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Nonković D, Tešić V, Šimat V, Karabuva S, Medić A, Hrabar J. Anisakidae and Anisakidosis: A Public Health Perspective. Pathogens 2025; 14:217. [PMID: 40137702 PMCID: PMC11944503 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens14030217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2025] [Revised: 02/16/2025] [Accepted: 02/19/2025] [Indexed: 03/29/2025] Open
Abstract
Fish and seafood are increasingly recognised as safe and nutritiously valuable foods of animal origin, being a source of about 17% of animal protein globally. Novel culinary trends encourage the consumption of raw or thermally lightly processed fishery products. At the same time, consumers prefer wild, fresh and whole fish over farmed or processed fish. However, the consumption of raw or undercooked fish and other marine organisms poses a risk of contracting parasitic infections, potentially representing a public health risk. Among the most common seafoodborne parasites are members of the Anisakidae family, especially the genus Anisakis, which can cause potentially detrimental effects to human health. These parasites are the causative agent of a zoonosis termed anisakidosis that is prevalent in countries with high per capita fish consumption. Although the number of annual clinical cases varies among countries and regions and is generally not high, sensitisation to this parasite in the general population seems to be considerably higher. Therefore, anisakidosis is still significantly underreported and misdiagnosed globally, making it a disease of rising public health concerns. To prevent infection and mitigate potential negative effects on human health, proper preventive measures such as gutting the fish, freezing or thermal processing are needed. Moreover, a holistic approach implementing One Health principles together with educational campaigns towards the general public and primary care physicians can extend the knowledge on the occurrence of these parasites in their natural hosts and the diagnosis and incidence of anisakidosis, with a final goal to minimize risks for human health and reducing costs for health systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Nonković
- Department of Epidemiology, Teaching Institute of Public Health of Split-Dalmatia County, 21000 Split, Croatia;
- University Department of Health Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Vanja Tešić
- Department of Epidemiology, Teaching Institute of Public Health “Dr. Andrija Štampar”, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
- Department of Social Medicine and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vida Šimat
- University Department of Marine Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Svjetlana Karabuva
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Alan Medić
- Department of Epidemiology, Zadar Institute of Public Health, 23000 Zadar, Croatia;
- Department of Health Studies, University of Zadar, 23000 Zadar, Croatia
| | - Jerko Hrabar
- Laboratory of Aquaculture, Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, 21000 Split, Croatia
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Lori E, Pace M, Lauro A, Pironi D, Moretti M, Ferroni A, Tripodi D, Costanzo ML, Forte F, Sorrenti S. As the Worm Turns-A Rare Cause of Intestinal Obstruction. Dig Dis Sci 2024; 69:2754-2764. [PMID: 38965158 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-024-08489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anisakiasis, a zoonotic disease caused by the nematode Anisakis, poses a significant concern for public health, particularly in regions with high consumption of raw or undercooked fish. CASE PRESENTATION We present a case report of a 41-year-old woman who developed severe abdominal symptoms, ultimately diagnosed with intestinal obstruction due to Anisakis infestation, requiring surgery. Despite the absence of prominent eosinophilia or specific radiological findings, the diagnosis was confirmed through histological examination, highlighting the importance of considering anisakiasis in patients with a history of raw seafood consumption. CONCLUSION The case underscores the diagnostic challenges associated with anisakiasis, emphasizing the need for increased awareness among healthcare professionals and the public regarding the risks of consuming raw or undercooked seafood. Effective management requires a multidisciplinary approach, including clinical assessment, imaging studies, and histological evaluation, to ensure timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Lori
- Department of Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Pace
- Department of General Surgery, M.G. Vannini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Augusto Lauro
- Department of Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Pironi
- Department of Surgery, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Moretti
- Department of General Surgery, M.G. Vannini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Ferroni
- Department of General Surgery, M.G. Vannini Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Flavio Forte
- Department of Urology, M.G. Vannini Hospital, Rome, Italy.
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy.
