1
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Yang D, Sun W, Gao L, Zhao K, Zhuang Q, Cai Y. Cell competition as an emerging mechanism and therapeutic target in cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2025; 1871:167769. [PMID: 40054587 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2025.167769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2024] [Revised: 01/18/2025] [Accepted: 02/27/2025] [Indexed: 03/17/2025]
Abstract
Cell competition, as an internal quality control mechanism that constantly monitor cell fitness and eliminate unfit cells, maintains proper embryogenesis and tissue integrity during early development and adult homeostasis. Recent studies have revealed that cell competition functions as a tumor-suppressive mechanism to defend against cancer by removing neoplastic cell, which however, is hijacked by tumor cells and drive cell competition in favor of mutant cells, thereby promoting cancer initiation and progression. In this review, with a special focus on mammalian systems, we discuss the latest insights into the mechanisms regulating cell competition and its dual role in tumor development. We also provide current strategies to modulate the direction of cell competition for the prevention and treatment of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakai Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jintan, People's Republic of China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenyue Sun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Gao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jintan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Zhuang
- Department of General Practice, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yun Cai
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiangsu University, Jintan, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Zhu Y, Wunderlich Z, Lander AD. Epithelial cell competition is promoted by signaling from immune cells. Nat Commun 2025; 16:3710. [PMID: 40251197 PMCID: PMC12008283 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-025-59130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2025] [Indexed: 04/20/2025] Open
Abstract
In epithelial tissues, juxtaposition of cells of different phenotypes can trigger cell competition, a process whereby one type of cell drives death and extrusion of another. During growth and homeostasis, cell competition is thought to serve a quality control function, eliminating cells that are "less fit". Tissues may also attack and eliminate newly arising tumor cells, exploiting mechanisms shared with other instances of cell competition, but that differ, reportedly, in the involvement of the immune system. Whereas immune cells have been shown to play a direct role in killing tumor cells, this has not been observed in other cases of cell competition, suggesting that tissues recognize and handle cancer cells differently. Here, we challenge this view, showing that, in the fruit fly Drosophila, innate immune cells play similar roles in cell killing during classical cell competition as in eliminating tumors. These findings suggest that immune suppression of cancer may exploit the same mechanisms as are involved in promoting phenotypic uniformity among epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilun Zhu
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Zeba Wunderlich
- Department of Biology, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
- Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Arthur D Lander
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- NSF-Simons Center for Multiscale Cell Fate Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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3
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Xu M, Li W, Xu R, Liu L, Wu Z, Li W, Ma C, Xue L. Gp93 safeguards tissue homeostasis by preventing ROS-JNK-mediated apoptosis. Redox Biol 2025; 81:103537. [PMID: 39965405 PMCID: PMC11875814 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2025.103537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2025] [Accepted: 02/07/2025] [Indexed: 02/20/2025] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a pivotal role in maintaining tissue homeostasis, yet their overabundance can impair normal cellular functions, induce cell death, and potentially lead to neurodegenerative disorders. This study identifies Drosophila Glycoprotein 93 (Gp93) as a crucial factor that safeguards tissue homeostasis and preserves normal neuronal functions by preventing ROS-induced, JNK-dependent apoptotic cell death. Firstly, loss of Gp93 induces JNK-dependent apoptosis primarily through the induction of ROS. Secondary, neuro-specific depletion of Gp93 results in ROS-JNK-mediated neurodegeneration. Thirdly, overexpression of Gp93 effectively curtails oxidative stress and neurodegeneration caused by paraquat exposure or the aging process. Furthermore, these functions of Gp93 can be substituted by its human ortholog, HSP90B1. Lastly, depletion of HSP90B1 in cultured human cells triggers ROS production, JNK activation, and apoptosis. Thus, this study not only unveils a novel physiological function of Gp93, but also provides valuable insights for understanding the physiological and pathological functions of human HSP90B1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Diseases Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanzhen Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Diseases Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruihong Xu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Diseases Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixia Liu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Diseases Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhihan Wu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Diseases Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzhe Li
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Diseases Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Diseases Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Xue
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Diseases Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Interventional Medicine, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, 200072, Shanghai, China.
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4
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Brutscher F, Basler K. Functions of Drosophila Toll/NF-κB signaling in imaginal tissue homeostasis and cancer. Front Cell Dev Biol 2025; 13:1559753. [PMID: 40143968 PMCID: PMC11936955 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2025.1559753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2025] [Accepted: 02/19/2025] [Indexed: 03/28/2025] Open
Abstract
The Toll/NF-κB pathway plays a central role in patterning the Drosophila embryo and in orchestrating the innate immune response against microbial infections. Both discoveries were associated with a Nobel Prize award and led to the recognition of the Toll-like receptor pathway in mammals, which has significant implications for diseases. Recent discoveries have revealed that the Toll/NF-κB pathway also maintains epithelial homeostasis of imaginal tissues during development: local Toll/NF-κB signaling activity monitors internal cellular fitness, and precancerous mutant cells can trigger systemic Toll/NF-κB pathway activation. However, this signaling can be exploited in diseases like cancer, in which Toll/NF-κB signaling is often co-opted or subverted. Various models have been proposed to explain how Toll/NF-κB signaling contributes to different types of cancer. Here we provide an overview of the functions of Toll/NF-κB signaling in imaginal tissue homeostasis with a focus on their misuse in pathological contexts, particularly their significance for tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Brutscher
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Konrad Basler
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Singh A, Hu Y, Lopes RF, Lane L, Woldemichael H, Xu C, Udeshi ND, Carr SA, Perrimon N. Cell-death induced immune response and coagulopathy promote cachexia in Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2025:2025.01.07.631515. [PMID: 39829769 PMCID: PMC11741341 DOI: 10.1101/2025.01.07.631515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2025]
Abstract
Tumors can exert a far-reaching influence on the body, triggering systemic responses that contribute to debilitating conditions like cancer cachexia. To characterize the mechanisms underlying tumor-host interactions, we utilized a BioID-based proximity labeling method to identify proteins secreted by Ykiact adult Drosophila gut tumors into the bloodstream/hemolymph. Among the major proteins identified are coagulation and immune-responsive factors that contribute to the systemic wasting phenotypes associated with Ykiact tumors. The effect of innate immunity factors is mediated by NFκB transcription factors Relish, dorsal, and Dif, which in turn upregulate the expression of the cachectic factors Pvf1, Impl2, and Upd3. In addition, Ykiact tumors secrete Eiger, a TNF-alpha homolog, which activates the JNK signaling pathway in neighboring non-tumor cells, leading to cell death. The release of damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) from these dying cells presumably amplifies the inflammatory response, exacerbating systemic wasting. Targeting the inflammatory response, the JNK pathway, or the production of cachectic factors could potentially alleviate the debilitating effects of cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Singh
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 7 02115, USA
| | - Yanhui Hu
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 7 02115, USA
| | - Raphael Fragoso Lopes
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 7 02115, USA
| | - Liz Lane
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 7 02115, USA
| | | | - Charles Xu
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Steven A. Carr
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 7 02115, USA
- HHMI, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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6
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Kinoshita J, Kinoshita Y, Nomura T, Inoue YH. Macrophage-like Blood Cells Are Involved in Inter-Tissue Communication to Activate JAK/STAT Signaling, Inducing Antitumor Turandot Proteins in Drosophila Fat Body via the TNF-JNK Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:13110. [PMID: 39684820 DOI: 10.3390/ijms252313110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2024] [Revised: 11/30/2024] [Accepted: 12/04/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Turandot (Tot) family proteins, which are induced via the JAK/STAT pathway after infection, also suppress lymph gland tumors in Drosophila mxcmbn1 mutant larvae. We investigated the potential role of hemocytes in Tot induction in tumor-bearing mutants via immunostaining and RNAi experiments. Normal hemocytes transplanted into mutant larvae were recruited to the tumor and fat body (FB), suggesting that these cells transmit tumor-related information. The transplanted hemocytes ectopically expressed Unpaired3 (Upd3), which is necessary for the activation of JAK/STAT. Eiger, a Drosophila tumor necrosis factor (TNF) ortholog, was highly expressed in tumors. Depletion of the Eiger receptor in hemocytes reduced Tot levels and eventually enhanced tumor growth. The c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, acting downstream of the receptor, was also activated in the hemocytes of mutants. Downregulation of the JNK pathway in hemocytes inhibited Tot induction, leading to enhanced tumor growth. These results suggest that upd3 expression in hemocytes depends on the Eiger-JNK pathway. We propose that after Eiger activates the JNK pathway in hemocytes present on the tumor, cells expressing Upd3 are recruited to the FB. Upd3 then activates JAK/STAT to induce the expression of antitumor proteins. This study highlights the intricate communication between tissues via blood cells during tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juri Kinoshita
- Biomedical Research Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-0962, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yuriko Kinoshita
- Biomedical Research Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-0962, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nomura
- Biomedical Research Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-0962, Japan
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro H Inoue
- Biomedical Research Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-0962, Japan
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7
