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Magatti M, Masserdotti A, Cargnoni A, Papait A, Stefani FR, Silini AR, Parolini O. The Role of B Cells in PE Pathophysiology: A Potential Target for Perinatal Cell-Based Therapy? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3405. [PMID: 33810280 PMCID: PMC8037408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathophysiology of preeclampsia (PE) is poorly understood; however, there is a large body of evidence that suggests a role of immune cells in the development of PE. Amongst these, B cells are a dominant element in the pathogenesis of PE, and they have been shown to play an important role in various immune-mediated diseases, both as pro-inflammatory and regulatory cells. Perinatal cells are defined as cells from birth-associated tissues isolated from term placentas and fetal annexes and more specifically from the amniotic membrane, chorionic membrane, chorionic villi, umbilical cord (including Wharton's jelly), the basal plate, and the amniotic fluid. They have drawn particular attention in recent years due to their ability to modulate several aspects of immunity, making them promising candidates for the prevention and treatment of various immune-mediated diseases. In this review we describe main findings regarding the multifaceted in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory properties of perinatal cells, with a focus on B lymphocytes. Indeed, we discuss evidence on the ability of perinatal cells to inhibit B cell proliferation, impair B cell differentiation, and promote regulatory B cell formation. Therefore, the findings discussed herein unveil the possibility to modulate B cell activation and function by exploiting perinatal immunomodulatory properties, thus possibly representing a novel therapeutic strategy in PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Magatti
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (A.P.); (F.R.S.); (A.R.S.)
| | - Alice Masserdotti
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, 00168 Roma, Italy;
| | - Anna Cargnoni
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (A.P.); (F.R.S.); (A.R.S.)
| | - Andrea Papait
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (A.P.); (F.R.S.); (A.R.S.)
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, 00168 Roma, Italy;
| | - Francesca Romana Stefani
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (A.P.); (F.R.S.); (A.R.S.)
| | - Antonietta Rosa Silini
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza Istituto Ospedaliero, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (M.M.); (A.C.); (A.P.); (F.R.S.); (A.R.S.)
| | - Ornella Parolini
- Department of Life Science and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Facoltà di Medicina e Chirurgia, 00168 Roma, Italy;
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
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2
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Abstract
The laboratory rat is widely used as a model for human diseases. Many of these diseases involve monocytes and tissue macrophages in different states of activation. Whilst methods for in vitro differentiation of mouse macrophages from embryonic stem cells (ESC) and bone marrow (BM) are well established, these are lacking for the rat. The gene expression profiles of rat macrophages have also not been characterised to the same extent as mouse. We have established the methodology for production of rat ESC-derived macrophages and compared their gene expression profiles to macrophages obtained from the lung and peritoneal cavity and those differentiated from BM and blood monocytes. We determined the gene signature of Kupffer cells in the liver using rats deficient in macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor (CSF1R). We also examined the response of BM-derived macrophages to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The results indicate that many, but not all, tissue-specific adaptations observed in mice are conserved in the rat. Importantly, we show that unlike mice, rat macrophages express the CSF1R ligand, colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare Pridans
- Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Katharine M. Irvine
- Mater Research Institute Mater Research Institute – University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Gemma M. Davis
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lucas Lefevre
- UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J. Bush
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Hume
- Mater Research Institute Mater Research Institute – University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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3
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Pellegrini S, Piemonti L, Sordi V. Pluripotent stem cell replacement approaches to treat type 1 diabetes. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2018; 43:20-26. [PMID: 30071348 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells represent a potential candidate for β cell replacement in type 1 diabetes. Pluripotent stem cells are able to differentiate in vitro into functional insulin producing cells, that can restore normoglycemia in diabetic mice. Clinical trials with embryonic stem cell-derived pancreatic progenitors are ongoing. Besides, induced pluripotent stem cells offer the chance of personalized cell therapy. So far, transition to the clinic still needs to face critical issues, such as immunogenicity and safety of stem cell derived β cells. To this purpose, new strategies for immunoprotection, including micro and macro-encapsulation, but also gene editing approaches, are being explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pellegrini
- Diabetes Research Institute - IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Piemonti
- Diabetes Research Institute - IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Italy
| | - Valeria Sordi
- Diabetes Research Institute - IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Italy.
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4
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Ghosn EEB, Waters J, Phillips M, Yamamoto R, Long BR, Yang Y, Gerstein R, Stoddart CA, Nakauchi H, Herzenberg LA. Fetal Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Fails to Fully Regenerate the B-Lymphocyte Compartment. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 6:137-49. [PMID: 26724903 PMCID: PMC4720028 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells are key components of cellular and humoral immunity and, like all lymphocytes, are thought to originate and renew from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). However, our recent single-HSC transfer studies demonstrate that adult bone marrow HSCs do not regenerate B-1a, a subset of tissue B cells required for protection against pneumonia, influenza, and other infections. Since B-1a are regenerated by transfers of fetal liver, the question arises as to whether B-1a derive from fetal, but not adult, HSCs. Here we show that, similar to adult HSCs, fetal HSCs selectively fail to regenerate B-1a. We also show that, in humanized mice, human fetal liver regenerates tissue B cells that are phenotypically similar to murine B-1a, raising the question of whether human HSC transplantation, the mainstay of such models, is sufficient to regenerate human B-1a. Thus, our studies overtly challenge the current paradigm that HSCs give rise to all components of the immune system. Purified LT-HSC transplantation fails to fully regenerate the murine immune system LT-HSC transplants selectively fail to regenerate B-1a cells LT-HSC transplantation does not regenerate VH11-encoded natural antibodies Human fetal liver regenerate peritoneal B cells that resemble murine B-1a
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey Waters
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Megan Phillips
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ryo Yamamoto
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Brian R Long
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rachel Gerstein
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - Cheryl A Stoddart
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94110, USA
| | - Hiromitsu Nakauchi
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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5
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Awe JP, Gschweng EH, Vega-Crespo A, Voutila J, Williamson MH, Truong B, Kohn DB, Kasahara N, Byrne JA. Putative immunogenicity expression profiling using human pluripotent stem cells and derivatives. Stem Cells Transl Med 2015; 4:136-45. [PMID: 25575527 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2014-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Autologous human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) should allow cellular therapeutics without an associated immune response. This concept has been controversial since the original report that syngeneic mouse iPSCs elicited an immune response after transplantation. However, an investigative analysis of any potential acute immune responses in hiPSCs and their derivatives has yet to be conducted. In the present study, we used correlative gene expression analysis of two putative mouse "immunogenicity" genes, ZG16 and HORMAD1, to assay their human homologous expression levels in human pluripotent stem cells and their derivatives. We found that ZG16 expression is heterogeneous across multiple human embryonic stem cell and hiPSC-derived cell types. Additionally, ectopic expression of ZG16 in antigen-presenting cells is insufficient to trigger a detectable response in a peripheral blood mononuclear cell coculture assay. Neither of the previous immunogenicity-associated genes in the mouse currently appears to be relevant in a human context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Awe
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eric H Gschweng
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Agustin Vega-Crespo
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jon Voutila
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mary H Williamson
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Brian Truong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Donald B Kohn
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Noriyuki Kasahara
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - James A Byrne
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Department of Pediatrics, Mattel Children's Hospital, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, and Department of Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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6
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Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have the potential to provide unlimited cells and tissues for regenerative medicine. ESCs derived from fertilized embryos, however, will most likely be rejected by a patient's immune system unless appropriately immunomatched. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) genetically identical to a patient can now be established by reprogramming of somatic cells. However, practical applications of PSCs for personalized therapies are projected to be unfeasible because of the enormous cost and time required to produce clinical-grade cells for each patient. ESCs derived from parthenogenetic embryos (pESCs) that are homozygous for human leukocyte antigens may serve as an attractive alternative for immunomatched therapies for a large population of patients. In this study, we describe the biology and genetic nature of mammalian parthenogenesis and review potential advantages and limitations of pESCs for cell-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Daughtry