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Biology, Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Selected Fish-borne Parasitic Zoonoses. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 94:297-309. [PMID: 34211350 PMCID: PMC8223542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Fish-borne parasites have been part of the global landscape of food-borne zoonotic diseases for many decades and are often endemic in certain regions of the world. The past 20 years or so have seen the expansion of the range of fish-borne parasitic zoonoses to new geographic regions leading to a substantial public health burden. In this article, we summarize current knowledge about the biology, epidemiology, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment and control of selected fish-borne helminthic diseases caused by parasitic roundworm (Anisakis), tapeworm (Dibothriocephalus), and fluke (Metagonimus). Humans acquire infection via consumption of raw or improperly cooked fish or fish products. The burden from these diseases is caused by morbidity rather than mortality. Infected patients may present with mild to severe gastrointestinal (eg, abdominal pain, diarrhea, and indigestion) or allergic manifestations. Patients are often admitted to the hospital or clinic with acute symptoms and no prior health problems and no travel history. Diagnosis is often established based on the detection of the diagnostic parasite stages (eg, eggs or tapeworm segments) in the patient's feces. Sometimes imaging is required to exclude other causes and avoid unnecessary surgery. Dibothriocephalus and Metagonimus are mainly treated with praziquantel. Extraction of adult Dibothriocephalus or Anisakis larvae from the bowel ensures complete elimination of the parasites and prevents a relapse of infection. The development and implementation of more efficient food safety and public health strategies to reduce the burden of zoonotic diseases attributable to fish-borne parasites is highly desirable.
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Joo SK, Kim JW, Kim BG, Kim W, Lee JK, Lee KL. Clinical and Endoscopic Features of Colonic Anisakiasis in Korea. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 57:411-416. [PMID: 31533408 PMCID: PMC6753305 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.4.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To analyze the clinical and endoscopic features of colonic anisakiasis. A retrospective chart review of 20 patients with colonic anisakiasis, who were diagnosed by colonoscopy at 8 hospitals between January 2002 and December 2011, was performed. Patients’ mean age was 53.6±10.74 years. Seventy percent patients were men. Acute abdominal pain was a common symptom that mostly developed within 48 hr after the ingestion of raw fish, and which lasted for 1–28 days. Sixty percent patients had ingested raw fish before the diagnosis of colonic anisakiasis and 40% patients were incidentally found to have colonic anisakiasis during the screening colonoscopies. Leukocytosis and eosinophilia were each found in 20% of the patients. In all patients who underwent colonoscopy, the worms were removed with biopsy forceps, except in 1 case, and a definite diagnosis of anisakiasis was made. In some cases of colonic anisakiasis, colonoscopy may be helpful in the diagnosis and treatment to avoid surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae Kyung Joo
- Seoul National University Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center - Internal Medicine, Seoul 07061, Korea
| | - Ji Won Kim
- Seoul National University Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center - Internal Medicine, Seoul 07061, Korea
| | - Byeong Gwan Kim
- Seoul National University Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center - Internal Medicine, Seoul 07061, Korea
| | - Won Kim
- Seoul National University Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center - Internal Medicine, Seoul 07061, Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Lee
- Seoul National University Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center - Internal Medicine, Seoul 07061, Korea
| | - Kook Lae Lee
- Seoul National University Seoul Metropolitan Government Boramae Medical Center - Internal Medicine, Seoul 07061, Korea
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Guardone L, Armani A, Nucera D, Costanzo F, Mattiucci S, Bruschi F. Human anisakiasis in Italy: a retrospective epidemiological study over two decades. Parasite 2018; 25:41. [PMID: 30058531 PMCID: PMC6065268 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2018034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A retrospective analysis on human anisakiasis in Italy since its first description in 1996 was performed by conducting a literature search. Inclusion criteria based on the presence of a larva and on parasite identification were applied. Epidemiological data and clinical features were analysed. Particular attention was paid to the source of infection. In total, 73 cases were included in the analysis, while 34 were excluded. Cases were reported from eight Italian regions, most frequently Abruzzo, Apulia and Latium. The parasite was detected by endoscopy (51.4%) or laparotomy (48.6%). The site of infection was intestinal (42.5%), gastric (43.8%), oesophageal (1.4%) or ectopic (12.3%). Most of the parasites (71.0%) were identified as Anisakis sp. or A. simplex (s.l.). However, when molecular methods were used (21 cases), A. pegreffii was always identified. In most of the patients (65.7%), the source of infection was raw or undercooked anchovies, followed by "anchovies or sardines" (15.1%), generic "raw seafood" (15.1%), and sardines (1.4%). In only 2 cases (2.7%), the source was not available. This is the first systematic analysis of Italian cases of anisakiasis. The main conclusions derived from the results are: i) attention should be given to the history, in particular when raw marinated anchovies, proven to be the main source of human anisakiasis in Italy, are consumed; ii) in order to assess correct epidemiological data, a confirmed and specific etiological identification should always be sought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Guardone