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Kakemura B, Igaki T. Blockade of Crk eliminates Yki/YAP-activated tumors via JNK-mediated apoptosis in Drosophila. Commun Biol 2024; 7:1196. [PMID: 39341909 PMCID: PMC11438906 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06897-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Selective elimination of cancer cells without causing deleterious effects on normal cells is an ideal anti-cancer strategy. Here, using Drosophila cancer model, we performed an in vivo RNAi screen for anti-cancer targets that selectively eliminate tumors without affecting normal tissue growth. In Drosophila imaginal epithelium, clones of cells expressing oncogenic Ras with simultaneous mutations in the cell polarity gene scribble (RasV12/scrib-/-) develop into malignant tumors. We found that knockdown of Crk, the Drosophila ortholog of human CRK (CT10 regulatory kinase) and CRKL (Crk-like) adapter proteins, significantly suppresses growth of RasV12/scrib-/- tumors by inducing c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-mediated apoptosis, while it does not affect growth of normal epithelium. Mechanistically, Crk inhibition blocks Yorkie (Yki)/YAP activity by impairing F-actin accumulation, an upstream event of Yki/YAP activation in tumors. Inhibition of Yki/YAP in tumors causes intracellular JNK signaling to be used for apoptosis induction. Given that molecules and signaling pathways identified in Drosophila are highly conserved and activated in human cancers, our findings would provide a novel, to the best of our knowledge, anti-cancer strategy against YAP-activated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bungo Kakemura
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, 46-29, Yoshida-shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Igaki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, 46-29, Yoshida-shimoadachi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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8
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Mitchell KA, Vissers JHA, Pojer JM, Brooks E, Hilmi AJS, Papenfuss AT, Schröder J, Harvey KF. The JNK and Hippo pathways control epithelial integrity and prevent tumor initiation by regulating an overlapping transcriptome. Curr Biol 2024; 34:3966-3982.e7. [PMID: 39146938 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial organs maintain their integrity and prevent tumor initiation by actively removing defective cells, such as those that have lost apicobasal polarity. Here, we identify how transcription factors of two key signaling pathways-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Hippo-regulate epithelial integrity by controlling transcription of an overlapping set of target genes. Targeted DamID experiments reveal that, in proliferating cells of the Drosophila melanogaster eye, the AP-1 transcription factor Jun and the Hippo pathway transcription regulators Yorkie and Scalloped bind to a common suite of target genes that promote organ growth. In defective neoplastic cells, AP-1 transcription factors repress transcription of growth genes together with the C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) co-repressor. If gene repression by AP-1/CtBP fails, neoplastic tumor growth ensues, driven by Yorkie/Scalloped. Thus, AP-1/CtBP eliminates defective cells and prevents tumor initiation by acting in parallel to Yorkie/Scalloped to repress expression of a shared transcriptome. These findings shed new light on the maintenance of epithelial integrity and tumor suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina A Mitchell
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Joseph H A Vissers
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Pojer
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Elliot Brooks
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Abdul Jabbar Saiful Hilmi
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Anthony T Papenfuss
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jan Schröder
- Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kieran F Harvey
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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9
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Kodra AL, Singh AS, de la Cova C, Ziosi M, Johnston LA. The Drosophila tumor necrosis factor Eiger promotes Myc supercompetition independent of canonical Jun N-terminal kinase signaling. Genetics 2024; 228:iyae107. [PMID: 38985651 PMCID: PMC11373512 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous factors have been implicated in the cell-cell interactions that lead to elimination of cells via cell competition, a context-dependent process of cell selection in somatic tissues that is based on comparisons of cellular fitness. Here, we use a series of genetic tests in Drosophila to explore the relative contribution of the pleiotropic cytokine tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in Myc-mediated cell competition (also known as Myc supercompetition or Myc cell competition). We find that the sole Drosophila TNF, Eiger (Egr), its receptor Grindelwald (Grnd/TNF receptor), and the adaptor proteins Traf4 and Traf6 are required to eliminate wild-type "loser" cells during Myc cell competition. Although typically the interaction between Egr and Grnd leads to cell death by activating the intracellular Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) stress signaling pathway, our experiments reveal that many components of canonical JNK signaling are dispensable for cell death in Myc cell competition, including the JNKKK Tak1, the JNKK Hemipterous and the JNK Basket. Our results suggest that Egr/Grnd signaling participates in Myc cell competition but functions in a role that is largely independent of the JNK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albana L Kodra
- Department of Genetics and Development, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Aditi Sharma Singh
- Department of Genetics and Development, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Claire de la Cova
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | | | - Laura A Johnston
- Department of Genetics and Development, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Song L, Wang D, Zhai Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Sun L, Zhou K. Aqueous extract of Epimedium sagittatum (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim. induces liver injury in mice via pyroptosis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 329:118164. [PMID: 38593963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Epimedium sagittatum (Sieb. et Zucc.) Maxim. has been used traditionally in Asia. It can dispel wind and cold, tonify the kidney, and strengthen bones and tendons. However, adverse effects of E. sagittatum have been reported, and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to investigate liver injury caused by an aqueous extract of E. sagittatum in Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice and explore its potential mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Dried E. sagittatum leaves were decocted in water to prepare aqueous extracts for ultra-high performance liquid chromatography analysis. Mice were administered an aqueous extract of E. sagittatum equivalent to either 3 g raw E. sagittatum/kg or 10 g raw E. sagittatum/kg once daily via intragastric injection for three months. The liver weights and levels of the serum biochemical parameters including alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), total bilirubin (TBIL), and alkaline phosphatase were measured. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was performed for histopathology. Apoptosis was detected using the TUNEL apoptosis assay kit. IL-1β was detected using ELISA kits. Proteomics was used to identify the differentially expressed proteins. Western blot analysis was performed to determine the levels of proteins significantly affected by the aqueous extract of E. sagittatum. RESULTS E. sagittatum treatment increased the liver weights and liver coefficients, and ALT and AST levels significantly increased (p < 0.05). A high dose of E. sagittatum significantly increased LDH and TBIL levels (p < 0.05). Ruptured cell membranes and multiple sites of inflammatory cell infiltration were also observed. No evidence of apoptosis was observed. IL-1β levels were significantly increased (p < 0.05). The expressions of PIK3R1, p-MAP2K4, p-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)/JNK, p-c-Jun, VDAC2, Bax, and CYC were upregulated, whereas that of Bcl-2 was inhibited by E. sagittatum. The expression of cleaved caspase-1 was significantly increased; however, its effects on GSDMD and GSDMD-N were significantly decreased. The expression levels of cleaved caspase-3 and its effector proteins GSDME and GSDME-N significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the aqueous extract of E. sagittatum induces liver injury in ICR mice after three months of intragastric injection via inflammatory pyroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Song
- Center of Drug Safety Evaluation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Dongyu Wang
- Center of Drug Safety Evaluation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yuxia Zhai
- Center of Drug Safety Evaluation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Center of Drug Safety Evaluation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Center of Drug Safety Evaluation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Yingli Yu
- Center of Drug Safety Evaluation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Likang Sun
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Center of Drug Safety Evaluation, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China; State Key Laboratory of Component-based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, China.
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11
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Terry D, Schweibenz C, Moberg K. Local Ecdysone synthesis in a wounded epithelium sustains developmental delay and promotes regeneration in Drosophila. Development 2024; 151:dev202828. [PMID: 38775023 PMCID: PMC11234263 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Regenerative ability often declines as animals mature past embryonic and juvenile stages, suggesting that regeneration requires redirection of growth pathways that promote developmental growth. Intriguingly, the Drosophila larval epithelia require the hormone ecdysone (Ec) for growth but require a drop in circulating Ec levels to regenerate. Examining Ec dynamics more closely, we find that transcriptional activity of the Ec-receptor (EcR) drops in uninjured regions of wing discs, but simultaneously rises in cells around the injury-induced blastema. In parallel, blastema depletion of genes encoding Ec biosynthesis enzymes blocks EcR activity and impairs regeneration but has no effect on uninjured wings. We find that local Ec/EcR signaling is required for injury-induced pupariation delay following injury and that key regeneration regulators upd3 and Ets21c respond to Ec levels. Collectively, these data indicate that injury induces a local source of Ec within the wing blastema that sustains a transcriptional signature necessary for developmental delay and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Terry
- Graduate Programs in Genetic and Molecular Biology, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Colby Schweibenz
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Laney Graduate School, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Kenneth Moberg
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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12
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Waghmare I, Gangwani K, Rai A, Singh A, Kango-Singh M. A Tumor-Specific Molecular Network Promotes Tumor Growth in Drosophila by Enforcing a Jun N-Terminal Kinase-Yorkie Feedforward Loop. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1768. [PMID: 38730720 PMCID: PMC11083887 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16091768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells expand rapidly in response to altered intercellular and signaling interactions to achieve the hallmarks of cancer. Impaired cell polarity combined with activated oncogenes is known to promote several hallmarks of cancer, e.g., activating invasion by increased activity of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and sustained proliferative signaling by increased activity of Hippo effector Yorkie (Yki). Thus, JNK, Yki, and their downstream transcription factors have emerged as synergistic drivers of tumor growth through pro-tumor signaling and intercellular interactions like cell competition. However, little is known about the signals that converge onto JNK and Yki in tumor cells and enable tumor cells to achieve the hallmarks of cancer. Here, using mosaic models of cooperative oncogenesis (RasV12,scrib-) in Drosophila, we show that RasV12,scrib- tumor cells grow through the activation of a previously unidentified network comprising Wingless (Wg), Dronc, JNK, and Yki. We show that RasV12,scrib- cells show increased Wg, Dronc, JNK, and Yki signaling, and all these signals are required for the growth of RasV12,scrib- tumors. We report that Wg and Dronc converge onto a JNK-Yki self-reinforcing positive feedback signal-amplification loop that promotes tumor growth. We found that the Wg-Dronc-Yki-JNK molecular network is specifically activated in polarity-impaired tumor cells and not in normal cells, in which apical-basal polarity remains intact. Our findings suggest that the identification of molecular networks may provide significant insights into the key biologically meaningful changes in signaling pathways and paradoxical signals that promote tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indrayani Waghmare
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; (I.W.); (A.R.); (A.S.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA
| | - Karishma Gangwani
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; (I.W.); (A.R.); (A.S.)