- Departments of Cell and Developmental Biology and Molecular and Medical Genetics, and Program in Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, School of Medicine, and Divisions of Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Oregon National Primate Research Center, and Reproductive Endocrinology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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7
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Cechin S, Alvarez-Cubela S, Giraldo JA, Molano RD, Villate S, Ricordi C, Pileggi A, Inverardi L, Fraker CA, Domínguez-Bendala J. Influence of in vitro and in vivo oxygen modulation on β cell differentiation from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Transl Med 2013; 3:277-89. [PMID: 24375542 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The possibility of using human embryonic stem (hES) cell-derived β cells as an alternative to cadaveric islets for the treatment of type 1 diabetes is now widely acknowledged. However, current differentiation methods consistently fail to generate meaningful numbers of mature, functional β cells. In order to address this issue, we set out to explore the role of oxygen modulation in the maturation of pancreatic progenitor (PP) cells differentiated from hES cells. We have previously determined that oxygenation is a powerful driver of murine PP differentiation along the endocrine lineage of the pancreas. We hypothesized that targeting physiological oxygen partial pressure (pO2) levels seen in mature islets would help the differentiation of PP cells along the β-cell lineage. This hypothesis was tested both in vivo (by exposing PP-transplanted immunodeficient mice to a daily hyperbaric oxygen regimen) and in vitro (by allowing PP cells to mature in a perfluorocarbon-based culture device designed to carefully adjust pO2 to a desired range). Our results show that oxygen modulation does indeed contribute to enhanced maturation of PP cells, as evidenced by improved engraftment, segregation of α and β cells, body weight maintenance, and rate of diabetes reversal in vivo, and by elevated expression of pancreatic endocrine makers, β-cell differentiation yield, and insulin production in vitro. Our studies confirm the importance of oxygen modulation as a key variable to consider in the design of β-cell differentiation protocols and open the door to future strategies for the transplantation of fully mature β cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirlene Cechin
- Diabetes Research Institute, Department of Surgery, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, and Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
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8
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Hong XX, Carmichael GG. Innate immunity in pluripotent human cells: attenuated response to interferon-β. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:16196-205. [PMID: 23599426 PMCID: PMC3668775 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.435461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferon (IFN-α/β) binds to cell surface receptors IFNAR1 and IFNAR2 and triggers a signaling cascade that leads to the transcription of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes. This response is a crucial component in innate immunity in that it establishes an "antiviral state" in cells and protects them against further damage. Previous work demonstrated that, compared with their differentiated counterparts, pluripotent human cells have a much weaker response to cytoplasmic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and are only able to produce a minimal amount of IFN-β. We show here that human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) also exhibit an attenuated response to IFN-β. Even though all known type I IFN signaling components are expressed in these cells, STAT1 phosphorylation is greatly diminished upon IFN-β treatment. This attenuated response correlates with a high expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1). Upon differentiation of hESCs into trophoblasts, cells acquire the ability to respond to IFN-β, and this is accompanied by a significant induction of STAT1 phosphorylation as well as a decrease in SOCS1 expression. Furthermore, SOCS1 knockdown in hiPSCs enhances their ability to respond to IFN-β. Taken together, our results suggest that an attenuated cellular response to type I IFNs may be a general feature of pluripotent human cells and that this is associated with high expression of SOCS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xiao Hong
- From the Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032
| | - Gordon G. Carmichael
- From the Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06032
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9
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Morgan MAJ, Muller PSS, Mould A, Newland SA, Nichols J, Robertson EJ, Cooke A, Bikoff EK. The nonconventional MHC class II molecule DM governs diabetes susceptibility in NOD mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56738. [PMID: 23418596 PMCID: PMC3572069 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The spontaneous destruction of insulin producing pancreatic beta cells in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice provides a valuable model of type 1 diabetes. As in humans, disease susceptibility is controlled by the classical MHC class II genes that guide CD4+ T cell responses to self and foreign antigens. It has long been suspected that the dedicated class II chaperone designated HLA-DM in humans or H-2M in mice also makes an important contribution, but due to tight linkage within the MHC, a possible role played by DM peptide editing has not been previously tested by conventional genetic approaches. Here we exploited newly established germ-line competent NOD ES cells to engineer a loss of function allele. DM deficient NOD mice display defective class II peptide occupancy and surface expression, and are completely protected against type 1 diabetes. Interestingly the mutation results in increased proportional representation of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and the absence of pathogenic CD4+ T effectors. Overall, this striking phenotype establishes that DM-mediated peptide selection plays an essential role in the development of autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Blotting, Western
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Embryonic Stem Cells/immunology
- Embryonic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Microscopy, Confocal
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A. J. Morgan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Pari S. S. Muller
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Arne Mould
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen A. Newland
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Nichols
- Wellcome Trust - Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Anne Cooke
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth K. Bikoff
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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10
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Liu M, Xiao L, Liu S, Hu Y, Tian J, Gao G, Xie S, Guan Y. Immunoregulation of myelin-specific CD4+ T cell response by neural stem/progenitor cells: role of prostaglandin E2. J Neuroimmunol 2012. [PMID: 23200567 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The abnormal proliferation and polarization of Th17/Th1 subsets are believed to contribute to the progression of multiple sclerosis. We demonstrated that neural stem cells (NSCs) could inhibit CD4(+)T cells from mice of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis to proliferate and polarize into Th17 but promote their apoptosis and to generate regulatory T cells in response to myelin antigen via releasing prostaglandin E2 by activated Th1-derived IFN-γ. The study indicated that NSCs play a negatively regulatory role in T cell responses and provided novel evidence for the therapeutic mechanisms underlying the usage of NSCs to treat autoimmune diseases of central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Changhai Hospital, 168 Changhai Road, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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11
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Hess I, Boehm T. Intravital imaging of thymopoiesis reveals dynamic lympho-epithelial interactions. Immunity 2012; 36:298-309. [PMID: 22342843 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2011.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
T cell development occurs in the thymus. The thymic microenvironment attracts hematopoietic progenitors, specifies them toward the T cell lineage, and orchestrates their differentiation and egress into the periphery. The anatomical location of the thymus and the intrauterine development of mouse embryos have so far precluded a direct visualization of the initial steps of thymopoiesis. Here, we describe transgenic zebrafish lines enabling the in vivo observation of thymopoiesis. The cell-autonomous proliferation of thymic epithelial cells, their morphological transformation into a reticular meshwork upon contact with hematopoietic cells, and the multiple migration routes of thymus-settling cells could be directly visualized. The unexpectedly dynamic thymus homing process is chemokine driven and independent of blood circulation. Thymocyte development appears to be completed in less than 4 days. Our work establishes a versatile model for the in vivo observation and manipulation of thymopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Hess
- Department of Developmental Immunology, Max-Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stuebeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
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12
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Menasché P. [Embryonic stem cells in the treatment of severe cardiac insufficiency]. Biol Aujourdhui 2012; 206:31-44. [PMID: 22463994 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2012002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The experience accumulated in cardiac cell therapy suggests that regeneration of extensively necrotic myocardial areas is unlikely to be achieved by the sole paracrine effects of the grafted cells but rather requires the conversion of these cells into cardiomyocytes featuring the capacity to substitute for those which have been irreversibly lost. In this setting, the use of human pluripotent embryonic stem cells has a strong rationale. The experimental results obtained in animal models of myocardial infarction are encouraging. However, the switch to clinical applications still requires to address some critical issues, among which optimizing cardiac specification of the embryonic stem cells, purifying the resulting progenitor cells so as to graft a purified population devoid from any contamination by residual pluripotent cells which carry the risk of tumorigenesis and controlling the expected allogeneic rejection by clinically acceptable methods. If the solution to these problems is a pre-requisite, the therapeutic success of this approach will also depend on the capacity to efficiently transfer the cells to the target tissue, to keep them alive once engrafted and to allow them to spatially organize in such a way that they can contribute to the contractile function of the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Menasché
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Unité de chirurgie de l'insuffisance cardiaque, 20 rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France.
