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Wang TS, Ruchirawat M, Narasumrit P, Xia ZL, Au WW. Lymphocyte-based challenge DNA-repair assays for personalized health risk assessment. MUTATION RESEARCH. REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2022; 790:108427. [PMID: 35688302 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2022.108427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Combinations of genetic and environmental factors are responsible for the development of many human diseases, such as cancer, as demonstrated using various biomarkers. Within this scenario, DNA repair holds a gate-keeper position which determines outcomes after appearance of DNA damage and, therefore, adverse cellular consequences, e.g., initiation of carcinogenesis. DNA repair deficiency and some of the subsequent events can be validated from studies using live cells from cancer patients. However, these deficiencies/events are difficult to demonstrate in live cells from normal individuals because individual variations in DNA repair capacities (DRC) are too low to be measured easily. Such lack of information has been hindering progress in developing personalized disease prevention and intervention protocols, especially among exposed populations. However, using a variety of challenge assays as biomarkers, variations in individual's DRC can be amplified in live cells and be determined. Furthermore, evidence indicates that DRC are not only inherited but can also be modified by environmental factors (e.g., nutritional status and exposure to genotoxic substances). Using these challenge assays, e.g., in live lymphocytes, individual's DRC can be holistically and functionally determined as well as quantitated. With the more precise information, assessment of health risk can be better determined on an individual rather than on a population basis. This review provides a succinct summary on the development and application of recent challenge assays in lymphocytes which can provide measurements of individuals' DRC, and on the latest data for more precise disease prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Shuai Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Clinical and Translational Research Center of Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Mathuros Ruchirawat
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health, Toxicology and Management of Chemicals, Bangkok, Thailand; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Toxicology and Management of Chemicals, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panida Narasumrit
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health, Toxicology and Management of Chemicals, Bangkok, Thailand; Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Toxicology and Management of Chemicals, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Zhao-Lin Xia
- Department of Occupational Health and Toxicology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - William W Au
- University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology, Targu Mures, Romania; University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
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2
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Lee JH, Lee Y, Paik HD, Park E. Antioxidant and immune-modulating activities of egg yolk protein
extracts. Food Sci Anim Resour 2022; 42:321-331. [PMID: 35310562 PMCID: PMC8907799 DOI: 10.5851/kosfa.2022.e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Egg yolk is widely used to extract lecithin, which is utilized in the food and
cosmetics industry. After lecithin is removed, the rest of egg yolk is generated
as a by-product. Thus, it is necessary to properly utilize it. In this study,
egg yolk protein extracts were produced using ethanol (EYE-E) and water (EYE-W).
Their antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects were then evaluated. Antioxidant
activities of EYE-E and EYE-W were determined using cellular antioxidant
capacity (CAC) assay and comet assay. EYE-E and EYE-W showed significant
(p<0.05) scavenging effects on intracellular reactive oxygen species
(ROS) in a dose dependent manner. At a concentration of 50 μg/mL, EYE-W
showed higher (p<0.05) antioxidant activity than EYE-E. EYE-E and EYE-W
also exhibited protective effects against DNA damage caused by oxidative stress.