- Computational Biology Department, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Arushi Rai
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; (I.W.); (A.R.); (A.S.)
| | - Amit Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; (I.W.); (A.R.); (A.S.)
- Premedical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
- Integrative Science and Engineering Centre (ISE), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Madhuri Kango-Singh
- Department of Biology, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA; (I.W.); (A.R.); (A.S.)
- Premedical Programs, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
- Integrative Science and Engineering Centre (ISE), University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
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13
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Terry D, Schweibenz C, Moberg K. Local ecdysone synthesis in a wounded epithelium sustains developmental delay and promotes regeneration in Drosophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.25.581888. [PMID: 38464192 PMCID: PMC10925115 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.25.581888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Regenerative ability often declines as animals mature past embryonic and juvenile stages, suggesting that regeneration requires redirection of growth pathways that promote developmental growth. Intriguingly, the Drosophila larval epithelia require the hormone ecdysone (Ec) for growth but require a drop in circulating Ec levels to regenerate. Examining Ec dynamics more closely, we find that transcriptional activity of the Ec-receptor (EcR) drops in uninjured regions of wing discs, but simultaneously rises in cells around the injury-induced blastema. In parallel, blastema depletion of genes encoding Ec biosynthesis enzymes blocks EcR activity and impairs regeneration but has no effect on uninjured wings. We find that local Ec/EcR signaling is required for injury-induced pupariation delay following injury and that key regeneration regulators upd3 and Ets21c respond to Ec levels. Collectively, these data indicate that injury induces a local source of Ec within the wing blastema that sustains a transcriptional signature necessary for developmental delay and tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Terry
- Graduate Programs in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Laney Graduate School, Emory University
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Colby Schweibenz
- Graduate Programs in Biochemistry, Cell, and Developmental Biology, Laney Graduate School, Emory University
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Kenneth Moberg
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322
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14
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Nagata R, Igaki T. Cell competition: emerging signaling and unsolved questions. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:379-389. [PMID: 38351618 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Multicellular communities have an intrinsic mechanism that optimizes their structure and function via cell-cell communication. One of the driving forces for such self-organization of the multicellular system is cell competition, the elimination of viable unfit or deleterious cells via cell-cell interaction. Studies in Drosophila and mammals have identified multiple mechanisms of cell competition caused by different types of mutations or cellular changes. Intriguingly, recent studies have found that different types of "losers" of cell competition commonly show reduced protein synthesis. In Drosophila, the reduction in protein synthesis levels in loser cells is caused by phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2α via a bZip transcription factor Xrp1. Given that a variety of cellular stresses converge on eIF2α phosphorylation and thus global inhibition of protein synthesis, cell competition may be a machinery that optimizes multicellular fitness by removing stressed cells. In this review, we summarize and discuss emerging signaling mechanisms and critical unsolved questions, as well as the role of protein synthesis in cell competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Nagata
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Igaki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Japan
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15
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Cong B, Cagan RL. Cell competition and cancer from Drosophila to mammals. Oncogenesis 2024; 13:1. [PMID: 38172609 PMCID: PMC10764339 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-023-00505-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Throughout an individual's life, somatic cells acquire cancer-associated mutations. A fraction of these mutations trigger tumour formation, a phenomenon partly driven by the interplay of mutant and wild-type cell clones competing for dominance; conversely, other mutations function against tumour initiation. This mechanism of 'cell competition', can shift clone dynamics by evaluating the relative status of clonal populations, promoting 'winners' and eliminating 'losers'. This review examines the role of cell competition in the context of tumorigenesis, tumour progression and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojie Cong
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, Scotland, G61 1QH, UK.
| | - Ross L Cagan
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, Scotland, G61 1QH, UK
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16
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Zheng J, Guo Y, Shi C, Yang S, Xu W, Ma X. Differential Ire1 determines loser cell fate in tumor-suppressive cell competition. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113303. [PMID: 37924514 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-suppressive cell competition (TSCC) is a conserved surveillance mechanism in which neighboring cells actively eliminate oncogenic cells. Despite overwhelming studies showing that the unfolded protein response (UPR) is dysregulated in various tumors, it remains debatable whether the UPR restrains or promotes tumorigenesis. Here, using Drosophila eye epithelium as a model, we uncover a surprising decisive role of the Ire1 branch of the UPR in regulating cell polarity gene scribble (scrib) loss-induced TSCC. Both mutation and hyperactivation of Ire1 accelerate elimination of scrib clones via inducing apoptosis and autophagy, respectively. Unexpectedly, relative Ire1 activity is also crucial for determining loser cell fate, as dysregulating Ire1 signaling in the surrounding healthy cells reversed the "loser" status of scrib clones by decreasing their apoptosis. Furthermore, we show that Ire1 is required for cell competition in mammalian cells. Together, these findings provide molecular insights into scrib-mediated TSCC and highlight Ire1 as a key determinant of loser cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiadong Zheng
- Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Yifan Guo
- Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Changyi Shi
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Shuai Yang
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China
| | - Wenyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China.
| | - Xianjue Ma
- Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China.
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17
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Waghmare I, Gangwani K, Rai A, Singh A, Kango-Singh M. A Tumour-Specific Molecular Network Promotes Tumour Growth in Drosophila by Enforcing a JNK-YKI Feedforward Loop. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.18.561369. [PMID: 37904920 PMCID: PMC10614921 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.18.561369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells expand rapidly in response to altered intercellular and signalling interactions to achieve hallmarks of cancer. Impaired cell polarity combined with activated oncogenes is known to promote several hallmarks of cancer e.g., activating invasion by increased activity of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and sustained proliferative signalling by increased activity of Hippo effector Yorkie (Yki). Thus, JNK, Yki, and their downstream transcription factors have emerged as synergistic drivers of tumour growth through pro-tumour signalling and intercellular interactions like cell-competition. However, little is known about the signals that converge onto JNK and Yki in tumour cells that enable the tumour cells to achieve hallmarks of cancer. Here, using mosaic models of cooperative oncogenesis ( Ras V12 , scrib - ) in Drosophila , we show that Ras V12 , scrib - tumour cells grow by activation of a previously unidentified network comprising Wingless (Wg), Dronc, JNK and Yki. We show that Ras V12 , scrib - cells show increased Wg, Dronc, JNK, and Yki signalling, and all of these signals are required for the growth of Ras V12 , scrib - tumours. We report that Wg and Dronc converge onto a JNK-Yki self-reinforcing positive feedback signal-amplification loop that promotes tumour growth. We found that Wg-Dronc-Yki-JNK molecular network is specifically activated in polarity-impaired tumour cells and not in normal cells where apical basal polarity is intact. Our findings suggest that identification of molecular networks may provide significant insights about the key biologically meaningful changes in signalling pathways, and paradoxical signals that promote Tumourigenesis.