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13
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Kim EM, Stultz R, Bonde S, Zavazava N. Embryonic stem cell-derived T cells induce lethal graft-versus-host disease and reject allogenic skin grafts upon thymic selection. Am J Transplant 2012; 12:600-9. [PMID: 22070732 PMCID: PMC10619206 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03845.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Efficient differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ESC) into hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) is crucial for the establishment of stem cell-based therapies targeting the treatment of immunological and hematological disorders. However, so far, it has not been possible to induce long-term survival of murine ESC-derived HPCs without the overexpression of HoxB4, a homeobox transcription factor that confers self-renewal properties to hematopoietic cells. Yet it has not been feasible to generate T cells from HoxB4-expressing HPCs, a problem that has been attributed to HoxB4. Here, we show that Notch1 signaling in HoxB4-transduced ESCs leads to efficient derivation of T cells that survive long term. These T cells display a normal T-cell Vβ repertoire, respond to mitogen stimulation and induce lethal graft-versus-host disease. Thymic selection in fetal thymic organ cultures (FTOCs) allowed negative selection and generation of T cells tolerant to 'self' and capable of rejecting MHC-mismatched skin allografts. Our data show that ESC-derived T cells, despite high expression of HoxB4, are fully immunocompetent.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. M. Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA
| | - R. Stultz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA
| | - S. Bonde
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA
| | - N. Zavazava
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa and Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Iowa City, IA
- Division of Immunology and Interdisciplinary Immunology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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Krylova TA, Kol'tsova AM, Zenin VV, Musorina AS, Iakovleva TK, Polianskaia GG. [Comparative characteristics of new mesenchymal stem cell lines derived from human embryonic stem cells, bone marrow and foreskin]. Tsitologiia 2012; 54:5-16. [PMID: 22567895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
New nonimmortalized fibroblast-like cell lines SC5-MSC and SC3a-MSC, FetMSC, FRSN were obtained from human embryonic stem cells (ESC), bone marrow of a 5-6-days embryo and foreskin of a 3-years-old boy, respectively. All the lines are successfully used as the feeder at human ESC cultivation. It is determined that the average cell population doublings time varies from 25.5 h for ISC5-MSC to 38.8 h for SC3a-MSC. Active proliferation of all the lines is also shown by the corresponding growth curves. Numerical and structural karyotypic analysis showed that these lines had normal karyotype: 46,XX (SC5-MSC and SC3a-MSC) and 46,XY (FetMSC and FRSN). To determine the status of the lines, their cell surface markers were analyzed by flow cytometry. This analysis revealed the presence of surface antigens CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105 and HLA-ABC, characteristic of human MSC, and the absence of CD34 and HLA-DR. Different lines were found to express CD117(c-kit) to a different level. Immunofluorescence and flow cytometry analysis did not detect TRA-1-60 and Oct-4, characteristic of human embryonic stem cells, and revealed interlinear variations in the level of SSEA, which did not depend on the cell origin. It is not clear yet whether these interlinear variations affect functional MSC status. In all the lines, immunofluorescence analysis showed the presence of the markers of early differentiation in the derivates of three germ layers which may allow MSC to be useful, in corresponding microenvironments, for reparation of tissue injures. Adipogenic and osteogenic differentiatiation of all cell lines has been shown.
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Tan M, Zhu Y, Kovacev J, Zhao Y, Pan ZQ, Spitz DR, Sun Y. Disruption of Sag/Rbx2/Roc2 induces radiosensitization by increasing ROS levels and blocking NF-kappaB activation in mouse embryonic stem cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:976-83. [PMID: 20638939 PMCID: PMC2921456 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Revised: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 05/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
SAG (sensitive to apoptosis gene; also known as RBX2 or ROC2) is a dual-function protein with antioxidant activity when acting alone or E3 ligase activity when complexed with other components of SCF (Skp1, cullins, F-box proteins) E3 ubiquitin ligases. SAG acts as a survival protein to inhibit apoptosis induced by a variety of stresses. Our recent work showed that SAG siRNA silencing sensitized cancer cells to radiation but the mechanism responsible remains elusive. Here we report that complete elimination of Sag expression via a gene-trapping strategy significantly sensitized mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells to radiation, with a sensitizing enhancement rate of 1.5-1.6. Radiosensitization was associated with increased steady-state levels of intracellular ROS (including superoxide) 24h after irradiation as well as enhancement of radiation-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, Sag elimination abrogated IkappaBalpha degradation leading to inhibition of NF-kappaB activation. Further detailed analysis revealed that IkappaBalpha is a direct substrate of SAG-SCF(beta-TrCP) E3 ubiquitin ligase. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that Sag elimination via gene disruption sensitizes ES cells to radiation-induced cell killing by mechanisms that involve increased steady-state levels of ROS and decreased activation of NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjia Tan
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, 4424B MS-1, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Yueming Zhu
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Jordan Kovacev
- Department of Oncological Sciences, 1425 Madison Avenue, Room 15-26, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Yongchao Zhao
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, 4424B MS-1, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Zhen-Qiang Pan
- Department of Oncological Sciences, 1425 Madison Avenue, Room 15-26, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029
| | - Douglas R. Spitz
- Free Radical and Radiation Biology Program, Department of Radiation Oncology, Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Yi Sun
- Division of Radiation and Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, 4424B MS-1, 1301 Catherine Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Corresponding author: Tel. 734-615-1989, Fax 734-647-9654;
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Brown SW, Mehtali M. The Avian EB66(R) Cell Line, Application to Vaccines, and Therapeutic Protein Production. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol 2010; 64:419-425. [PMID: 21502045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Embryonated chicken eggs and primary chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) have been used for decades as a means of manufacturing human and veterinary vaccines. However, these egg and CEF-based production systems are associated with many serious limitations in terms of their regulatory acceptability, production capacity, and supply chain risks. The development of a safer, cheaper, and more efficient cell substrate for vaccine production would represent a significant business advantage for vaccine manufacturers. Building on the exceptional properties of avian embryonic stem cells, Vivalis has created a new cell substrate, the Duck EB66® cell line. This article describes how this cell substrate was derived, the manufacture and qualification of a master cell bank, and the evaluation of the cell substrate for the manufacture of vaccines and human therapeutic proteins.