After treatment with EYE-E and EYE-W, DNA damage level of 48.7% due to
oxidative stress was decreased to 36.2% and 31.8% levels,
respectively. In addition, EYE-E and EYE-W showed immunomodulatory effects by
regulating Th1 cytokines (TNF-α and IL-2) and Th2 cytokines (IL-10 and
IL-4) in Balb/c mouse splenocytes. These data suggest that EYE-E and EYE-W could
be used as functional food ingredients with excellent antioxidant and
immunomodulatory activities in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Lee
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korea
Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365,
Korea
| | - Yunjung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyungnam
University, Changwon 51767, Korea
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and
Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University,
Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Eunju Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyungnam
University, Changwon 51767, Korea
- Corresponding author : Eunju
Park, Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyungnam University, Changwon, 51767,
Korea, Tel: +82-55-249-2218, Fax: +82-505-999-2104, E-mail:
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3
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Pfuhler S, Pirow R, Downs TR, Haase A, Hewitt N, Luch A, Merkel M, Petrick C, Said A, Schäfer-Korting M, Reisinger K. Validation of the 3D reconstructed human skin Comet assay, an animal-free alternative for following-up positive results from standard in vitro genotoxicity assays. Mutagenesis 2021; 36:19-35. [PMID: 32152633 PMCID: PMC8081376 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As part of the safety assessment process, all industrial sectors employ genotoxicity test batteries, starting with well-established in vitro assays. However, these batteries have limited predictive capacity for the in vivo situation, which may result in unnecessary follow-up in vivo testing or the loss of promising substances where animal tests are prohibited or not desired. To address this, a project involving regulators, academia and industry was established to develop and validate in vitro human skin-based genotoxicity assays for topically exposed substances, such as cosmetics ingredients. Here, we describe the validation of the 3D reconstructed skin (RS) Comet assay. In this multicenter study, chemicals were applied topically three times to the skin over 48 h. Isolated keratinocytes and fibroblasts were transferred to slides before electrophoresis and the resulting comet formation was recorded as % tail DNA. Before decoding, results of the validation exercise for 32 substances were evaluated by an independent statistician. There was a high predictive capacity of this assay when compared to in vivo outcomes, with a sensitivity of 77 (80)%, a specificity of 88 (97)% and an overall accuracy of 83 (92)%. The numbers reflect the calls of the performing laboratories in the coded phase, whereas those in parenthesis reflect calls according to the agreed evaluation criteria. Intra- and inter-laboratory reproducibility was also very good, with a concordance of 93 and 88%, respectively. These results generated with the Phenion® Full-Thickness skin model demonstrate its suitability for this assay, with reproducibly low background DNA damage and sufficient metabolic capacity to activate pro-mutagens. The validation outcome supports the use of the RS Comet assay to follow up positive results from standard in vitro genotoxicity assays when the expected route of exposure is dermal. Based on the available data, the assay was accepted recently into the OECD test guideline development program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ralph Pirow
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Andrea Haase
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Luch
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - André Said
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Chemical and Product Safety, Berlin, Germany.,Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Schäfer-Korting
- Freie Universität Berlin, Institute for Pharmacy (Pharmacology and Toxicology), Berlin, Germany
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4
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Møller P, Bankoglu EE, Stopper H, Giovannelli L, Ladeira C, Koppen G, Gajski G, Collins A, Valdiglesias V, Laffon B, Boutet-Robinet E, Perdry H, Del Bo' C, Langie SAS, Dusinska M, Azqueta A. Collection and storage of human white blood cells for analysis of DNA damage and repair activity using the comet assay in molecular epidemiology studies. Mutagenesis 2021; 36:193-212. [PMID: 33755160 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geab012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage and repair activity are often assessed in blood samples from humans in different types of molecular epidemiology studies. However, it is not always feasible to analyse the samples on the day of collection without any type of storage. For instance, certain studies use repeated sampling of cells from the same subject or samples from different subjects collected at different time-points, and it is desirable to analyse all these samples in the same comet assay experiment. In addition, flawless comet assay analyses on frozen samples open up the possibility of using this technique on biobank material. In this article we discuss the use of cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), buffy coat (BC) and whole blood (WB) for analysis of DNA damage and repair using the comet assay. The published literature and the authors' experiences indicate that various types of blood samples can be cryopreserved with only a minor effect on the basal level of DNA damage. There is evidence to suggest that WB and PBMCs can be cryopreserved for several years without much effect on the level of DNA damage. However, care should be taken when cryopreserving WB and BCs. It is possible to use either fresh or frozen samples of blood cells, but results from fresh and frozen cells should not be used in the same dataset. The article outlines detailed protocols for the cryopreservation of PBMCs, BCs and WB samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Ezgi Eyluel Bankoglu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Helga Stopper
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Str. 9, 97078 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Giovannelli
- Department NEUROFARBA, University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, 50139 Florence, Italy
| | - Carina Ladeira