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FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa Via delle Piagge 2 56124
Pisa Italy
| | - Andrea Armani
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FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa Via delle Piagge 2 56124
Pisa Italy
| | - Daniele Nucera
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Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Science, University of Turin Largo Braccini 2 10095
Grugliasco – Torino Italy
| | - Francesco Costanzo
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FishLab, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa Via delle Piagge 2 56124
Pisa Italy
| | - Simonetta Mattiucci
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Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Section of Parasitology, “Sapienza – University of Rome”, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti P.le Aldo Moro, 5 00185
Rome Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bruschi
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Department of Translational Research, N.T.M.S., School of Medicine, University of Pisa via Roma, 55 56126
Pisa Italy
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Mattiucci S, Cipriani P, Levsen A, Paoletti M, Nascetti G. Molecular Epidemiology of Anisakis and Anisakiasis: An Ecological and Evolutionary Road Map. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2018. [PMID: 29530312 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This review addresses the biodiversity, biology, distribution, ecology, epidemiology, and consumer health significance of the so far known species of Anisakis, both in their natural hosts and in human accidental host populations, worldwide. These key aspects of the Anisakis species' biology are highlighted, since we consider them as main driving forces behind which most of the research in this field has been carried out over the past decade. From a public health perspective, the human disease caused by Anisakis species (anisakiasis) appears to be considerably underreported and underestimated in many countries or regions around the globe. Indeed, when considering the importance of marine fish species as part of the everyday diet in many coastal communities around the globe, there still exist significant knowledge gaps as to local epidemiological and ecological drivers of the transmission of Anisakis spp. to humans. We further identify some key knowledge gaps related to Anisakis species epidemiology in both natural and accidental hosts, to be filled in light of new 'omic' technologies yet to be fully developed. Moreover, we suggest that future Anisakis research takes a 'holistic' approach by integrating genetic, ecological, immunobiological, and environmental factors, thus allowing proper assessment of the epidemiology of Anisakis spp. in their natural hosts, in human populations, and in the marine ecosystem, in both space and time.
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Zanelli M, Ragazzi M, Fiorino S, Foroni M, Cecinato P, Del Mar Jordana Sanchez M, Ascani S, De Marco L. An Italian case of intestinal anisakiasis with a presurgical diagnosis: Could this parasite represent an emerging disease? Pathol Res Pract 2017; 213:558-564. [PMID: 28325642 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Anisakiasis is a parasitic infection caused by the consumption of raw fish containing larvae of the Anisakis species. Since the first description in 1960 of a patient suffering from this pathogen, in the Netherlands, most of the cases have been reported in Japan, where consumption of raw fish is common, but the number of cases is increasing worldwide. The first case identified in Italy dates back to 1996 and a few cases have been reported since then. In Italy the intestinal form occurs almost as frequently as the gastric form, which is far more frequent in Japan. Intestinal Anisakiasis represents a diagnostic challenge as it is clinically misdiagnosed and most of the patients require surgery due to the occurrence of complications such as bowel occlusion or perforation. Practically no cases of the intestinal form are diagnosed preoperatively. We report the first case, to our knowledge, of intestinal Anisakiasis in which surgery was avoided, due to a prompt diagnosis suspected on intestinal biopsies. A literature review of Anisakiasis cases reported in Italy is also carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Zanelli
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova - IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Moira Ragazzi
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova - IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy.
