysis of 107 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e20738. [PMID: 32569215 PMCID: PMC7310874 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000020738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a discordance in the immunohistochemical markers between primary breast cancer and recurrent or metastatic breast cancer. This study aimed to assess the recent trends and prognostic features in the treatment of recurrent or metastatic breast cancerOverall, 107 patients were identified from January 2001 to August 2018 at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing, and People's Republic of China to obtain a cohort of breast carcinoma patients who were confirmed to have recurrent or metastatic breast cancer by histopathology. We evaluated patient and tumor characteristics and examined the relationships between these factors and prognosis.The estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) positivity, and Ki67 index in primary breast cancer were 63.6% (68/107), 58.9% (63/107), 19.8% (21/106) and 75.8% (75/99), respectively, while those in recurrent or metastatic lesions were 60.6% (65/107) (P = .672), 46.7% (50/107) (P = 0.013), 23.8% (25/105) (P = 0.482)and 83.5%(81/97)(P = 0.178), respectively. The discordance rate of HER2 expression was 10.6% (11/104), while that of PR expression was 23.3% (21/90). HER2 was the most stable biomarker. The discordance rates for luminal A and HER2 were as high as 100% and 25%, respectively, while the luminal B and triple negative values were as low as 8.3% and 5.3%, respectively.ER and PR positivity and the Ki-67 index tended to increase due to recurrence or metastases; however, the discordance for PR and Ki-67 was high. PR is more variable than ER in the expression of primary and recurrent or metastatic breast cancer. The expression of HER2 receptor was the most stable and the discordance rate of triple negative breast cancer was the lowest. Therefore, although changes in biomarkers are due to recurrence or metastasis, pathological confirmation and exploration of markers are very important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Peng
- Department of Breast Surgery
| | | | - Dachun Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
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Segovia-Mendoza M, Morales-Montor J. Immune Tumor Microenvironment in Breast Cancer and the Participation of Estrogen and Its Receptors in Cancer Physiopathology. Front Immunol 2019; 10:348. [PMID: 30881360 PMCID: PMC6407672 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is characterized by cellular and molecular heterogeneity. Several molecular events are involved in controlling malignant cell process. In this sense, the importance of studying multiple cell alterations in this pathology is overriding. A well-identified fact on immune response is that it can vary depend on sex. Steroid hormones and their receptors may regulate different functions and the responses of several subpopulations of the immune system. Few reports are focused on the function of estrogen receptors (ERs) on immune cells and their roles in different breast cancer subtypes. Thus, the aim of this review is to investigate the immune infiltrating tumor microenvironment and prognosis conferred by it in different breast cancer subtypes, discuss the current knowledge and point out the roles of estrogens and its receptors on the infiltrating immune cells, as well as to identify how different immune subsets are modulated after anti-hormonal treatments in breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jorge Morales-Montor
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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Nowak K, Jabłońska E, Ratajczak-Wrona W. Neutrophils life under estrogenic and xenoestrogenic control. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 186:203-211. [PMID: 30381249 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over 100 years ago, scientists had identified cells that represent the most abundant population of peripheral blood leukocytes; they called this population neutrophils. Day by day, the knowledge specific to neutrophils is augmented with new and often surprising aspects and facts about neutrophils' life or death. Estrogens (estrone, estriol, and estradiol) are relevant for the regulation of immune responses that are related with neutrophils. An understanding of the molecular mechanism of the action of endogenous hormones allows us to predict the effects of the substances that commonly occur in an environment with estrogen-like properties (xenoestrogens (e.g., bisphenol A, DDT, tributyltin, polychlorinated biphenyls, nonylphenol and octylphenol)). Therefore, we summarize current literature on the impact of estrogens and xenoestrogens, on each aspect of neutrophil life, as well as describe its mechanism of actions in neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Nowak
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Ewa Jabłońska
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Bialystok, Poland
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Cabas I, Chaves-Pozo E, Mulero V, García-Ayala A. Role of estrogens in fish immunity with special emphasis on GPER1. Dev Comp Immunol 2018; 89:102-110. [PMID: 30092317 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
It is well accepted that estrogens, the primary female sex hormones, play a key role in modulating different aspects of the immune response. Moreover, estrogens have been linked with the sexual dimorphism observed in some immune disorders, such as chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Nevertheless, their effects are often controversial and depend on several factors, such as the pool of estrogen receptors (ERs) involved in the response. Their classical mode of action is through nuclear ERs, which act as transcription factors, promoting the regulation of target genes. However, it has long been noted that some of the estrogen-mediated effects cannot be explained by these classical receptors, since they are rapid and mediated by non-genomic signaling pathways. Hence, the interest in membrane ERs, especially in G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 (GPER1), has grown in recent years. Although the presence of nuclear ERs, and ER signaling, in immune cells in mammals and fish has been well documented, information on membrane ERs is much scarcer. In this context, the present manuscript aims to review our knowledge concerning the effect of estrogens on fish immunity, with special emphasis on GPER1. For example, the numerous tools developed over recent years allowed us to report for the first time that the regulation of fish granulocyte functions by estrogens through GPER1 predates the split of fish and tetrapods more than 450 million years ago, pointing to the relevance of estrogens as modulators of the immune responses, and the pivotal role of GPER1 in immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cabas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Murcia, Spain
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfonsa García-Ayala
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
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Lertjanyakun V, Chaiyakunapruk N, Kunisawa S, Imanaka Y. Cost-Effectiveness of Second-Line Endocrine Therapies in Postmenopausal Women with Hormone Receptor-positive and Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-negative Metastatic Breast Cancer in Japan. Pharmacoeconomics 2018; 36:1113-1124. [PMID: 29707743 DOI: 10.1007/s40273-018-0660-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exemestane (EXE), exemestane + everolimus (EXE + EVE), toremifene (TOR), and fulvestrant (FUL) are second-line endocrine therapies for postmenopausal hormone receptor-positive (HR +)/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-negative (HER2 -) metastatic breast cancer (mBC) in Japan. Although the efficacy of these therapies has been shown in recent studies, cost-effectiveness has not yet been determined in Japan. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the cost-effectiveness of second-line endocrine therapies for the treatment of postmenopausal women with HR + and HER2 - mBC. METHODS A Markov model was developed to analyze the cost-effectiveness of the therapies over a 15-year time horizon from a public healthcare payer's perspective. The efficacy and utility parameters were determined via a systematic search of the literature. Direct medical care costs were used. A discount rate of 2% was applied for costs and outcomes. Subgroup analysis was performed for non-visceral metastasis. A series of sensitivity analyses, including probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) and threshold analysis were performed. RESULTS Base-case analyses estimated incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs) of 3 million and 6 million Japanese yen (JPY)/quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained for TOR and FUL 500 mg relative to EXE, respectively. FUL 250 mg and EXE + EVE were dominated. The overall survival (OS) highly influenced the ICER. With a willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of 5 million JPY/QALY, the probability of TOR being cost-effective was the highest. Subgroup analysis in non-visceral metastasis revealed 0.4 and 10% reduction in ICER from the base-case results of FUL5 500 mg versus EXE and TOR versus EXE, respectively, while threshold analysis indicated EVE and FUL prices should be reduced 73 and 30%, respectively. CONCLUSION As a second-line therapy for postmenopausal women with HR +/HER2 - mBC, TOR may be cost-effective relative to other alternatives and seems to be the most favorable choice, based on a WTP threshold of 5 million JPY/QALY. FUL 250 mg is expected to be as costly and effective as EXE. The cost-effectiveness of EXE + EVE and FUL 500 mg could be improved by a large price reduction. However, the results are highly sensitive to the hazard ratio of OS. Policy makers should carefully interpret and utilize these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verin Lertjanyakun
- Department of Healthcare Economics and Quality Management, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nathorn Chaiyakunapruk
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Pharmaceutical Outcomes Research, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Asian Centre for Evidence Synthesis in Population, Implementation and Clinical Outcomes, Health and Well-being Cluster, Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Susumu Kunisawa
- Department of Healthcare Economics and Quality Management, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yuichi Imanaka
- Department of Healthcare Economics and Quality Management, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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12
