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Ortiz M, Esteban MÁ. Biology and functions of fish thrombocytes: A review. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 148:109509. [PMID: 38493985 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
This comprehensive review examines the role of fish thrombocytes, cells considered functionally analogous to platelets in terms of coagulation, but which differ in their origin and morphology. Despite the evolutionary distance between teleosts and mammals, genomic studies reveal conserved patterns in blood coagulation, although there are exceptions such as the absence of factors belonging to the contact system. Beyond coagulation, fish thrombocytes have important immunological functions. These cells express both proinflammatory genes and genes involved in antigen presentation, suggesting a role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Moreover, having demonstrated their phagocytic abilities, crucial in the fight against pathogenic microorganisms, underscores their multifaceted involvement in immunity. Finally, the need for further research on the functions of these cells is highlighted, in order to better understand their involvement in maintaining the health of aquaculture fish. The use of standardized and automated methods for the analysis of these activities is advocated, emphaiszing their potential to facilitate the early detection of stress or infection, thus minimizing the economic losses that these adverse situations can generate in the field of aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ortiz
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Abstract
Thrombocytes in vertebrates other than mammals, inter alia in fish, are analogues of platelets in mammals. In Osteichthyes, these cells take part in haemostatic processes, including aggregation and release reactions in cases of blood vessel damage, and in the immune response development as well. This paper discusses the development of thrombocytes in Osteichthyes, taking into account the need to make changes to the concept of grouping progenitor cells as suggested in the literature. The following pages present the morphological and cytochemical properties of thrombocytes as well as their defence functions, and also point out differences between thrombocytes in fish and platelets in mammals. The paper further highlights the level of thrombocytes' immune activity observed in fish and based on an increased proportion of these cells in response to antigenic stimulation, on morphological shifts towards forms characteristic of dendritic cells after antigenic stimulation and on the presence of surface structures and cytokines released through, inter alia, gene expression of TLR receptors, MHC class II protein-coding genes and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The study also points out the need to recognise thrombocytes in Osteichthyes as specialised immune cells conditioning non-specific immune mechanisms and playing an important role in affecting adaptive immune mechanisms.
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Levin J. The Evolution of Mammalian Platelets. Platelets 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-813456-6.00001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
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Blanco AM, Sundarrajan L, Bertucci JI, Unniappan S. Why goldfish? Merits and challenges in employing goldfish as a model organism in comparative endocrinology research. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 257:13-28. [PMID: 28185936 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2017.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Goldfish has been used as an unconventional model organism to study a number of biological processes. For example, goldfish is a well-characterized and widely used model in comparative endocrinology, especially in neuroendocrinology. Several decades of research has established and validated an array of tools to study hormones in goldfish. The detailed brain atlas of goldfish, together with the stereotaxic apparatus, are invaluable tools for the neuroanatomic localization and central administration of endocrine factors. In vitro techniques, such as organ and primary cell cultures, have been developed using goldfish. In vivo approaches using goldfish were used to measure endogenous hormonal milieu, feeding, behaviour and stress. While there are many benefits in using goldfish as a model organism in research, there are also challenges associated with it. One example is its tetraploid genome that results in the existence of multiple isoforms of endocrine factors. The presence of extra endogenous forms of peptides and its receptors adds further complexity to the already redundant multifactorial endocrine milieu. This review will attempt to discuss the importance of goldfish as a model organism in comparative endocrinology. It will highlight some of the merits and challenges in employing goldfish as an animal model for hormone research in the post-genomic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayelén Melisa Blanco
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Departamento de Fisiología (Fisiología Animal II), Facultad de Biología, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, José Antonio Nováis 12, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lakshminarasimhan Sundarrajan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| | - Juan Ignacio Bertucci
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas-Instituto Tecnológico Chascomús, Avenida Intendente Marinos Km. 8,2, 7130 Chascomús, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Suraj Unniappan