| | - Sirio Fiorino
- Unità Operativa Semplice Dipartimentale di Medicina Interna C, Ospedale Maggiore, Bologna, Italy
| | - Moira Foroni
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova - IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Paolo Cecinato
- Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Ascani
- Institute of Pathology, Ospedale di Terni, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Loredana De Marco
- Anatomic Pathology Unit, Arcispedale Santa Maria Nuova - IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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Colombo F, Cattaneo P, Castelletti M, Bernardi C. Prevalence and Mean Intensity of Anisakidae Parasite in Seafood Caught in the Mediterranean Sea Focusing on Fish Species at Risk of Being Raw-consumed. A Meta Analysis and Systematic Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 56:1405-16. [PMID: 25807208 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.755947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence and mean intensity of anisakids in seafood caught in the Mediterranean Sea, focusing on fish species at risk of being raw-consumed. DESIGN Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published from 1960-2012. STUDY SELECTION Main criteria for the inclusion of studies were as follows: Findings of anisakid larvae, in both muscles and viscera; fish species for human consumption caught in the Mediterranean Sea; prevalence and mean intensity data for each species; and sample size equal to or more than 40 fishes. RESULTS Twelve studies were identified. Among these, four studies considered the following three fish species that are often consumed raw or preserved lightly, or not cooked thoroughly: anchovy, pilchard, and Atlantic mackerel. DATA SYNTHESIS All pooled analyses were based on the random-effect model. Anisakids prevalence in fish muscle was 0.64% (P < 0.0001), in viscera it was 1.34% (P < 0.0001), and overall prevalence was 0.95% (P < 0.0001). Mean intensity in muscle was 2.31 (P = 0.0083), in viscera it was 1.55 (P = 0.0174), and overall it was 1.81 (P < 0.0005). Heterogeneity indices (I(2)) were significantly high with the exception of viscera mean intensity. CONCLUSIONS Anchovy, pilchard, and Atlantic mackerel have a low prevalence and mean intensity of anisakidae larvae in both viscera and muscles. Mean Intensity was also low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Colombo
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare , Università Degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Patrizia Cattaneo
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare , Università Degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Maddalena Castelletti
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare , Università Degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
| | - Cristian Bernardi
- a Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie per la Salute, la Produzione Animale e la Sicurezza Alimentare , Università Degli Studi di Milano , Milano , Italy
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Mladineo I, Popović M, Drmić-Hofman I, Poljak V. A case report of Anisakis pegreffii (Nematoda, Anisakidae) identified from archival paraffin sections of a Croatian patient. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:42. [PMID: 26832924 PMCID: PMC4736626 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This is the first report of anisakiasis in a Croatian patient, evidenced from an archival paraffin-embedded and hematoxylin-eosin stained tissue section. Anisakiasis has been only suspected in the country based on previously detected anti-Anisakis IgE seroprevalence in the healthy coastal population, as well as an acute case where pathohistological and serological findings suggested the diseases, but the migrating larva has not been retrieved. CASE PRESENTATION Seventy years-old female, operated in 1998 for pulmonary carcinoma, was admitted to the General hospital Šibenik, Croatia in 2003, because of gastric pain and nausea that lasted for couple of days. She was showing good general condition, full mobility and lucidity, subfebrile status. Abdominal palpation inferred acute pain in paraumbilical and ileocecal region. Exploratory right pararectal laparotomy revealed a hardened, 5 cm-long structure, located intraluminally in the sigmoid colon, not perforating colon serosa. The process has been dissected and sent for patohistological diagnosis. Results showed a 2 mm-long whitish nematode spiralised in muscular layer of colon mucosa surrounded by granulomatous inflammation. CONCLUSION After genomic DNA isolation of the nematode from the histological section, and amplification at the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase 2 locus, etiological agent has been identified as Anisakis pegreffii. Used methodology suggests that screening of archival suspicious sections is feasible in order to study epidemiology of this zoonotic disease poorly recognised in Croatia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Mladineo
- Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Laboratory of Aquaculture, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 63, 21000, Split, Croatia.
| | - Marijana Popović
- University Hospital Centre Split, Spinčićeva 1, 21000, Split, Croatia.
- University of Split, School of Medicine, Spinčićeva 1, 21000, Split, Croatia.
| | - Irena Drmić-Hofman
- University Hospital Centre Split, Spinčićeva 1, 21000, Split, Croatia.
- University of Split, School of Medicine, Spinčićeva 1, 21000, Split, Croatia.