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Liebmann M, Hucke S, Koch K, Eschborn M, Ghelman J, Chasan AI, Glander S, Schädlich M, Kuhlencord M, Daber NM, Eveslage M, Beyer M, Dietrich M, Albrecht P, Stoll M, Busch KB, Wiendl H, Roth J, Kuhlmann T, Klotz L. Nur77 serves as a molecular brake of the metabolic switch during T cell activation to restrict autoimmunity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E8017-E8026. [PMID: 30072431 PMCID: PMC6112725 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1721049115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells critically depend on reprogramming of metabolic signatures to meet the bioenergetic demands during activation and clonal expansion. Here we identify the transcription factor Nur77 as a cell-intrinsic modulator of T cell activation. Nur77-deficient T cells are highly proliferative, and lack of Nur77 is associated with enhanced T cell activation and increased susceptibility for T cell-mediated inflammatory diseases, such as CNS autoimmunity, allergic contact dermatitis and collagen-induced arthritis. Importantly, Nur77 serves as key regulator of energy metabolism in T cells, restricting mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis and controlling switching between different energy pathways. Transcriptional network analysis revealed that Nur77 modulates the expression of metabolic genes, most likely in close interaction with other transcription factors, especially estrogen-related receptor α. In summary, we identify Nur77 as a transcriptional regulator of T cell metabolism, which elevates the threshold for T cell activation and confers protection in different T cell-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmunity
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mitochondria/genetics
- Mitochondria/immunology
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/immunology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/metabolism
- Oxygen Consumption/immunology
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/immunology
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- ERRalpha Estrogen-Related Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Liebmann
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hucke
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Kathrin Koch
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Melanie Eschborn
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Julia Ghelman
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Achmet I Chasan
- Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Shirin Glander
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Martin Schädlich
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Meike Kuhlencord
- Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Niklas M Daber
- Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Maria Eveslage
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Marc Beyer
- Department of Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
- Molecular Immunology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Dietrich
- Department of Neurology, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Philipp Albrecht
- Department of Neurology, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Monika Stoll
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, Institute of Human Genetics, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Karin B Busch
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Heinz Wiendl
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Johannes Roth
- Institute of Immunology, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Tanja Kuhlmann
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Luisa Klotz
- Department of Neurology with Institute of Translational Neurology, University Hospital Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany;
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13
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Pietribiasi F, Gugliotta P, Racca S, Di Carlo F, Bussolati G. A Combined Histological, Immunocytochemical and Biochemical Approach in the Evaluation of Estrogen Receptors in Breast Carcinomas. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 1:9-14. [PMID: 2826620 DOI: 10.1177/172460088600100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Correlation of structural and functional data might lead to better identification of hormone-dependent tumors. Sixty breast cancer specimens, sent to the biochemistry laboratory for estrogen receptor (ER) analysis, were studied here by a combined morpho-functional approach. Histological examination of needle biopsies on frozen tissue blocks showed that 12 cases (10%) were free of tumor cells; these cases mostly proved ER negative. On the other 48 cases, an immunocytochemical reaction was performed on the biopsy sections with a monoclonal antibody directed against p 29, an estrogen receptor related antigen. The staining values for p 29 and the biochemical ER findings were significantly correlated. A combined histological, immunocytochemical study seems to offer advantages in the selection of patients for hormonal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pietribiasi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Turin
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14
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Gómez González NE, Cabas I, Rodenas MC, Arizcun M, Mulero V, García Ayala A. 17α-Ethynylestradiol alters the peritoneal immune response of gilthead seabream. Dev Comp Immunol 2017; 76:143-149. [PMID: 28595972 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
17α-Ethynylestradiol (EE2), a synthetic estrogen used in most oral contraceptives pills and hormone replacement therapies, is found in many water bodies, where it can modulate the fish immune response. EE2 acts as an endocrine disruptor in gilthead seabream, Sparus aurata L., a marine teleost fish of great economic value in Mediterranean aquaculture, as it induces hepatic vitellogenin gene (vtg) expression. Moreover, EE2 also alters the capacity of gilthead seabream to appropriately respond to infection although it does not behave as an immunosuppressor. Nevertheless, these previous studies have mainly focused on the head kidney leukocytes and no information exists on peritoneal leukocytes, including mast cells. In the present work, juvenile gilthead seabream fish were fed a pellet diet supplemented with EE2 for 76 days and intraperitoneally injected with hemocyanin plus imject alum adjuvant at the end of EE2 treatment and 92 days later, and the peritoneal immune response was analyzed. EE2 supplementation induced vtg expression but returned to basal levels by 3 months post-treatment. Interestingly, gilthead seabream peritoneal leukocytes express the genes encoding for the nuclear estrogen receptor α and the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor 1 and the dietary intake of EE2 induced these expression. Moreover, EE2 induced an inflammatory response in the peritoneal cavity in unvaccinated fish, which was largely maintained for several months after the cessation of the treatment. However, the impact of EE2 in vaccinated fish was rather minor and transient. Taken together, the study provides fresh information about endocrine immune disruption, focusing on peritoneal leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N E Gómez González
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - I Cabas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M C Rodenas
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M Arizcun
- Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain
| | - V Mulero
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - A García Ayala
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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15
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He X, Ma S, Tian Y, Wei C, Zhu Y, Li F, Zhang P, Wang P, Zhang Y, Zhong H. ERRα negatively regulates type I interferon induction by inhibiting TBK1-IRF3 interaction. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006347. [PMID: 28591144 PMCID: PMC5476288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen-related receptor α (ERRα) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily controlling energy homeostasis; however, its precise role in regulating antiviral innate immunity remains to be clarified. Here, we showed that ERRα deficiency conferred resistance to viral infection both in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, ERRα inhibited the production of type-I interferon (IFN-I) and the expression of multiple interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Furthermore, we found that viral infection induced TBK1-dependent ERRα stabilization, which in turn associated with TBK1 and IRF3 to impede the formation of TBK1-IRF3, IRF3 phosphorylation, IRF3 dimerization, and the DNA binding affinity of IRF3. The effect of ERRα on IFN-I production was independent of its transcriptional activity and PCG-1α. Notably, ERRα chemical inhibitor XCT790 has broad antiviral potency. This work not only identifies ERRα as a critical negative regulator of antiviral signaling, but also provides a potential target for future antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shengli Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yinyin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P.R. China
- Institute of Healthy Science, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Congwen Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yongjie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P.R. China
- Institute of Healthy Science, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Feng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P.R. China
- Institute of Healthy Science, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Pingping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Penghao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, P.R. China
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16
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Abstract
This study demonstrates that low doses (somewhat above the No Observed Adverse Effect Level, NOAEL) of the mycoestrogen zearalenone (ZEN) and its metabolites display multispecificity towards various biological targets in gilts. The observed responses in gilts were surprising. The presence of ZEN and zearalenols (ZELs) did not evoke a response in the porcine gastrointestinal tract, which was attributed to dietary tolerance. Lymphocyte proliferation was intensified in jejunal mesenteric lymph nodes, and lymphocyte counts increased in the jejunal epithelium with time of exposure. In the distal digestive tract, fecal bacterial counts decreased, the activity of fecal bacterial enzymes and lactic acid bacteria increased, and cecal water was characterized by higher genotoxicity. The accompanying hyperestrogenism led to changes in mRNA activity of selected enzymes (cytochrome P450, hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, nitric oxide synthases) and receptors (estrogen and progesterone receptors), and it stimulated post-translational modifications which play an important role in non-genomic mechanisms of signal transmission. Hyperestrogenism influences the regulation of the host's steroid hormones (estron, estradiol and progesteron), it affects the virulence of bacterial genes encoding bacterial hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs), and it participates in detoxification processes by slowing down intestinal activity, provoking energy deficits and promoting antiporter activity at the level of enterocytes. In most cases, hyperestrogenism fulfils all of the above roles. The results of this study indicate that low doses of ZEN alleviate inflammatory processes in the digestive system, in particular in the proximal and distal intestinal tract, and increase body weight gains in gilts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Gajęcka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
- Department of Epizootiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/01, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Zielonka
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Maciej Gajęcki
- Department of Veterinary Prevention and Feed Hygiene, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 13/29, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland.
