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Xia HH, Zhu LM, Shen LT, Wan ZC. Cytoplasmic tail of transmembrane dscam controls antibacterial responses by regulating cell proliferation-related genes in hemocytes of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:109626. [PMID: 38797334 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
In arthropods, the involvement of Dscam (Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule) in innate immunity has been extensively demonstrated. Its cytoplasmic tail contains multiple conserved functional sites, which indicates its involvement in different intracellular signaling pathways. In this study, we focused on the role of the cytoplasmic tail of Dscam in the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) immune defense. In the group with cytoplasmic tail knockdown (the site was located on constant exons 37 and 38), 3885 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. The DEGs were enriched in small molecule binding, protein-containing complex binding, and immunity-related pathways. The expression of selected genes were validated using quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR. We identified key Cell cycle, Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer, activator of transcription (STAT) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway genes, the results indicated that the cytoplasmic tail of Dscam controls antibacterial responses by regulating cell proliferation-related genes in hemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hao Xia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, 230031, PR China
| | - Le-Mei Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, 230031, PR China
| | - Long-Teng Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, 230031, PR China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei City, Anhui Province, 230031, PR China.
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2
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Schoville SD, Burke RL, Dong DY, Ginsberg HS, Maestas L, Paskewitz SM, Tsao JI. Genome resequencing reveals population divergence and local adaptation of blacklegged ticks in the United States. Mol Ecol 2024; 33:e17460. [PMID: 38963031 DOI: 10.1111/mec.17460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
Tick vectors and tick-borne disease are increasingly impacting human populations globally. An important challenge is to understand tick movement patterns, as this information can be used to improve management and predictive modelling of tick population dynamics. Evolutionary analysis of genetic divergence, gene flow and local adaptation provides insight on movement patterns at large spatiotemporal scales. We develop low coverage, whole genome resequencing data for 92 blacklegged ticks, Ixodes scapularis, representing range-wide variation across the United States. Through analysis of population genomic data, we find that tick populations are structured geographically, with gradual isolation by distance separating three population clusters in the northern United States, southeastern United States and a unique cluster represented by a sample from Tennessee. Populations in the northern United States underwent population contractions during the last glacial period and diverged from southern populations at least 50 thousand years ago. Genome scans of selection provide strong evidence of local adaptation at genes responding to host defences, blood-feeding and environmental variation. In addition, we explore the potential of low coverage genome sequencing of whole-tick samples for documenting the diversity of microbial pathogens and recover important tick-borne pathogens such as Borrelia burgdorferi. The combination of isolation by distance and local adaptation in blacklegged ticks demonstrates that gene flow, including recent expansion, is limited to geographical scales of a few hundred kilometres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean D Schoville
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Russell L Burke
- Department of Biology, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Dahn-Young Dong
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Howard S Ginsberg
- United States Geological Survey, Eastern Ecological Science Center, Woodward Hall - PSE, Field Station at the University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Lauren Maestas
- Cattle Fever Tick Research Laboratory, USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Edinburg, Texas, USA
| | - Susan M Paskewitz
- Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jean I Tsao
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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3
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Silva RCMC, Ramos IB, Travassos LH, Mendez APG, Gomes FM. Evolution of innate immunity: lessons from mammalian models shaping our current view of insect immunity. J Comp Physiol B 2024; 194:105-119. [PMID: 38573502 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-024-01549-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
The innate immune system, a cornerstone for organismal resilience against environmental and microbial insults, is highly conserved across the evolutionary spectrum, underpinning its pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis and ensuring survival. This review explores the evolutionary parallels between mammalian and insect innate immune systems, illuminating how investigations into these disparate immune landscapes have been reciprocally enlightening. We further delve into how advancements in mammalian immunology have enriched our understanding of insect immune responses, highlighting the intertwined evolutionary narratives and the shared molecular lexicon of immunity across these organisms. Therefore, this review posits a holistic understanding of innate immune mechanisms, including immunometabolism, autophagy and cell death. The examination of how emerging insights into mammalian and vertebrate immunity inform our understanding of insect immune responses and their implications for vector-borne disease transmission showcases the imperative for a nuanced comprehension of innate immunity's evolutionary tale. This understanding is quintessential for harnessing innate immune mechanisms' potential in devising innovative disease mitigation strategies and promoting organismal health across the animal kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Cardoso M C Silva
- Laboratory of Immunoreceptors and Signaling, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Isabela B Ramos
- Laboratório de Ovogênese Molecular de Vetores, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leonardo H Travassos
- Laboratory of Immunoreceptors and Signaling, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Guzman Mendez
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fabio M Gomes
- Instituto Nacional de Entomologia Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Laboratório de Ultraestrutura Celular Hertha Meyer, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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4
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Ng TH, Harrison MC, Scharsack JP, Kurtz J. Disentangling specific and unspecific components of innate immune memory in a copepod-tapeworm system. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1307477. [PMID: 38348037 PMCID: PMC10859752 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1307477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Evidence that the innate immune system can respond with forms of memory upon reinfection has been accumulating over the past few years. These phenomena of "immune priming" in invertebrates, and "trained immunity" in vertebrates, are contrary to previous belief that immune memory and specificity are restricted to the adaptive immune system. However, while trained immunity is usually a response with rather low specificity, immune priming has shown highly specific responses in certain species. To date, it is largely unknown how specificity in innate immune memory can be achieved in response to different parasite types. Here, we revisited a system where an exceptionally high degree of innate immune specificity had been demonstrated for the first time, consisting of the copepod Macrocyclops albidus and its natural parasite, the tapeworm Schistocephalus solidus. Using homologous (same family) vs. heterologous (different family) priming-challenge experiments, we first confirm that copepods exposed to the same parasite family benefit from reduced secondary infections. We further focused on exposed-but-not-infected copepods in primary exposure to employ a transcriptomic approach, distinguishing between immunity that was either specific or unspecific regarding the discrimination between tapeworm types. A weighted gene co-expression network (WGCN) revealed differences between specific and unspecific immunity; while both involved histone modification regulation, specific immunity involved gene-splicing factors, whereas unspecific immunity was primarily involved in metabolic shift. We found a functional enrichment in spliceosome in specific immunity, whereas oxidative phosphorylation and carbon metabolism were enriched in unspecific immunity. Our findings allow discrimination of specific and unspecific components of an innate immune memory, based on gene expression networks, and deepen our understanding of basic aspects of immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze Hann Ng
- *Correspondence: Tze Hann Ng, ; Joachim Kurtz,
| | | | | | - Joachim Kurtz
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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5