| | - Vedran Poljak
- Health Ecology Department, Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Rockefellerova 7, 10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
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Gómez-Rincón C, Langa E, Murillo P, Valero MS, Berzosa C, López V. Activity of tea tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) essential oil against L3 larvae of Anisakis simplex. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:549510. [PMID: 24967378 PMCID: PMC4055599 DOI: 10.1155/2014/549510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nematicidal activity of Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil, commonly known as tea tree oil (TTO), was assayed in vitro against L3 larvae of Anisakis simplex. The results showed a mortality of 100% for concentrations between 7 and 10 μL/mL after 48 h of incubation, obtaining an LD50 value of 4.53 μL/mL after 24 hours and 4.27 μL/mL after 48 hours. Concentration-dependent inhibition of acetylcholinesterase was observed for tea tree essential oil showing inhibition values of 100% at 100 μL/mL. This fact suggests that TTO may act as an AChE inhibitor. Terpinen-4-ol was discarded as main larvicide compound as it did not show larvicidal or anticholinesterase activity. The data obtained suggest that the essential oil of Melaleuca alternifolia may have a great therapeutic potential for the treatment of human anisakiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Gómez-Rincón
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Jorge, Campus
Universitario Villanueva de Gállego, Autovia A-23 Zaragoza, Huesca, Km
299, 50.830 Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Elisa Langa
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Jorge, Campus
Universitario Villanueva de Gállego, Autovia A-23 Zaragoza, Huesca, Km
299, 50.830 Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Paula Murillo
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Jorge, Campus
Universitario Villanueva de Gállego, Autovia A-23 Zaragoza, Huesca, Km
299, 50.830 Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Marta Sofía Valero
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Jorge, Campus
Universitario Villanueva de Gállego, Autovia A-23 Zaragoza, Huesca, Km
299, 50.830 Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - César Berzosa
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Jorge, Campus
Universitario Villanueva de Gállego, Autovia A-23 Zaragoza, Huesca, Km
299, 50.830 Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Víctor López
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Jorge, Campus
Universitario Villanueva de Gállego, Autovia A-23 Zaragoza, Huesca, Km
299, 50.830 Villanueva de Gállego, Zaragoza, Spain
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Shrestha S, Kisino A, Watanabe M, Itsukaichi H, Hamasuna K, Ohno G, Tsugu A. Intestinal anisakiasis treated successfully with conservative therapy: Importance of clinical diagnosis. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:598-602. [PMID: 24574731 PMCID: PMC3923037 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i2.598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 10/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal anisakiasis is not only a rare parasitic disease, but is also difficult to diagnose. The symptoms are not specific and are often very severe and abrupt, and the findings of clinical imaging are very remarkable. Therefore, intestinal anisakiasis is often misdiagnosed as acute abdomen or intestinal obstruction and is treated surgically. However, if intestinal anisakiasis could be diagnosed correctly, it is well treated conservatively. We experienced three cases of intestinal anisakiasis, which were diagnosed correctly and treated successfully with conservative therapy. A correct clinical history and imaging interpretation helped us diagnose intestinal anisakiasis correctly and thus treat the patients successfully with conservative therapy.
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Abstract
Anisakidosis is a parasitic infection caused by anisakid nematodes in the genera Anisakis and Pseudoterranova. Infection is not uncommon in the United States due to increased raw seafood consumption. We report the first known case of parametrial anisakidosis in a 42-year-old woman and review existing literature.
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13
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Jurić I, Pogorelić Z, Despot R, Mrklić I. Unusual cause of small intestine obstruction in a child. Scott Med J 2013; 58:e32-6. [DOI: 10.1177/0036933012474616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Anisakiasis is caused by human infection by the anisakis larvae, a marine nematode found in undercooked or raw fish. Infection with the parasite Anisakis simplex is common in Japan and northern European countries. With the increased popularity of eating sushi and raw fish infection with anisakis is expected to rise. Case presentation We present the case of a 14-year-old boy who had eaten sushi 3 days before the onset of symptoms and had small bowel obstruction caused by enteric anisakiasis. To the best of our knowledge this is the first reported case of intestinal anisakiasis presenting as a bowel obstruction in a child. Conclusion Enteric anisakiasis is very rare, and its diagnosis is usually made after laparotomy. Nevertheless, when signs of acute abdomen develop after the ingestion of raw fish, such as sushi or sashimi, the possibility of enteric anisakiasis should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Jurić
- Professor, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Split University Hospital Centre and Split University School of Medicine, Croatia
| | - Z Pogorelić
- Doctor, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Split University Hospital Centre and Split University School of Medicine, Croatia
| | - R Despot
- Doctor, Department of Pediatrics, Split University Hospital Centre and Split University School of Medicine, Croatia
| | - I Mrklić
- Doctor, Department of Pathology, Split University Hospital Centre and Split University School of Medicine, Croatia
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14
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Hernandez-Prera JC, Polydorides AD. Anisakidosis of the sigmoid colon disguising as metastatic carcinoma: a case report and review of the literature. Pathol Res Pract 2012; 208:433-5. [PMID: 22658479 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal anisakidosis is a rare nematode infestation caused by the ingestion of larvae-infected raw or undercooked fish. Most cases are incidentally diagnosed during surgery for other reasons. We present such a case of anisakid larvae seen in a patient's sigmoid colon resected for adenocarcinoma, where a subserosal nodule caused by the inflammatory reaction to the worm was presumed to be a lymph node involved by metastatic tumor. With the increasing popularity of raw fish consumption, the incidence of this parasitic infection is bound to increase, requiring surgical pathologists to be cognizant of its existence and aware of its histologic appearance.