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17
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Jones BG, Penkert RR, Xu B, Fan Y, Neale G, Gearhart PJ, Hurwitz JL. Binding of estrogen receptors to switch sites and regulatory elements in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus of activated B cells suggests a direct influence of estrogen on antibody expression. Mol Immunol 2016; 77:97-102. [PMID: 27494228 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Females and males differ in antibody isotype expression patterns and in immune responses to foreign- and self-antigens. For example, systemic lupus erythematosus is a condition that associates with the production of isotype-skewed anti-self antibodies, and exhibits a 9:1 female:male disease ratio. To explain differences between B cell responses in males and females, we sought to identify direct interactions of the estrogen receptor (ER) with the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus. This effort was encouraged by our previous identification of estrogen response elements (ERE) in heavy chain switch (S) regions. We conducted a full-genome chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis (ChIP-seq) using DNA from LPS-activated B cells and an ERα-specific antibody. Results revealed ER binding to a wide region of DNA, spanning sequences from the JH cluster to Cδ, with peaks in Eμ and Sμ sites. Additional peaks of ERα binding were coincident with hs1,2 and hs4 sites in the 3' regulatory region (3'RR) of the heavy chain locus. This first demonstration of direct binding of ER to key regulatory elements in the immunoglobulin locus supports our hypothesis that estrogen and other nuclear hormone receptors and ligands may directly influence antibody expression and class switch recombination (CSR). Our hypothesis encourages the conduct of new experiments to evaluate the consequences of ER binding. A better understanding of ER:DNA interactions in the immunoglobulin heavy chain locus, and respective mechanisms, may ultimately translate to better control of antibody expression, better protection against pathogens, and prevention of pathologies caused by auto-immune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart G Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Rhiannon R Penkert
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Beisi Xu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Geoff Neale
- Hartwell Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Patricia J Gearhart
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Julia L Hurwitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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18
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Shui R, Yang W. [Antibodies in the immunohistochemical detection of estrogen and progesterone receptor status in breast carcinoma]. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 2015; 44:229-231. [PMID: 25975902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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19
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Deak T, Quinn M, Cidlowski JA, Victoria NC, Murphy AZ, Sheridan JF. Neuroimmune mechanisms of stress: sex differences, developmental plasticity, and implications for pharmacotherapy of stress-related disease. Stress 2015; 18:367-80. [PMID: 26176590 PMCID: PMC4813310 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2015.1053451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed profound growth in studies examining the role of fundamental neuroimmune processes as key mechanisms that might form a natural bridge between normal physiology and pathological outcomes. Rooted in core concepts from psychoneuroimmunology, this review utilizes a succinct, exemplar-driven approach of several model systems that contribute significantly to our knowledge of the mechanisms by which neuroimmune processes interact with stress physiology. Specifically, we review recent evidence showing that (i) stress challenges produce time-dependent and stressor-specific patterns of cytokine/chemokine expression in the CNS; (ii) inflammation-related genes exhibit unique expression profiles in males and females depending upon individual, cooperative or antagonistic interactions between steroid hormone receptors (estrogen and glucocorticoid receptors); (iii) adverse social experiences incurred through repeated social defeat engage a dynamic process of immune cell migration from the bone marrow to brain and prime neuroimmune function and (iv) early developmental exposure to an inflammatory stimulus (carageenin injection into the hindpaw) has a lasting influence on stress reactivity across the lifespan. As such, the present review provides a theoretical framework for understanding the role that neuroimmune mechanisms might play in stress plasticity and pathological outcomes, while at the same time pointing toward features of the individual (sex, developmental experience, stress history) that might ultimately be used for the development of personalized strategies for therapeutic intervention in stress-related pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terrence Deak
- Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University-SUNY, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000
- Address correspondence to: Terrence Deak, Ph.D., , Phone: 607-777-5918
| | - Matt Quinn
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - John A. Cidlowski
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Nicole C. Victoria
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, PO Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30302-5030
| | - Anne Z. Murphy
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Petit Science Center, PO Box 5030, Atlanta, GA 30302-5030
| | - John F. Sheridan
- The Ohio State University College of Dentistry and Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210
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20
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Ortona E, Pierdominici M, Berstein L. Autoantibodies to estrogen receptors and their involvement in autoimmune diseases and cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2014; 144 Pt B:260-7. [PMID: 25038321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of estrogens, which influence many physiologic processes, has been shown in the development or progression of several diseases including some cancers, most notably breast cancer, and autoimmune disorders. Estrogenic signal is transferred via estrogen receptors (ER) which have dual localization, predominantly intracellular but also in plasma membrane. The discovery of membrane-associated ER (mER) has greatly expanded our understanding of estrogen action; upon ligand binding, mER rapidly activate different signaling pathways inducing downstream transcription factors. Some target genes of the mER pathway may be activated independently of the intracellular ER. Additionally, intracellular ER action can be modulated by mER-initiated signaling. Most notably, the identification of autoantibodies reacting with ER (ERAB) and their possible pathogenic role in autoimmunity and cancer have opened a new path for the research in the estrogen-related receptor activity. In this review, we briefly recapitulate the localization and function of ER and mostly discuss the possible role of ERAB as novel potential prognostic and/or predictive tools in autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ortona
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Istituto San Raffaele Sulmona, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Marina Pierdominici
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - Lev Berstein
- Laboratory of Oncoendocrinology, N.N. Petrov Research Institute of Oncology, St. Petersburg, Russia
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21
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Li R, Xu W, Chen Y, Qiu W, Shu Y, Wu A, Dai Y, Bao J, Lu Z, Hu X. Raloxifene suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and NF-κB-dependent CCL20 expression in reactive astrocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94320. [PMID: 24722370 PMCID: PMC3983123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent clinical data have led to the consideration of sexual steroids as new potential therapeutic tools for multiple sclerosis. Selective estrogen receptor modulators can exhibit neuroprotective effects like estrogen, with fewer systemic estrogen side effects than estrogen, offering a more promising therapeutic modality for multiple sclerosis. The important role of astrocytes in a proinflammatory effect mediated by CCL20 signaling on inflammatory cells has been documented. Their potential contribution to selective estrogen receptor modulator-mediated protection is still unknown. Using a mouse model of chronic neuroinflammation, we report that raloxifene, a selective estrogen receptor modulator, alleviated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis–an animal model of multiple sclerosis–and decreased astrocytic production of CCL20. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunohistochemistry imaging and transwell migration assays revealed that reactive astrocytes express CCL20, which promotes Th17 cell migration. In cultured rodent astrocytes, raloxifene inhibited IL-1β-induced CCL20 expression and chemotaxis ability for Th17 migration, whereas the estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780 blocked this effect. Western blotting further indicated that raloxifene suppresses IL-1β-induced NF-κB activation (phosphorylation of p65) and translocation but does not affect phosphorylation of IκB. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that raloxifene provides robust neuroprotection against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, partially via an inhibitory action on CCL20 expression and NF-κB pathways in reactive astrocytes. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the critical roles of raloxifene in treating experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and uncover reactive astrocytes as a new target for the inhibitory action of estrogen receptors on chemokine CCL20 expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Astrocytes/drug effects
- Astrocytes/pathology
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL20/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokine CCL20/genetics
- Chemokine CCL20/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Estradiol/analogs & derivatives
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Female
- Fulvestrant
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- NF-kappa B/genetics
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Raloxifene Hydrochloride/pharmacology
- Receptors, Estrogen/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/immunology
- Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
- Th17 Cells/drug effects
- Th17 Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wei Qiu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yaqing Shu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Aimin Wu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yongqiang Dai
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jian Bao
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhengqi Lu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xueqiang Hu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
- * E-mail:
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22
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Balderas-Peña LMA, Sat-Muñoz D, Castro Cervantes JM, Ramírez-Orozco RE, Ángeles-Bueno WG, Flores-Márquez MR, Macías-López GG, Ruiz-Quezada SL, Salcedo-Rocha AL, García de Alba-García JE, Solano-Murillo P. [Adiposity percentage relationship with hormone receptors immunoreactive score in breast cancer mexican women]. NUTR HOSP 2013; 28:1321-1329. [PMID: 23889659 DOI: 10.3305/nh.2013.28.4.6470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adipose tissue is an important estrogen resource and they are involved in breast cancer development. OBJECTIVE To establish the relationship between adiposity percentage and the estrogen and progesterone receptors immunoreactive score in Mexican women with breast cancer. METHODS This is a transversal and analytical study. We identified breast cancer women with cancer histologic diagnosis. We calculated: adiposity percentage and immunoreactive score. We performed correlation analysis between adiposity percentage, body mass index, diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension, with estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer samples. We perform logistic regression and Odds Ratio estimations. RESULTS We studied 43 patients with breast cancer and we observed association between adiposity percentage and estrogen and progesterone immnunoreactive score (rP 0.470; p 0.003 and rP 0.328; p 0.042, respectively). The most important risk factor in breast cancer positive to estrogen receptors was obesity (OR 19.1, IC95% 2.1 a 169.1, p 0.008), and previous obesity in breast cancer positive to progesterone receptors (OR 20.7, IC95% 2.3 a 185.9, p 0.007). DISCUSSION Adiposity percentage is an important risk factor to develop breast cancer positive to hormone receptors related with the risk of breast cancer positive to hormonal receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz-Ma-Adriana Balderas-Peña
- Unidad de Investigación Médica en Epidemiología Clínica, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Hospital de Especialidades, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Jalisco, México.