- H&TRC - Health & Technology Research Center, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde (ESTeSL), Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Avenida D. João II, lote 4.69.01, Parque das Nações, 1990-096 Lisboa, Portugal.,NOVA National School of Public Health, Public Health Research Centre, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Goran Gajski
- Mutagenesis Unit, Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Andrew Collins
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Sognsvannsveien 9, 0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Vanessa Valdiglesias
- Grupo DICOMOSA, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus A Zapateira s/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), AE CICA-INIBIC, Oza, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - Blanca Laffon
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña (INIBIC), AE CICA-INIBIC, Oza, 15071 A Coruña, Spain.,Grupo DICOMOSA, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Departamento de Psicología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidade da Coruña, Campus Elviña s/n, 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Elisa Boutet-Robinet
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Hervé Perdry
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, CESP, 94807, Villejuif, France
| | - Cristian Del Bo'
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), University of Milan, Via Celoria 2, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabine A S Langie
- School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Maastricht, Universiteitssingel 50, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Dusinska
- Environmental Chemistry Department, Health Effects Laboratory, NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2027 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Amaya Azqueta
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Navarra, C/Irunlarrea 1, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.,IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, C/Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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5
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Bankoglu EE, Stipp F, Gerber J, Seyfried F, Heidland A, Bahner U, Stopper H. Effect of cryopreservation on DNA damage and DNA repair activity in human blood samples in the comet assay. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1831-1841. [PMID: 33666708 PMCID: PMC8113209 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The comet assay is a commonly used method to determine DNA damage and repair activity in many types of samples. In recent years, the use of the comet assay in human biomonitoring became highly attractive due to its various modified versions, which may be useful to determine individual susceptibility in blood samples. However, in human biomonitoring studies, working with large sample numbers that are acquired over an extended time period requires some additional considerations. One of the most important issues is the storage of samples and its effect on the outcome of the comet assay. Another important question is the suitability of different blood preparations. In this study, we analysed the effect of cryopreservation on DNA damage and repair activity in human blood samples. In addition, we investigated the suitability of different blood preparations. The alkaline and FPG as well as two different types of repair comet assay and an in vitro hydrogen peroxide challenge were applied. Our results confirmed that cryopreserved blood preparations are suitable for investigating DNA damage in the alkaline and FPG comet assay in whole blood, buffy coat and PBMCs. Ex vivo hydrogen peroxide challenge yielded its optimal effect in isolated PBMCs. The utilised repair comet assay with either UVC or hydrogen peroxide-induced lesions and an aphidicolin block worked well in fresh PBMCs. Cryopreserved PBMCs could not be used immediately after thawing. However, a 16-h recovery with or without mitotic stimulation enabled the application of the repair comet assay, albeit only in a surviving cell fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Eyluel Bankoglu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Franzisca Stipp
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Johanna Gerber
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Florian Seyfried
- Department of General and Visceral, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - August Heidland
- Department of Internal Medicine and KfH Kidney Center, University of Wuerzburg, KfH Kidney Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Udo Bahner
- Department of Internal Medicine and KfH Kidney Center, University of Wuerzburg, KfH Kidney Center Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Helga Stopper
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Wuerzburg, Versbacher Straße 9, 97078, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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6
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B-Comet Assay (Comet Assay on Buccal Cells) for the Evaluation of Primary DNA Damage in Human Biomonitoring Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249234. [PMID: 33321868 PMCID: PMC7763633 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many subjects perceive venous blood collection as too invasive, and thus moving to better-accepted procedures for leukocytes collection might be crucial in human biomonitoring studies (e.g., biomonitoring of occupational or residential exposure to genotoxins) management. In this context, primary DNA damage was assessed in buccal lymphocytes (BLs), fresh whole venous, and capillary blood leukocytes, and compared with that in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs)—the most frequently used cells—in 15 young subjects. Mouthwashes were collected after the volunteers rinsed their mouths with normal saline, and BLs were isolated by density gradient centrifugation. Blood samples were collected by venipuncture or by lancet. Anthropometric and lifestyle information was obtained by the administration of a structured questionnaire. As shown in the Bland-Altman plots, the level of agreement between BLs and PBLs lied within the accepted range, we thus enrolled a wider population (n = 54) to assess baseline DNA damage in BLs. In these cells, mean values of tail length (µm), tail intensity (%), and tail moment were 25.7 ± 0.9, 6.7 ± 0.4 and 1.0 ± 0.1, respectively. No significant association was observed between sex and smoking habit with any of the DNA damage parameters. Conversely, underweight subjects displayed significantly higher genomic instability compared with normal weight group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, we successfully managed to set up and update a non-invasive and well-accepted procedure for the isolation of BLs from saliva that could be useful in upcoming biomonitoring studies.