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15
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Prevalence and mean intensity of Anisakis simplex (sensu stricto) in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) from Northeast Atlantic Ocean. Int J Food Microbiol 2011; 148:55-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Genetic analysis of Anisakis typica (Nematoda: Anisakidae) from cetaceans of the northeast coast of Brazil: New data on its definitive hosts. Vet Parasitol 2011; 178:293-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2010] [Revised: 12/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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17
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Polimeno L, Loiacono M, Pesetti B, Mallamaci R, Mastrodonato M, Azzarone A, Annoscia E, Gatti F, Amoruso A, Ventura MT. Anisakiasis, an underestimated infection: effect on intestinal permeability of Anisakis simplex-sensitized patients. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010; 7:809-14. [PMID: 20367330 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2009.0484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anisakis simplex is a parasite that, if present in uncooked and contaminated saltwater fish, can invade the human gut. Two different clinical situations are recognized: the first, known as a gastrointestinal disease, varying from an asymptomatic episode to vomiting and diarrhea, and the second, classified as an adverse reaction to food, characterized by a wide spectrum of allergic reactions like rhinitis, conjunctivitis, or even anaphylaxis causing hypotension and/or shock. The intestinal epithelium, the major defense system against external molecules, represents an open gate for toxins and allergens if its protective function is compromised. Previous data have demonstrated a strict relationship between an altered intestinal permeability (I.P.) and worsening of the clinical manifestations in patients with adverse reactions to the food. In this article we evaluated the sensitization to A. simplex among patients who referred clinical symptoms of allergy. All subjects underwent commonly used alimentary skin prick test for food allergens, to which Ani s1, an A. simplex allergen, was added. In addition, in A. simplex-sensitized subjects, I.P. was determined upon their enrolment to the study (time 0) and after 6 months of consuming a raw fish-free diet (time 6). Five hundred and forty subjects were screened, and 170 had a positive skin prick test, 87 (51.2%) of whom were positive to Ani s1. Increased I.P. was evidenced in A. simplex-sensitized subjects with worse clinical symptoms, which receded after 6 months' elimination of raw seafood. With our data we demonstrated that the alimentary habit to eat raw fish represents a high risk for the integrity of the intestinal mucosa, and we suggest that this pathological situation may constitute an ideal, under-estimated, open gate for molecules that predispose to other, more important pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Polimeno
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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18
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Kang DB, Oh JT, Park WC, Lee JK. Small Bowel Obstruction Caused by Acute Invasive Enteric Anisakiasis. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2010; 56:192-5. [DOI: 10.4166/kjg.2010.56.3.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Baek Kang
- Department of Surgery and Institute of Medical Science, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Iksan, Korea
| | - Jung Taek Oh
- Department of Surgery and Institute of Medical Science, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Iksan, Korea
| | - Won Cheol Park
- Department of Surgery and Institute of Medical Science, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Iksan, Korea
| | - Jeong Kyun Lee
- Department of Surgery and Institute of Medical Science, Wonkwang University College of Medicine, Iksan, Korea
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19
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Iñiguez AM, Santos CP, Vicente ACP. Genetic characterization of Anisakis typica and Anisakis physeteris from marine mammals and fish from the Atlantic Ocean off Brazil. Vet Parasitol 2009; 165:350-6. [PMID: 19651475 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 05/27/2009] [Accepted: 07/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Until now, Anisakis typica has been the sole anisakid identified by means of genetic markers from the Atlantic Ocean off Brazil. In this study we developed, and applied to larvae and adults, an A. typica-specific molecular identification protocol based on the complete intergenic transcribed spacer (ITS) region. Anisakids from the dolphin Sotalia guianensis and from the frigate tuna, Auxis thazard, caught off the coast of Brazil, were processed using two DNA extraction methods. Molecular diagnosis identified A. typica in 13 of 15 samples. Complete ITS analysis showed that the remaining two isolates were in fact A. physeteris. Maximum parsimony analysis of complete ITS region (915 bp) confirmed these results. Our study verified the dominance of A. typica infecting hosts from the Brazilian coast and showed, for the first time, the presence of A. physeteris in the intermediate/paratenic host A. thazard in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Mayo Iñiguez