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23
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Qi CJ, Ning YL, Han YS, Min HY, Ye H, Zhu YL, Qian KQ. Autologous dendritic cell vaccine for estrogen receptor (ER)/progestin receptor (PR) double-negative breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2012; 61:1415-24. [PMID: 22290073 PMCID: PMC11029792 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE A wealth of preclinical information, as well as a modest amount of clinical information, indicates that dendritic cell vaccines have therapeutic potential. The aim of this work was to assess the immune response, disease progression, and post-treatment survival of ER/PR double-negative stage II/IIIA breast cancer patients vaccinated with autologous dendritic cells pulsed with autologous tumor lysates. METHODS Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines were generated from CD14+ precursors pulsed with autologous tumor lysates. DCs were matured with defined factors that induced surface marker and cytokine production. Individuals were immunized intradermally four times. Specific delayed type IV hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction, ex vivo cytokine production, and lymphocyte subsets were determined for the evaluation of the therapeutic efficiency. Overall survival and disease progression rates were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier curves and compared with those of contemporaneous patients who were not administered DC vaccines. RESULTS There were no unanticipated or serious adverse effects. DC vaccines elicited Th1 cytokine secretion and increased NK cells, CD8+ IFN-+ cells but decreased the percentage of CD3+ T cells and CD3+ HLA-DR+ T cells in the peripheral blood. Approximately 58% (18/31) of patients had a DTH-positive reaction. There was no difference in overall survival between the patients with and without DC vaccine. The 3-year progression-free survival was significantly prolonged: 76.9% versus 31.0% (with vs. without DC vaccine, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings strongly suggest that tumor lysate-pulsed DCs provide a standardized and widely applicable source of breast cancer antigens that are very effective in evoking anti-breast cancer immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jian Qi
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital, Changzhou, 213003 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Ling Ning
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital, Changzhou, 213003 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ye-Shan Han
- Central Laboratory, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hai-Yan Min
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital, Changzhou, 213003 People’s Republic of China
| | - Heng Ye
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital, Changzhou, 213003 People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Lan Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital, Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke-Qing Qian
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou No. 2 People’s Hospital, Changzhou, 213003 People’s Republic of China
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24
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Esch AM, Thompson NE, Lamberski JA, Mertz JE, Burgess RR. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies to estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) and use in immunoaffinity chromatography. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 84:47-58. [PMID: 22565152 PMCID: PMC3587309 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα) is an orphan nuclear receptor whose elevated expression is thought to contribute to breast, colon, and ovarian cancers. In order to investigate the role of ERRα in human disease, there is a need for immunological reagents suitable for detection and purification of ERRα. We expressed recombinant human ERRα in Escherichia coli, purified the protein, and used it to generate monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to ERRα. Nine high-affinity mAbs were chosen for their abilities to detect overexpressed ERRα in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and Western blots, after which isotyping and preliminary epitope mapping was performed. The mAbs were all IgG subtypes and reacted with several different regions of full-length ERRα. A majority of the mAbs were found to be useful for immunoprecipitation of ERRα, and several could detect DNA-bound ERRα in electrophoretic mobility supershift assays (EMSAs) and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). The suitability of mAbs to detect ERRα in immunofluorescence assays was assessed. One mAb in particular, 2ERR10, could specifically detect endogenous ERRα in mammary carcinoma cells. Finally, we performed assays to screen for mAbs that gently release ERRα in the presence of a low-molecular-weight polyhydroxylated compound (polyol) and nonchaotropic salt. Using gentle immunoaffinity chromatography, we were able to isolate ERRα from mammalian cells by eluting with a polyol-salt solution. Our characterization studies show that these monoclonal antibodies perform well in a variety of biochemical assays. We anticipate that these novel reagents will prove useful for the detection and purification of ERRα in research and clinical applications.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromatography, Affinity/methods
- Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assay
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Female
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique
- HEK293 Cells
- Histidine/chemistry
- Histidine/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Oligopeptides/chemistry
- Oligopeptides/metabolism
- Polymers/chemistry
- Receptors, Estrogen/chemistry
- Receptors, Estrogen/immunology
- Receptors, Estrogen/isolation & purification
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism
- Transfection
- ERRalpha Estrogen-Related Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M. Esch
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Nancy E. Thompson
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Jennifer A. Lamberski
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Janet E. Mertz
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Richard R. Burgess
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
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25
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Subramanian S, Miller LM, Grafe MR, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. Contribution of GPR30 for 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D₃ protection in EAE. Metab Brain Dis 2012; 27:29-35. [PMID: 21994003 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-011-9266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that vitamin D3-mediated protection in EAE occurs only in females and is dependent on the presence of diestrus levels of 17β-estradiol (E2). To evaluate the role of estrogen receptors in vitamin D3 treatment of EAE, we compared disease severity, CNS histopathology and immunological responses in vehicle and calcitrol (1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D₃) treated WT C57BL/6 mice vs. GPR30 membrane estrogen receptor (MER) knockout mice with MOG-35-55 peptide-induced EAE. Our results demonstrated that vitamin D₃-mediated prevention of clinical signs, CNS cellular lesions and demyelination observed in WT mice was abrogated in GPR30-KO mice with EAE. Regulatory effects of vitamin D₃ treatment that were MER dependent included increased levels of IL-10 and IL-6 secreted by MOG peptide-reactive splenocytes and increased expression of CCL5, CCR1 & CCR3 in spleen tissue. These results demonstrate for the first time that the MER is a key contributor to the E2-dependent effects of vitamin D₃-mediated protection in EAE.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcitriol/therapeutic use
- Chemokine CCL5/metabolism
- Cytoprotection
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Glycoproteins/adverse effects
- Glycoproteins/immunology
- Humans
- Interleukin-10/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-6/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Peptide Fragments/adverse effects
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Receptors, CCR1/metabolism
- Receptors, CCR3/metabolism
- Receptors, Chemokine/immunology
- Receptors, Chemokine/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/immunology
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Subramanian
- Neuroimmunology Research, R&D-31, Portland Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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26
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Kiyohara T, Takahashi H, Kumakiri M. Supernumerary breast tissue with Toker cells clinically and dermoscopically mimicking atrophic dermatofibroma: the efficacy of estrogen receptor immunoreactivity. J Dermatol 2011; 39:873-5. [PMID: 22168245 DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2011.01443.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Due to the female predominance of autoimmune diseases, the role of gender and sex hormones in the immune system is of long-term interest. Estrogen's primary effects are mediated via estrogen receptors alpha and beta (ER α/β) that are expressed on most immune cells. ERs are nuclear hormone receptors that can either directly bind to estrogen response elements in gene promoters or serve as cofactors with other transcription factors (i.e., NFkB/AP1). Cytoplasmic ER and membrane associated ER impact specific kinase signaling pathways. ERs have prominent effects on immune function in both the innate and adaptive immune responses. Genetic deficiency of ERα in murine models of lupus resulted in significantly decreased disease and prolonged survival, while ERβ deficiency had minimal to no effect in autoimmune models. The protective effect of ERα in lupus is multifactoral. In arthritis models, ERα agonists appears to mediate a protective effect. The modulation of ERα function appears to be a potential target for therapy in autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Cunningham
- Medical Research Service, Ralph H. Johnson VAMC and the Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Medical University of South Carolina, 96 Jonathan Lucas Street, Suite 912, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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28
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Liarte S, Chaves-Pozo E, Abellán E, Meseguer J, Mulero V, García-Ayala A. 17β-Estradiol regulates gilthead seabream professional phagocyte responses through macrophage activation. Dev Comp Immunol 2011; 35:19-27. [PMID: 20692288 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 07/30/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, estrogens regulate the immune system, either directly or indirectly via several leukocyte types through autocrine/paracrine mechanisms. In the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) gonad, an intensive remodeling process accompanied by the massive infiltration of acidophilic granulocytes (AG) is partially triggered by 17β-estradiol (E(2)). Once AG infiltrated the gonad, show impaired activities. In this study we first demonstrate that neither testicular nor head-kidney AG express any of the three estrogen receptor (ER) genes (ERa, ERb1 and ERb2) described in the gilthead seabream, while head-kidney macrophages (Mc) and lymphocytes (Ly) constitutively express ERa gene. Moreover, Mc are important in the immune-modulatory role of E(2), as suggested by its ability to induce ERb2 gene expression and up-regulate the expression of genes coding for ERa, ERb1, pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and tissue remodeling molecules. Furthermore, the soluble factors produced by E(2)-treated Mc decreased in head-kidney phagocytes, their phagocytic ability and capacity, while no effects were observed on their reactive oxygen intermediate (ROI) production or their migratory capabilities. However, the role of Ly in the regulation of AG migration and the modulation of phagocytic and ROI production activities triggered by E(2) can not be ruled out, so that further studies are necessary to clarify these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Liarte
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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29
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Nassar A, Norton CM, Lawson D, Cohen C. Image cytometric validation of breast carcinoma markers (ER, HER2 and MIB-1) using tissue microarrays: rabbit monoclonal vs. FDA-approved antibodies. Anal Quant Cytol Histol 2010; 32:192-200. [PMID: 21434519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To use the ACIS III (Dako, Carpinteria, California, U.S.A.) with tissue microarrays (TMAs) to compare rabbit monoclonal antibodies (RMab) for ER, HER2, and MIB-1 with FDA-approved monoclonal (FMab) and polyclonal (FPab) antibodies. STUDY DESIGN TMAs of 43 breast cancers were used. Immunohistochemistry was performed using RMab (LabVision, Fremont, California, U.S.A.): ER (SP1; 1/100), HER2 (SP3; 1/100), and MIB-1 (SP6; 1/200). FMPab (Dako) used: ER (1D5; 1/50), HercepTest kit and MIB-1 (MIB-1; 1/160). The stained TMAs were quantitated visually and by image cytometry (ACIS III). RESULTS The overall agreement between RMab and FMab for ER using visual (98.45%) and image analysis (97.56%) was excellent, with a kappa level of 0.89 and 0.94, respectively. For HER2, the overall agreement between RMab and FPab was fair for visual (67.44%) and substantial (87.50%) for image analysis, with a kappa level of 0.32 and 0.72, respectively. For MIB-1, there was fair (64.29%) to poor (43.33%) agreement between MIB-1 RMab and FMab using visual and image analysis, with a kappa level of 0.47 and 0.16, respectively. CONCLUSION RMabs for ER (SP1) and HER2 (SP3) are almost comparable to their counterpart, FDA antibodies; however, MIB-1 RMab (SP6) shows poor concordance with FMab in TMA. Image analysis shows a better concordance than visual quantitation assessment specifically for ER and HER2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aziza Nassar
- Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55902, USA.