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18
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Colombani J, Andersen DS. Drosophila TNF/TNFRs: At the crossroad between metabolism, immunity, and tissue homeostasis. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:2416-2432. [PMID: 37567762 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is a highly conserved proinflammatory cytokine with important functions in immunity, tissue repair, and cellular homeostasis. Due to the simplicity of the Drosophila TNF-TNF receptor (TNFR) system and a broad genetic toolbox, the fly has played a pivotal role in deciphering the mechanisms underlying TNF-mediated physiological and pathological functions. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of how local and systemic sources of Egr/TNF contribute to its antitumor and tumor-promoting properties, and its emerging functions in adaptive growth responses, sleep regulation, and adult tissue homeostasis. The recent annotation of TNF as an adipokine and its indisputable contribution to obesity- and cancer-associated metabolic diseases have provoked a new area of research focusing on its dual function in regulating immunity and energy homeostasis. Here, we discuss the role of TNFR signaling in coupling immune and metabolic processes and how this might be relevant in the adaption of host to environmental stresses, or, in the case of obesity, promote metabolic derangements and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Colombani
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ditte S Andersen
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Letizia A, Espinàs ML, Giannios P, Llimargas M. The TNFR Wengen regulates the FGF pathway by an unconventional mechanism. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5874. [PMID: 37735159 PMCID: PMC10514202 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41549-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Unveiling the molecular mechanisms of receptor activation has led to much understanding of development as well as the identification of important drug targets. We use the Drosophila tracheal system to study the activity of two families of widely used and conserved receptors, the TNFRs and the RTK-FGFRs. Breathless, an FGFR, controls the program of differentiation of the tracheal terminal cells in response to ligand activation. Here we identify a role for Wengen, a TNFR, in repressing the terminal cell program by regulating the MAPK pathway downstream of Breathless. We find that Wengen acts independently of both its canonical ligand and downstream pathway genes. Wengen does not stably localise at the membrane and is instead internalised-a trafficking that seems essential for activity. We show that Breathless and Wengen colocalise in intracellular vesicles and form a complex. Furthermore, Wengen regulates Breathless accumulation, possibly regulating Breathless trafficking and degradation. We propose that, in the tracheal context, Wengen interacts with Breathless to regulate its activity, and suggest that such unconventional mechanism, involving binding by TNFRs to unrelated proteins, may be a general strategy of TNFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Letizia
- Department of Cells and Tissues. Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, IBMB-CSIC. Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Lluisa Espinàs
- Department of Cells and Tissues. Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, IBMB-CSIC. Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Panagiotis Giannios
- Department of Cells and Tissues. Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, IBMB-CSIC. Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Llimargas
- Department of Cells and Tissues. Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, IBMB-CSIC. Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
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20
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Spitzer DC, Sun WY, Rodríguez-Vargas A, Hariharan IK. The cell adhesion molecule Echinoid promotes tissue survival and separately restricts tissue overgrowth in Drosophila imaginal discs. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.04.552072. [PMID: 37577631 PMCID: PMC10418178 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.04.552072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The interactions that cells in Drosophila imaginal discs have with their neighbors are known to regulate their ability to survive. In a screen of genes encoding cell surface proteins for gene knockdowns that affect the size or shape of mutant clones, we found that clones of cells with reduced levels of echinoid (ed) are fewer, smaller, and can be eliminated during development. In contrast, discs composed mostly of ed mutant tissue are overgrown. We find that ed mutant tissue has lower levels of the anti-apoptotic protein Diap1 and has increased levels of apoptosis which is consistent with the observed underrepresentation of ed mutant clones and the slow growth of ed mutant tissue. The eventual overgrowth of ed mutant tissue results not from accelerated growth, but from prolonged growth resulting from a failure to arrest growth at the appropriate final size. Ed has previously been shown to physically interact with multiple Hippo-pathway components and it has been proposed to promote Hippo pathway signaling, to exclude Yorkie (Yki) from the nucleus, and restrain the expression of Yki-target genes. We did not observe changes in Yki localization in ed mutant tissue and found decreased levels of expression of several Yorkie-target genes, findings inconsistent with the proposed effect of Ed on Yki. We did, however, observe increased expression of several Yki-target genes in wild-type cells neighboring ed mutant cells, which may contribute to elimination of ed mutant clones. Thus, ed has two distinct functions: an anti-apoptotic function by maintaining Diap1 levels, and a function to arrest growth at the appropriate final size. Both of these are unlikely to be explained by a simple effect on the Hippo pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle C. Spitzer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 515 Weill Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720-3200
| | - William Y. Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 515 Weill Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720-3200
| | - Anthony Rodríguez-Vargas
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 515 Weill Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720-3200
| | - Iswar K. Hariharan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, 515 Weill Hall, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720-3200
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21
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Kiparaki M, Baker NE. Ribosomal protein mutations and cell competition: autonomous and nonautonomous effects on a stress response. Genetics 2023; 224:iyad080. [PMID: 37267156 PMCID: PMC10691752 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosomal proteins (Rps) are essential for viability. Genetic mutations affecting Rp genes were first discovered in Drosophila, where they represent a major class of haploinsufficient mutations. One mutant copy gives rise to the dominant "Minute" phenotype, characterized by slow growth and small, thin bristles. Wild-type (WT) and Minute cells compete in mosaics, that is, Rp+/- are preferentially lost when their neighbors are of the wild-type genotype. Many features of Rp gene haploinsufficiency (i.e. Rp+/- phenotypes) are mediated by a transcriptional program. In Drosophila, reduced translation and slow growth are under the control of Xrp1, a bZip-domain transcription factor induced in Rp mutant cells that leads ultimately to the phosphorylation of eIF2α and consequently inhibition of most translation. Rp mutant phenotypes are also mediated transcriptionally in yeast and in mammals. In mammals, the Impaired Ribosome Biogenesis Checkpoint activates p53. Recent findings link Rp mutant phenotypes to other cellular stresses, including the DNA damage response and endoplasmic reticulum stress. We suggest that cell competition results from nonautonomous inputs to stress responses, bringing decisions between adaptive and apoptotic outcomes under the influence of nearby cells. In Drosophila, cell competition eliminates aneuploid cells in which loss of chromosome leads to Rp gene haploinsufficiency. The effects of Rp gene mutations on the whole organism, in Minute flies or in humans with Diamond-Blackfan Anemia, may be inevitable consequences of pathways that are useful in eliminating individual cells from mosaics. Alternatively, apparently deleterious whole organism phenotypes might be adaptive, preventing even more detrimental outcomes. In mammals, for example, p53 activation appears to suppress oncogenic effects of Rp gene haploinsufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianthi Kiparaki
- Institute for Fundamental Biomedical Research, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Vari 16672, Greece
| | - Nicholas E Baker
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Visual Sciences and Ophthalmology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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22
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Taniguchi K, Igaki T. Sas-Ptp10D shapes germ-line stem cell niche by facilitating JNK-mediated apoptosis. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010684. [PMID: 36972315 PMCID: PMC10079222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The function of the stem cell system is supported by a stereotypical shape of the niche structure. In Drosophila ovarian germarium, somatic cap cells form a dish-like niche structure that allows only two or three germ-line stem cells (GSCs) reside in the niche. Despite extensive studies on the mechanism of stem cell maintenance, the mechanisms of how the dish-like niche structure is shaped and how this structure contributes to the stem cell system have been elusive. Here, we show that a transmembrane protein Stranded at second (Sas) and its receptor Protein tyrosine phosphatase 10D (Ptp10D), effectors of axon guidance and cell competition via epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr) inhibition, shape the dish-like niche structure by facilitating c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-mediated apoptosis. Loss of Sas or Ptp10D in gonadal apical cells, but not in GSCs or cap cells, during the pre-pupal stage results in abnormal shaping of the niche structure in the adult, which allows excessive, four to six GSCs reside in the niche. Mechanistically, loss of Sas-Ptp10D elevates Egfr signaling in the gonadal apical cells, thereby suppressing their naturally-occurring JNK-mediated apoptosis that is essential for the shaping of the dish-like niche structure by neighboring cap cells. Notably, the abnormal niche shape and resulting excessive GSCs lead to diminished egg production. Our data propose a concept that the stereotypical shaping of the niche structure optimizes the stem cell system, thereby maximizing the reproductive capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiichiro Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (KT); (TI)
| | - Tatsushi Igaki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyoku, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail: (KT); (TI)
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23
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Cao L, Dai Z, Tan H, Zheng H, Wang Y, Chen J, Kuang H, Chong RA, Han M, Hu F, Sun W, Sun C, Zhang Z. Population Structure, Demographic History, and Adaptation of Giant Honeybees in China Revealed by Population Genomic Data. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:7044694. [PMID: 36799935 PMCID: PMC9991589 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been many population-based genomic studies on human-managed honeybees (Apis mellifera and Apis cerana), but there has been a notable lack of analysis with regard to wild honeybees, particularly in relation to their evolutionary history. Nevertheless, giant honeybees have been found to occupy distinct habitats and display remarkable characteristics, which are attracting an increased amount of attention. In this study, we de novo sequenced and then assembled the draft genome sequence of the Himalayan giant honeybee, Apis laboriosa. Phylogenetic analysis based on genomic information indicated that A. laboriosa and its tropical sister species Apis dorsata diverged ∼2.61 Ma, which supports the speciation hypothesis that links A. laboriosa to geological changes throughout history. Furthermore, we re-sequenced A. laboriosa and A. dorsata samples from five and six regions, respectively, across their population ranges in China. These analyses highlighted major genetic differences for Tibetan A. laboriosa as well as the Hainan Island A. dorsata. The demographic history of most giant honeybee populations has mirrored glacial cycles. More importantly, contrary to what has occurred among human-managed honeybees, the demographic history of these two wild honeybee species indicates a rapid decline in effective population size in the recent past, reflecting their differences in evolutionary histories. Several genes were found to be subject to selection, which may help giant honeybees to adapt to specific local conditions. In summary, our study sheds light on the evolutionary and adaptational characteristics of two wild giant honeybee species, which was useful for giant honeybee conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianfei Cao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhijun Dai
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hongwei Tan
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.,Chongqing General Station of Animal Husbandry Technology Extension, Chongqing, China
| | - Huoqing Zheng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Haiou Kuang
- Faculty of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Rebecca A Chong
- School of Life Sciences, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, Honolulu, Hawai'i, USA
| | - Minjin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fuliang Hu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Sun
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Ze Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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24
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Sharpe JL, Morgan J, Nisbet N, Campbell K, Casali A. Modelling Cancer Metastasis in Drosophila melanogaster. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050677. [PMID: 36899813 PMCID: PMC10000390 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer metastasis, the process by which tumour cells spread throughout the body and form secondary tumours at distant sites, is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. The metastatic cascade is a highly complex process encompassing initial dissemination from the primary tumour, travel through the blood stream or lymphatic system, and the colonisation of distant organs. However, the factors enabling cells to survive this stressful process and adapt to new microenvironments are not fully characterised. Drosophila have proven a powerful system in which to study this process, despite important caveats such as their open circulatory system and lack of adaptive immune system. Historically, larvae have been used to model cancer due to the presence of pools of proliferating cells in which tumours can be induced, and transplanting these larval tumours into adult hosts has enabled tumour growth to be monitored over longer periods. More recently, thanks largely to the discovery that there are stem cells in the adult midgut, adult models have been developed. We focus this review on the development of different Drosophila models of metastasis and how they have contributed to our understanding of important factors determining metastatic potential, including signalling pathways, the immune system and the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne L. Sharpe
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jason Morgan
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Nicholas Nisbet
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Kyra Campbell
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
- Correspondence: (K.C.); (A.C.)
| | - Andreu Casali
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida and IRBLleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 80, 25198 Lleida, Spain
- Correspondence: (K.C.); (A.C.)
