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Zhang Y, Hao M, Yang X, Zhang S, Han J, Wang Z, Chen HN. Reactive oxygen species in colorectal cancer adjuvant therapies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:166922. [PMID: 37898425 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), a prevalent global malignancy, often necessitates adjuvant therapies such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy to mitigate tumor burden in advanced stages. The efficacy of these therapies is significantly influenced by reactive oxygen species (ROS). Previous research underscores the pivotal role of ROS in gut pathology, targeted therapy, and drug resistance. ROS-mediated CRC adjuvant therapies encompass a myriad of mechanisms, including cell death and proliferation, survival and cell cycle, DNA damage, metabolic reprogramming, and angiogenesis. Preliminary clinical trials have begun to unveil the potential of ROS-manipulating therapy in enhancing CRC adjuvant therapies. This review aims to provide a comprehensive synthesis of studies exploring the role of ROS in CRC adjuvant therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Colorectal Cancer Center and Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Research Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Department of General Surgery, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Mengqiu Hao
- Research Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Department of General Surgery, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xuyang Yang
- Colorectal Cancer Center and Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Research Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Department of General Surgery, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Su Zhang
- Research Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Department of General Surgery, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Junhong Han
- Research Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Department of General Surgery, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ziqiang Wang
- Colorectal Cancer Center and Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Research Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Department of General Surgery, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Hai-Ning Chen
- Colorectal Cancer Center and Department of General Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China; Research Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Department of General Surgery, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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2
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Al-Harazi O, Kaya IH, Al-Eid M, Alfantoukh L, Al Zahrani AS, Al Sebayel M, Kaya N, Colak D. Identification of Gene Signature as Diagnostic and Prognostic Blood Biomarker for Early Hepatocellular Carcinoma Using Integrated Cross-Species Transcriptomic and Network Analyses. Front Genet 2021; 12:710049. [PMID: 34659334 PMCID: PMC8511318 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.710049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is considered the most common type of liver cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Since the disease is usually diagnosed at advanced stages, it has poor prognosis. Therefore, reliable biomarkers are urgently needed for early diagnosis and prognostic assessment. Methods: We used genome-wide gene expression profiling datasets from human and rat early HCC (eHCC) samples to perform integrated genomic and network-based analyses, and discovered gene markers that are expressed in blood and conserved in both species. We then used independent gene expression profiling datasets for peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) for eHCC patients and from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database to estimate the diagnostic and prognostic performance of the identified gene signature. Furthermore, we performed functional enrichment, interaction networks and pathway analyses. Results: We identified 41 significant genes that are expressed in blood and conserved across species in eHCC. We used comprehensive clinical data from over 600 patients with HCC to verify the diagnostic and prognostic value of 41-gene-signature. We developed a prognostic model and a risk score using the 41-geneset that showed that a high prognostic index is linked to a worse disease outcome. Furthermore, our 41-gene signature predicted disease outcome independently of other clinical factors in multivariate regression analysis. Our data reveals a number of cancer-related pathways and hub genes, including EIF4E, H2AFX, CREB1, GSK3B, TGFBR1, and CCNA2, that may be essential for eHCC progression and confirm our gene signature's ability to detect the disease in its early stages in patients' biological fluids instead of invasive procedures and its prognostic potential. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that integrated cross-species genomic and network analysis may provide reliable markers that are associated with eHCC that may lead to better diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olfat Al-Harazi
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim H Kaya
- AlFaisal University, College of Medicine, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maha Al-Eid