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Strillacci MG, Punturiero C, Milanesi R, Bernini F, Mason T, Bagnato A. Antibiotic treatments and somatic cell count as phenotype to map QTL for mastitis susceptibility in Holstein cattle breed. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2023.2175498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Punturiero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Raffaella Milanesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Francesca Bernini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Tiziano Mason
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bagnato
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Università degli Studi di Milano, Lodi, Italy
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Coates CJ, Kraev I, Rowley AF, Lange S. Extracellular vesicle signatures and protein citrullination are modified in shore crabs ( Carcinus maenas) infected with Hematodinium sp. Virulence 2023; 14:2180932. [PMID: 36813781 PMCID: PMC9988307 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2023.2180932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Epizootiologists recurrently encounter symbionts and pathobionts in the haemolymph (blood equivalent) of shellfish. One such group is the dinoflagellate genus Hematodinium, which contains several species that cause debilitating disease in decapod crustaceans. The shore crab Carcinus maenas acts as a mobile reservoir of microparasites, including Hematodinium sp., thereby posing a risk to other co-located commercially important species, e.g. velvet crabs (Necora puber). Despite the widespread prevalence and documented seasonality of Hematodinium infection dynamics, there is a knowledge gap regarding host-pathogen antibiosis, namely, how Hematodinium avoids the host's immune defences. Herein, we interrogated the haemolymph of Hematodinium-positive and Hematodinium-negative crabs for extracellular vesicle (EV) profiles (a proxy for cellular communication), alongside proteomic signatures for post-translational citrullination/deimination performed by arginine deiminases, which can infer a pathologic state. Circulating EV numbers in parasitized crab haemolymph were reduced significantly, accompanied by smaller EV modal size profiles (albeit non-significantly) when compared to Hematodinium-negative controls. Differences were observed for citrullinated/deiminated target proteins in the haemolymph between the parasitized and control crabs, with fewer hits identified overall in the former. Three deiminated proteins specific to parasitized crab haemolymph were actin, Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (DSCAM), and nitric oxide synthase - factors that contribute to innate immunity. We report, for the first time, Hematodinium sp. could interfere with EV biogenesis, and that protein deimination is a putative mechanism of immune-modulation in crustacean-Hematodinium interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Coates
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
- Zoology, Ryan Institute, School of Natural Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Igor Kraev
- Electron Microscopy Suite, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Andrew F. Rowley
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
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7
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Dong H, Li J, Wu Q, Jin Y. Confluence and convergence of Dscam and Pcdh cell-recognition codes. Trends Biochem Sci 2023; 48:1044-1057. [PMID: 37839971 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The ability of neurites of the same neuron to avoid each other (self-avoidance) is a conserved feature in both invertebrates and vertebrates. The key to self-avoidance is the generation of a unique subset of cell-surface proteins in individual neurons engaging in isoform-specific homophilic interactions that drive neurite repulsion rather than adhesion. Among these cell-surface proteins are fly Dscam1 and vertebrate clustered protocadherins (cPcdhs), as well as the recently characterized shortened Dscam (sDscam) in the Chelicerata. Herein, we review recent advances in our understanding of how cPcdh, Dscam, and sDscam cell-surface recognition codes are expressed and translated into cellular functions essential for neural wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Dong
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310006, Hangzhou, China; MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, ZJ310058, China
| | - Jinhuan Li
- Center for Comparative Biomedicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Center for Comparative Biomedicine, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yongfeng Jin
- The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 310006, Hangzhou, China; MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, ZJ310058, China.
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8
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Han G, Li C, Zhang N, Liu Q, Huang L, Xia Y, Xu J. CmHem, a hemolin-like gene identified from Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, involved in metamorphosis and baculovirus infection. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16225. [PMID: 37810787 PMCID: PMC10559889 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background As a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily, hemolins play a vital role in insect development and defense against pathogens. However, the innate immune response of hemolin to baculovirus infection varies among different insects. Methods and results In this study, the hemolin-like gene from a Crambidae insect, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, CmHem was cloned, and its role in insect development and baculovirus infection was analyzed. A 1,528 bp contig as potential hemolin-like gene of C. medinalis was reassembled from the transcriptome. Further, the complete hemolin sequence of C. medinalis (CmHem) was cloned and sequenced. The cDNA of CmHem was 1,515 bp in length and encoded 408 amino acids. The deduced amino acid of CmHem has relatively low identities (41.9-62.3%) to various insect hemolins. However, it contains four Ig domains similarity to other insect hemolins. The expression level of CmHem was the highest in eggs, followed by pupae and adults, and maintained a low expression level at larval stage. The synthesized siRNAs were injected into mature larvae, and the CmHem transcription decreased by 51.7%. Moreover, the abdominal somites of larvae became straightened, could not pupate normally, and then died. Infection with a baculovirus, C. medinalis granulovirus (CnmeGV), the expression levels of CmHem in the midgut and fat body of C. medinalis significantly increased at 12 and 24 h, respectively, and then soon returned to normal levels. Conclusions Our results suggested that hemolin may be related to the metamorphosis of C. medinalis. Exposure to baculovirus induced the phased expression of hemolin gene in the midgut and fat body of C. medinalis, indicated that hemolin involved in the immune recognition of Crambidae insects to baculovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangjie Han
- Lixiahe District Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chuanming Li
- Lixiahe District Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu, Yangzhou, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Lixiahe District Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qin Liu
- Lixiahe District Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lixin Huang
- Lixiahe District Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yang Xia
- Lixiahe District Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Lixiahe District Institute of Agricultural Sciences in Jiangsu, Yangzhou, China
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9
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Sheng Y, Wan H, Xie Y, Zhang X, Zou P, Zhang Z, Wang Y. A member of the immunoglobulin superfamily lrig-1 might be involved in the immune priming of Scylla paramamosain in response to the infection and re-infection by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 147:104757. [PMID: 37302729 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A member of the immunoglobulin superfamily designated leucine-rich repeats and immunoglobulin-like domains protein-1 (lrig-1) encoding a protein with 1109 amino acids with a characteristic IGc2 domain was identified from the transcriptome data of mud crab Scylla paramamosain. Lrig-1 contained: one signaling peptide; one LRR_NT domain; nine LRR domains; three LRR_TYP domains; one LRR_CT domain; three IGc2 regions; one transmembrane region; C-terminal cytoplasmic tail. lrig-1 was widely expressed in all tissues of mud crab and was responsive in hemocytes to first and second Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections. lrig-1 knockdown mediated by RNAi repressed expression of several antimicrobial peptides significantly. Its orthologs in 19 crustacean species were identified and showed high conservation. These results suggest that lrig-1 have a vital role in mud crabs against V. parahaemolyticus infection through expression of multiple antimicrobial peptides. The results obtained in the present study imply the potential roles the lrig-1 played in immune priming in crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinzhen Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Haifu Wan
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yichao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Pengfei Zou
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Ziping Zhang
- College of Marine Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China.