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30
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Qureshi A, Pervez S. Allred scoring for ER reporting and it's impact in clearly distinguishing ER negative from ER positive breast cancers. J PAK MED ASSOC 2010; 60:350-353. [PMID: 20527604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the scoring of Estrogen Receptor (ER) status in carcinoma breast by Allred method that is essentially bimodal and to compare the results with a conventional scoring system. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective, comparative study carried out at Aga Khan University Hospital Section of Histopathology over a period of 18 months, i.e., Jan 2005 to June 2006. Anti ER antibody (clone D07) was used for all IHC stains using envision detection system. ER stains of 860 consecutive breast cancer cases were reviewed and rescored by both conventional and Allred method of ER scoring. RESULTS Comparison of results showed that there was a substantial decrease in weak positive cases from 18% to 5% by rescoring using Allred scoring system compared to conventional scoring. The data was analyzed using chi square test. CONCLUSION The sensitivity and specificity of Allred method were calculated; Sensitivity of Allred method was 99.4% & Specificity of Allred method was 99.5% whereas sensitivity and specificity of conventional method was 88.0% and 84% respectively
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Affiliation(s)
- Asim Qureshi
- Department of Pathology, Shaukat Khanum Cancer Hospital, Lahore
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31
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Freres P, Collignon J, Gennigens C, Scagnol I, Rorive A, Barbeaux A, Coucke PA, Jérusalem G. ["Triple negative" breast cancer]. Rev Med Liege 2010; 65:120-126. [PMID: 20411815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In western countries, every woman out of eight will develop breast cancer. Over the last two decades, the incidence has considerably increased, but mortality has remained stable and begins to decrease in Europe and the United-States, probably because of new therapy, changes in the use of hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women and early diagnosis. Breast cancer is still the first cause of death by cancer in woman under 65. "Triple negative" a breast cancer, a subtype representing 10% of all breast cancers, is characterised by the absence of receptors to oestrogen, progesterone and no histochemical expression of HER-2 growth factor. This subtype carries a poor prognosis and a high incidence of early metastatic recurrence. Furthermore, no target therapy can be defined up to now in this subtype. Thus, identification of new target therapy and prediction of tumoral response to various treatments could help in the global understanding of patients affected by this particularly aggressive type of breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Biomarkers, Tumor/analysis
- Biomarkers, Tumor/immunology
- Biopsy
- Breast Neoplasms/chemistry
- Breast Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Breast Neoplasms/therapy
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/chemistry
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/therapy
- Chemotherapy, Adjuvant
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Female
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mastectomy
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Prognosis
- Radiotherapy, Adjuvant
- Receptor, ErbB-2/analysis
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Receptors, Estrogen/analysis
- Receptors, Estrogen/immunology
- Receptors, Progesterone/analysis
- Receptors, Progesterone/immunology
- Risk Factors
- Treatment Failure
- Treatment Outcome
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32
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Buchynska LG, Iurchenko NP, Grinkevych VM, Nesina IP, Chekhun SV, Svintsitsky VS. Expression of the estrogen and progesterone receptors as prognostic factor in serous ovarian cancers. Exp Oncol 2009; 31:48-51. [PMID: 19300417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM To study the expression of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) and proliferation marker Ki-67 in ovarian tumors using immunohistochemistry, and evaluate possible prognostic significance of these markers. METHODS Immunohistochemical evaluation of Ki-67, ER and PR expression was performed on serous ovarian cancer (OC) tissue samples from 81 OC patients. RESULTS Serous OC is characterised by high proliferative activity and increased expression of steroid hormone receptors compared to nontransfomed ovarian surface epithelium. It has been shown that ER and PR expression levels depend on tumor histologic grade and the stage of the disease, and are variable between tumors of the same grade. The ER and PR expression levels correlate with OC patients' survival. CONCLUSION Proliferative activity and steroid hormone receptor status along with clinical and morphological characteristics of serous OC possess prognostic significance and may be used for evaluation of the disease course.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/immunology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Ki-67 Antigen/immunology
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging
- Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous/diagnosis
- Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous/genetics
- Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous/immunology
- Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/immunology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Prognosis
- Receptors, Estrogen/genetics
- Receptors, Estrogen/immunology
- Receptors, Progesterone/genetics
- Receptors, Progesterone/immunology
- Retrospective Studies
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Buchynska
- R.E.Kavetsky Institute of Experimental Pathology, Oncology and Radiobiology, NAS of Ukraine, Kyiv 03022, Ukraine.
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33
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Ricchiuti V, Lian CG, Oestreicher EM, Tran L, Stone JR, Yao T, Seely EW, Williams GH, Adler GK. Estradiol increases angiotensin II type 1 receptor in hearts of ovariectomized rats. J Endocrinol 2009; 200:75-84. [PMID: 18931023 PMCID: PMC2927364 DOI: 10.1677/joe-08-0199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that 17beta-estradiol (E(2)) has dual effects on the heart, increasing levels of proteins thought to have beneficial cardiovascular effects (e.g. endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS)) as well as those thought to have detrimental cardiovascular effects (e.g. type 1 angiotensin II (AngII) receptor (AT(1)R)). Ovariectomized Wistar rats consuming a high-sodium diet received one of four treatments (n=7 per group): group 1, placebo pellets; group 2, E(2) (0 x 5 mg/pellet, 21-day release); group 3, NOS inhibitor, N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl-ester (L-NAME; 40 mg/kg per day for 14 days) plus Ang II (0 x 225 mg/kg per day on days 11-14); group 4, E(2) plus L-NAME/Ang II. E(2) increased cardiac levels of estrogen receptors ESR1 and ESR2, an ESR-associated membrane protein caveolin-3, eNOS, and phosphorylated (p)eNOS, thus, exerting potentially beneficial cardiovascular effects on NO. However, E(2) also increased cardiac levels of proteins associated with cardiovascular injury and inflammation including, AT(1)R, protein kinase C delta (PRKCD), phosphorylated PRKC, and phosphorylated extracellular signal regulated kinase (pMAPK)3/1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), osteopontin and ED-1, a monocyte/macrophage-specific protein. E(2) treatment led to similar protein changes in the hearts of L-NAME/Ang II-treated rats except that the increase in peNOS was prevented, and L-NAME/Ang II and E(2) had additive effects in increasing cardiac PRKCD and PAI-1. Thus, the highest levels of cardiac PAI-1 and PRKCD occurred in L-NAME/Ang II-treated rats receiving E(2). In summary, E(2) treatment increased cardiac expression of AT(1)R as well as the expression of pro-inflammatory and prothrombotic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Ricchiuti
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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Wu WX, Han WL, Zhang YP, Yu QX, Wen XW, Lu N, Tang ZY, Yuan LN, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Wang W, Yang HJ, Chen CP, Guo WL. [Clinicopathologic characteristics of breast cancer with basal-like immunophenotype]. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi 2008; 37:743-748. [PMID: 19094708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the clinicopathologic characteristics of basal-like immunophenotype breast cancer (BLBC). METHODS 458 cases of female infiltrative breast cancer were studied using immunohistochemical staining with an antibody panel of ER, PR, HER2, Ki-67, CK5/6, CK14 and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and were classified basing on the immunophenotypes. The clinicopathologic characteristics were compared with other immunophenotypes of breast cancer. 228 of 458 cases of breast cancer were followed up. RESULTS 46 cases of BLBC were screened out among the 458 breast cancers. And histological features of BLBC were analysed including the larger diameter of cancer foci (average 3.3 cm), appearance of squeezing phenomenon of neighboring cell borders (58.7%, 27/46), geography-like distribution of necrosis (52.2%, 24/46), central zone fibrosis (30.4%, 14/46) and lymphoplasmacytic infiltration at the margin and stroma (63.0%, 29/46). There were nuclear pleomorphism with numerous mitoses. The cancer cells were closely arranged, forming irregular solid architectures. There was a high expression (> 25%) of Ki-67 (43.5%, 20/46). CK5/6, CK14 and EGFR were positive in 58.7% (27/46), 43.5% (20/46) and 65.2% (30/46) respectively. 3-year survival rate of BLBC was 66.9%, lower than the luminal A breast cancer and similar to HER2 over-expression breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of BLBC in the group of breast cancers is 10%. BLBC has its distinct histological and cytological features. Currently, it is still necessary to depend on immunophenotyping in making a BLBC diagnosis. BLBC is the one of breast cancer subtypes with the poorest prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-xin Wu
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing College, Jiaxing 314000, China.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Many autoimmune rheumatic autoimmune disorders predominantly affect women. Sex hormones, in particular estrogen, can influence CD4 T-helper development and function. We highlight recent studies that begin to provide insights into the mechanisms by which estrogen modulates CD4 T-cell development and function, and thus potentially contribute to disease pathogenesis. RECENT FINDINGS High levels of estrogen can lead to thymic atrophy. Recent studies showed that this phenomenon results from effects of estrogen at multiple stages in early T-cell development. Estrogen is also known to affect mature CD4 T-cell function, and, in particular, their ability to produce selected cytokine profiles. The mechanisms by which estrogen can exert these effects were also recently explored and shown to include effects on expression of critical molecules known to be involved in these processes. SUMMARY Dissecting the molecular pathways employed by estrogen to modulate CD4 T cells will be critical in elucidating the manner by which estrogen exerts its effects on this compartment. Given that cell type specific differences underlie the ability of many hormonal therapies to exert tissue-specific estrogenic or antiestrogenic activities, this knowledge will be crucial to further exploitation of hormonal therapies in rheumatic autoimmune diseases.