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lina Alfantoukh
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Saeed Al Zahrani
- Gulf Centre for Cancer Control and Prevention, King Faisal Special Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Al Sebayel
- Liver and Small Bowel Transplantation and Hepatobiliary-Pancreatic Surgery Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Surgery, University of Almaarefa, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Namik Kaya
- Translational Genomics Department, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Dilek Colak
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Scientific Computing, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Okamura T, Hashimoto Y, Hamaguchi M, Obora A, Kojima T, Fukui M. Visceral Adiposity Index is a predictor of incident colorectal cancer: a population-based longitudinal study. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 2021; 7:bmjgast-2020-000400. [PMID: 32595114 PMCID: PMC7322272 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgast-2020-000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) is a marker of visceral fat accumulation and dysfunction. We aimed to investigate the association between VAI and incident colorectal cancer (CRC). Design In this historical cohort study of 27 921 (16 434 men and 11 487 women) participants, we divided the participants into tertiles according to VAI. We calculated VAI: men, VAI = (waist circumference (WC)/(39.68+1.88 × body mass index (BMI))) × (triglycerides (TG)/1.03) × (1.31/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL)); women, VAI = (WC/(36.58+1.89 × BMI)) × (TG/0.81) × (1.52/HDL). We performed Cox proportional hazard models, adjusting for sex, age, smoking, alcohol consumption, exercise, haemoglobin A1c and systolic blood pressure. Results During the median 4.4-year follow-up, 116 participants developed CRC. Compared with the lowest tertile, the HRs of incident CRC in the middle and the highest tertiles were 1.30 (95% CI 0.76 to 2.28, p=0.338) and 2.41 (1.50 to 4.02, p<0.001) in univariate analysis. Moreover, the HRs of incident CRC in the middle and the highest tertiles were 1.27 (0.73 to 2.23, p=0.396) and 1.98 (1.15 to 3.39, p=0.013) after adjusting for covariates. Conclusions VAI can be a predictor of incident CRC. For early detection, we should encourage people with high VAI to undergo screening for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuro Okamura
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Hashimoto
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masahide Hamaguchi
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akihiro Obora
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asahi University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takao Kojima
- Department of Gastroenterology, Asahi University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Michiaki Fukui
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto, Japan
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4
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Nilsson R, Liu NA. Nuclear DNA damages generated by reactive oxygen molecules (ROS) under oxidative stress and their relevance to human cancers, including ionizing radiation-induced neoplasia part II: Relation between ROS-induced DNA damages and human cancer. RADIATION MEDICINE AND PROTECTION 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmp.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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High levels of oxidatively generated DNA damage 8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine accumulate in the brain tissues of xeroderma pigmentosum group A gene-knockout mice. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 80:52-58. [PMID: 31279170 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a genetic disorder associated with defects in nucleotide excision repair, a pathway that eliminates a wide variety of helix-distorting DNA lesions, including ultraviolet-induced pyrimidine dimers. In addition to skin diseases in sun-exposed areas, approximately 25% of XP patients develop progressive neurological disease, which has been hypothesized to be associated with the accumulation of an oxidatively generated type of DNA damage called purine 8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxynucleoside (cyclopurine). However, that hypothesis has not been verified. In this study, we tested that hypothesis by using the XP group A gene-knockout (Xpa-/-) mouse model. To quantify cyclopurine lesions in this model, we previously established an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a monoclonal antibody (CdA-1) that specifically recognizes 8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine (cyclo-dA). By optimizing conditions, we increased the ELISA sensitivity to a detection limit of ˜one cyclo-dA lesion/106 nucleosides. The improved ELISA revealed that cyclo-dA lesions accumulate with age in the brain tissues of Xpa-/- and of wild-type (wt) mice, but there were significantly more cyclo-dA lesions in Xpa-/- mice than in wt mice at 6, 24 and 29 months of age. These findings are consistent with the long-standing hypothesis that the age-dependent accumulation of endogenous cyclopurine lesions in the brain may be critical for XP neurological abnormalities.