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Földes G, Liu A, Badiger R, Paul-Clark M, Moreno L, Lendvai Z, Wright JS, Ali NN, Harding SE, Mitchell JA. Innate immunity in human embryonic stem cells: comparison with adult human endothelial cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10501. [PMID: 20463927 PMCID: PMC2864770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment of human disease with human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived cells is now close to reality, but little is known of their responses to physiological and pathological insult. The ability of cells to respond via activation of Toll like receptors (TLR) is critical in innate immune sensing in most tissues, but also extends to more general danger sensing, e.g. of oxidative stress, in cardiomyocytes. We used biomarker release and gene-array analysis to compare responses in hESC before and after differentiation, and to those in primary human endothelial cells. The presence of cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells was confirmed in differentiated cultures by immunostaining, FACS-sorting and, for cardiomyocytes, beating activity. Undifferentiated hESC did not respond with CXCL8 release to Gram positive or Gram negative bacteria, or a range of PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns) for TLRs 1-9 (apart from flagellin, an activator of TLR5). Surprisingly, lack of TLR-dependent responses was maintained over 4 months of differentiation of hESC, in cultures which included cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells. In contrast, primary cultures of human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) demonstrated responses to a broad range of PAMPs. Expression of downstream TLR signalling pathways was demonstrated in hESC, and IL-1beta, TNFalpha and INFgamma, which bypass the TLRs, stimulated CXCL8 release. NFkappaB pathway expression was also present in hESC and NFkappaB was able to translocate to the nucleus. Low expression levels of TLRs were detected in hESC, especially TLRs 1 and 4, explaining the lack of response of hESC to the main TLR signals. TLR5 levels were similar between differentiated hESC and HAEC, and siRNA knockdown of TLR5 abolished the response to flagellin. These findings have potential implications for survival and function of grafted hESC-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Földes
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Liu
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rekha Badiger
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Paul-Clark
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Moreno
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jamie S. Wright
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nadire N. Ali
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sian E. Harding
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Jane A. Mitchell
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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Han KH, Kang HG, Gil HJ, Lee EM, Ahn C, Yang J. The immunosuppressive effect of embryonic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells on both primary and secondary alloimmune responses. Transpl Immunol 2010; 23:141-6. [PMID: 20430098 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 02/21/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, both embryonic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells have been demonstrated to have immunosuppressive effects. The purpose of this study was to elucidate whether the embryonic stem cells and/or mesenchymal stem cells modulate both primary and secondary alloimmune responses. Both stem cells suppressed in vitro proliferation and cytokine production in primary alloimmune responses. They also suppressed in vitro proliferation and cytokine production of the allosensitized CD44+ memory T cells. However, they failed to prolong skin graft survival across both a major mismatch barrier (BALB/C, C57BL6/J) and a minor mismatch barrier (male to female). In conclusion, both embryonic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells can suppress secondary alloimmune response in vitro as well as primary alloimmune responses; however, neither embryonic stem cells nor mesenchymal stem cells suppressed allograft rejection in stringent murine skin transplantation models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Hyun Han
- Transplantation Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
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Suárez-Álvarez B, Rodriguez RM, Calvanese V, Blanco-Gelaz MA, Suhr ST, Ortega F, Otero J, Cibelli JB, Moore H, Fraga MF, López-Larrea C. Epigenetic mechanisms regulate MHC and antigen processing molecules in human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10192. [PMID: 20419139 PMCID: PMC2855718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are an attractive resource for new therapeutic approaches that involve tissue regeneration. hESCs have exhibited low immunogenicity due to low levels of Mayor Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class-I and absence of MHC class-II expression. Nevertheless, the mechanisms regulating MHC expression in hESCs had not been explored. Methodology/Principal Findings We analyzed the expression levels of classical and non-classical MHC class-I, MHC class-II molecules, antigen-processing machinery (APM) components and NKG2D ligands (NKG2D-L) in hESCs, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and NTera2 (NT2) teratocarcinoma cell line. Epigenetic mechanisms involved in the regulation of these genes were investigated by bisulfite sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays. We showed that low levels of MHC class-I molecules were associated with absent or reduced expression of the transporter associated with antigen processing 1 (TAP-1) and tapasin (TPN) components in hESCs and iPSCs, which are involved in the transport and load of peptides. Furthermore, lack of β2-microglobulin (β2m) light chain in these cells limited the expression of MHC class I trimeric molecule on the cell surface. NKG2D ligands (MICA, MICB) were observed in all pluripotent stem cells lines. Epigenetic analysis showed that H3K9me3 repressed the TPN gene in undifferentiated cells whilst HLA-B and β2m acquired the H3K4me3 modification during the differentiation to embryoid bodies (EBs). Absence of HLA-DR and HLA-G expression was regulated by DNA methylation. Conclusions/Significance Our data provide fundamental evidence for the epigenetic control of MHC in hESCs and iPSCs. Reduced MHC class I and class II expression in hESCs and iPSCs can limit their recognition by the immune response against these cells. The knowledge of these mechanisms will further allow the development of strategies to induce tolerance and improve stem cell allograft acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Suárez-Álvarez
- Histocompatibility and Transplantation Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Ramón M. Rodriguez
- Department of Animal Science and Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Unidad de Coordinación de Trasplantes y Terapia Celular, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Calvanese
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A. Blanco-Gelaz
- Histocompatibility and Transplantation Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Steve T. Suhr
- Department of Animal Science and Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Francisco Ortega
- Department of Nephrology, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Fundación Renal “Íñigo Álvarez de Toledo”, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesus Otero
- Unidad de Coordinación de Trasplantes y Terapia Celular, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Jose B. Cibelli
- Department of Animal Science and Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Programa Andaluz de Terapia Celular y Medicina Regenerativa, Andalucía, Spain
| | - Harry Moore
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Mario F. Fraga
- Cancer Epigenetics Laboratory, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center for Biotechnology, CNB-CSIC, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos López-Larrea
- Histocompatibility and Transplantation Unit, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
- Fundación Renal “Íñigo Álvarez de Toledo”, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
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21
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Perin L, Sedrakyan S, Giuliani S, Da Sacco S, Carraro G, Shiri L, Lemley KV, Rosol M, Wu S, Atala A, Warburton D, De Filippo RE. Protective effect of human amniotic fluid stem cells in an immunodeficient mouse model of acute tubular necrosis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e9357. [PMID: 20195358 PMCID: PMC2827539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0009357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute Tubular Necrosis (ATN) causes severe damage to the kidney epithelial tubular cells and is often associated with severe renal dysfunction. Stem-cell based therapies may provide alternative approaches to treating of ATN. We have previously shown that clonal c-kitpos stem cells, derived from human amniotic fluid (hAFSC) can be induced to a renal fate in an ex-vivo system. Herein, we show for the first time the successful therapeutic application of hAFSC in a mouse model with glycerol-induced rhabdomyolysis and ATN. When injected into the damaged kidney, luciferase-labeled hAFSC can be tracked using bioluminescence. Moreover, we show that hAFSC provide a protective effect, ameliorating ATN in the acute injury phase as reflected by decreased creatinine and BUN blood levels and by a decrease in the number of damaged tubules and apoptosis therein, as well as by promoting proliferation of tubular epithelial cells. We show significant immunomodulatory effects of hAFSC, over the course of ATN. We therefore speculate that AFSC could represent a novel source of stem cells that may function to modulate the kidney immune milieu in renal failure caused by ATN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Perin
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sargis Sedrakyan
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Stefano Giuliani
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Stefano Da Sacco
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Gianni Carraro
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Liron Shiri
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin V. Lemley
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Rosol
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sam Wu
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David Warburton
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Roger E. De Filippo
- Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine Program, Saban Research Institute, Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- University of Southern California Institute of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
A growing body of data points to not only intraclonal heterogeneity and hierarchy of growth potential, but also plasticity of cellular differentiation within human tumors. Recent studies have also identified surprising overlap between pathways that regulate pluripotency in embryonal stem (ES) cells and oncogenesis. While there is a long history of targeting embryonal tissues toward cancer vaccines, recent identification of crucial stemness pathways in ES cells as well as putative cancer stem cells (CSCs) provides novel opportunities for antigen-specific targeted therapy. Here we discuss recent insights into the capacity of the immune system to target these pathways. Immunologic targeting of pathways associated with stemness has implications for both immune regulation of tumor growth as well as regenerative therapies with embryonal stem cells.