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7
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Tran HTT, Herz C, Lamy E. Long-term exposure to "low-dose" bisphenol A decreases mitochondrial DNA copy number, and accelerates telomere shortening in human CD8 + T cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15786. [PMID: 32978426 PMCID: PMC7519100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72546-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) has been linked with immune disorders and increased tumour risk. Our previous work in activated human peripheral blood mononuclear cells demonstrated that exposure to "low-dose" BPA diminished telomerase activity via an ER/GPR30-ERK signalling pathway. Leukocyte telomerase activity and telomere maintenance are crucial for normal immune function and homeostasis. We thus here further studied the effects of BPA on human T cell subpopulations. Exposure to 0.3-3 nM BPA, i. e. at doses in the realm of human exposure, notably reduced telomerase activity in activated CD8 + T but not CD4 + T cells in a non-monotonic response pattern as determined by the TRAP-ELISA assay. Under long-term BPA exposure, significant telomere length shortening, reduction in mitochondrial DNA copy number, cell proliferation and IFN-γ as well as hTERT protein suppression could be observed in CD8 + lymphocytes, as analysed by qRT-PCR, flow cytometry and western blot analysis. This study extends our previous in vitro findings that "low-dose" BPA has potential negative effects on healthy human cytotoxic T cell response. These results might merit some special attention to further investigate chronic BPA exposure in the context of adaptive immune response dysfunction and early onset of cancer in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoai Thi Thu Tran
- Molecular Preventive Medicine, University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
- Pharmaceutical Bioinformatics, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Corinna Herz
- Molecular Preventive Medicine, University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Evelyn Lamy
- Molecular Preventive Medicine, University Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79106, Freiburg, Germany.
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8
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Sioen S, Cloet K, Vral A, Baeyens A. The Cytokinesis-Block Micronucleus Assay on Human Isolated Fresh and Cryopreserved Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10030125. [PMID: 32937746 PMCID: PMC7564880 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10030125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay is a standardized method used for genotoxicity studies. Conventional whole blood cultures (WBC) are often used for this assay, although the assay can also be performed on isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) cultures. However, the standardization of a protocol for the PBMC CBMN assay has not been investigated extensively. The aim of this study was to optimize a reliable CBMN assay protocol for fresh and cryopreserved peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCS), and to compare micronuclei (MNi) results between WBC and PBMC cultures. The G0 CBMN assay was performed on whole blood, freshly isolated, and cryopreserved PBMCS from healthy human blood samples and five radiosensitive patient samples. Cells were exposed to 220 kV X-ray in vitro doses ranging from 0.5 to 2 Gy. The optimized PBMC CBMN assay showed adequate repeatability and small inter-individual variability. MNi values were significantly higher for WBC than for fresh PBMCS. Additionally, cryopreservation of PBMCS resulted in a significant increase of MNi values, while different cryopreservation times had no significant impact. In conclusion, our standardized CBMN assay on fresh and cryopreserved PBMCS can be used for genotoxicity studies, biological dosimetry, and radiosensitivity assessment.
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Xu J, Sram RJ, Cebulska-Wasilewska A, Miloradov MV, Sardas S, Au WW. Challenge-comet assay, a functional and genomic biomarker for precision risk assessment and disease prevention among exposed workers. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 397:115011. [PMID: 32305282 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in genomic technologies have ushered application of innovative changes into biomedical sciences and clinical medicine. Consequently, these changes have created enormous opportunities to implement precision population/occupational disease prevention and target-specific disease intervention (or personalized medicine). To capture the opportunities, however, it is necessary is to develop novel, especially genomic-based, biomarkers which can provide precise and individualized health risk assessment. In this review, development of the Challenge-comet assay is used as an example to demonstrate how assays need to be validated for its sensitivity, specificity, and functional and quantitative features, and how assays can be used to provide individualized health risk assessment for precision prevention and intervention. Other examples of genomic-based novel biomarkers will also be discussed. Furthermore, no biomarkers can be used alone therefore their integrated usage with other biomarkers and with personal data bases will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhen Xu
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Radim J Sram
- Institute of Experimental Medicine AS, CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - Semra Sardas
- Istinye University, Zeytinburnu, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - William W Au
- University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, Targu Mures, Romania; University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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10
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Yu L, Liu Z, Qiu L, Hao L, Guo J. Ipatasertib sensitizes colon cancer cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis through ROS-mediated caspase activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 519:812-818. [PMID: 31558316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Due to TRAIL's explicit cancer cell-selectivity, the current study aimed to explore novel agents that sensitized cancer cell for TRAIL-induced apoptosis while sparing normal cell. In this study, we found that TRAIL could induce PARP-1 cleavage and apoptosis in colon cancer HCT116 cell, but HT-29 cell was not sensitive to TRAIL. However, non-cytotoxic doses of ipatasertib in conjunction with TRAIL could induce apoptosis in HT-29 cell. Mechanism studies showed that intracellular ROS level was significant increased during ipatasertib treatment. Excessive cellular levels of ROS further induced DNA damage and subsequently activated apoptotic signaling pathways in TRAIL-resistant HT-29 cells. Combined treatment with sub-toxic doses of ipatasertib and TRAIL leads to caspase activation and PARP-1 cleavage in HT-29 cells. Pretreated with NAC, an antioxidant, could inhibit ROS production and PARP-1 cleavage as well as prevent cell apoptotic death induced by combination therapy with TRAIL and ipatasertib. In addition, NAC can block the up-regulation of p53/PUMA induced by combined treatment with ipatasertib and TRAIL. Transfection with p53 or Puma siRNA for 48 h can reverse ipatasertib-mediated TRAIL sensitization. In conclusion, p53 and PUMA may play a pivotal role in sensitizing colon cancer cell to TRAIL-induced apoptosis by sub-toxic doses of ipatasertib treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Zhongshan Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Ling Qiu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Linlin Hao
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Jie Guo
- Department of Radiotherapy, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China.