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Goldstein NS, Hunter S, Forbes S, Odish E, Tehrani M. Estrogen receptor antibody incubation time and extent of immunoreactivity in invasive carcinoma of the breast: the importance of optimizing antibody avidity. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2007; 15:203-7. [PMID: 17525635 DOI: 10.1097/01.pai.0000209861.90086.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We noticed that the percentage and intensity of estrogen receptor (ER) antibody (Ab) AB ER 1D5 immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was altered by Ab incubation time and the type of chromogen detection system in invasive breast carcinomas. We studied the impact of these 2 factors on Ab ER 1D5 immunoreactivity. Serial sections from 22 strongly ER-positive invasive breast carcinomas were immunohistochemically stained with Ab clone ER 1D5 using 3 IHC protocols. One IHC protocol used a 12-hour Ab incubation and a supersensitive, labeled streptavidin-biotin chromogen detection system (12 h-Standard), the second IHC protocol used a 2-hour Ab incubation and a supersensitive, labeled streptavidin-biotin chromogen detection system (2 h-SS), and the third protocol used a 2-hour Ab incubation and a polymer-based detection system (2 h-Env). Twenty identical fields on each slide stained with each IHC protocol were evaluated and staining was quantified using image analysis. The mean staining percentages using the 12 h-Standard, 2 h-SS, and 2 h-Env IHC staining protocols were 89%, 72%, and 47%, respectively (P<0.001). Three of the 22 cases (14%) were ER negative (<10% stained area) with the 2 h-Env IHC protocol. Stain intensity was significantly stronger with the 12 h-Standard Ab incubation IHC protocol than either 2-hour Ab incubation protocol (P<0.001). Twelve cases stained with 2-hour Ab incubation IHC protocols had weak visually seen staining: 7 were Allred total score 2 (ER negative) and 5 were Allred total score 3. Ab ER 1D5 avidity is directly related to factors that impact electrostatic forces, one of which is Ab incubation time. Standard automated stainer Ab incubation times of less than 1 hour may be of insufficient duration and result in artificially low levels of ER immunoreactivity. The chromogen detection system in association with the ER 1D5 Ab also alters levels of immunoreactivity. Optimization of IHC staining protocols should include evaluating the Ab incubation time and chromogen detection system. These factors can substantially alter the extent and intensity of ER IHC staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal S Goldstein
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, MI 48073, USA.
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Sharangpani GM, Joshi AS, Porter K, Deshpande AS, Keyhani S, Naik GA, Gholap AS, Barsky SH. Semi-automated imaging system to quantitate estrogen and progesterone receptor immunoreactivity in human breast cancer. J Microsc 2007; 226:244-55. [PMID: 17535263 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2818.2007.01772.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A semi-automated imaging system is described to quantitate estrogen and progesterone receptor immunoreactivity in human breast cancer. The system works for any conventional method of image acquisition using microscopic slides that have been processed for immunohistochemical analysis of the estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor. Estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor immunohistochemical staining produce colorimetric differences in nuclear staining that conventionally have been interpreted manually by pathologists and expressed as percentage of positive tumoral nuclei. The estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor status of human breast cancer represent important prognostic and predictive markers of human breast cancer that dictate therapeutic decisions but their subjective interpretation result in interobserver, intraobserver and fatigue variability. Subjective measurements are traditionally limited to a determination of percentage of tumoral nuclei that show positive immunoreactivity. To address these limitations, imaging algorithms utilizing both colorimetric (RGB) as well as intensity (gray scale) determinations were used to analyze pixels of the acquired image. Image acquisition utilized either scanner or microscope with attached digital or analogue camera capable of producing images with a resolution of 20 pixels /10 mu. Areas of each image were screened and the area of interest richest in tumour cells manually selected for image processing. Images were processed initially by JPG conversion of SVS scanned virtual slides or direct JPG photomicrograph capture. Following image acquisition, images were screened for quality, enhanced and processed. The algorithm-based values for estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor percentage nuclear positivity both strongly correlated with the subjective measurements (intraclass correlation: 0.77; 95% confidence interval: 0.59, 0.95) yet exhibited no interobserver, intraobserver or fatigue variability. In addition the algorithms provided measurements of nuclear estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor staining intensity (mean, mode and median staining intensity of positive staining nuclei), parameters that subjective review could not assess. Other semi-automated image analysis systems have been used to measure estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor immunoreactivity but these either have required proprietary hardware or have been based on luminosity differences alone. By contrast our algorithms were independent of proprietary hardware and were based on not just luminosity and colour but also many other imaging features including epithelial pattern recognition and nuclear morphology. These features provide a more accurate, versatile and robust imaging analysis platform that can be fully automated in the near future. Because of all these properties, our semi-automated imaging system 'adds value' as a means of measuring these important nuclear biomarkers of human breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Sharangpani
- BioImagene, Inc., 1601 S. De Anza Blvd., Suite 212, Cupertino, California, USA
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Chapman C, Murray A, Chakrabarti J, Thorpe A, Woolston C, Sahin U, Barnes A, Robertson J. Autoantibodies in breast cancer: their use as an aid to early diagnosis. Ann Oncol 2007; 18:868-73. [PMID: 17347129 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdm007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that the immune system produces a humoral response to cancer-derived antigens. This study assessed the diagnostic potential of autoantibodies to multiple known tumour-associated proteins. PATIENTS AND METHODS Sera from normal controls (n = 94), primary breast cancer patients (n = 97) and patients with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) (n = 40) were investigated for the presence of autoantibodies to p53, c-myc, HER2, NY-ESO-1, BRCA1, BRCA2 and MUC1 antigens by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Reproducibly elevated levels of autoantibodies were seen in at least one of the six antigens in 64% of primary breast cancer patient sera and 45% of patients with DCIS at a specificity of 85%. No significant differences were seen when patients were subdivided by age, tumour size, histological grade, lymph node status or detection methodology. CONCLUSIONS Autoantibodies against one or more of these tumour-associated antigens appears to indicate the presence of early-stage breast cancers. Autoantibody assays against a panel of antigens could be used as an aid to mammography in the detection and diagnosis of early primary breast cancer, especially in younger women at increased risk of breast cancer where mammography is known to have reduced sensitivity and specificity.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/blood
- Antigens, Neoplasm/blood
- Autoantibodies/blood
- Breast Neoplasms/blood
- Breast Neoplasms/immunology
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/blood
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/immunology
- Carcinoma, Intraductal, Noninfiltrating/pathology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/blood
- Carcinoma, Lobular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Lobular/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cohort Studies
- Early Diagnosis
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Metastasis/pathology
- Receptors, Estrogen/blood
- Receptors, Estrogen/immunology
- Reproducibility of Results
- Sensitivity and Specificity
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chapman
- Division of Breast Surgery, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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Abstract
T-bet is a transcription factor of the T-box family that regulates the expression of numerous immune system-associated genes. T-bet directs the acquisition of the Th1-associated genetic program in differentiating CD4(+) lymphocytes. It also influences the development of NK and NKT cells through its regulation of the IL-2/IL-15Rbeta-chain (CD122) and the trafficking of these lymphocytes through CxCR3. The temporal requirements of T-bet activity for the production of IFN-gamma and the regulation of CD122 and CxCR3 expression remain undefined. We produced an ectopically controllable form of T-bet by fusing its C-terminal domain with a mutated ligand-binding domain of human estrogen receptor alpha. By temporally controlling the expression of T-bet-estrogen receptor alpha by the addition or removal of 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-HT), we show that IFN-gamma, CD122, and CxCR3 are direct gene targets of T-bet whose expression are acutely regulated by T-bet activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Matsuda
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, University of Colorado Health Science Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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Matsubayashi S, Yoshihara T. Carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary gland: an immunohistochemical study. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2007; 264:789-95. [PMID: 17310348 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-007-0256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The proliferative activity of the tumor cells and the expression of tumor-associated genes and sex steroid hormone receptors were investigated immunohistochemically in ten cases of carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (Ca-ex-PA) of the salivary glands. These were analyzed in benign and malignant components separately, and then were compared with ten cases of the other malignant tumors [adenocarcinomas, not otherwise specified (ACN) and salivary duct carcinomas (SDC)] and ten cases of pleomorphic adenomas (PA). The results obtained in this study were as follows: (1) malignant component of Ca-ex-PA showed a higher incidence of PCNA and Ki67 than benign component of Ca-ex-PA. A significant difference between benign component of Ca-ex-PA and PA was not observed. (2) A significant difference in the incidence of p53, c-erbB-2, EGFR overexpression was observed only between malignant component of Ca-ex-PA and benign component of Ca-ex-PA. (3) The incidence of PCNA, Ki67, p53, c-erbB-2 overexpression in malignant component of Ca-ex-PA showed the highest data among the four groups. These results suggest that Ca-ex-PA acquired the particular biological behavior in contrast to the other salivary neoplasms in the long-standing process while PA undergoes malignant transformation.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoma, Pleomorphic/immunology