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Cell polarity and extrusion: How to polarize extrusion and extrude misspolarized cells? Curr Top Dev Biol 2023; 154:131-167. [PMID: 37100516 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2023.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The barrier function of epithelia is one of the cornerstones of the body plan organization of metazoans. It relies on the polarity of epithelial cells which organizes along the apico-basal axis the mechanical properties, signaling as well as transport. This barrier function is however constantly challenged by the fast turnover of epithelia occurring during morphogenesis or adult tissue homeostasis. Yet, the sealing property of the tissue can be maintained thanks to cell extrusion: a series of remodeling steps involving the dying cell and its neighbors leading to seamless cell expulsion. Alternatively, the tissue architecture can also be challenged by local damages or the emergence of mutant cells that may alter its organization. This includes mutants of the polarity complexes which can generate neoplastic overgrowths or be eliminated by cell competition when surrounded by wild type cells. In this review, we will provide an overview of the regulation of cell extrusion in various tissues focusing on the relationship between cell polarity, cell organization and the direction of cell expulsion. We will then describe how local perturbations of polarity can also trigger cell elimination either by apoptosis or by cell exclusion, focusing specifically on how polarity defects can be directly causal to cell elimination. Overall, we propose a general framework connecting the influence of polarity on cell extrusion and its contribution to aberrant cell elimination.
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Enomoto M, Igaki T. Cell-cell interactions that drive tumorigenesis in Drosophila. Fly (Austin) 2022; 16:367-381. [PMID: 36413374 PMCID: PMC9683056 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2022.2148828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-cell interactions within tumour microenvironment play crucial roles in tumorigenesis. Genetic mosaic techniques available in Drosophila have provided a powerful platform to study the basic principles of tumour growth and progression via cell-cell communications. This led to the identification of oncogenic cell-cell interactions triggered by endocytic dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, cell polarity defects, or Src activation in Drosophila imaginal epithelia. Such oncogenic cooperations can be caused by interactions among epithelial cells, mesenchymal cells, and immune cells. Moreover, microenvironmental factors such as nutrients, local tissue structures, and endogenous growth signalling activities critically affect tumorigenesis. Dissecting various types of oncogenic cell-cell interactions at the single-cell level in Drosophila will greatly increase our understanding of how tumours progress in living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Enomoto
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Igaki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho, Kyoto, Japan,CONTACT Tatsushi Igaki
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Gerlach SU, de Vreede G, Bilder D. PTP10D-mediated cell competition is not obligately required for elimination of polarity-deficient clones. Biol Open 2022; 11:281302. [PMID: 36355597 PMCID: PMC9672856 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal organs maintain tissue integrity and ensure removal of aberrant cells through several types of surveillance mechanisms. One prominent example is the elimination of polarity-deficient mutant cells within developing Drosophila imaginal discs. This has been proposed to require heterotypic cell competition dependent on the receptor tyrosine phosphatase PTP10D within the mutant cells. We report here experiments to test this requirement in various contexts and find that PTP10D is not obligately required for the removal of scribble (scrib) mutant and similar polarity-deficient cells. Our experiments used identical stocks with which another group can detect the PTP10D requirement, and our results do not vary under several husbandry conditions including high and low protein food diets. Although we are unable to identify the source of the discrepant results, we suggest that the role of PTP10D in polarity-deficient cell elimination may not be absolute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan U. Gerlach
- University of California-Berkeley Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , , Berkeley, CA 94720 , USA
| | - Geert de Vreede
- University of California-Berkeley Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , , Berkeley, CA 94720 , USA
| | - David Bilder
- University of California-Berkeley Department of Molecular and Cell Biology , , Berkeley, CA 94720 , USA
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28
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Liu D, Tsarouhas V, Samakovlis C. WASH activation controls endosomal recycling and EGFR and Hippo signaling during tumor-suppressive cell competition. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6243. [PMID: 36271083 PMCID: PMC9587002 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34067-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell competition is a conserved homeostatic mechanism whereby epithelial cells eliminate neighbors with lower fitness. Cell communication at the interface of wild-type "winner" cells and polarity-deficient (scrib-/-) "losers" is established through Sas-mediated Ptp10D activation in polarity-deficient cells. This tumor-suppressive cell competition restrains EGFR and Hippo signaling and enables Eiger-JNK mediated apoptosis in scrib-/- clones. Here, we show that the activation state of the endosomal actin regulator WASH is a central node linking EGFR and Hippo signaling activation. The tyrosine kinase Btk29A and its substrate WASH are required downstream of Ptp10D for "loser" cell elimination. Constitutively active, phosphomimetic WASH is sufficient to induce both EGFR and Yki activation leading to overgrowth. On the mechanistic level we show that Ptp10D is recycled by the WASH/retromer complex, while EGFR is recycled by the WASH/retriever complex. Constitutive WASH activation selectively interferes with retromer function leading to Ptp10D mistargeting while promoting EGFR recycling and signaling activation. Phospho-WASH also activates aberrant Arp2/3 actin polymerization, leading to cytoskeletal imbalance, Yki activation and reduced apoptosis. Selective manipulation of WASH phosphorylation on sorting endosomes may restrict epithelial tumorous growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- grid.10548.380000 0004 1936 9377Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vasilios Tsarouhas
- grid.10548.380000 0004 1936 9377Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christos Samakovlis
- grid.10548.380000 0004 1936 9377Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden ,grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Cardiopulmonary Institute, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Rahal Z, Sinjab A, Wistuba II, Kadara H. Game of clones: Battles in the field of carcinogenesis. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 237:108251. [PMID: 35850404 PMCID: PMC10249058 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in bulk sequencing approaches as well as genomic decoding at the single-cell level have revealed surprisingly high somatic mutational burdens in normal tissues, as well as increased our understanding of the landscape of "field cancerization", that is, molecular and immune alterations in mutagen-exposed normal-appearing tissues that recapitulated those present in tumors. Charting the somatic mutational landscapes in normal tissues can have strong implications on our understanding of how tumors arise from mutagenized epithelium. Making sense of those mutations to understand the progression along the pathologic continuum of normal epithelia, preneoplasias, up to malignant tissues will help pave way for identification of ideal targets that can guide new strategies for preventing or eliminating cancers at their earliest stages of development. In this review, we will provide a brief history of field cancerization and its implications on understanding early stages of cancer pathogenesis and deviation from the pathologically "normal" state. The review will provide an overview of how mutations accumulating in normal tissues can lead to a patchwork of mutated cell clones that compete while maintaining an overall state of functional homeostasis. The review also explores the role of clonal competition in directing the fate of normal tissues and summarizes multiple mechanisms elicited in this phenomenon and which have been linked to cancer development. Finally, we highlight the importance of understanding mutations in normal tissues, as well as clonal competition dynamics (in both the epithelium and the microenvironment) and their significance in exploring new approaches to combatting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahraa Rahal
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, USA
| | - Ansam Sinjab
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, USA
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, USA
| | - Humam Kadara
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, USA.
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Non-degradable autophagic vacuoles are indispensable for cell competition. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111292. [PMID: 36044857 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell competition is a process by which unwanted cells are eliminated from tissues. Apical extrusion is one mode whereby normal epithelial cells remove transformed cells, but it remains unclear how this process is mechanically effected. In this study, we show that autophagic and endocytic fluxes are attenuated in RasV12-transformed cells surrounded by normal cells due to lysosomal dysfunction, and that chemical manipulation of lysosomal activity compromises apical extrusion. We further find that RasV12 cells deficient in autophagy initiation machinery are resistant to elimination pressure exerted by normal cells, suggesting that non-degradable autophagic vacuoles are required for cell competition. Moreover, in vivo analysis revealed that autophagy-ablated RasV12 cells are less readily eliminated by cell competition, and remaining transformed cells destroy ductal integrity, leading to chronic pancreatitis. Collectively, our findings illuminate a positive role for autophagy in cell competition and reveal a homeostasis-preserving function of autophagy upon emergence of transformed cells.
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31
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Kong D, Zhao S, Xu W, Dong J, Ma X. Fat body-derived Spz5 remotely facilitates tumor-suppressive cell competition through Toll-6-α-Spectrin axis-mediated Hippo activation. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110980. [PMID: 35732124 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-suppressive cell competition is an evolutionarily conserved process that selectively removes precancerous cells to maintain tissue homeostasis. Using the polarity-deficiency-induced cell competition model in Drosophila, we identify Toll-6, a Toll-like receptor family member, as a driver of tension-mediated cell competition through α-Spectrin (α-Spec)-Yorkie (Yki) cascade. Toll-6 aggregates along the boundary between wild-type and polarity-deficient clones, where Toll-6 physically interacts with the cytoskeleton network protein α-Spec to increase mechanical tension, resulting in actomyosin-dependent Hippo pathway activation and the elimination of scrib mutant cells. Furthermore, we show that Spz5 secreted from fat body, the key innate organ in fly, facilitates the elimination of scrib clones by binding to Toll-6. These findings uncover mechanisms by which fat bodies remotely regulate tumor-suppressive cell competition of polarity-deficient tumors through inter-organ crosstalk and identified the Toll-6-α-Spec axis as an essential guardian that prevents tumorigenesis via tension-mediated cell elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Du Kong
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Sihua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Wenyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jinxi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Xianjue Ma
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China; Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou 310024, China; Institute of Biology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou 310024, China.