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular de Microorganismos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Manguinhos, 21045-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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20
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Preliminary study on prevalence of larvae of Anisakidae family in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Food Control 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Kawabata H, Kimura Y, Kisa K, Murakami M, Maezawa M. Acute Intestinal Obstruction Due to Intestinal Anisakiasis Resolved with Conservative Therapy. J Rural Med 2009. [DOI: 10.2185/jrm.4.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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22
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Chen Q, Yu HQ, Lun ZR, Chen XG, Song HQ, Lin RQ, Zhu XQ. Specific PCR assays for the identification of common anisakid nematodes with zoonotic potential. Parasitol Res 2008; 104:79-84. [PMID: 18758823 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-008-1161-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2008] [Accepted: 08/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Based on the sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS-1 and ITS-2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA) for six taxa of anisakids, namely, Anisakis simplex (s.s.), Anisakis typica, Anisakis pegreffii, Hysterothylacium aduncum, Hysterothylacium sp, and Contracaccum osculatum C, specific primers were designed in the ITS-1 and/or ITS-2 for each of the six anisakid taxa. These specific primers were used to develop polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tools for the identification of these anisakid taxa of sea fish by amplifying partial ITS-1 and/or ITS-2 of rDNA from anisakid nematodes. This approach allowed their specific identification, with no amplicons being amplified from heterogeneous DNA samples, and sequencing confirmed the identity of the DNA fragments amplified. The minimum amounts of DNA detectable using the PCR assays were 0.5-1 ng. These PCR tools were then applied to ascertain the specific identity of 143 anisakid larval samples collected from fish in China, Canada, Thailand, and Indonesia, and these anisakid samples were identified to represent one of the six anisakid taxa. These PCR assays based on ITS sequences should provide useful molecular tools for the accurate identification and molecular epidemiological investigations of anisakid infections in humans and fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Chen
- South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
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23
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Gòmez-Morales MA, Ludovisi A, Giuffra E, Manfredi MT, Piccolo G, Pozio E. Allergenic activity of Molicola horridus (Cestoda, Trypanorhyncha), a cosmopolitan fish parasite, in a mouse model. Vet Parasitol 2008; 157:314-20. [PMID: 18790571 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 07/03/2008] [Accepted: 07/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The cestode Molicola horridus is a muscle parasite of teleost fish. The ability of molecules present in this parasite to induce allergic response is not known yet. Since fish-borne parasitic allergens can induce allergic manifestations even when the parasitized fish is well cooked, the knowledge of potential allergens present in food is important in order to provide a save products for consumers. The aim of the study was to determine the allergenic potential of the components present in the crude larval extract (CLE) of M. horridus. Two mouse models were exposed to the CLE: adult BALB/c mice that were intraperitoneally (i.p.) immunized and newborn BALB/c mice that were orally exposed. Specific antibody levels in serum and faeces were measured by ELISA. The cellular immune response was determined by proliferation assay of splenocytes from sensitized mice. The protein profile of CLE was analysed by SDS-PAGE and western blot. In adult mice, specific IgG and IgA were detected in sera and faeces, whereas specific IgE were detected in sera only. In newborn mice, specific IgG were detected in sera and a low level of IgA was detected in faeces. SDS-PAGE revealed the CLE protein profile, with most of the proteins running from 15 to 50kDa. Specific IgG recognized mainly the 26 and 75kDa proteins and a molecular complex below 100kDa by immunoblot. Specific IgE recognized the same 26kDa protein as IgG did, and, with less intensity, another protein at 30kDa. Splenocytes from CLE-immunized mice proliferated when stimulated with CLE in a dose-dependent manner. The crude larval extract from M. horridus has potential allergenic molecules which can represent a risk for fish consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Angeles Gòmez-Morales
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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24