- Adenoma, Pleomorphic/metabolism
- Adenoma, Pleomorphic/pathology
- Aged
- Antibodies, Neoplasm/immunology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/immunology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal/immunology
- Carcinoma, Ductal/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal/pathology
- Diagnosis, Differential
- ErbB Receptors/immunology
- ErbB Receptors/metabolism
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry/methods
- Ki-67 Antigen/immunology
- Ki-67 Antigen/metabolism
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/immunology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/metabolism
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/immunology
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Receptor, ErbB-2/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen/immunology
- Receptors, Androgen/metabolism
- Receptors, Estrogen/immunology
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Retrospective Studies
- Salivary Gland Neoplasms/immunology
- Salivary Gland Neoplasms/metabolism
- Salivary Gland Neoplasms/pathology
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/immunology
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Matsubayashi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
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Odegaard JI, Vats D, Zhang L, Ricardo-Gonzalez R, Smith KL, Sykes DB, Kamps MP, Chawla A. Quantitative expansion of ES cell-derived myeloid progenitors capable of differentiating into macrophages. J Leukoc Biol 2006; 81:711-9. [PMID: 17158607 PMCID: PMC1904487 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0906590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages participate in physiologic and pathologic processes through elaboration of distinct activation programs. Studies with macrophage cell systems have revealed much concerning the importance of this pleiotropic cell; however, these studies are inherently limited by three factors: heterogeneity of the target cell population, poor capacity to elaborate various activation programs, and lack of a genetically tractable model system for loss- and gain-of-function studies. Although definitive, hematopoietic lineages can be isolated from embryonic stem (ES) cells, these isolation procedures are inefficient and time-consuming and require elaborate cell-sorting protocols. We therefore examined whether myeloid precursors, capable of differentiating into macrophages, could be conditionally expanded in vitro. Here, we report methods for selective isolation and immortalization of ES cell-derived myeloid precursors by estrogen-regulated HoxA9 protein. Using this new macrophage differentiation system, an unlimited number of custom-designed macrophages with defined functional characteristics can be generated from any targeted ES cell. In combination with knockout or small interfering RNA knockdown technologies, this macrophage differentiation system provides a powerful tool for high throughput analysis of regulatory mechanisms controlling macrophage activation in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin I. Odegaard
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Gerontology, Department of Medicine and Graduate Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Divya Vats
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Gerontology, Department of Medicine and Graduate Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lina Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Gerontology, Department of Medicine and Graduate Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Roberto Ricardo-Gonzalez
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Gerontology, Department of Medicine and Graduate Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kristi L. Smith
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Gerontology, Department of Medicine and Graduate Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - David B. Sykes
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Deparment of Medicine, Harvard Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark P. Kamps
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Pathology Graduate Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ajay Chawla
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Gerontology, Department of Medicine and Graduate Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Correspondence: Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Gerontology, Department of Medicine and Graduate Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305-5103, USA. E-mail:
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Córdoba A, Ederra M, Ariceta I, Gómez ML, Arrechea MA, De Llano P, Martínez-Peñuela JM. Modulación en la expresión de biomarcadores (RE, RP y C-erbB2) en cáncer de mama tras tratamiento neoadyuvante. An Sist Sanit Navar 2006; 29:349-56. [PMID: 17224938 DOI: 10.4321/s1137-66272006000500004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pre and post-operative oncological therapy in patients with breast cancer is determined, amongst other factors, by hormone receptor status and by c-erbB2 expression. The aim of this study is to determine the influence of neoadjuvant therapy on the expression of oestrogen receptor (OR), progesterone receptor (PR) and c-erbB2. METHODS Fifty-three patients with breast cancer diagnosed by tru-cut biopsy were studied. Patients with locally advanced carcinoma (20) had preoperative treatment. All patients underwent surgical resection. Expression of OR, PR and c-erbB2 in both the tru-cut biopsy and the gross specimen was compared. RESULTS We found significant differences in OR, PR expression in both biopsy and gross specimen, between the group of patients who underwent neoadjuvant treatment and the group without pre-surgical treatment. Changes in PR, OR and c-erbB2 status were found between the tru-cut biopsy and the gross specimen, in about 10 to 40% of the cases who received neoadjuvant therapy. These changes had no statistical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Córdoba
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital de Navarra, Pamplona, 31008, Spain.
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Vani K, Bogen SA, Sompuram SR. A high throughput combinatorial library technique for identifying formalin-sensitive epitopes. J Immunol Methods 2006; 317:80-9. [PMID: 17056057 PMCID: PMC1847343 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2006.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2006] [Revised: 08/29/2006] [Accepted: 09/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We present a technique for identifying the amino acids responsible for a loss of immunoreactivity in response to treating an antigen with a chemical modifier. This is of particular interest for the chemical formaldehyde, the cross-linking agent in formalin. Formalin is a commonly used fixative to preserve the cellular architecture of cells and tissues and to prevent degradation from proteases and nucleases. Formalin is also routinely used in the preparation of vaccines, to inactivate both toxins and microbes. Formalin fixation attenuates infectivity and pathogenicity by cross-linking while often preserving antigenicity. However, some epitopes are irreversibly modified by formalin while others are not. An understanding of how formalin affects epitope immunoreactivity may be useful in vaccine development or in the development of diagnostic antibody reagents for formalin-fixed tissues. In this report, we describe a method for systematically identifying formalin-sensitive and formalin-insensitive epitopes in a high throughput fashion, for any particular antibody. The data from this effort underscore the importance of certain amino acids, notably lysine, in affecting antibody immunoreactivity after formalin fixation. The method can be generally applicable in exploring the sensitivity of protein epitopes to an agent or condition of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kodela Vani
- Medical Discovery Partners LLC, 715 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118
| | - Steven A. Bogen
- Medical Discovery Partners LLC, 715 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118
| | - Seshi R. Sompuram
- Medical Discovery Partners LLC, 715 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany St., Boston, MA 02118
- Corresponding author. FAX: 617-638-4333. E mail:
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Angele MK, Frantz MC, Chaudry IH. Gender and sex hormones influence the response to trauma and sepsis: potential therapeutic approaches. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2006; 61:479-88. [PMID: 17072448 DOI: 10.1590/s1807-59322006000500017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Accepted: 08/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several clinical and experimental studies have demonstrated gender dimorphism in immune and organ responsiveness and in the susceptibility to and morbidity from shock, trauma, and sepsis. In this respect, cell-mediated immune responses have been shown to be depressed in males following trauma-hemorrhage, whereas they were aintained/enhanced in proestrus females. Furthermore, sex hormones have been shown to be responsible for this gender-specific immune response following adverse circulatory conditions. More specifically, studies indicate that androgens produce immunodepression following trauma-hemorrhage in males. In contrast, female sex steroids appear to exhibit immunoprotective properties following trauma and severe blood loss. With regard to the underlying mechanisms, receptors for sex hormones have been identified on various immune cells suggesting direct effects of these hormones on the immune cells. Alternatively, indirect effects of sex hormones, ie, modulation of cardiovascular responses or androgen- and estrogen-synthesizing enzymes, might contribute to gender-specific immune responses. Recent studies indicate that sex hormones, eg, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), also modulate the function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in surgical patients. Thus, the immunomodulatory properties of sex hormones/receptor antagonists/sex steroid synthesizing enzymes following trauma-hemorrhage suggests novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of immunodepression in surgical patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin K Angele
- Department of Surgery, Klinikum Grosshadern, Munich, Germany