| | - Yilei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China; Fujian Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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10
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Zhao L, Niu J, Feng D, Wang X, Zhang R. Immune functions of pattern recognition receptors in Lepidoptera. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1203061. [PMID: 37398667 PMCID: PMC10312389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1203061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), as the "sensors" in the immune response, play a prominent role in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and initiating an effective defense response to pathogens in Lepidoptera. It is becoming increasingly clear that damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) normally play a physiological role within cells; however, when exposed to extracellular, they may become "part-time" critical signals of the immune response. Based on research in recent years, we review herein typical PRRs of Lepidoptera, including peptidoglycan recognition protein (PGRP), gram-negative binding protein (GNBP), β-1,3-glucan recognition protein (βGRP), C-type lectin (CTL), and scavenger receptor (SR). We also outline the ways in which DAMPs participate in the immune response and the correlation between PRRs and immune escape. Taken together, these findings suggest that the role of PRRs in insect innate immunity may be much greater than expected and that it is possible to recognize a broader range of signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jinlan Niu
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Disong Feng
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xialu Wang
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Life Science and Bio-Pharmaceutics, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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11
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Malagoli D, Franchi N, Sacchi S. The Eco-Immunological Relevance of the Anti-Oxidant Response in Invasive Molluscs. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1266. [PMID: 37371996 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12061266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are volatile and short-lived molecules playing important roles in several physiological functions, including immunity and physiological adaptation to unsuitable environmental conditions. In an eco-immunological view, the energetic costs associated with an advantageous metabolic apparatus able to cope with wide changes in environmental parameters, e.g., temperature range, water salinity or drought, could be further balanced by the advantages that this apparatus may also represent in other situations, e.g., during the immune response. This review provides an overview of molluscs included in the IUCN list of the worst invasive species, highlighting how their relevant capacity to manage ROS production during physiologically challenging situations can also be advantageously employed during the immune response. Current evidence suggests that a relevant capacity to buffer ROS action and their damaging consequences is advantageous in the face of both environmental and immunological challenges, and this may represent a trait for potential invasiveness. This should be considered in order to obtain or update information when investigating the potential of the invasiveness of emerging alien species, and also in view of ongoing climate changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Malagoli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Nicola Franchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Sandro Sacchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
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12
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Bacci G, Fratini S, Meriggi N, Cheng CLY, Ng KH, Pindo M, Iannucci A, Mengoni A, Cavalieri D, Cannicci S. Conserved organ-specific microbial assemblages in different populations of a terrestrial crab. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1113617. [PMID: 37378290 PMCID: PMC10291174 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1113617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms are ubiquitous in the environment and provide genetic and physiological functions to multicellular organisms. Knowledge on the associated microbiota is becoming highly relevant to understand the host's ecology and biology. Among invertebrates, many examples of endosymbiosis have been described, such as those in corals, ants, and termites. At present, however, little is known on the presence, diversity, and putative roles of the microbiota associated to brachyuran crabs in relation to their environment. In this work we investigated the associated microbiota of three populations of the terrestrial brachyuran crab Chiromantes haematocheir to find evidence of a conserved organ-specific microbiome unrelated to the population of origin and dissimilar from environmental microbial assemblages. Bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungal ITS sequences were obtained from selected crab organs and environmental matrices to profile microbial communities. Despite the presence of truly marine larval stages and the absence of a gregarious behaviour, favouring microbiota exchanges, we found common, organ-specific microbiota, associated with the gut and the gills of crabs from the different populations (with more than 15% of the genera detected specifically enriched only in one organ). These findings suggest the presence of possible functional roles of the organ-specific microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bacci
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Sara Fratini
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Niccolò Meriggi
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | | | - Ka Hei Ng
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Massimo Pindo
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Alessio Iannucci
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Alessio Mengoni
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Duccio Cavalieri
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
| | - Stefano Cannicci
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
- NBFC, National Biodiversity Future Center, Palermo, Italy
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13
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Zhang XL, Shen GQ, Zhang XN, Zhao YH, Li WW, Wang Q. Immune functions of the Dscam extracellular variable region in Chinese mitten crab. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 138:108850. [PMID: 37244319 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In arthropods, there is only a single copy of Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecule (Dscam) in the genome, but it can exist as numerous splice variants. There are three hypervariable exons in the extracellular domain and one hypervariable exon in the transmembrane domain. In Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis), exons 4, 6 and 14 can produce 25, 34 and 18 alternative splice variants, respectively. In this study, through Illumina sequencing, we identified additional splice variants for exons 6 and 14, hence there may be > 50,000 Dscam protein variants. Sequencing of exons 4, 6 and 14 showed that alternative splicing was altered after bacterial stimulation. Therefore, we expressed and purified the extracellular variable region of Dscam (EsDscam-Ig1-Ig7). Exons 4.3, 6.46 and 14.18, three variable exons of the recombinant protein, were randomly selected. The functions of EsDscam-Ig1-Ig7 in immune defences of E. sinensis were subsequently explored. EsDscam-Ig1-Ig7 was discovered to bind to both Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Vibrio parahaemolyticus, but it did not exhibit antibacterial activity. By promoting hemocyte phagocytosis and bacterial removal, EsDscam-Ig1-Ig7 can also shield the host from bacterial infection. The findings highlight the immunological activities of Dscam alternative splicing and reveal the potential for many more Dscam isoforms than were previously predicted in E. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Li Zhang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Qing Shen
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Na Zhang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Hong Zhao
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Wei Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qun Wang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense & Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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14
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Cheng J, Yu Y, Wang X, Zheng X, Liu T, Hu D, Jin Y, Lai Y, Fu TM, Chen Q. Structural basis for the self-recognition of sDSCAM in Chelicerata. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2522. [PMID: 37130844 PMCID: PMC10154414 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To create a functional neural circuit, neurons develop a molecular identity to discriminate self from non-self. The invertebrate Dscam family and vertebrate Pcdh family are implicated in determining synaptic specificity. Recently identified in Chelicerata, a shortened Dscam (sDscam) has been shown to resemble the isoform-generating characters of both Dscam and Pcdh and represent an evolutionary transition. Here we presented the molecular details of sDscam self-recognition via both trans and cis interactions using X-ray crystallographic data and functional assays. Based on our results, we proposed a molecular zipper model for the assemblies of sDscam to mediate cell-cell recognition. In this model, sDscam utilized FNIII domain to form side-by-side interactions with neighboring molecules in the same cell while established hand-in-hand interactions via Ig1 domain with molecules from another cell around. Together, our study provided a framework for understanding the assembly, recognition, and evolution of sDscam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Yamei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Xi Zheng
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 611135, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Daojun Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Yongfeng Jin
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, 310058, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Lai
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian-Min Fu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Qiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, 610041, Chengdu, China.