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6
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Aybastıer Ö, Dawbaa S, Demir C, Akgün O, Ulukaya E, Arı F. Quantification of DNA damage products by gas chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in lung cell lines and prevention effect of thyme antioxidants on oxidative induced DNA damage. Mutat Res 2018; 808:1-9. [PMID: 29366947 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer has a high treatment cost and poor prognosis in comparison to other types of cancers. This work was involved in studying oxidative DNA base damage inhibition. Accordingly, standard carvacrol, thymol, thymoquinone with water and water-methanol extract of thyme (Origanum vulgare L. subsp. hirtum (link.) Ietswaart), thyme oil and thyme water were prepared and investigated for their efficacy to inhibit DNA oxidative damage formed by H2O2 in malignant lung cells (A549). The antioxidant capacity by ABTS assay was 271.73 ± 11.45 mg trolox equivalent/mL for thyme oil. HPLC analysis was carried out to determine the contents of different thyme extracts, results showing the presence of carvacrol, thymol, protocatechuic acid, caffeic acid, epicatechin and rosmarinic acid in water and water-methanol extracts while only carvacrol and thymol were found in thyme oil and thyme water. After DNA isolation from the cultured cells, the formed oxidative induced DNA damage products were analysed using GC-MS/MS. It was proven that the antioxidants in the cell culture media have succeeded to inhibit oxidative DNA base damage. Thymoquinone was shown to be the best protectant antioxidant among other antioxidants against the formation of oxidative DNA damage, whereas water-methanol extract of thyme was the best among the plant-sourced samples. Thymoquinone and thyme water-methanol extract were investigated for their efficacy on cultured healthy lung cells (BEAS-2B), and it was proven that they are efficient in protection against the oxidation of DNA of healthy lung cells too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Önder Aybastıer
- University of Uludag, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry, 16059 Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sam Dawbaa
- University of Uludag, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry, 16059 Bursa, Turkey; Thamar University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, Dhamar, Yemen
| | - Cevdet Demir
- University of Uludag, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Chemistry, 16059 Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Oğuzhan Akgün
- University of Uludag, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, 16059 Bursa, Turkey
| | - Engin Ulukaya
- University of İstinye, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ferda Arı
- University of Uludag, Faculty of Science and Arts, Department of Biology, 16059 Bursa, Turkey
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7
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is a commonly diagnosed cancer and the cause of many cancer deaths worldwide. Nutrients might be crucial in the pathogenesis and development of colorectal cancer. Although a number of studies have demonstrated the potential effects of nutrients, many challenges still remain. SUMMARY A tremendous amount of research has emerged concerning the roles of nutrients in colorectal cancer during the past decades. Here, we review the latest research progress on nutrients, including vitamins, folic acid, calcium, selenium and dietary fiber, involved in colorectal cancer prevention. KEY MESSAGE Nutrients are commonly consumed in foods or dietary supplements. It is clear that nutrients could play an important role and influence colorectal cancer outcomes. The relationship between nutrients and colorectal risk is complex. Vitamins, folic acid, calcium, selenium and dietary fiber have been proposed as potential agents to prevent colorectal cancer. However, some studies found that these nutrients did not reduce the incidence of colorectal cancer. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS The supplementary dose of nutrients, the length of time required to observe the effects and confounding factors during the study might influence the role of nutrients in the prevention of colorectal cancer. Therefore, more evidence from ongoing clinical trials with different population groups and longer follow-up periods is critical to determine the relationship between nutrients and colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Du
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Yuan Fang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Disease, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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8
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Lin Z, Xu SH, Wang HQ, Cai YJ, Ying L, Song M, Wang YQ, Du SJ, Shi KQ, Zhou MT. Prognostic value of DNA repair based stratification of hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25999. [PMID: 27174663 PMCID: PMC4867671 DOI: 10.1038/srep25999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of DNA repair is frequently associated with tumor progression and response to therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Bioinformatics analyses of HCC data in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were performed to define DNA repair based molecular classification that could predict the prognosis of patients with HCC. Furthermore, we tested its predictive performance in 120 independent cases. Four molecular subgroups were identified on the basis of coordinate DNA repair cluster (CDRC) comprising 15 genes in TCGA dataset. Increasing expression of CDRC genes were significantly associated with TP53 mutation. High CDRC was significantly correlated with advanced tumor grades, advanced pathological stage and increased vascular invasion rate. Multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated that the molecular subgrouping was an independent prognostic parameter for both overall survival (p = 0.004, hazard ratio (HR): 2.989) and tumor-free survival (p = 0.049, HR: 3.366) in TCGA dataset. Similar results were also obtained by analyzing the independent cohort. These data suggest that distinct dysregulation of DNA repair constituents based molecular classes in HCC would be useful for predicting prognosis and designing clinical trials for targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Lin
- Department of Infectious and Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.,Institute of Hepatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shi-Hao Xu
- Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Hai-Qing Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yi-Jing Cai
- Department of Infectious and Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.,Institute of Hepatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Ying
- Department of Ultrasonography, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Mei Song
- Department of Infectious and Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.,Institute of Hepatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu-Qun Wang
- Department of Infectious and Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.,Institute of Hepatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shan-Jie Du
- Department of Infectious and Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.,Institute of Hepatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ke-Qing Shi
- Department of Infectious and Liver Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.,Institute of Hepatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Meng-Tao Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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9
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Masri OA, Chalhoub JM, Sharara AI. Role of vitamins in gastrointestinal diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:5191-5209. [PMID: 25954093 PMCID: PMC4419060 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i17.5191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A tremendous amount of data from research was published over the past decades concerning the roles of different vitamins in various gastrointestinal diseases. For instance, most vitamins showed an inverse relationship with the risk of colorectal carcinoma as well as other malignancies like gastric and esophageal cancer in observational trials, however interventional trials failed to prove a clear beneficial preventive role. On the other hand, more solid evidence was obtained from high quality studies for a role of certain vitamins in specific entities. Examples for this include the therapeutic role of vitamin E in patients with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, the additive role of vitamins B12 and D to the standard therapy of chronic hepatitis C virus, the role of vitamin C in reducing the risk of gallstones, the positive outcome with vitamin B12 in patients with aphthous stomatitis, and the beneficial effect of vitamin D and B1 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Other potential uses are yet to be elaborated, like those on celiac disease, pancreatic cancer, pancreatitis, cholestasis and other potential fields. Data from several ongoing interventional trials are expected to add to the current knowledge over the coming few years. Given that vitamin supplementation is psychologically accepted by patients as a natural compound with relative safety and low cost, their use should be encouraged in the fields where positive data are available.