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45
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Widyarini S, Domanski D, Painter N, Reeve VE. Estrogen receptor signaling protects against immune suppression by UV radiation exposure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:12837-42. [PMID: 16908847 PMCID: PMC1568934 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0603642103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The phytoestrogenic isoflavonoid equol is known to protect against solar-simulated UV radiation-induced inflammation, immunosuppression, and skin carcinogenesis. The mechanism may involve antioxidant actions, because equol not only is a radical scavenger but also enhances the induction of a relevant cutaneous antioxidant, metallothionein. However, this study in female hairless mice examined whether the estrogenicity of the isoflavonoid might be responsible. Protection by topically applied equol against photoimmune suppression was found to be strongly and dose-dependently inhibited by the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182,780. Furthermore, ICI 182,780 alone was found to significantly exacerbate immunosuppression resulting from solar-simulated UV radiation irradiation, suggesting a natural role for the ER in photoimmune protection. In support of this role, topical application of the physiological ligand 17-beta-estradiol also provided dose-dependent photoimmune protection, inhibitable by ICI 182,780, that was attributed largely to the inactivation of the downstream actions of cis-urocanic acid, an important endogenous immunosuppressive photoproduct. Thus, a hitherto unrecognized function of the ER as a normal photoprotective immune regulator in the skin was revealed. The relationship between equol and cutaneous metallothionein suggests an association of the ER with this inducible antioxidant in constraining the photoimmune-suppressed state and therefore in the prevention of the facilitation of photocarcinogenesis by this immunological defect. This role for the ER may underlie important gender-specific differences in UV-responsiveness that would reflect different needs for environmental photoprotection in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sitarina Widyarini
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, McMaster Building B14, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Diane Domanski
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, McMaster Building B14, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nicole Painter
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, McMaster Building B14, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Vivienne E. Reeve
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, McMaster Building B14, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia
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Illera JC, Pérez-Alenza MD, Nieto A, Jiménez MA, Silvan G, Dunner S, Peña L. Steroids and receptors in canine mammary cancer. Steroids 2006; 71:541-8. [PMID: 16631217 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2005.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2005] [Revised: 11/07/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to investigate the serum and tissue content of androgens and estrogens in canine inflammatory mammary carcinomas (IMC) as well as in non-inflammatory malignant mammary tumors (MMT), and assessed the immunoexpression of estrogen and androgen receptors using immunohistochemistry. Profiles for the androgens dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), androstenedione (A4), and testosterone (T), and for the estrogens 17beta estradiol (E2) and estrone-sulphate (SO4E1) were measured both in tissue homogenates and in serum of MMT and IMC by EIA techniques in 42 non-inflammatory malignant mammary tumors (MMT) and in 14 inflammatory mammary carcinomas (IMC), prospectively collected from 56 female dogs. Androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) and beta (ERbeta) expression was studied using immunohistochemistry (strepavidin-biotin-peroxidase method) in samples of 32 MMT and 14 IMC, and counted by a computer image analyzer. IMC serum and tissue levels of androgens were significantly higher than MMT levels. Tissue content of estrogens was also significantly higher in IMC than in MMT. Serum values of SO4E1 were significantly higher in IMC, but serum levels of E2 were significantly lower in IMC compared to MMT cases. Medium-high androgen receptor intensity was observed in 64.28% of IMC and 40.62% of MMT. No important differences were found between ERalpha expression in IMC (100% negative) and MMT (90% negative). ERbeta and AR were intensely expressed in highly malignant inflammatory mammary carcinoma cells. To our knowledge, this is the first report relative to AR immunohistochemistry in canine mammary cancer and to estrogens or androgens in serum of dogs with benign or malignant mammary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Illera
- Department of Animal Physiology, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Funakoshi T, Yanai A, Shinoda K, Kawano MM, Mizukami Y. G protein-coupled receptor 30 is an estrogen receptor in the plasma membrane. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 346:904-10. [PMID: 16780796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.05.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, GPR30 was reported to be a novel estrogen receptor; however, its intracellular localization has remained controversial. To investigate the intracellular localization of GPR30 in vivo, we produced four kinds of polyclonal antibodies for distinct epitopes on GPR30. Immunocytochemical observations using anti-GPR30 antibody and anti-FLAG antibody show that FLAG-GPR30 localizes to the plasma membrane 24 h after transfection. Treatment with estrogen (17beta-estradiol or E2) causes an elevation in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) within 10 s in HeLa cells expressing FLAG-GPR30. In addition, E2 induces the translocation of GPR30 from the plasma membrane to the cytoplasm by 1 h after stimulation. Immunohistochemical analysis shows that GPR30 exists on the cell surface of CA2 pyramidal neuronal cells. The images on transmission electron microscopy show that GPR30 is localized to a particular region associated with the plasma membranes of the pyramidal cells. These data indicate that GPR30, a transmembrane receptor for estrogen, is localized to the plasma membrane of CA2 pyramidal neuronal cells of the hippocampus in rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Funakoshi
- Center for Gene Research, Yamaguchi University, Yamaguchi 755-8505, Japan
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Steffan RJ, Matelan E, Ashwell MA, Moore WJ, Solvibile WR, Trybulski E, Chadwick CC, Chippari S, Kenney T, Winneker RC, Eckert A, Borges-Marcucci L, Adelman SJ, Xu Z, Mosyak L, Harnish DC. Control of chronic inflammation with pathway selective estrogen receptor ligands. Curr Top Med Chem 2006; 6:103-11. [PMID: 16454762 DOI: 10.2174/156802606775270279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of novel intervention points in the inflammatory pathway has been a focus of drug development in recent years. We have identified pathway selective ligands for the estrogen receptor (ER) that inhibit NF-kappaB mediated inflammatory gene expression causing a reduction of cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules and inflammatory enzymes. SAR development of a series of 4-(Indazol-3-yl)-phenols has led to the identification of WAY-169916 an orally active non-steroidal ligand with the potential use in the treatment of inflammatory diseases without the classical proliferative effects associated with non-selective estrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Steffan
- Chemical and Screening Sciences, Wyeth Research, 500 Arcola Rd, Collegeville, PA 19426, USA.
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Abstract
Estrogen regulates thymic development and immune function. Despite the critical role of estrogens in inducing thymic involution and modulating immune responses, the mechanism of this effect is unclear. Similarly, humans and animals are exposed to increasing amounts of the estrogenic soy isoflavone genistein in the diet, but whether genistein can induce immune changes has not been definitively established. We reported previously that genistein induces thymic atrophy in mice, and decreases both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. These thymic effects of genistein occur via estrogen receptor (ER)-mediated and non-ER-mediated pathways. Genistein injections produced the most pronounced effects, but dietary administration to mice that produced serum genistein concentrations similar to those reported in human infants consuming soy formula also had demonstrable effects. Microarray analysis of the effects of estradiol and genistein on neonatal thymus indicated that estradiol affected genes involved in transcription, apoptosis, cell cycle, and thymic development and function; genistein had similar effects on many estradiol target genes, but also had unique actions not replicated by estradiol. Despite extensive work showing inhibitory effects of genistein on immunity, other rodent studies reported that genistein or other phytoestrogens stimulate various aspects of immune function. Although the present data strongly indicate that genistein can regulate immune function, possibly at physiologic concentrations, further work is required to definitively establish overall thymic and immune effects of genistein and soy, which may vary with age, species, and specific end point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Cooke
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, 61802, USA.
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Sompuram SR, Vani K, Bogen SA. A molecular model of antigen retrieval using a peptide array. Am J Clin Pathol 2006; 125:91-8. [PMID: 16482996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Even though antigen retrieval is highly denaturing, it paradoxically restores immunoreactivity after formalin fixation. It is unclear how this happens. We address this question using a peptide array to model formalin fixation and antigen retrieval. The peptides are linear stretches based on the native protein sequence, containing antibody epitopes of HER-2, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and Ki-67. Of the 7 peptides, 6 retain their immunoreactivity after formalin fixation. However, if formalin fixation is performed in the presence of an irrelevant protein, immunoreactivity is abrogated, regardless of the peptides' amino acid composition. Fixation of an external protein around the antibody epitope prevents antibody binding. Antigen retrieval restores immunoreactivity. These findings demonstrate that native protein conformation is not relevant during antigen retrieval. Moreover, the loss and recovery of immunoreactivity associated with fixation and antigen retrieval, respectively, can be accounted for completely with a model of steric interference by adjacent proteins.
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