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Abstract
Tissue transplantation is a well-established tool for the treatment of degenerative and malignant disorders, yet its use in clinical practice is hampered by the need for human-leukocyte-antigen-compatible donors and a shortage of suitable graft tissue. The discovery of human embryonic stem cells a decade ago raised hopes that a universal resource for the cell-based treatment of various conditions would soon become available. Embryonic stem cells derived by somatic-cell nuclear transfer or parthenogenesis can provide human-leukocyte-antigen-matched cells, which may be transplanted without the need for immunosuppressive treatment. However, technical hurdles and ethical concerns about use of oocytes and involvement of embryos have limited the clinical use of these cells. An alternative approach involves adult somatic cells being reprogrammed to enter a pluripotent state. Such manipulation of these readily available cells has enabled derivation of patient-specific, pluripotent stem-cell lines, without progression through the blastocyst stage. This Review critically analyzes the currently available methods for the generation of pluripotent stem cells, and discusses prospects for their clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouven Müller
- Laboratory for Developmental Biology, Department of Hematology and Oncology, University of Tübingen Medical Center II, Tübingen, Germany
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Raya A, Rodríguez-Pizà I, Arán B, Consiglio A, Barri PN, Veiga A, Izpisúa Belmonte JC. Generation of cardiomyocytes from new human embryonic stem cell lines derived from poor-quality blastocysts. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 2008; 73:127-135. [PMID: 19028986 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2008.73.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem (hES) cells represent a potential source for cell replacement therapy of many degenerative diseases. Most frequently, hES cell lines are derived from surplus embryos from assisted reproduction cycles, independent of their quality or morphology. Here, we show that hES cell lines can be obtained from poor-quality blastocysts with the same efficiency as that obtained from good- or intermediate-quality blastocysts. Furthermore, we show that the self-renewal, pluripotency, and differentiation ability of hES cell lines derived from either source are comparable. Finally, we present a simple and reproducible embryoid body-based protocol for the differentiation of hES cells into functional cardiomyocytes. The five new hES cell lines derived here should widen the spectrum of available resources for investigating the biology of hES cells and advancing toward efficient strategies of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Raya
- Center for Regenerative Medicine in Barcelona, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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25
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Bonig H, Chang KH, Geisen C, Seifried E, Ware C. Blood types of current embryonic stem cell lines are not conducive to culturing "universal-donor" red blood cells. Transfusion 2008; 48:1039-40. [PMID: 18454742 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2008.01706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Parolini O, Alviano F, Bagnara GP, Bilic G, Bühring HJ, Evangelista M, Hennerbichler S, Liu B, Magatti M, Mao N, Miki T, Marongiu F, Nakajima H, Nikaido T, Portmann-Lanz CB, Sankar V, Soncini M, Stadler G, Surbek D, Takahashi TA, Redl H, Sakuragawa N, Wolbank S, Zeisberger S, Zisch A, Strom SC. Concise review: isolation and characterization of cells from human term placenta: outcome of the first international Workshop on Placenta Derived Stem Cells. Stem Cells 2007; 26:300-11. [PMID: 17975221 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 721] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Placental tissue draws great interest as a source of cells for regenerative medicine because of the phenotypic plasticity of many of the cell types isolated from this tissue. Furthermore, placenta, which is involved in maintaining fetal tolerance, contains cells that display immunomodulatory properties. These two features could prove useful for future cell therapy-based clinical applications. Placental tissue is readily available and easily procured without invasive procedures, and its use does not elicit ethical debate. Numerous reports describing stem cells from different parts of the placenta, using nearly as numerous isolation and characterization procedures, have been published. Considering the complexity of the placenta, an urgent need exists to define, as clearly as possible, the region of origin and methods of isolation of cells derived from this tissue. On March 23-24, 2007, the first international Workshop on Placenta Derived Stem Cells was held in Brescia, Italy. Most of the research published in this area focuses on mesenchymal stromal cells isolated from various parts of the placenta or epithelial cells isolated from amniotic membrane. The aim of this review is to summarize and provide the state of the art of research in this field, addressing aspects such as cell isolation protocols and characteristics of these cells, as well as providing preliminary indications of the possibilities for use of these cells in future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornella Parolini
- Centro di Ricerca E. Menni, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Istituto Ospedaliero, Via Bissolati 57, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
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Senju S, Suemori H, Zembutsu H, Uemura Y, Hirata S, Fukuma D, Matsuyoshi H, Shimomura M, Haruta M, Fukushima S, Matsunaga Y, Katagiri T, Nakamura Y, Furuya M, Nakatsuji N, Nishimura Y. Genetically Manipulated Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Dendritic Cells with Immune Regulatory Function. Stem Cells 2007; 25:2720-9. [PMID: 17690179 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Genetically manipulated dendritic cells (DC) are considered to be a promising means for antigen-specific immune therapy. This study reports the generation, characterization, and genetic modification of DC derived from human embryonic stem (ES) cells. The human ES cell-derived DC (ES-DC) expressed surface molecules typically expressed by DC and had the capacities to stimulate allogeneic T lymphocytes and to process and present protein antigen in the context of histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecule. Genetic modification of human ES-DC can be accomplished without the use of viral vectors, by the introduction of expression vector plasmids into undifferentiated ES cells by electroporation and subsequent induction of differentiation of the transfectant ES cell clones to ES-DC. ES-DC introduced with invariant chain-based antigen-presenting vectors by this procedure stimulated HLA-DR-restricted antigen-specific T cells in the absence of exogenous antigen. Forced expression of programmed death-1-ligand-1 in ES-DC resulted in the reduction of the proliferative response of allogeneic T cells cocultured with the ES-DC. Generation and genetic modification of ES-DC from nonhuman primate (cynomolgus monkey) ES cells was also achieved by the currently established method. ES-DC technology is therefore considered to be a novel means for immune therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Senju
- Department of Immunogenetics, Graduate School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kumamoto University, 1-1-1 Honjo, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan.