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, S7N 5B4 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Lu XJ, Chen Q, Rong YJ, Chen J. Mobilisation and dysfunction of haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells after Listonella anguillarum infection in ayu, Plecoglossus altivelis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28082. [PMID: 27306736 PMCID: PMC4910102 DOI: 10.1038/srep28082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Haematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) can mobilise into blood and produce immune cell lineages following stress. However, the homeostasis and function of HSPCs after infection in teleosts are less well known. Here, we report that Listonella anguillarum infection enhances HSPC mobilisation and reduces their differentiation into myeloid cells in ayu (Plecoglossus altivelis), an aquacultured teleost in East Asia. We established a colony-forming unit culture (CFU-C) assay to measure HSPCs using conditioned medium from peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin. The number of CFU-Cs decreased in the head kidney and increased in the blood and spleen of ayu infected with L. anguillarum. HSPC mobilisation after L. anguillarum infection was mediated by norepinephrine. Furthermore, HSPCs from ayu treated with L. anguillarum lipopolysaccharide (LPS) showed defective myeloid differentiation and could no longer rescue L. anguillarum-infected ayu. HSPC expansion was suppressed after L. anguillarum infection or its LPS treatment in vitro. These results reveal a link between HSPC regulation and pathogen infection in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jiang Lu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Ye-Jing Rong
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
| | - Jiong Chen
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China
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Katzenback BA, Katakura F, Belosevic M. Goldfish (Carassius auratus L.) as a model system to study the growth factors, receptors and transcription factors that govern myelopoiesis in fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:68-85. [PMID: 26546240 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The process of myeloid cell development (myelopoiesis) in fish has mainly been studied in three cyprinid species: zebrafish (Danio rerio), ginbuna carp (Carassius auratus langsdorfii) and goldfish (C. auratus, L.). Our studies on goldfish myelopoiesis have utilized in vitro generated primary kidney macrophage (PKM) cultures and isolated primary kidney neutrophils (PKNs) cultured overnight to study the process of macrophage (monopoiesis) and neutrophil (granulopoiesis) development and the key growth factors, receptors, and transcription factors that govern this process in vitro. The PKM culture system is unique in that all three subpopulations of macrophage development, namely progenitor cells, monocytes, and mature macrophages, are simultaneously present in culture unlike mammalian systems, allowing for the elucidation of the complex mixture of cytokines that regulate progressive and selective macrophage development from progenitor cells to fully functional mature macrophages in vitro. Furthermore, we have been able to extend our investigations to include the development of erythrocytes (erythropoiesis) and thrombocytes (thrombopoiesis) through studies focusing on the progenitor cell population isolated from the goldfish kidney. Herein, we review the in vitro goldfish model systems focusing on the characteristics of cell sub-populations, growth factors and their receptors, and transcription factors that regulate goldfish myelopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Katzenback
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Fumihiko Katakura
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, 252-0880, Japan
| | - Miodrag Belosevic
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada
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Katakura F, Yabu T, Yamaguchi T, Miyamae J, Shirinashihama Y, Nakanishi T, Moritomo T. Exploring erythropoiesis of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) using an in vitro colony assay in the presence of recombinant carp kit ligand A and erythropoietin. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 53:13-22. [PMID: 26111997 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The use of in vitro colony assays in mammals has contributed to identification of erythroid progenitor cells such as burst-forming unit-erythroid (BFU-E) and colony-forming unit-erythroid (CFU-E) progenitors, and serves to examine functions of erythropoietic growth factors like Erythropoietin (Epo) and Kit ligand. Here, we established an in vitro colony-forming assay capable of investigating erythropoiesis in carp (Cyprinus carpio), cloned and functionally characterized recombinant homologous molecules Epo and Kit ligand A (Kitla), and identified three distinct erythroid progenitor cells in carp. Recombinant carp Epo induced the formation of CFU-E-like and BFU-E-like erythroid colonies, expressing erythroid marker genes, β-globin, epor and gata1. Recombinant carp Kitla alone induced limited colony formation, whereas a combination of Kitla and Epo dramatically enhanced erythroid colony formation and colony cell growth, as well as stimulated the formation of thrombocytic/erythroid colonies expressing not only erythroid markers but also thrombocytic markers, cd41 and c-mpl. Utilizing this colony assay to examine the distribution of distinct erythroid progenitor cells in carp, we demonstrated that carp head and trunk kidney play a primary role in erythropoiesis, while the spleen plays a secondary. Furthermore, we showed that presumably bi-potent thrombocytic/erythroid progenitor cells localize principally in the trunk kidney. Our results indicate that teleost fish possess mechanisms of Epo- and Kitla-dependent erythropoiesis similar to those in other vertebrates, and also help to demonstrate the diversity of erythropoietic sites among vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Katakura
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Yabu
- Laboratory of Fish Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Fish Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Japan
| | - Jiro Miyamae
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
| | - Yuki Shirinashihama
- Laboratory of Fish Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Japan
| | - Teruyuki Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Fish Pathology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Moritomo
- Laboratory of Comparative Immunology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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