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10
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Dizdaroglu M, Coskun E, Jaruga P. Measurement of oxidatively induced DNA damage and its repair, by mass spectrometric techniques. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:525-48. [PMID: 25812590 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1014814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidatively induced damage caused by free radicals and other DNA-damaging agents generate a plethora of products in the DNA of living organisms. There is mounting evidence for the involvement of this type of damage in the etiology of numerous diseases including carcinogenesis. For a thorough understanding of the mechanisms, cellular repair, and biological consequences of DNA damage, accurate measurement of resulting products must be achieved. There are various analytical techniques, with their own advantages and drawbacks, which can be used for this purpose. Mass spectrometric techniques with isotope dilution, which include gas chromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC), provide structural elucidation of products and ascertain accurate quantification, which are absolutely necessary for reliable measurement. Both gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), in single or tandem versions, have been used for the measurement of numerous DNA products such as sugar and base lesions, 8,5'-cyclopurine-2'-deoxynucleosides, base-base tandem lesions, and DNA-protein crosslinks, in vitro and in vivo. This article reviews these techniques and their applications in the measurement of oxidatively induced DNA damage and its repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dizdaroglu
- Biomolecular Measurement Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg, MD , USA
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11
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Oxidatively induced DNA damage and its repair in cancer. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 763:212-45. [PMID: 25795122 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidatively induced DNA damage is caused in living organisms by endogenous and exogenous reactive species. DNA lesions resulting from this type of damage are mutagenic and cytotoxic and, if not repaired, can cause genetic instability that may lead to disease processes including carcinogenesis. Living organisms possess DNA repair mechanisms that include a variety of pathways to repair multiple DNA lesions. Mutations and polymorphisms also occur in DNA repair genes adversely affecting DNA repair systems. Cancer tissues overexpress DNA repair proteins and thus develop greater DNA repair capacity than normal tissues. Increased DNA repair in tumors that removes DNA lesions before they become toxic is a major mechanism for development of resistance to therapy, affecting patient survival. Accumulated evidence suggests that DNA repair capacity may be a predictive biomarker for patient response to therapy. Thus, knowledge of DNA protein expressions in normal and cancerous tissues may help predict and guide development of treatments and yield the best therapeutic response. DNA repair proteins constitute targets for inhibitors to overcome the resistance of tumors to therapy. Inhibitors of DNA repair for combination therapy or as single agents for monotherapy may help selectively kill tumors, potentially leading to personalized therapy. Numerous inhibitors have been developed and are being tested in clinical trials. The efficacy of some inhibitors in therapy has been demonstrated in patients. Further development of inhibitors of DNA repair proteins is globally underway to help eradicate cancer.