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29
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Verda L, Kim DA, Ikehara S, Statkute L, Bronesky D, Petrenko Y, Oyama Y, He X, Link C, Vahanian NN, Burt RK. Hematopoietic mixed chimerism derived from allogeneic embryonic stem cells prevents autoimmune diabetes mellitus in NOD mice. Stem Cells 2007; 26:381-6. [PMID: 17975228 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2006-0262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), unlike HSC harvested from the blood or marrow, are not contaminated by lymphocytes. We therefore evaluated whether ESC-derived HSC could produce islet cell tolerance, a phenomenon termed graft versus autoimmunity (GVA), without causing the usual allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant complication, graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Herein, we demonstrate that ESC-derived HSC may be used to prevent autoimmune diabetes mellitus in NOD mice without GVHD or other adverse side effects. ESC were cultured in vitro to induce differentiation toward HSC, selected for c-kit expression, and injected either i.v. or intra-bone marrow (IBM) into sublethally irradiated NOD/LtJ mice. Nine of 10 mice from the IBM group and 5 of 8 from the i.v. group did not become hyperglycemic, in contrast to the control group, in which 8 of 9 mice developed end-stage diabetes. All mice with >5% donor chimerism remained free of diabetes and insulitis, which was confirmed by histology. Splenocytes from transplanted mice were unresponsive to glutamic acid decarboxylase isoform 65, a diabetic-specific autoantigen, but responded normally to third-party antigens. ESC-derived HSC can induce an islet cell tolerizing GVA effect without GVHD. This study represents the first instance, to our knowledge, of ESC-derived HSC cells treating disease in an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Verda
- Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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30
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Abstract
Embryonic stem cells or their progeny inevitably differ genetically from those who might receive the cells as transplants. We tested the barriers to engraftment of embryonic stem cells and the mechanisms that determine those barriers. Using formation of teratomas as a measure of engraftment, we found that semiallogeneic and fully allogeneic embryonic stem cells engraft successfully in mice, provided a sufficient number of cells are delivered. Successfully engrafted cells did not generate immunological memory; unsuccessfully engrafted cells did. Embryonic stem cells reversibly, and in a dose-dependent manner, inhibited T-cell proliferation to various stimuli and the maturation of antigen-presenting cells induced by lipopolysaccharide. Inhibition of both was owed at least in part to production of transforming growth factor-beta by the embryonic stem cells. Thus, murine embryonic stem cells exert "immunosuppression" locally, enabling engraftment across allogeneic barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A Koch
- Transplantation Biology Program and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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31
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Fairchild PJ, Robertson NJ, Minger SL, Waldmann H. Embryonic stem cells: protecting pluripotency from alloreactivity. Curr Opin Immunol 2007; 19:596-602. [PMID: 17709235 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2007.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2007] [Accepted: 07/08/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
There can be little doubt that 2006 turned out to be the annus horribilis for therapeutic cloning by somatic nuclear transfer (SNT). As the full extent of the fraud surrounding the generation of patient-specific embryonic stem (ES) cell lines became apparent, hopes began to fade for the advent of cell replacement therapies (CRT), free from the confounding issues of immune rejection. While the dust begins to settle, it is perhaps pertinent to ask whether the promise of SNT is still worth pursuing or whether alternative strategies for immune evasion might help fill the void.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Fairchild
- University of Oxford, Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK.
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32
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Oertel M, Menthena A, Chen YQ, Shafritz DA. Comparison of hepatic properties and transplantation of Thy-1(+) and Thy-1(-) cells isolated from embryonic day 14 rat fetal liver. Hepatology 2007; 46:1236-45. [PMID: 17647294 DOI: 10.1002/hep.21775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Thy-1, a marker of hematopoietic progenitor cells, is also expressed in activated oval cells of rat liver. Thy-1(+) cells are also in rat fetal liver and exhibit properties of bipotent hepatic epithelial progenitor cells in culture. However, no information is available concerning liver repopulation by Thy-1(+) fetal liver cells. Therefore, we isolated Thy-1(+) and Thy-1(-) cells from embryonic day (ED) 14 fetal liver and compared their gene expression characteristics in vitro and proliferative and differentiation potential after transplantation into adult rat liver. Fetal liver cells selected for Thy-1 expression using immunomagnetic microbeads were enriched from 5.2%-87.2% Thy-1(+). The vast majority of alpha fetoprotein(+), albumin(+), cytokine-19(+), and E-cadherin(+) cells were found in cultured Thy-1(-) cells, whereas nearly all CD45(+) cells were in the Thy-1(+) fraction. In normal rat liver, transplanted Thy-1(+) cells produced only rare, small DPPIV(+) cell clusters, very few of which exhibited a hepatocytic phenotype. In retrorsine-treated liver, transplanted Thy-1(+) fetal liver cells achieved a 4.6%-23.5% repopulation. In contrast, Thy-1(-) fetal liver cells substantially repopulated normal adult liver and totally repopulated retrorsine-treated liver. Regarding the stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1/chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 4 (CXCR4) axis for stem cell homing, Thy-1(+) and Thy-1(-) fetal hepatic epithelial cells equally expressed CXCR4. However, SDF-1alpha expression was augmented in bile ducts and oval cells in retrorsine/partial hepatectomy-treated liver, and this correlated with liver repopulation by Thy-1(+) cells. CONCLUSION Highly enriched Thy-1(+) ED14 fetal liver cells proliferate and repopulate the liver only after extensive liver injury and represent a fetal hepatic progenitor cell population distinct from Thy-1(-) stem/progenitor cells, which repopulate the normal adult liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Oertel
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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33
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Sone M, Itoh H, Yamahara K, Yamashita JK, Yurugi-Kobayashi T, Nonoguchi A, Suzuki Y, Chao TH, Sawada N, Fukunaga Y, Miyashita K, Park K, Oyamada N, Sawada N, Taura D, Tamura N, Kondo Y, Nito S, Suemori H, Nakatsuji N, Nishikawa SI, Nakao K. Pathway for differentiation of human embryonic stem cells to vascular cell components and their potential for vascular regeneration. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 27:2127-34. [PMID: 17872458 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.143149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We demonstrated previously that mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGF-R2)-positive cells can differentiate into both vascular endothelial cells and mural cells. This time, we investigated kinetics of differentiation of human ES cells to vascular cells and examined their potential as a source for vascular regeneration. METHODS AND RESULTS Unlike mouse ES cells, undifferentiated human ES cells already expressed VEGF-R2, but after differentiation, a VEGF-R2-positive but tumor rejection antigen 1-60 (TRA1-60)-negative population emerged. These VEGF-R2-positive but tumor rejection antigen 1-60-negative cells were also positive for platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha and beta chains and could be effectively differentiated into both VE-cadherin+ endothelial cell and alpha-smooth muscle actin+ mural cell. VE-cadherin+ cells, which were also CD34+ and VEGF-R2+ and thought to be endothelial cells in the early differentiation stage, could be expanded while maintaining their maturity. Their transplantation to the hindlimb ischemia model of immunodeficient mice contributed to the construction of new blood vessels and improved blood flow. CONCLUSIONS We could identify the differentiation process from human ES cells to vascular cell components and demonstrate that expansion and transplantation of vascular cells at the appropriate differentiation stage may constitute a novel strategy for vascular regenerative medicine.
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MESH Headings
- Actins/metabolism
- Angiogenic Proteins/metabolism
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- Cadherins/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Line
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Embryonic Stem Cells/immunology
- Embryonic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/immunology
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/transplantation
- Hindlimb/blood supply
- Humans
- Ischemia/metabolism
- Ischemia/physiopathology
- Ischemia/surgery
- Kinetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/immunology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/transplantation
- Neovascularization, Physiologic
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor alpha/metabolism
- Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Regeneration
- Regional Blood Flow
- Stem Cell Transplantation
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakatsu Sone
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Science, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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34
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Grinnemo KH, Sylvén C, Hovatta O, Dellgren G, Corbascio M. Immunogenicity of human embryonic stem cells. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 331:67-78. [PMID: 17846795 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-007-0486-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (HESC) are pluripotent stem cells isolated from the inner cell mass of human blastocysts. With the first successful culturing of HESC, a new era of regenerative medicine was born. HESC can differentiate into almost any cell type and, in the future, might replace solid organ transplantation and even be used to treat progressive degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Although this sounds promising, certain obstacles remain with regard to their clinical use, such as culturing HESC under well-defined conditions without exposure to animal proteins, the risk of teratoma development and finally the avoidance of immune rejection. In this review, we discuss the immunological properties of HESC and various strategic solutions to circumvent immune rejection, such as stem cell banking, somatic cell nuclear transfer and the induction of tolerance by co-stimulation blockade and mixed chimerism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Henrik Grinnemo
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Anaesthesiology, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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35
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36
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37
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Master Z, Williams-Jones B. The global HLA banking of embryonic stem cells requires further scientific justification. Am J Bioeth 2007; 7:45-6; discussion W4-6. [PMID: 17710703 DOI: 10.1080/15265160701465361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zubin Master
- Centre on Values and Ethics, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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38
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Abstract
An increasingly unbridgeable gap exists between the supply and demand of transplantable organs. Human embryonic stem cell technology could solve the organ shortage problem by restoring diseased or damaged tissue across a range of common conditions. However, such technology faces several largely ignored immunological challenges in delivering cell lines to large populations. We address some of these challenges and argue in favor of encouraging contribution or intentional creation of embryos from which widely immunocompatible stem cell lines could be derived. Further, we argue that current immunological constraints in tissue transplantation demand the creation of a global stem cell bank, which may hold particular promise for minority populations and other sub-groups currently marginalized from organ procurement and allocation systems. Finally, we conclude by offering a number of practical and ethically oriented recommendations for constructing a human embryonic stem cell bank that we hope will help solve the ongoing organ shortage problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Lott
- School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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39
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Abstract
As early as their derivation, embryonic stem (ES) cells have attracted a great attention to clinicians. Derived from early embryos, these cells remain pluripotent in culture while they can be expanded in principle without limit. They give rise to most progenies and differentiate to all major somatic lineages of potential use in regenerative medicine. The great therapeutic promises put forward almost 10 years ago to cure or relieve degenerative diseases are still up to date. However, cell therapy is a complex process that significantly differs from drug-based medicine. Although a clinical trial has been announced by GERON for next year to cure spinal cord injury, many issues remain to be addressed at the bench before these cells can be used in clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pucéat
- INSERM/Evry University UMR861, Evry, France.