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15
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Cherax quadricarinatus Resistant to Chequa iflavirus: A Pilot Study. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11030578. [PMID: 36985152 PMCID: PMC10056803 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11030578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
High mortalities of redclaw crayfish (Cherax quadricarinatus) were reported from northern Queensland farms, mainly attributed to two viruses, Chequa iflavirus and Athtab bunyavirus. From a research population of redclaw crayfish with these pre-existing viral infections, five individuals were found uninfected by Chequa iflavirus but infected with Athtab bunyavirus. A pilot study was designed to examine if progeny crayfish from this cohort were resistant to infections by Chequa iflavirus. Two experiments measured changes in viral load with RT-qPCR. Seven donors, four negative controls and six crayfish injected with a purified virus or saline were used. In Experiment 1, the purified viral inoculum was injected into the crayfish, and they were bled 14 days post-injection (dpi). In Experiment 2, haemolymph containing the viruses was injected into the same crayfish and they were bled at 24 hpi, 48 hpi, 7 dpi and 14 dpi. In Exp. 1, the crayfish cleared Chequa iflavirus infections within 14 dpi, while in Exp. 2, it was within 24 hpi. One mortality was observed, but that crayfish had cleared the virus before dying. The number of copies of Athtab bunyavirus and the weights of the crayfish did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) between the control and injected crayfish. Histology of crayfish all showed that the haemolymph vessels were clear of granulomas, suggesting no bacterial involvement. There was no melanisation in the gill tissue of control crayfish, but it was prominent in virus-injected crayfish. Neither group had haemocytic infiltration of the muscle fibres. Anti-viral immune mechanisms of RNA interference and Cherax quadricarinatus Down Syndrome Cell Adhesion Molecule (DSCAM) are hypothesised to be involved in viral clearance. We conclude that these crayfish were resistant to Chequa iflavirus infections and could be commercially exploited by aquaculturists as a nuclear breeding stock if numbers are increased over time.
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16
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Sarmiento ME, Chin KL, Lau NS, Ismail N, Norazmi MN, Acosta A, Yaacob NS. Transcriptomic Signature of Horseshoe Crab Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda Hemocytes' Response to Lipopolysaccharides. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:5866-5878. [PMID: 36547060 PMCID: PMC9777084 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44120399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda (C. rotundicauda) is one of the four species of horseshoe crabs (HSCs). The HSC hemocytes store defense molecules that are released upon encountering invading pathogens. The HSCs rely on this innate immunity to continue its existence as a living fossil for more than 480 million years. To gain insight into the innate mechanisms involved, transcriptomic analysis was performed on isolated C. rotundicauda hemocytes challenged with lipopolysaccharides (LPS), the main components of the outer cell membrane of gram-negative bacteria. RNA-sequencing with Illumina HiSeq platform resulted in 232,628,086 and 245,448,176 raw reads corresponding to 190,326,253 and 201,180,020 high-quality mappable reads from control and LPS-stimulated hemocytes, respectively. Following LPS-stimulation, 79 genes were significantly upregulated and 265 genes were downregulated. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were related to multiple immune functional categories and pathways such as those of the cytoskeleton, Toll and Imd, apoptosis, MAP kinase (MAPK), inositol phosphate metabolism, phagosome, leucocyte endothelial migration, and gram-negative bacterial infection, among others. This study provides important information about the mechanisms of response to LPS, which is relevant for the understanding the HSCs' immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E. Sarmiento
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Kai Ling Chin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu 88400, Malaysia
| | - Nyok-Sean Lau
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas 11900, Malaysia
| | - Noraznawati Ismail
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus 21030, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nor Norazmi
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
| | - Armando Acosta
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (N.S.Y.)
| | - Nik Soriani Yaacob
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (A.A.); (N.S.Y.)