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12
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Gavina JMA, Yao C, Feng YL. Recent developments in DNA adduct analysis by mass spectrometry: a tool for exposure biomonitoring and identification of hazard for environmental pollutants. Talanta 2014; 130:475-94. [PMID: 25159438 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA adducts represent an important category of biomarkers for detection and exposure surveillance of potential carcinogenic and genotoxic chemicals in the environment. Sensitive and specific analytical methods are required to detect and differentiate low levels of adducts from native DNA from in vivo exposure. In addition to biomonitoring of environmental pollutants, analytical methods have been developed for structural identification of adducts which provides fundamental information for determining the toxic pathway of hazardous chemicals. In order to achieve the required sensitivity, mass spectrometry has been increasingly utilized to quantify adducts at low levels as well as to obtain structural information. Furthermore, separation techniques such as chromatography and capillary electrophoresis can be coupled to mass spectrometry to increase the selectivity. This review will provide an overview of advances in detection of adducted and modified DNA by mass spectrometry with a focus on the analysis of nucleosides since 2007. Instrument advances, sample and instrument considerations, and recent applications will be summarized in the context of hazard assessment. Finally, advances in biomonitoring applying mass spectrometry will be highlighted. Most importantly, the usefulness of DNA adducts measurement and detection will be comprehensively discussed as a tool for assessment of in vitro and in vivo exposure to environmental pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennilee M A Gavina
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, AL: 0800C, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Chunhe Yao
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, AL: 0800C, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9
| | - Yong-Lai Feng
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Environmental and Radiation Health Sciences Directorate, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Health Canada, 50 Columbine Driveway, AL: 0800C, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1A 0K9.
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13
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Iwamoto T, Brooks PJ, Nishiwaki T, Nishimura K, Kobayashi N, Sugiura S, Mori T. Quantitative and in situ detection of oxidatively generated DNA damage 8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine using an immunoassay with a novel monoclonal antibody. Photochem Photobiol 2014; 90:829-36. [PMID: 24471831 DOI: 10.1111/php.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a genetic disorder associated with defects in nucleotide excision repair, which eliminates a wide variety of helix-distorting types of DNA damage including sunlight-induced pyrimidine dimers. In addition to skin disease, approximately 30% of XP patients develop progressive neurological disease, which has been hypothesized to be associated with the accumulation of a particular type of oxidatively generated DNA damage called purine 8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxynucleosides (purine cyclonucleosides). However, there are no currently available methods to detect purine cyclonucleosides in DNA without the need for DNA hydrolysis. In this study, we generated a novel monoclonal antibody (CdA-1) specific for purine cyclonucleosides in single-stranded DNA that recognizes 8,5'-cyclo-2'-deoxyadenosine (cyclo-dA). An immunoassay using CdA-1 revealed a linear dose response between known amounts of cyclo-dA in oligonucleotides and the antibody binding to them. The quantitative immunoassay revealed that treatment with Fenton-type reagents (CuCl(2)/H(2)O(2)/ascorbate) efficiently produces cyclo-dA in DNA in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, immunofluorescent analysis using CdA-1 enabled the visualization of cyclo-dA in human osteosarcoma cells, which had been transfected with oligonucleotides containing cyclo-dA. Thus, the CdA-1 antibody is a valuable tool for the detection and quantification of cyclo-dA in DNA, and may be useful for characterizing the mechanism(s) underlying the development of XP neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaaki Iwamoto
- Radioisotope Research Center, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
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14
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Ríos-Arrabal S, Artacho-Cordón F, León J, Román-Marinetto E, del Mar Salinas-Asensio M, Calvente I, Núñez MI. Involvement of free radicals in breast cancer. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:404. [PMID: 24024092 PMCID: PMC3765596 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have recently shown an increased interest in free radicals and their role in the tumor microenvironment. Free radicals are molecules with high instability and reactivity due to the presence of an odd number of electrons in the outermost orbit of their atoms. Free radicals include reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which are key players in the initiation and progression of tumor cells and enhance their metastatic potential. In fact, they are now considered a hallmark of cancer. However, both reactive species may contribute to improve the outcomes of radiotherapy in cancer patients. Besides, high levels of reactive oxygen species may be indicators of genotoxic damage in non-irradiated normal tissues. The purpose of this article is to review recent research on free radicals and carcinogenesis in order to understand the pathways that contribute to tumor malignancy. This review outlines the involvement of free radicals in relevant cellular events, including their effects on genetic instability through (growth factors and tumor suppressor genes, their enhancement of mitogenic signals, and their participation in cell remodeling, proliferation, senescence, apoptosis, and autophagy processes; the possible relationship between free radicals and inflammation is also explored. This knowledge is crucial for evaluating the relevance of free radicals as therapeutic targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ríos-Arrabal