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32
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Maheden K, Zhang VW, Shakiba N. The Field of Cell Competition Comes of Age: Semantics and Technological Synergy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:891569. [PMID: 35646896 PMCID: PMC9132545 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.891569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells experience many selective pressures which shape their cellular populations, potentially pushing them to skew towards dominance of a few break-through clones. An evolutionarily conserved answer to curb these aberrant selective pressures is cell competition, the elimination of a subset of cells by their neighbours in a seemingly homogenous population. Cell competition in mammalian systems is a relatively recent discovery that has now been observed across many tissue systems, such as embryonic, haematopoietic, intestinal, and epithelial compartments. With this rapidly growing field, there is a need to revisit and standardize the terminology used, much of which has been co-opted from evolutionary biology. Further, the implications of cell competition across biological scales in organisms have been difficult to capture. In this review, we make three key points. One, we propose new nomenclature to standardize concepts across dispersed studies of different types of competition, each of which currently use the same terminology to describe different phenomena. Second, we highlight the challenges in capturing information flow across biological scales. Third, we challenge the field to incorporate next generation technologies into the cell competition toolkit to bridge these gaps. As the field of cell competition matures, synergy between cutting edge tools will help elucidate the molecular events which shape cellular growth and death dynamics, allowing a deeper examination of this evolutionarily conserved mechanism at the core of multicellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nika Shakiba
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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33
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Endocytosis at the Crossroad of Polarity and Signaling Regulation: Learning from Drosophila melanogaster and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094684. [PMID: 35563080 PMCID: PMC9101507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular trafficking through the endosomal–lysosomal system is essential for the transport of cargo proteins, receptors and lipids from the plasma membrane inside the cells and across membranous organelles. By acting as sorting stations, vesicle compartments direct the fate of their content for degradation, recycling to the membrane or transport to the trans-Golgi network. To effectively communicate with their neighbors, cells need to regulate their compartmentation and guide their signaling machineries to cortical membranes underlying these contact sites. Endosomal trafficking is indispensable for the polarized distribution of fate determinants, adaptors and junctional proteins. Conversely, endocytic machineries cooperate with polarity and scaffolding components to internalize receptors and target them to discrete membrane domains. Depending on the cell and tissue context, receptor endocytosis can terminate signaling responses but can also activate them within endosomes that act as signaling platforms. Therefore, cell homeostasis and responses to environmental cues rely on the dynamic cooperation of endosomal–lysosomal machineries with polarity and signaling cues. This review aims to address advances and emerging concepts on the cooperative regulation of endocytosis, polarity and signaling, primarily in Drosophila melanogaster and discuss some of the open questions across the different cell and tissue types that have not yet been fully explored.
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de Vreede G, Gerlach SU, Bilder D. Epithelial monitoring through ligand-receptor segregation ensures malignant cell elimination. Science 2022; 376:297-301. [PMID: 35420935 DOI: 10.1126/science.abl4213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Animals have evolved mechanisms, such as cell competition, to remove dangerous or nonfunctional cells from a tissue. Tumor necrosis factor signaling can eliminate clonal malignancies from Drosophila imaginal epithelia, but why this pathway is activated in tumor cells but not normal tissue is unknown. We show that the ligand that drives elimination is present in basolateral circulation but remains latent because it is spatially segregated from its apically localized receptor. Polarity defects associated with malignant transformation cause receptor mislocalization, allowing ligand binding and subsequent apoptotic signaling. This process occurs irrespective of the neighboring cells' genotype and is thus distinct from cell competition. Related phenomena at epithelial wound sites are required for efficient repair. This mechanism of polarized compartmentalization of ligand and receptor can generally monitor epithelial integrity to promote tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert de Vreede
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stephan U Gerlach
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David Bilder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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35
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Mori Y, Shiratsuchi N, Sato N, Chaya A, Tanimura N, Ishikawa S, Kato M, Kameda I, Kon S, Haraoka Y, Ishitani T, Fujita Y. Extracellular ATP facilitates cell extrusion from epithelial layers mediated by cell competition or apoptosis. Curr Biol 2022; 32:2144-2159.e5. [PMID: 35417667 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
For the maintenance of epithelial homeostasis, various aberrant or dysfunctional cells are actively eliminated from epithelial layers. This cell extrusion process mainly falls into two modes: cell-competition-mediated extrusion and apoptotic extrusion. However, it is not clearly understood whether and how these processes are governed by common molecular mechanisms. In this study, we demonstrate that the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels are elevated within a wide range of epithelial layers around extruding transformed or apoptotic cells. The downregulation of ROS suppresses the extrusion process. Furthermore, ATP is extracellularly secreted from extruding cells, which promotes the ROS level and cell extrusion. Moreover, the extracellular ATP and ROS pathways positively regulate the polarized movements of surrounding cells toward extruding cells in both cell-competition-mediated and apoptotic extrusion. Hence, extracellular ATP acts as an "extrude me" signal and plays a prevalent role in cell extrusion, thereby sustaining epithelial homeostasis and preventing pathological conditions or disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Mori
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto-city, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Naoka Shiratsuchi
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto-city, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nanami Sato
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto-city, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Azusa Chaya
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto-city, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tanimura
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto-city, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Susumu Ishikawa
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Mugihiko Kato
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Ikumi Kameda
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kon
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan
| | - Yukinari Haraoka
- Department of Homeostatic Regulation, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tohru Ishitani
- Department of Homeostatic Regulation, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, 3-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Fujita
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, Kyoto-city, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan; Division of Molecular Oncology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Kita-15 Nishi-7, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-0815, Japan.
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Abstract
Cachexia, a wasting syndrome that is often associated with cancer, is one of the primary causes of death in cancer patients. Cancer cachexia occurs largely due to systemic metabolic alterations stimulated by tumors. Despite the prevalence of cachexia, our understanding of how tumors interact with host tissues and how they affect metabolism is limited. Among the challenges of studying tumor-host tissue crosstalk are the complexity of cancer itself and our insufficient knowledge of the factors that tumors release into the blood. Drosophila is emerging as a powerful model in which to identify tumor-derived factors that influence systemic metabolism and tissue wasting. Strikingly, studies that are characterizing factors derived from different fly tumor cachexia models are identifying both common and distinct cachectic molecules, suggesting that cachexia is more than one disease and that fly models can help identify these differences. Here, we review what has been learned from studies of tumor-induced organ wasting in Drosophila and discuss the open questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Pedro Saavedra
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Norbert Perrimon
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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37
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Logeay R, Géminard C, Lassus P, Rodríguez-Vázquez M, Kantar D, Heron-Milhavet L, Fischer B, Bray SJ, Colinge J, Djiane A. Mechanisms underlying the cooperation between loss of epithelial polarity and Notch signaling during neoplastic growth in Drosophila. Development 2022; 149:274230. [PMID: 35005772 DOI: 10.1242/dev.200110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive neoplastic growth can be initiated by a limited number of genetic alterations, such as the well-established cooperation between loss of cell architecture and hyperactive signaling pathways. However, our understanding of how these different alterations interact and influence each other remains very incomplete. Using Drosophila paradigms of imaginal wing disc epithelial growth, we have monitored the changes in Notch pathway activity according to the polarity status of cells (scrib mutant). We show that the scrib mutation impacts the direct transcriptional output of the Notch pathway, without altering the global distribution of Su(H), the Notch-dedicated transcription factor. The Notch-dependent neoplasms require, however, the action of a group of transcription factors, similar to those previously identified for Ras/scrib neoplasm (namely AP-1, Stat92E, Ftz-F1 and basic leucine zipper factors), further suggesting the importance of this transcription factor network during neoplastic growth. Finally, our work highlights some Notch/scrib specificities, in particular the role of the PAR domain-containing basic leucine zipper transcription factor and Notch direct target Pdp1 for neoplastic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Logeay
- IRCM, Inserm, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Charles Géminard
- IRCM, Inserm, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrice Lassus
- IRCM, Inserm, University of Montpellier, ICM, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Diala Kantar
- IRCM, Inserm, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Bettina Fischer
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EH, UK
| | - Sarah J Bray
- Department of Physiology Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Jacques Colinge
- IRCM, Inserm, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
| | - Alexandre Djiane
- IRCM, Inserm, University of Montpellier, ICM, Montpellier, France