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17
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Li H, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Zhao H, Li W, Wang Q. Transcriptome-wide analysis of cellular immune response stimulated by nuclear input of different down syndrome cell adhesion molecule intracellular domains. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 130:104350. [PMID: 35051526 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In arthropods, Dscam (Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule) produces multiple pathogen specific receptors via immune responsive alternative splicing, generating molecular complexity analogous to vertebrate antibodies. Fewer isoforms are produced by the exons encoding Dscam's intracellular domain (ICD); therefore, the present study aimed to determine the transcriptional response of Eriocheir sinensis to Dscam ICDs. In the group overexpressing all cytoplasmic tail exons (ICD-FL), 1401 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified; overexpressed of ICD constructs lacking exon-35 (ICD-△35) identified 413 DEGs; and overexpression of ICD constructs lacking exon-35 and exon-36 (ICD-△35 + 36) identified 22 DEGs. The DEGs were enriched in immunity and metabolism-related pathways. The expression of selected genes was confirmed using quantitative real-time reverse transcription PCR. The transcriptomes of Drosophila S2 cells overexpressing different ICDs were then determined. We identified key immune, metabolic, and cell proliferation-regulated genes and gene networks, providing insights into the membrane-to-nuclear signaling pathway of Dscam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuehong Zhao
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qun Wang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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18
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Li J, Zhao K, Li H, Zhou K, Wang Q, Li W. Immunological functional differentiation of two transmembrane variants of Dscam in Chinese mitten crab. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:104313. [PMID: 34762937 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam), also called hypervariable Dscam (Dscam-hv), is an important player in arthropod alternative splicing that connects neurons and immune regulation, acting as a pathogen-specific recognition molecule. Dscam-hv has two forms: transmembrane (TM) Dscam (mDscam) and soluble Dscam (sDscam). Herein, we investigated two transmembrane variants of mDscam resulting from alternative splicing of the transmembrane domain, focusing on differences in their immune regulation. We characterized the Dscam[TM1] and Dscam[TM2] genes of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) through bioinformatics analysis. Both genes are expressed in the gill, intestine, and other immune tissues. Following gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria stimulation, EsDscam[TM1] and EsDscam[TM2] mRNA expression levels increased significantly in hemocytes. Sequencing showed that EsDscam[TM1] was more abundant in hemocytes than EsDscam[TM2]. Additionally, the two subtypes differ in their regulation of antimicrobial peptides, the proportion of exon 33 carried, and bacterial phagocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiying Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kaimin Zhou
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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19
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Buckley KM, Dooley H. Immunological Diversity Is a Cornerstone of Organismal Defense and Allorecognition across Metazoa. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 208:203-211. [PMID: 35017209 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing arms race between hosts and microbes has fueled the evolution of novel strategies for diversifying the molecules involved in immune responses. Characterization of immune systems from an ever-broadening phylogenetic range of organisms reveals that there are many mechanisms by which this diversity can be generated and maintained. Diversification strategies operate at the level of populations, genomes, genes, and even individual transcripts. Lineage-specific innovations have been cataloged within the immune systems of both invertebrates and vertebrates. Furthermore, somatic diversification of immune receptor genes has now been described in jawless vertebrates and some invertebrate species. In addition to pathogen detection, immunological diversity plays important roles in several distinct allorecognition systems. In this Brief Review, we highlight some of the evolutionary innovations employed by a variety of metazoan species to generate the molecular diversity required to detect a vast array of molecules in the context of both immune response and self/nonself-recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen Dooley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Institute of Marine & Environmental Technology, Baltimore, MD
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20
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Liberti A, Natarajan O, Atkinson CGF, Dishaw LJ. Secreted immunoglobulin domain effector molecules of invertebrates and management of gut microbial ecology. Immunogenetics 2022; 74:99-109. [PMID: 34988622 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-021-01237-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The origins of a "pass-through" gut in early bilaterians facilitated the exploration of new habitats, motivated the innovation of feeding styles and behaviors, and helped drive the evolution of more complex organisms. The gastrointestinal tract has evolved to consist of a series of interwoven exchanges between nutrients, host immunity, and an often microbe-rich environmental interface. Not surprisingly, animals have expanded their immune repertoires to include soluble effectors that can be secreted into luminal spaces, e.g., in the gut, facilitating interactions with microbes in ways that influence their settlement dynamics, virulence, and their interaction with other microbes. The immunoglobulin (Ig) domain, which is also found in some non-immune molecules, is recognized as one of the most versatile recognition domains lying at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity; among vertebrates, secreted Igs are known to play crucial roles in the management of gut microbial communities. In this mini-review, we will focus on secreted immune effectors possessing Ig-like domains in invertebrates, such as the fibrinogen-related effector proteins first described in the gastropod Biomphalaria glabrata, the Down syndrome cellular adhesion molecule first described in the arthropod, Drosophila melanogaster, and the variable region-containing chitin-binding proteins of the protochordates. We will highlight our current understanding of their function and their potential role, if not yet recognized, in the establishment and maintenance of host-microbial interfaces and argue that these Igs are likely also essential to microbiome management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Liberti
- Biology and Evolution of Marine Organisms (BEOM), Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
| | - Ojas Natarajan
- Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Children's Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Celine Grace F Atkinson
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology, and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA.,Division of Molecular Genetics, Children's Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL, USA
| | - Larry J Dishaw
- Department of Pediatrics, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA. .,Division of Molecular Genetics, Children's Research Institute, St. Petersburg, FL, USA.
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21
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Prigot-Maurice C, Beltran-Bech S, Braquart-Varnier C. Why and how do protective symbionts impact immune priming with pathogens in invertebrates? DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 126:104245. [PMID: 34453995 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Growing evidence demonstrates that invertebrates display adaptive-like immune abilities, commonly known as "immune priming". Immune priming is a process by which a host improves its immune defences following an initial pathogenic exposure, leading to better protection after a subsequent infection with the same - or different - pathogens. Nevertheless, beneficial symbionts can enhance similar immune priming processes in hosts, such as when they face repeated infections with pathogens. This "symbiotic immune priming" protects the host against pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi, or eukaryotic parasites. In this review, we explore the extent to which protective symbionts interfere and impact immune priming against pathogens from both a mechanical (proximal) and an evolutionary (ultimate) point of view. We highlight that the immune priming of invertebrates is the cornerstone of the tripartite interaction of hosts/symbionts/pathogens. The main shared mechanism of immune priming (induced by symbionts or pathogens) is the sustained immune response at the beginning of host-microbial interactions. However, the evolutionary outcome of immune priming leads to a specific discrimination, which provides enhanced tolerance or resistance depending on the type of microbe. Based on several studies testing immune priming against pathogens in the presence or absence of protective symbionts, we observed that both types of immune priming could overlap and affect each other inside the same hosts. As protective symbionts could be an evolutionary force that influences immune priming, they may help us to better understand the heterogeneity of pathogenic immune priming across invertebrate populations and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cybèle Prigot-Maurice
- Université de Poitiers - UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Bâtiment B8-B35, 5 rue Albert Turpin, TSA 51106, F, 86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France.