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11
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Short-Term Dietary Intervention with Cooked but Not Raw Brassica Leafy Vegetables Increases Telomerase Activity in CD8+ Lymphocytes in a Randomized Human Trial. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11040786. [PMID: 30959753 PMCID: PMC6520774 DOI: 10.3390/nu11040786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase in T lymphocytes is dynamic and limited evidence from epidemiological studies indicates that the enzyme can be modulated in peripheral lymphocytes by dietary and lifestyle factors. The differential effect of dietary intervention on T cell subsets has not been investigated so far. Brassica vegetables are known for their multiple beneficial effects on human health, and here, the effect of a five-day short-term intervention with raw or cooked leaves of Brassica carinata on telomerase activity in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from 22 healthy volunteers was investigated in a randomized single-blind, controlled crossover study. Blood samples were collected before and after intervention, and CD4+/CD8+ T lymphocytes were isolated. Telomerase activity was quantified using the TRAP-ELISA assay. Intervention with both preparations led to a marginal increase in telomerase activity of CD4+ cells compared to the baseline level. In CD8+ cells, a significant increase in telomerase activity (25%, p < 0.05) was seen after intervention with the cooked material. An increase in telomerase activity in CD8+ cells of healthy volunteers could be regarded as beneficial in terms of helping with the cell-mediated immune response. Whether a Brassica intervention has long-term effects on telomere extension in specific T cell subsets needs to be determined.
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Lubawy J, Daburon V, Chowański S, Słocińska M, Colinet H. Thermal stress causes DNA damage and mortality in a tropical insect. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.213744. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.213744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cold tolerance is considered an important factor determining geographic distribution of insects. We've previously shown that despite tropical origin, cockroach Gromphadorinha coquereliana is capable of surviving exposures to cold. However, freezing tolerance of this species had not yet been examined. Low temperature is known to alter membranes integrity in insects but whether chilling or freezing compromises DNA integrity remains a matter of speculation. In the present study, we subjected the G. coquereliana adults to freezing to determine their supercooling point (SCP) and evaluated whether the cockroaches were capable of surviving partial and complete freezing. Next, we conducted single cell gel electrophoresis assay (SCGE) to determine whether heat, cold and freezing altered haemocytes DNA integrity. The SCP of this species was high and around -4.76°C, which is within typical range of freezing-tolerant species. Most cockroaches survived one day after partial ice formation (20% mortality), but died progressively in the next few days after cold stress (70% mortality after 4 days). One day after complete freezing, most insects died (70% mortality), and after 4 days, 90% of them had succumbed. The SCGE assays showed substantial level of DNA damage in haemocytes. When cockroaches were heat-stressed, the level of DNA damage was similar to that observed in the freezing treatment; though all heat-stressed insects survived. The study shows that G. coquereliana can surprisingly be considered as moderately freezing-tolerant species, and for first time that extreme low temperature stress can affect DNA integrity, suggesting that this cockroach may possess an efficient DNA repair system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lubawy
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Szymon Chowański
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Słocińska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Development, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Poland
| | - Hervé Colinet
- ECOBIO – UMR 6553, Université de Rennes 1, CNRS, Rennes, France
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