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Ding X, Li Z, Lin G, Li W, Xue L. Toll-7 promotes tumour growth and invasion in Drosophila. Cell Prolif 2022; 55:e13188. [PMID: 35050535 PMCID: PMC8828261 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Drosophila melanogaster has become an excellent model organism to explore the genetic mechanisms underlying tumour progression. Here, by using well‐established Drosophila tumour models, we identified Toll‐7 as a novel regulator of tumour growth and invasion. Materials and methods Transgenic flies and genetic epistasis analysis were used. All flies were raised on a standard cornmeal and agar medium at 25°C unless otherwise indicated. Immunostaining and RT‐qPCR were performed by standard procedures. Images were taken by OLYMPUS BX51 microscope and Zeiss LSM 880 confocal microscope. Adobe Photoshop 2020 and Zeiss Zen were used to analyse the images. All results were presented in Scatter plots or Column bar graphs created by GraphPad Prism 8.0. Results Loss of Toll‐7 suppresses RasV12/lgl−/−‐induced tumour growth and invasion, as well as cell polarity disruption‐induced invasive cell migration, whereas expression of a constitutively active allele of Toll‐7 is sufficient to promote tumorous growth and cell migration. In addition, the Egr‐JNK signalling is necessary and sufficient for Toll‐7‐induced invasive cell migration. Mechanistically, Toll‐7 facilitates the endocytosis of Egr, which is known to activate JNK in the early endosomes. Moreover, Toll‐7 activates the EGFR‐Ras signalling, which cooperates with the Egr‐JNK signalling to promote Yki‐mediated cell proliferation and tissue overgrowth. Finally, Toll‐7 is necessary and sufficient for the proper maintenance of EGFR protein level. Conclusions Our findings characterized Toll‐7 as a proto‐oncogene that promotes tumour growth and invasion in Drosophila, which shed light on the pro‐tumour function of mammalian Toll‐like receptors (TLRs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Ding
- Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuojie Li
- Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gufa Lin
- Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury Repair and Regeneration of Ministry of Education, Orthopaedic Department of Tongji Hospital, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzhe Li
- Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Xue
- Institute of Intervention Vessel, Shanghai 10th People's Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Signaling and Disease Research, School of Life Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.,Zhuhai Precision Medical Center, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai Hospital Affiliated with Jinan University, Zhuhai, China
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Kato T, Liu N, Morinaga H, Asakawa K, Muraguchi T, Muroyama Y, Shimokawa M, Matsumura H, Nishimori Y, Tan LJ, Hayano M, Sinclair DA, Mohri Y, Nishimura EK. Dynamic stem cell selection safeguards the genomic integrity of the epidermis. Dev Cell 2021; 56:3309-3320.e5. [PMID: 34932948 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining genomic integrity and stability is crucial for life; yet, no tissue-driven mechanism that robustly safeguards the epithelial genome has been discovered. Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) continuously replenish the stratified layers of keratinocytes that protect organisms against various environmental stresses. To study the dynamics of DNA-damaged cells in tissues, we devised an in vivo fate tracing system for EpiSCs with DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and demonstrated that those cells exit from their niches. The clearance of EpiSCs with DSBs is caused by selective differentiation and delamination through the DNA damage response (DDR)-p53-Notch/p21 axis, with the downregulation of ITGB1. Moreover, concomitant enhancement of symmetric cell divisions of surrounding stem cells indicates that the selective elimination of cells with DSBs is coupled with the augmented clonal expansion of intact stem cells. These data collectively demonstrate that tissue autonomy through the dynamic coupling of cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous mechanisms coordinately maintains the genomic quality of the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Kato
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Nan Liu
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hironobu Morinaga
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kyosuke Asakawa
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Division of Aging and Regeneration, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Taichi Muraguchi
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yuko Muroyama
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Mariko Shimokawa
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsumura
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yuriko Nishimori
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Li Jing Tan
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Motoshi Hayano
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan; Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - David A Sinclair
- Department of Genetics, Blavatnik Institute, Paul F. Glenn Center for Biology of Aging Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Laboratory for Ageing Research, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Yasuaki Mohri
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Division of Aging and Regeneration, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Emi K Nishimura
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan; Division of Aging and Regeneration, Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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40
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Ochi N, Nakamura M, Nagata R, Wakasa N, Nakano R, Igaki T. Cell competition is driven by Xrp1-mediated phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009958. [PMID: 34871307 PMCID: PMC8675920 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell competition is a context-dependent cell elimination via cell-cell interaction whereby unfit cells ('losers') are eliminated from the tissue when confronted with fitter cells ('winners'). Despite extensive studies, the mechanism that drives loser's death and its physiological triggers remained elusive. Here, through a genetic screen in Drosophila, we find that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress causes cell competition. Mechanistically, ER stress upregulates the bZIP transcription factor Xrp1, which promotes phosphorylation of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF2α via the kinase PERK, leading to cell elimination. Surprisingly, our genetic data show that different cell competition triggers such as ribosomal protein mutations or RNA helicase Hel25E mutations converge on upregulation of Xrp1, which leads to phosphorylation of eIF2α and thus causes reduction in global protein synthesis and apoptosis when confronted with wild-type cells. These findings not only uncover a core pathway of cell competition but also open the way to understanding the physiological triggers of cell competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naotaka Ochi
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mai Nakamura
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Rina Nagata
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Naoki Wakasa
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Nakano
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Igaki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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41
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La Marca JE, Willoughby LF, Allan K, Portela M, Goh PK, Tiganis T, Richardson HE. PTP61F Mediates Cell Competition and Mitigates Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12732. [PMID: 34884538 PMCID: PMC8657627 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis via the elimination of aberrant cells is fundamental for organism survival. Cell competition is a key homeostatic mechanism, contributing to the recognition and elimination of aberrant cells, preventing their malignant progression and the development of tumors. Here, using Drosophila as a model organism, we have defined a role for protein tyrosine phosphatase 61F (PTP61F) (orthologue of mammalian PTP1B and TCPTP) in the initiation and progression of epithelial cancers. We demonstrate that a Ptp61F null mutation confers cells with a competitive advantage relative to neighbouring wild-type cells, while elevating PTP61F levels has the opposite effect. Furthermore, we show that knockdown of Ptp61F affects the survival of clones with impaired cell polarity, and that this occurs through regulation of the JAK-STAT signalling pathway. Importantly, PTP61F plays a robust non-cell-autonomous role in influencing the elimination of adjacent polarity-impaired mutant cells. Moreover, in a neoplastic RAS-driven polarity-impaired tumor model, we show that PTP61F levels determine the aggressiveness of tumors, with Ptp61F knockdown or overexpression, respectively, increasing or reducing tumor size. These effects correlate with the regulation of the RAS-MAPK and JAK-STAT signalling by PTP61F. Thus, PTP61F acts as a tumor suppressor that can function in an autonomous and non-cell-autonomous manner to ensure cellular fitness and attenuate tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. La Marca
- Cell Polarity, Cell Signaling & Cancer Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; (J.E.L.M.); (K.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Lee F. Willoughby
- Cell Cycle & Development Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia;
| | - Kirsten Allan
- Cell Polarity, Cell Signaling & Cancer Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; (J.E.L.M.); (K.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Marta Portela
- Cell Polarity, Cell Signaling & Cancer Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; (J.E.L.M.); (K.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Pei Kee Goh
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (P.K.G.); (T.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Tony Tiganis
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia; (P.K.G.); (T.T.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Helena E. Richardson
- Cell Polarity, Cell Signaling & Cancer Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia; (J.E.L.M.); (K.A.); (M.P.)
- Cell Cycle & Development Laboratory, Research Division, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC 3002, Australia;
- Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, Department of Anatomy & Neuroscience, Department of Biochemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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42
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A Blueprint for Cancer-Related Inflammation and Host Innate Immunity. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113211. [PMID: 34831432 PMCID: PMC8623541 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Both in situ and allograft models of cancer in juvenile and adult Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies offer a powerful means for unravelling cancer gene networks and cancer-host interactions. They can also be used as tools for cost-effective drug discovery and repurposing. Moreover, in situ modeling of emerging tumors makes it possible to address cancer initiating events-a black box in cancer research, tackle the innate antitumor immune responses to incipient preneoplastic cells and recurrent growing tumors, and decipher the initiation and evolution of inflammation. These studies in Drosophila melanogaster can serve as a blueprint for studies in more complex organisms and help in the design of mechanism-based therapies for the individualized treatment of cancer diseases in humans. This review focuses on new discoveries in Drosophila related to the diverse innate immune responses to cancer-related inflammation and the systemic effects that are so detrimental to the host.
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43
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Tumorigenesis and cell competition in Drosophila in the absence of polyhomeotic function. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2110062118. [PMID: 34702735 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110062118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell competition is a homeostatic process that eliminates by apoptosis unfit or undesirable cells from animal tissues, including tumor cells that appear during the life of the organism. In Drosophila there is evidence that many types of oncogenic cells are eliminated by cell competition. One exception is cells mutant for polyhomeotic (ph), a member of the Polycomb family of genes; most of the isolated mutant ph clones survive and develop tumorous overgrowths in imaginal discs. To characterize the tumorigenic effect of the lack of ph, we first studied the growth of different regions of the wing disc deficient in ph activity and found that the effect is restricted to the proximal appendage. Moreover, we found that ph-deficient tissue is partially refractory to apoptosis. Second, we analyzed the behavior of clones lacking ph function and found that many suffer cell competition but are not completely eliminated. Unexpectedly, we found that nonmutant cells also undergo cell competition when surrounded by ph-deficient cells, indicating that within the same tissue cell competition may operate in opposite directions. We suggest two reasons for the incompleteness of cell competition in ph mutant cells: 1) These cells are partially refractory to apoptosis, and 2) the loss of ph function alters the identity of imaginal cells and subsequently their cell affinities. It compromises the winner/loser interaction, a prerequisite for cell competition.