| | - Sophie Beltran-Bech
- Université de Poitiers - UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Bâtiment B8-B35, 5 rue Albert Turpin, TSA 51106, F, 86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France
| | - Christine Braquart-Varnier
- Université de Poitiers - UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Bâtiment B8-B35, 5 rue Albert Turpin, TSA 51106, F, 86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France
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22
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Li W. Dscam in arthropod immune priming: What is known and what remains unknown. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 125:104231. [PMID: 34390752 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A popular view in the current academic circle is that invertebrates have no adaptive immunity. However, the immune memory and specificity of invertebrates pose a serious challenge to this view and constitute immune priming based on innate immunity. The Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam) gene of invertebrates, with approximately 10,000 alternatively spliced isoforms, has a unique characteristic: it specifically binds to different types of bacteria and promotes cell phagocytosis; owing to its antibody-like function, Dscam is a key candidate protein for immune priming. However, the high molecular diversity of Dscam and the gaps and inconsistencies in the existing research make the study of regulation of immune priming by Dscam challenging. In recent years, significant research has been conducted on the Dscam-regulated immune functions in insects and crustaceans, providing preliminary results for Dscam-regulated innate immunity and immune priming, but some important questions remain unresolved. In this review, we summarize the existing knowledge about Dscam-regulated immunity and discuss three yet unanswered questions, the study of which may improve the understanding of the role of Dscam-regulated immune priming in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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23
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Mekata T. Strategy for understanding the biological defense mechanism involved in immune priming in kuruma shrimp. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 125:104228. [PMID: 34363834 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Since the 1970s, individuals that survive a specific infectious disease among crustaceans reportedly develop resistance to the given virulence factors. Quasi-immune response is a similar phenomenon of acquired resistance against white spot syndrome virus, also found in kuruma shrimp. This phenomenon, resembling immunological memory, is collectively called immune priming and recently attracts increasing attention. In this study, I review, along with recent findings, past attempts to immunize shrimp by administration of the pathogen itself or recombinant proteins of viral constituent factors. Moreover, I aimed at investigating the diversity of pattern recognition receptors in kuruma shrimp from the currently available information that allows for a better understanding of immune priming. This review would potentially help to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of immune priming in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tohru Mekata
- Pathology Division, Fisheries Technology Institute, Japan Fisheries Research and Education Agency, Mie, Japan.
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24
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Sarmiento ME, Chin KL, Lau NS, Aziah I, Ismail N, Norazmi MN, Acosta A, Yaacob NS. Comparative transcriptome profiling of horseshoe crab Tachypleus gigas hemocytes in response to lipopolysaccharides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 117:148-156. [PMID: 34358702 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Horseshoe crabs (HSCs) are living fossil species of marine arthropods with a long evolutionary history spanning approximately 500 million years. Their survival is helped by their innate immune system that comprises cellular and humoral immune components to protect them against invading pathogens. To help understand the genetic mechanisms involved, the present study utilised the Illumina HiSeq platform to perform transcriptomic analysis of hemocytes from the HSC, Tachypleus gigas, that were challenged with lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The high-throughput sequencing resulted in 352,077,208 and 386,749,136 raw reads corresponding to 282,490,910 and 305,709,830 high-quality mappable reads for the control and LPS-treated hemocyte samples, respectively. Based on the log-fold change of > 0.3 or < -0.3, 1338 genes were significantly upregulated and 215 genes were significantly downregulated following LPS stimulation. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were further identified to be associated with multiple pathways such as those related to immune defence, stress response, cytoskeleton function and signal transduction. This study provides insights into the underlying molecular and regulatory mechanisms in hemocytes exposed to LPS, which has relevance for the study of the immune response of HSCs to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Sarmiento
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Kai Ling Chin
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Nyok Sean Lau
- Centre for Chemical Biology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Bayan Lepas, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Ismail Aziah
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Noraznawati Ismail
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Nor Norazmi
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Armando Acosta
- School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Nik Soriani Yaacob
- Department of Chemical Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.
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Sułek M, Kordaczuk J, Wojda I. Current understanding of immune priming phenomena in insects. J Invertebr Pathol 2021; 185:107656. [PMID: 34464656 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2021.107656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
It may seem that the most important issues related to insect immunity have already been described. However, novel phenomena observed in recent years shed new light on the understanding of the immune response in insects.The adaptive abilities of insects helped them to populate all ecological land niches.One important adaptive ability of insects that facilitates their success is the plasticity of their immune system. Although they only have innate immune mechanisms, insects can increase their resistance after the first encounter with the pathogen. In recent years, this phenomenon,namedimmunepriming, has become a "hot topic" in immunobiology.Priming can occur within or across generations. In the first case, the resistance of a given individual can increase after surviving a previous infection. Transstadial immune priming occurs when infection takes place at one of the initial developmental stages and increased resistance is observed at the pupal or imago stages. Priming across generations (transgenerationalimmune priming, TGIP) relies on the increased resistance of the offspring when one or both parents are infected during their lifetime.Despite the attention that immune priming has received, basic questions remain to be answered, such as regulation of immune priming at the molecular level. Research indicates that pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs) can be involved in the priming phenomenon. Recent studies have highlighted the special role of microRNAs and epigenetics, which can influence expression of genes that can be transmitted through generations although they are not encoded in the nucleotide sequence. Considerable amounts of research are required to fully understand the mechanisms that regulate priming phenomena. The aim of our work is to analyse thoroughly the most important information on immune priming in insects and help raise pertinent questions such that a greater understanding of this phenomenon can be obtained in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Sułek
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Immunobiology, Akademicka 19, Lublin 20-033, Poland.
| | - Jakub Kordaczuk
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Immunobiology, Akademicka 19, Lublin 20-033, Poland
| | - Iwona Wojda
- Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Institute of Biological Sciences, Department of Immunobiology, Akademicka 19, Lublin 20-033, Poland.