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40
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Wang X, Hussain S, Wang EJ, Wang X, Li MO, García-Sastre A, Beg AA. Lack of essential role of NF-kappa B p50, RelA, and cRel subunits in virus-induced type 1 IFN expression. J Immunol 2007; 178:6770-6. [PMID: 17513724 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.11.6770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 IFNs (IFN-alphabeta) play pivotal roles in the host antiviral response and in TLR-induced signaling. IFN regulatory factor (IRF) and NF-kappaB transcription factors are thought to be crucial for virus-induced mRNA expression of IFN-beta. Although recent studies have demonstrated essential roles for IRF3 and IRF7, the definitive role of NF-kappaB factors in IFN-beta (or IFN-alpha) expression remains unknown. Using mice deficient in distinct members of the NF-kappaB family, we investigated NF-kappaB function in regulating type 1 IFN expression in response to Sendai virus and Newcastle disease virus infection. Surprisingly, IFN-beta and IFN-alpha expression was strongly induced following virus infection of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) from p50(-/-), RelA/p65(-/-), cRel(-/-), p50(-/-)cRel(-/-), and p50(-/-)RelA(-/-) mice. Compared with wild-type MEFs, only RelA(-/-) and p50(-/-)RelA(-/-) MEFs showed a modest reduction in IFN-beta expression. To overcome functional redundancy between different NF-kappaB subunits, we expressed a dominant-negative IkappaBalpha protein in p50(-/-)RelA(-/-) MEFs to inhibit activation of remaining NF-kappaB subunits. Although viral infection of these cells failed to induce detectable NF-kappaB activity, both Sendai virus and Newcastle disease virus infection led to robust IFN-beta expression. Virus infection of dendritic cells or TLR9-ligand CpG-D19 treatment of plasmacytoid dendritic cells from RelA(-/-) or p50(-/-)cRel(-/-) mice also induced robust type 1 IFN expression. Our findings therefore indicate that NF-kappaB subunits p50, RelA, and cRel play a relatively minor role in virus-induced type 1 IFN expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Wang
- Department of Interdisciplinary Oncology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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41
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Trigona WL, Porter CM, Horvath-Arcidiacono JA, Majumdar AS, Bloom ET. Could heme-oxygenase-1 have a role in modulating the recipient immune response to embryonic stem cells? Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9:751-6. [PMID: 17511591 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) may provide a potential source of cellular therapies, but as allogeneic cells may require evading the recipient's immune response. Using an NIH-registry hESC line, it was found that undifferentiated hESCs induce a reduced proliferative response compared to PBMC and demonstrate that this diminished response correlates with the activity of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Inhibition of HO-1 significantly increases T cell proliferation against hESC, indicating the potential suppression of these cells during transplantation of allogeneic hESC. These data suggest the hypothesis that HO-1 provides a mechanism for protecting hESCs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy L Trigona
- Gene Transfer and Immunogenicity Branch, Division of Cellular and Gene Therapies, Office of Cell, Gene, and Tissue Therapy, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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42
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Towne CF, York IA, Watkin LB, Lazo JS, Rock KL. Analysis of the Role of Bleomycin Hydrolase in Antigen Presentation and the Generation of CD8 T Cell Responses. J Immunol 2007; 178:6923-30. [PMID: 17513741 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.11.6923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Long oligopeptides (>10 residues) are generated during the catabolism of cellular proteins in the cytosol. To be presented to T cells, such peptides must be trimmed by aminopeptidases to the proper size (typically 8-10 residues) to stably bind to MHC class I molecules. Aminopeptidases also destroy epitopes by trimming them to even shorter lengths. Bleomycin hydrolase (BH) is a cytosolic aminopeptidase that has been suggested to play a key role in generating MHC class I-presented peptides. We show that BH-deficient cells from mice are unimpaired in their ability to present epitopes from N-extended precursors or whole Ags and express normal levels of MHC class I molecules. Similarly, BH-deficient mice develop normal CD8(+) T cell responses to eight epitopes from three different viruses in vivo. Therefore, BH by itself is not essential for the generation or destruction of MHC class I peptides. In contrast, when BH(-/-) mice are crossed to mice lacking another cytosolic aminopeptidase, leucine aminopeptidase, the resulting BH(-/-)leucine aminopeptidase(-/-) progeny show a selective increase in CD8(+) T cell responses to the gp276 epitope from lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, whereas the ability to present and respond to several other epitopes is unchanged. Therefore, BH does influence presentation of some Ags, although its role is largely redundant with other aminopeptidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles F Towne
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
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43
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Miki T, Mitamura K, Ross MA, Stolz DB, Strom SC. Identification of stem cell marker-positive cells by immunofluorescence in term human amnion. J Reprod Immunol 2007; 75:91-6. [PMID: 17493686 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2007.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 03/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The placenta contains different populations of stem/progenitor cells such as mesenchymal, hematopoietic, trophoblastic and pluripotent stem cells. Although some tissue-specific stem cells are restricted to particular parts of the placenta, the localization of embryonic stem cell-like cells in term human placenta has not been determined. We have used immunofluorescence staining techniques with antibodies to pluripotent stem cell antigens, SSEA-3, SSEA-4, TRA 1-60 and TRA 1-81, and confocal microscopic analysis to identify and localize stem cells within the placenta. Stem cell marker-positive cells were found in amnion but not in choriodecidua, tissues known to contain hematopoietic and trophoblastic stem cells. Amniotic mesenchymal cells did not react with these pluripotent stem cell markers, while all amniotic epithelial cells reacted with at least one antibody. The TRA 1-60 and TRA 1-81 positive cells were solitary and present throughout the surface of amniotic membrane without a specific pattern of distribution, whereas SSEA-3 was negative and SSEA-4 was weakly positive on all amniotic epithelial cells. These data suggest that the human amnion contains stem cell-like cells at different states of differentiation. Human term amnion may be useful source of pluripotent stem cells for regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Miki
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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44
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Utermöhlen O, Krönke M. Survival of priceless cells: active and passive protection of embryonic stem cells against immune destruction. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 462:273-7. [PMID: 17459325 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 03/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on our current knowledge of the mechanisms employed by embryonic stem (ES) cells to avoid destruction by cell-mediated immune responses. Recently, ES cells have been found to shield themselves against cytotoxic effector cells by expressing CD95L and serine protease inhibitor SPI-6 mediating apoptosis of the cytotoxic cells and inactivation of granzyme B, respectively. These findings are discussed in view of their implications for using ES cell-derived transplants in regenerative medicine as well as for our understanding of early embryonic stages during invasion and implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Utermöhlen
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Medical Center of the University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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45
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Abstract
Most B cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues are produced in adult bone marrow and are referred to as B-2 cells. A minor B-cell population, known as the B-1-cell population, that is mainly involved in innate immune responses has been identified in mice. In contrast to B-2 cells, B-1-cell progenitors are produced most efficiently during fetal life. This Review focuses on the emergence of B-1-cell potential during embryogenesis, summarizes recent advances in the delineation of a fetal B-1-cell-specified progenitor, and discusses the possibility that distinct fetal and adult B-cell developmental programmes might be operative in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Dorshkind
- Hematopoietic Malignancies Program, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and the Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA.