- />Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Universidad de Granada, Av. Madrid s/n, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Artacho-Cordón
- />Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Universidad de Granada, Av. Madrid s/n, 18012 Granada, Spain
- />Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Josefa León
- />Ciber de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas CIBERehd, Granada, Spain
| | - Elisa Román-Marinetto
- />Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Universidad de Granada, Av. Madrid s/n, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Irene Calvente
- />Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Universidad de Granada, Av. Madrid s/n, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Núñez
- />Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Universidad de Granada, Av. Madrid s/n, 18012 Granada, Spain
- />Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain
- />Instituto de Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa (IBIMER), Universidad de Granada, Av. Conocimiento, s/n, 18100 Armilla Granada, Spain
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15
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Perše M. Oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer: cause or consequence? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:725710. [PMID: 23762854 PMCID: PMC3666330 DOI: 10.1155/2013/725710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing support for the concept that reactive oxygen species, which are known to be implicated in a range of diseases, may be important progenitors in carcinogenesis, including colorectal cancer (CRC). CRC is one of the most common cancers worldwide, with the highest incidence rates in western countries. Sporadic human CRC may be attributable to various environmental and lifestyle factors, such as dietary habits, obesity, and physical inactivity. In the last decades, association between oxidative stress and CRC has been intensively studied. Recently, numerous genetic and lifestyle factors that can affect an individual's ability to respond to oxidative stress have been identified. The aim of this paper is to review evidence linking oxidative stress to CRC and to provide essential background information for accurate interpretation of future research on oxidative stress and CRC risk. Brief introduction of different endogenous and exogenous factors that may influence oxidative status and modulate the ability of gut epithelial cells to cope with damaging metabolic challenges is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Perše
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Experimental Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1105 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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16
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Reddy PT, Jaruga P, Kirkali G, Tuna G, Nelson BC, Dizdaroglu M. Identification and Quantification of Human DNA Repair Protein NEIL1 by Liquid Chromatography/Isotope-Dilution Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:1049-61. [DOI: 10.1021/pr301037t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prasad T. Reddy
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg,
Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Pawel Jaruga
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg,
Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Güldal Kirkali
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg,
Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Gamze Tuna
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg,
Maryland 20899, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, School
of Medicine, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir,
Turkey
| | - Bryant C. Nelson
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg,
Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Miral Dizdaroglu
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg,
Maryland 20899, United States
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17
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Slyskova J, Korenkova V, Collins AR, Prochazka P, Vodickova L, Svec J, Lipska L, Levy M, Schneiderova M, Liska V, Holubec L, Kumar R, Soucek P, Naccarati A, Vodicka P. Functional, genetic, and epigenetic aspects of base and nucleotide excision repair in colorectal carcinomas. Clin Cancer Res 2012; 18:5878-87. [PMID: 22966016 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-1380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE DNA repair capacity (DRC) is a determinant not only of cancer development but also of individual response to therapy. Previously, altered base and nucleotide excision repair (BER and NER) have been described in lymphocytes of patients with sporadic colorectal cancer. We, for the first time, evaluate both excision repair capacities in human colon biopsies to study their participation in colorectal tumorigenesis. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Seventy pairs of tumor and adjacent healthy tissues were analyzed for BER- and NER-specific DRC by a comet repair assay. Tissue pairs were further compared for expression levels of a panel of 25 BER and NER genes complemented by their promoter methylation status. RESULTS We observed a moderate increase of NER-DRC (P = 0.019), but not of BER-DRC in tumors. There was a strong correlation between both tissues for all investigated parameters (P < 0.001). However, 4 NER (CSB, CCNH, XPA, XPD) and 4 BER (NEIL1, APEX1, OGG1, PARP1) genes showed a 1.08- to 1.28-fold change difference in expression in tumors (P < 0.05). Individual gene expression levels did not correlate with overall DRC, and we did not detect any aberrant methylation of the investigated genes. CONCLUSIONS Our complex analysis showed that tumor cells are not deficient in BER and NER, but rather follow patterns characteristic for each individual and are comparable with adjacent tissue. Alteration of excision repair pathways is not a pronounced event in colorectal carcinogenesis. This study shows the feasibility of DRC evaluation in human solid tissues, representing a complex marker of multigene DNA repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Slyskova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, and Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic.