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26
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Bouallegui Y. A Comprehensive Review on Crustaceans' Immune System With a Focus on Freshwater Crayfish in Relation to Crayfish Plague Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667787. [PMID: 34054837 PMCID: PMC8155518 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Freshwater crayfish immunity has received great attention due to the need for urgent conservation. This concern has increased the understanding of the cellular and humoral defense systems, although the regulatory mechanisms involved in these processes need updating. There are, however, aspects of the immune response that require clarification and integration. The particular issues addressed in this review include an overall description of the oomycete Aphanomyces astaci, the causative agent of the pandemic plague disease, which affects freshwater crayfish, and an overview of crustaceans' immunity with a focus on freshwater crayfish. It includes a classification system of hemocyte sub-types, the molecular factors involved in hematopoiesis and the differential role of the hemocyte subpopulations in cell-mediated responses, including hemocyte infiltration, inflammation, encapsulation and the link with the extracellular trap cell death pathway (ETosis). In addition, other topics discussed include the identity and functions of hyaline cells, the generation of neoplasia, and the emerging topic of the role of sessile hemocytes in peripheral immunity. Finally, attention is paid to the molecular execution of the immune response, from recognition by the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), the role of the signaling network in propagating and maintaining the immune signals, to the effector elements such as the putative function of the Down syndrome adhesion molecules (Dscam) in innate immune memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Younes Bouallegui
- LR01ES14 Laboratory of Environmental Biomonitoring, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, Bizerte, Tunisia
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27
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Kraus A, Buckley KM, Salinas I. Sensing the world and its dangers: An evolutionary perspective in neuroimmunology. eLife 2021; 10:66706. [PMID: 33900197 PMCID: PMC8075586 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Detecting danger is key to the survival and success of all species. Animal nervous and immune systems cooperate to optimize danger detection. Preceding studies have highlighted the benefits of bringing neurons into the defense game, including regulation of immune responses, wound healing, pathogen control, and survival. Here, we summarize the body of knowledge in neuroimmune communication and assert that neuronal participation in the immune response is deeply beneficial in each step of combating infection, from inception to resolution. Despite the documented tight association between the immune and nervous systems in mammals or invertebrate model organisms, interdependence of these two systems is largely unexplored across metazoans. This review brings a phylogenetic perspective of the nervous and immune systems in the context of danger detection and advocates for the use of non-model organisms to diversify the field of neuroimmunology. We identify key taxa that are ripe for investigation due to the emergence of key evolutionary innovations in their immune and nervous systems. This novel perspective will help define the primordial principles that govern neuroimmune communication across taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Kraus
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
| | | | - Irene Salinas
- Department of Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, United States
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28
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Regulators and signalling in insect antimicrobial innate immunity: Functional molecules and cellular pathways. Cell Signal 2021; 83:110003. [PMID: 33836260 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2021.110003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Insects possess an immune system that protects them from attacks by various pathogenic microorganisms that would otherwise threaten their survival. Immune mechanisms may deal directly with the pathogens by eliminating them from the host organism or disarm them by suppressing the synthesis of toxins and virulence factors that promote the invasion and destructive action of the intruder within the host. Insects have been established as outstanding models for studying immune system regulation because innate immunity can be explored as an integrated system at the level of the whole organism. Innate immunity in insects consists of basal immunity that controls the constitutive synthesis of effector molecules such as antimicrobial peptides, and inducible immunity that is activated after detection of a microbe or its product(s). Activation and coordination of innate immune defenses in insects involve evolutionary conserved immune factors. Previous research in insects has led to the identification and characterization of distinct immune signalling pathways that modulate the response to microbial infections. This work has not only advanced the field of insect immunology, but it has also rekindled interest in the innate immune system of mammals. Here we review the current knowledge on key molecular components of insect immunity and discuss the opportunities they present for confronting infectious diseases in humans.
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29
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Dong H, Li L, Zhu X, Shi J, Fu Y, Zhang S, Shi Y, Xu B, Zhang J, Shi F, Jin Y. Complex RNA Secondary Structures Mediate Mutually Exclusive Splicing of Coleoptera Dscam1. Front Genet 2021; 12:644238. [PMID: 33859670 PMCID: PMC8042237 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.644238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutually exclusive splicing is an important mechanism for expanding protein diversity. An extreme example is the Down syndrome cell adhesion molecular (Dscam1) gene of insects, containing four clusters of variable exons (exons 4, 6, 9, and 17), which potentially generates tens of thousands of protein isoforms through mutually exclusive splicing, of which regulatory mechanisms are still elusive. Here, we systematically analyzed the variable exon 4, 6, and 9 clusters of Dscam1 in Coleoptera species. Through comparative genomics and RNA secondary structure prediction, we found apparent evidence that the evolutionarily conserved RNA base pairing mediates mutually exclusive splicing in the Dscam1 exon 4 cluster. In contrast to the fly exon 6, most exon 6 selector sequences in Coleoptera species are partially located in the variable exon region. Besides, bidirectional RNA–RNA interactions are predicted to regulate the mutually exclusive splicing of variable exon 9 of Dscam1. Although the docking sites in exon 4 and 9 clusters are clade specific, the docking sites-selector base pairing is conserved in secondary structure level. In short, our result provided a mechanistic framework for the application of long-range RNA base pairings in regulating the mutually exclusive splicing of Coleoptera Dscam1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Dong
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis, Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Li
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis, Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis, Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jilong Shi
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis, Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Fu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis, Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shixin Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis, Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yang Shi
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis, Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bingbing Xu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis, Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis, Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Feng Shi
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis, Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yongfeng Jin
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis, Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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30
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Li W, Wang Q. Recent progress in the research of exosomes and Dscam regulated crab antiviral immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:103925. [PMID: 33217412 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Crustaceans, including crab and shrimp, generally lack lymphocytes or adaptive immunity, and they rely solely on innate immunity for pathogen defense. The white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) causes the most prevalent viral disease in penaeid shrimps, which are widely cultured species in coastal waters worldwide. Numerous studies have elucidated the role of the immune system in protecting shrimps from WSSV infection for the development of safe and effective defensive strategies against WSSV. Although WSSV has a wide host range, it appears to exhibit high pathogenicity and virulence in only penaeid shrimps. Crabs are interesting models for studying immune responses after WSSV infection. Therefore, we reviewed recent information on the innate immune responses of crabs to WSSV and mainly focused on the antiviral functions of exosome-mediated apoptosis and alternatively spliced Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule. Our review may provide novel insights into antiviral management for crustaceans, especially penaeid shrimps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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31