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46
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Sakamoto N, Tsuji K, Muul LM, Lawler AM, Petricoin EF, Candotti F, Metcalf JA, Tavel JA, Lane HC, Urba WJ, Fox BA, Varki A, Lunney JK, Rosenberg AS. Bovine apolipoprotein B-100 is a dominant immunogen in therapeutic cell populations cultured in fetal calf serum in mice and humans. Blood 2007; 110:501-8. [PMID: 17395779 PMCID: PMC1924480 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2007-01-066522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that cell populations intended for therapeutic purposes that are cultured in heterologous animal products can acquire xenoantigens, potentially limiting their utility. In investigations of the immune response to murine embryonic stem cells, we found that a strong antibody response was generated after the second infusion. Both polyclonal and monoclonal antibody responses, derived from immunized mice, were found to be specific for bovine apolipoprotein B-100, which binds to abundant low-density lipoprotein receptors on the cell surface and is internalized. Here we show that in the majority of patients administered 3 different types of cell-based therapies using cells grown in fetal calf serum-containing media, an antibody response to bovine apolipoprotein B-100 develops after the second infusion and is the dominant specificity. The known and potential clinical effects of such antibodies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Sakamoto
- Division of Therapeutic Proteins, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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47
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Abstract
Success in the derivation of human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines has opened up a new area of research in biomedicine. Human ESC not only raise hope for cell replacement therapies but also provide a potential novel system to better understand early human normal development, model human abnormal development and disease, and perform drug-screening and toxicity studies. The realization of these potentials, however, depends on expanding our knowledge about the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate self-renewal and lineage specification. Here, we briefly highlight the potential applications of hESC and review how flow cytometry has contributed to the initial characterization of both undifferentiated hESC cultures and hematopoietic development arising from hESC. We envision that a combination of state-of-the-art technologies, including cytomics, proteomics and genomics, will be instrumental in moving the field forward, ultimately lending invaluable knowledge to research areas such as human embryology, oncology and immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Menendez
- Section of Hemato-Oncology, Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
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Spisek R, Kukreja A, Chen LC, Matthews P, Mazumder A, Vesole D, Jagannath S, Zebroski HA, Simpson AJG, Ritter G, Durie B, Crowley J, Shaughnessy JD, Scanlan MJ, Gure AO, Barlogie B, Dhodapkar MV. Frequent and specific immunity to the embryonal stem cell-associated antigen SOX2 in patients with monoclonal gammopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:831-40. [PMID: 17389240 PMCID: PMC2118551 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20062387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Specific targets of cellular immunity in human premalignancy are largely unknown. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) represents a precursor lesion to myeloma (MM). We show that antigenic targets of spontaneous immunity in MGUS differ from MM. MGUS patients frequently mount a humoral and cellular immune response against SOX2, a gene critical for self-renewal in embryonal stem cells. Intranuclear expression of SOX2 marks the clonogenic CD138− compartment in MGUS. SOX2 expression is also detected in a proportion of CD138+ cells in MM patients. However, these patients lack anti-SOX2 immunity. Cellular immunity to SOX2 inhibits the clonogenic growth of MGUS cells in vitro. Detection of anti-SOX2 T cells predicts favorable clinical outcome in patients with asymptomatic plasmaproliferative disorders. Harnessing immunity to antigens expressed by tumor progenitor cells may be critical for prevention and therapy of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radek Spisek
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA
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Abdullah Z, Saric T, Kashkar H, Baschuk N, Yazdanpanah B, Fleischmann BK, Hescheler J, Krönke M, Utermöhlen O. Serpin-6 Expression Protects Embryonic Stem Cells from Lysis by Antigen-Specific CTL. J Immunol 2007; 178:3390-9. [PMID: 17339433 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.6.3390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune response to embryonic stem (ES) cells is still poorly understood. In this study, we addressed the adaptive cellular immune response to undifferentiated and differentiated ES cells infected with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), a vertically transmitted pathogen in mice and humans. In contrast to the prevailing view, we found that undifferentiated and differentiated murine ES cells express MHC class I molecules, although at low levels. When cocultured with LCMV-infected ES cells, syngeneic but not allogeneic LCMV-specific CTL secrete IFN-gamma. Strikingly, LCMV-specific CTL do not efficiently kill LCMV-infected ES cells. ES cells showed high-level expression of the serine protease inhibitor 6, an endogenous inhibitor of the CTL-derived cytotoxic effector molecule granzyme B. Down-regulation of serpin-6 by RNA interference sensitized ES cells for CTL-induced cell death. The results of this study suggest that LCMV-infected murine ES cells present viral Ags and are recognized by LCMV-specific CTL in a MHC class I-restricted manner, yet resist CTL-mediated lysis through high-level expression of serine protease inhibitor 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Abdullah
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Medical Center, University of Cologne, Goldenfelsstrasse 19-21, 50935 Cologne, Germany
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Master Z, McLeod M, Mendez I. Benefits, risks and ethical considerations in translation of stem cell research to clinical applications in Parkinson's disease. J Med Ethics 2007; 33:169-73. [PMID: 17329391 PMCID: PMC2598267 DOI: 10.1136/jme.2005.013169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells are likely to be used as an alternate source of biological material for neural transplantation to treat Parkinson's disease in the not too distant future. Among the several ethical criteria that must be fulfilled before proceeding with clinical research, a favourable benefit to risk ratio must be obtained. The potential benefits to the participant and to society are evaluated relative to the risks in an attempt to offer the participants a reasonable choice. Through examination of preclinical studies transplanting stem cells in animals and the transplantation of fetal tissue in patients with Parkinson's disease, a current set of potential benefits and risks for neural transplantation of stem cells in clinical research of Parkinson's disease are derived. The potential benefits to research participants undergoing stem cell transplantation are relief of parkinsonian symptoms and decreasing doses of parkinsonian drugs. Transplantation of stem cells as a treatment for Parkinson's disease may benefit society by providing knowledge that can be used to help determine better treatments in the future. The risks to research participants undergoing stem cell transplantation include tumour formation, inappropriate stem cell migration, immune rejection of transplanted stem cells, haemorrhage during neurosurgery and postoperative infection. Although some of these risks are general to neurosurgical transplantation and may not be reduced for participants, the potential risk of tumour formation and inappropriate stem cell migration must be minimised before obtaining a favourable potential benefit to risk calculus and to provide participants with a reasonable choice before they enroll in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zubin Master
- W. Maurice Young Centre for Applied Ethics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z2.
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