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Zhu XQ, Podolska M, Liu JS, Yu HQ, Chen HH, Lin ZX, Luo CB, Song HQ, Lin RQ. Identification of anisakid nematodes with zoonotic potential from Europe and China by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Parasitol Res 2007; 101:1703-7. [PMID: 17694403 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-007-0699-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 07/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Using genetic markers defined previously in the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA), isotopic, and non-isotopic polymerase-chain-reaction-coupled single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) were utilized to identify each of three anisakid species [Anisakis simplex (s.l.), Contracaecum osculatum (s.l.), and Hysterothylacium aduncum] from different host species and geographical locations in Poland and Sweden. While subtle microheterogeneity was observed within each of Anisakis simplex (s.l.) and H. aduncum, distinct SSCP profiles were displayed for each of the three species, allowing identification and differentiation of the three taxa. Subsequent sequencing of the ITS-1 and ITS-2 rDNA revealed that A. simplex (s.l.) represented Anisakis simplex s.s. and Contracaecum osculatum (s.l.) represented C. osculatum C. Application of the non-isotopic SSCP assay of ITS-2 to larval anisakid samples from different hosts and geographical locations in China revealed three distinct SSCP profiles, one of which was consistent with that of A. simplex (s.l.), and the other two had different SSCP profiles from that of C. osculatum C and H. aduncum. Sequencing of the ITS-1 and ITS-2 rDNA for representative Chinese anisakid samples examined revealed three anisakid species in China, i.e., Anisakis typica, Anisakis pegreffii, and Hysterothylacium sp. These molecular tools will be useful for identification and investigation of the ecology of anisakid nematodes in China and elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Q Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, People's Republic of China.
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25
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Chagnon S, El Hajjam M, Laurent V. [Case no. 1. Anisakiasis]. JOURNAL DE RADIOLOGIE 2007; 88:990-2. [PMID: 17878861 DOI: 10.1016/s0221-0363(07)89911-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Chagnon
- Service de Radiologie, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
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26
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Masui N, Fujima N, Hasegawa T, Kigawa S, Kagei N, Nagashima K, Shimizu Y. Small bowel strangulation caused by parasitic peritoneal strand. Pathol Int 2006; 56:345-9. [PMID: 16704500 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2006.01970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A 51-year-old woman with a history of eating raw fish over a period of 2 weeks developed a progressive abdominal pain and leukocytosis with signs of small bowel obstruction. Eosinophilia was not detected in the peripheral blood. The patient underwent surgery to clarify the possibility of ileus. Partial small bowel near the ileum was trapped by a peritoneal strand and was strangulated for approximately 30 cm in length with congestion and edema. The removal of the strand easily released the strangulation and the small bowel returned to a normal appearance. Pathologically, the strand consisted of granulomatous inflammation with a wide zone of necrosis containing a dead ghost feature of a parasite in its center. The necrosis was surrounded by palisading spindle cells with largely lymphocytic infiltration and a few eosinophils. In the parasite, there presented the polymyalian type muscle layer, ventricles and Renette cells, which suggested that the parasite is compatible with the third stage larva of Anisakis type I, leading to the diagnosis of ectopic anisakidosis. It should be noted that, on rare occasions, Anisakis larva migrans can form a peritoneal strand with a wide zone of necrosis and cause strangulation ileus, especially in populations with the habit of eating raw fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Masui
- Department of Medicine, Sapporo Higashi-Tokushukai Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
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27
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Abstract
Small bowel stenosis is a serious complication of intestinal anisakiosis. The aim of this report is to investigate whether severe stenosis of the small intestine can be conservatively managed. We treated two patients with severe stenosis of the small intestine caused by anisakiosis. Surgical intervention was eventually performed on the 23rd and 35th in the hospital, respectively. Histopathological examination of the resected specimens revealed that the intestinal wall had been completely damaged by the inflammatory reaction of anisakiosis, and that the damage was irreversible, thereby suggesting that laparotomy is needed in cases of severe small bowel stenosis caused by intestinal anisakiosis, even if a long period of conservative treatment for the intestinal anisakiosis allowed the patient to pass successfully through the acute phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigetoshi Matsuo
- Department of Surgery, Nagasaki Prefectural Shimabara Hospital, 7895 Shimokawajiri, Shimabara, Nagasaki 855-0861, Japan.
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28
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Pacios E, Arias-Diaz J, Zuloaga J, Gonzalez-Armengol J, Villarroel P, Balibrea JL. Albendazole for the Treatment of Anisakiasis Ileus. Clin Infect Dis 2005; 41:1825-6. [PMID: 16288416 DOI: 10.1086/498309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
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29
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Affiliation(s)
- A Akbar
- Gastroenterology Section, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK
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