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Zhang X, Zeng X, Sun Y, Wang Y, Zhang Z. Enhanced Immune Protection of Mud Crab Scylla paramamosain in Response to the Secondary Challenge by Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Front Immunol 2020; 11:565958. [PMID: 33193336 PMCID: PMC7606287 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.565958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
“Immune priming” plays a vital part in the immune system of invertebrates, protecting against recurrent infections by pathogens, and can provide some ideas for the prevention and treatment of invertebrate diseases. Many invertebrates have been demonstrated recently to have immune priming, but the relevant mechanisms are not known. Expression of immune system–related genes in the hemocytes and hepatopancreas of the mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) before and after repeated stimulation with Vibrio parahaemolyticus were analyzed by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Some molecules that may participate in the immune priming of S. paramamosain were screened out, and their possible roles in immune priming were interpreted. Crabs injected first with heat-killed V. parahaemolyticus (HkVp group) or physiologic (0.9%) saline (PS group) were rechallenged at 168 h with live V. parahaemolyticus (HkVp+Vp group and PS+Vp group, respectively). The log-rank test shows a significant difference in survival rate between the HkVp+Vp group and the other groups after the ICH (p < 0.05). Expression of genes involved in the toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway and some antimicrobial peptide genes were detected. By, respectively, comparing gene quantification at different time points in hemocytes and the hepatopancreas, the molecules that may play a part in the early stage of the immune priming of S. paramamosain in the hemocytes are found to be down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam), Hyastatin, Cactus, Arasin, antilipopolysaccharide factor 3 (ALF3), ALF4, ALF5, and ALF6 as well as later acting molecules, such as Crustin, Dorsal, Pelle, and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88). The molecules that functioned throughout the entire period are TLR and Spaetzle. In the hepatopancreas, the molecules that may play a part in the early stages of immune priming are Dscam, Hyastatin, Arasin, ALF6, Pelle, Spaetzle, Dorsal and, in the later stage, ALF4. The molecules that functioned throughout the entire period are TLR, Crustin, Cactus, MyD88, ALF3, and ALF5. In summary, the immune function of S. paramamosain is enhanced after it receives the same repetitive stimulation by V. parahaemolyticus, indicating immune priming in S. paramamosain. Our study enriches research on immune priming in invertebrates and lays the foundation for further studies revealing the molecular mechanism of immune priming in crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Fujian Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Xinyang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yulong Sun
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yilei Wang
- Fujian Engineering Research Center of Aquatic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Jimei University, Xiamen, China.,Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ziping Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, College of Animal Science, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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32
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Parejo M, Wragg D, Henriques D, Charrière JD, Estonba A. Digging into the Genomic Past of Swiss Honey Bees by Whole-Genome Sequencing Museum Specimens. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 12:2535-2551. [PMID: 32877519 PMCID: PMC7720081 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Historical specimens in museum collections provide opportunities to gain insights into the genomic past. For the Western honey bee, Apis mellifera L., this is particularly important because its populations are currently under threat worldwide and have experienced many changes in management and environment over the last century. Using Swiss Apis mellifera mellifera as a case study, our research provides important insights into the genetic diversity of native honey bees prior to the industrial-scale introductions and trade of non-native stocks during the 20th century—the onset of intensive commercial breeding and the decline of wild honey bees following the arrival of Varroa destructor. We sequenced whole-genomes of 22 honey bees from the Natural History Museum in Bern collected in Switzerland, including the oldest A. mellifera sample ever sequenced. We identify both, a historic and a recent migrant, natural or human-mediated, which corroborates with the population history of honey bees in Switzerland. Contrary to what we expected, we find no evidence for a significant genetic bottleneck in Swiss honey bees, and find that genetic diversity is not only maintained, but even slightly increased, most probably due to modern apicultural practices. Finally, we identify signals of selection between historic and modern honey bee populations associated with genes enriched in functions linked to xenobiotics, suggesting a possible selective pressure from the increasing use and diversity of chemicals used in agriculture and apiculture over the last century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Parejo
- Agroscope, Swiss Bee Research Center, Bern, Switzerland.,Lab. Genetics, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - David Wragg
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dora Henriques
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Bragança, Portugal
| | | | - Andone Estonba
- Lab. Genetics, Department of Genetics, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
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33
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Low CF, Chong CM. Peculiarities of innate immune memory in crustaceans. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:605-612. [PMID: 32619624 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Classical characteristic of the innate immune system is the lack of ability to build up immunological memory, contrast to the adaptive immune system that is capable of "remembering" antigens, and rapidly mount a greater magnitude of immune response upon subsequent exposure to the same antigens. Peculiarly, immunological memory of innate immunity is evidenced in invertebrates. At least three different memory phenomena have been described, namely sustained unique response, recalled response, and immune shift. Studies attended to decipher the mechanistic biology of the innate immune memory reveals the role of epigenetics, which modulates the response of immune memory, and the heritability of immune memory to subsequent generations. A parthenogenetic Artemia model demonstrated successful transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of resistance trait against Vibrio campbellii. Following, the role of invertebrate hemocytes and Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam) in innate immune memory is reviewed. While there is no vertebrate antibody homolog found in invertebrates, Dscam was found to resemble the functionality of vertebrate antibody. Insight of Dscam as immune factor was illustrated further in the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Fei Low
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Chou Min Chong
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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34
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Chen-Fei L, Chou-Min C, Jiun-Yan L. Feasibility of vaccination against Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus infection in giant freshwater prawn. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:431-438. [PMID: 32580003 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The giant freshwater prawn/giant river prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii is one of the high market value crustaceans cultured worldwide. The intensified aquaculture of the species has led to the outbreak of infectious diseases, prominently, the white tail disease (WTD). It is caused by the infection of Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV), which was classified in the family of Nodaviridae. To-date, there are no effective prophylactic and therapeutic agents available against MrNV infection. Vaccination is known to be the most effective prophylactic agent in disease prevention. However, vaccine development against virus infection in crustaceans is equivocal. The feasibility of vaccination in conferring immune protection in crustaceans against infectious diseases is disputable. The argument lies in the fact that crustaceans do not possess adaptive immunity, which is the main immune component that functions to establish immunological memory upon vaccination. Nevertheless, an increasing number of literatures has been documented, which concerns the development of vaccines against infectious diseases in crustaceans. The current review deliberates different approaches in vaccine development against MrNV, which were documented in the past years. It is noteworthy that the live-attenuated MrNV vaccine has not been experimented by far. Thus, the potential of live-attenuated MrNV vaccine in conferring long-term immune protection through the establishment of innate immune memory is currently being discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Low Chen-Fei
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Chong Chou-Min
- Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Loh Jiun-Yan
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, UCSI University, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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