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18
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Abstract
Endogenous and exogenous sources cause free radical-induced DNA damage in living organisms by a variety of mechanisms. The highly reactive hydroxyl radical reacts with the heterocyclic DNA bases and the sugar moiety near or at diffusion-controlled rates. Hydrated electron and H atom also add to the heterocyclic bases. These reactions lead to adduct radicals, further reactions of which yield numerous products. These include DNA base and sugar products, single- and double-strand breaks, 8,5'-cyclopurine-2'-deoxynucleosides, tandem lesions, clustered sites and DNA-protein cross-links. Reaction conditions and the presence or absence of oxygen profoundly affect the types and yields of the products. There is mounting evidence for an important role of free radical-induced DNA damage in the etiology of numerous diseases including cancer. Further understanding of mechanisms of free radical-induced DNA damage, and cellular repair and biological consequences of DNA damage products will be of outmost importance for disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miral Dizdaroglu
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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Infection-induced colitis in mice causes dynamic and tissue-specific changes in stress response and DNA damage leading to colon cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:E1820-9. [PMID: 22689960 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1207829109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter hepaticus-infected Rag2(-/-) mice emulate many aspects of human inflammatory bowel disease, including the development of colitis and colon cancer. To elucidate mechanisms of inflammation-induced carcinogenesis, we undertook a comprehensive analysis of histopathology, molecular damage, and gene expression changes during disease progression in these mice. Infected mice developed severe colitis and hepatitis by 10 wk post-infection, progressing into colon carcinoma by 20 wk post-infection, with pronounced pathology in the cecum and proximal colon marked by infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages. Transcriptional profiling revealed decreased expression of DNA repair and oxidative stress response genes in colon, but not in liver. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed higher levels of DNA and RNA damage products in liver compared to colon and infection-induced increases in 5-chlorocytosine in DNA and RNA and hypoxanthine in DNA. Paradoxically, infection was associated with decreased levels of DNA etheno adducts. Levels of nucleic acid damage from the same chemical class were strongly correlated in both liver and colon. The results support a model of inflammation-mediated carcinogenesis involving infiltration of phagocytes and generation of reactive species that cause local molecular damage leading to cell dysfunction, mutation, and cell death. There are strong correlations among histopathology, phagocyte infiltration, and damage chemistry that suggest a major role for neutrophils in inflammation-associated cancer progression. Further, paradoxical changes in nucleic acid damage were observed in tissue- and chemistry-specific patterns. The results also reveal features of cell stress response that point to microbial pathophysiology and mechanisms of cell senescence as important mechanistic links to cancer.
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20
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Dizdaroglu M. Oxidatively induced DNA damage: mechanisms, repair and disease. Cancer Lett 2012; 327:26-47. [PMID: 22293091 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Endogenous and exogenous sources cause oxidatively induced DNA damage in living organisms by a variety of mechanisms. The resulting DNA lesions are mutagenic and, unless repaired, lead to a variety of mutations and consequently to genetic instability, which is a hallmark of cancer. Oxidatively induced DNA damage is repaired in living cells by different pathways that involve a large number of proteins. Unrepaired and accumulated DNA lesions may lead to disease processes including carcinogenesis. Mutations also occur in DNA repair genes, destabilizing the DNA repair system. A majority of cancer cell lines have somatic mutations in their DNA repair genes. In addition, polymorphisms in these genes constitute a risk factor for cancer. In general, defects in DNA repair are associated with cancer. Numerous DNA repair enzymes exist that possess different, but sometimes overlapping substrate specificities for removal of oxidatively induced DNA lesions. In addition to the role of DNA repair in carcinogenesis, recent evidence suggests that some types of tumors possess increased DNA repair capacity that may lead to therapy resistance. DNA repair pathways are drug targets to develop DNA repair inhibitors to increase the efficacy of cancer therapy. Oxidatively induced DNA lesions and DNA repair proteins may serve as potential biomarkers for early detection, cancer risk assessment, prognosis and for monitoring therapy. Taken together, a large body of accumulated evidence suggests that oxidatively induced DNA damage and its repair are important factors in the development of human cancers. Thus this field deserves more research to contribute to the development of cancer biomarkers, DNA repair inhibitors and treatment approaches to better understand and fight cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miral Dizdaroglu
- Biochemical Science Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA.
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