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44
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Bilder D, Ong K, Hsi TC, Adiga K, Kim J. Tumour-host interactions through the lens of Drosophila. Nat Rev Cancer 2021; 21:687-700. [PMID: 34389815 PMCID: PMC8669834 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-021-00387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is a large gap between the deep understanding of mechanisms driving tumour growth and the reasons why patients ultimately die of cancer. It is now appreciated that interactions between the tumour and surrounding non-tumour (sometimes referred to as host) cells play critical roles in mortality as well as tumour progression, but much remains unknown about the underlying molecular mechanisms, especially those that act beyond the tumour microenvironment. Drosophila has a track record of high-impact discoveries about cell-autonomous growth regulation, and is well suited to now probe mysteries of tumour - host interactions. Here, we review current knowledge about how fly tumours interact with microenvironmental stroma, circulating innate immune cells and distant organs to influence disease progression. We also discuss reciprocal regulation between tumours and host physiology, with a particular focus on paraneoplasias. The fly's simplicity along with the ability to study lethality directly provide an opportunity to shed new light on how cancer actually kills.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bilder
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | - Katy Ong
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tsai-Ching Hsi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Kavya Adiga
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jung Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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45
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Marongiu F, Cheri S, Laconi E. Cell competition, cooperation, and cancer. Neoplasia 2021; 23:1029-1036. [PMID: 34500336 PMCID: PMC8429595 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Complex multicellular organisms require quantitative and qualitative assessments on each of their constitutive cell types to ensure coordinated and cooperative behavior towards overall functional proficiency. Cell competition represents one of the operating arms of such quality control mechanisms and relies on fitness comparison among individual cells. However, what is exactly included in the fitness equation for each cell type is still uncertain. Evidence will be discussed to suggest that the ability of the cell to integrate and collaborate within the organismal community represents an integral part of the best fitness phenotype. Thus, under normal conditions, cell competition will select against the emergence of altered cells with disruptive behavior towards tissue integrity and/or tissue pattern formation. On the other hand, the winner phenotype prevailing as a result of cell competition does not entail, by itself, any degree of growth autonomy. While cell competition per se should not be considered as a biological driving force towards the emergence of the neoplastic phenotype, it is possible that the molecular machinery involved in the winner/loser interaction could be hijacked by evolving cancer cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Marongiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Samuele Cheri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy
| | - Ezio Laconi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Italy.
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46
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Hounsell C, Fan Y. The Duality of Caspases in Cancer, as Told through the Fly. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8927. [PMID: 34445633 PMCID: PMC8396359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspases, a family of cysteine-aspartic proteases, have an established role as critical components in the activation and initiation of apoptosis. Alongside this a variety of non-apoptotic caspase functions in proliferation, differentiation, cellular plasticity and cell migration have been reported. The activity level and context are important factors in determining caspase function. As a consequence of their critical role in apoptosis and beyond, caspases are uniquely situated to have pathological roles, including in cancer. Altered caspase function is a common trait in a variety of cancers, with apoptotic evasion defined as a "hallmark of cancer". However, the role that caspases play in cancer is much more complex, acting both to prevent and to promote tumourigenesis. This review focuses on the major findings in Drosophila on the dual role of caspases in tumourigenesis. This has major implications for cancer treatments, including chemotherapy and radiotherapy, with the activation of apoptosis being the end goal. However, such treatments may inadvertently have adverse effects on promoting tumour progression and acerbating the cancer. A comprehensive understanding of the dual role of caspases will aid in the development of successful cancer therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yun Fan
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK;
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47
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Dillard C, Reis JGT, Rusten TE. RasV12; scrib-/- Tumors: A Cooperative Oncogenesis Model Fueled by Tumor/Host Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168873. [PMID: 34445578 PMCID: PMC8396170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of how oncogenes and tumor-suppressor mutations can synergize to promote tumor fitness and cancer progression can be studied in relatively simple animal model systems such as Drosophila melanogaster. Almost two decades after the landmark discovery of cooperative oncogenesis between oncogenic RasV12 and the loss of the tumor suppressor scribble in flies, this and other tumor models have provided new concepts and findings in cancer biology that has remarkable parallels and relevance to human cancer. Here we review findings using the RasV12; scrib-/- tumor model and how it has contributed to our understanding of how these initial simple genetic insults cooperate within the tumor cell to set in motion the malignant transformation program leading to tumor growth through cell growth, cell survival and proliferation, dismantling of cell-cell interactions, degradation of basement membrane and spreading to other organs. Recent findings have demonstrated that cooperativity goes beyond cell intrinsic mechanisms as the tumor interacts with the immediate cells of the microenvironment, the immune system and systemic organs to eventually facilitate malignant progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Dillard
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (T.E.R.)
| | - José Gerardo Teles Reis
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tor Erik Rusten
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0372 Oslo, Norway;
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Montebello, 0379 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (C.D.); (T.E.R.)
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48
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Parker TM, Gupta K, Palma AM, Yekelchyk M, Fisher PB, Grossman SR, Won KJ, Madan E, Moreno E, Gogna R. Cell competition in intratumoral and tumor microenvironment interactions. EMBO J 2021; 40:e107271. [PMID: 34368984 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020107271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors are complex cellular and acellular environments within which cancer clones are under continuous selection pressures. Cancer cells are in a permanent mode of interaction and competition with each other as well as with the immediate microenvironment. In the course of these competitive interactions, cells share information regarding their general state of fitness, with less-fit cells being typically eliminated via apoptosis at the hands of those cells with greater cellular fitness. Competitive interactions involving exchange of cell fitness information have implications for tumor growth, metastasis, and therapy outcomes. Recent research has highlighted sophisticated pathways such as Flower, Hippo, Myc, and p53 signaling, which are employed by cancer cells and the surrounding microenvironment cells to achieve their evolutionary goals by means of cell competition mechanisms. In this review, we discuss these recent findings and explain their importance and role in evolution, growth, and treatment of cancer. We further consider potential physiological conditions, such as hypoxia and chemotherapy, that can function as selective pressures under which cell competition mechanisms may evolve differently or synergistically to confer oncogenic advantages to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor M Parker
- Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Kartik Gupta
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Michail Yekelchyk
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodelling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Paul B Fisher
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Massey Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.,VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, School of Medicine, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Steven R Grossman
- Department of Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kyoung Jae Won
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen North, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, DanStem, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen North, Denmark
| | - Esha Madan
- Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Rajan Gogna
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen North, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, DanStem, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen North, Denmark
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49
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Wada Y, Ohsawa S, Igaki T. Yorkie ensures robust tissue growth in Drosophila ribosomal protein mutants. Development 2021; 148:dev198705. [PMID: 34313318 DOI: 10.1242/dev.198705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygosity of ribosomal protein genes causes a variety of developmental abnormalities in humans, which are collectively known as ribosomopathies, yet the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we analyzed Drosophila Minute (M)/+ mutants, a group of mutants heterozygous for ribosomal protein genes that exhibit a characteristic thin-bristle phenotype. We found that, although M/+ flies develop essentially normal wings, simultaneous deletion of one copy of the Hippo pathway effector yki resulted in severe wing growth defects. These defects were caused by JNK-mediated cell death in the wing pouch via Eiger/TNF signaling. The JNK activation in M/+, yki/+ wing discs required the caspase Dronc, which is normally blocked by DIAP1. Notably, heterozygosity of yki reduced DIAP1 expression in the wing pouch, leading to elevation of Dronc activity. Dronc and JNK formed a positive-feedback loop that amplifies Dronc activation, leading to apoptosis. Our observations suggest a mechanism of robust tissue growth whereby tissues with reduced ribosomal protein prevent ectopic apoptosis via Yki activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Wada
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyoku, Kyoto 607-8501, Japan
| | - Shizue Ohsawa
- Group of Genetics, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tatsushi Igaki
- Laboratory of Genetics, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyoku, Kyoto 607-8501, Japan
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Dias Gomes M, Iden S. Orchestration of tissue-scale mechanics and fate decisions by polarity signalling. EMBO J 2021; 40:e106787. [PMID: 33998017 PMCID: PMC8204866 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic development relies on dynamic cell shape changes and segregation of fate determinants to achieve coordinated compartmentalization at larger scale. Studies in invertebrates have identified polarity programmes essential for morphogenesis; however, less is known about their contribution to adult tissue maintenance. While polarity-dependent fate decisions in mammals utilize molecular machineries similar to invertebrates, the hierarchies and effectors can differ widely. Recent studies in epithelial systems disclosed an intriguing interplay of polarity proteins, adhesion molecules and mechanochemical pathways in tissue organization. Based on major advances in biophysics, genome editing, high-resolution imaging and mathematical modelling, the cell polarity field has evolved to a remarkably multidisciplinary ground. Here, we review emerging concepts how polarity and cell fate are coupled, with emphasis on tissue-scale mechanisms, mechanobiology and mammalian models. Recent findings on the role of polarity signalling for tissue mechanics, micro-environmental functions and fate choices in health and disease will be summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martim Dias Gomes
- CECAD Cluster of ExcellenceUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cell and Developmental BiologyFaculty of MedicineCenter of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB)Saarland UniversityHomburgGermany
| | - Sandra Iden
- CECAD Cluster of ExcellenceUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
- Cell and Developmental BiologyFaculty of MedicineCenter of Human and Molecular Biology (ZHMB)Saarland UniversityHomburgGermany
- CMMCUniversity of CologneCologneGermany
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