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Sharma MK, Suman LN, Srivastava K, Suma N, Vishwakarma A. Psychometric properties of Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence: A systematic review. Ind Psychiatry J 2021; 30:207-216. [PMID: 35017802 PMCID: PMC8709504 DOI: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_51_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence (FTND) is a widely used test for assessing physical nicotine dependence. However, there is a need to assess the psychometric properties of FTND to assess its role in treatment outcome studies. The aim of the present investigation was to review the psychometric properties of the FTND. A broad systematic literature search was performed from Pubmed and PsycINFO from 2000 to 2019. The publication language was limited to English. Two review authors performed the study selection and extracted the data. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines and the Rayyan software used to screen relevant studies. A total of 1471 articles retrieved from the search, of which 33 studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Eleven studies related to testing the reliability of the FTND were analyzed. Twenty-five studies evaluated the Cronbach alpha of the test. Analysis of the studies revealed the questionable psychometric qualities of the adapted versions of the test across different cultures and ethnicity. It also suggested that it may not tap the appropriate constructs that would predict smoking patterns in light smokers, e-cigarette smokers, and smokeless tobacco users. Thus, further research must focus on improving the psychometric properties of FTND to enhance the measurement of nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Kumar Sharma
- SHUT Clinic (Service for Healthy Use of Technology), Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - L N Suman
- Department of Clinical Psychology,National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Kalpana Srivastava
- Department of Psychiatry, Defence Research and Development Service, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - N Suma
- Department of Clinical Psychology,National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Akash Vishwakarma
- Department of Clinical Psychology,National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Ashe ML, Wilson SJ. Very Light Daily Smoking in Young Adults: Relationships Between Nicotine Dependence and Lapse. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 23:327-333. [PMID: 32877533 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntaa169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Very light daily smoking is increasingly common among young adults. Evidence suggests that levels of nicotine dependence vary significantly among young adults who engage in very light daily smoking. However, the links between dependence and clinically relevant outcomes (eg, lapse) in this population remain unclear. The goal of this study was to address this gap by evaluating how well different nicotine dependence scales predict lapse behavior among very light daily smoking young adults. AIMS AND METHODS Very light daily smokers (1-5 cigarettes/day) aged 18-25 participated in an initial laboratory session, during which nicotine dependence was assessed using four commonly used measures: the Fagerstrӧm Test for Cigarette Dependence (FTCD), the Hooked On Nicotine Checklist (HONC), the Transdisciplinary Tobacco Use Research Centers (TTURC) Nicotine Dependence Inventory, and the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM). After a baseline period, eligible participants (n = 40) completed a 10-day abstinence incentive period in which they attempted to refrain from smoking to earn monetary rewards. Cox proportional hazards models were used to test whether dependence predicted days to first lapse. RESULTS FTCD scores significantly predicted days to lapse, as did scores on the FTCD item assessing time to first cigarette of the day (TTFC). No other dependence measures predicted time to lapse. Both the FTCD and TTFC continued to independently predict time to lapse after controlling for smoking frequency and duration. CONCLUSIONS The FTCD may be a particularly useful tool for capturing clinically meaningful variability in nicotine dependence among young adults who engage in very light daily smoking. IMPLICATIONS This is the first study to directly link self-reported nicotine dependence with the ability to achieve and maintain abstinence among very light daily smoking young adults. The results may aid clinicians in selecting among variable measures of nicotine dependence when assessing and treating this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda L Ashe
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Psychology, University Park, PA
| | - Stephen J Wilson
- The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Psychology, University Park, PA
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Alexander AC, Ward KD, Forde DR, Stockton M, Read MC. Do current smokers use more cigarettes and become more dependent on nicotine because of psychological distress after a natural disaster? Addict Behav 2019; 93:129-134. [PMID: 30710806 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural disasters increase nicotine dependence and cigarette consumption, but the exact mechanisms and conditions responsible for this increase are relatively unclear. This study explored whether posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms were pathways to increased nicotine dependence and cigarette consumption after disaster exposure using a representative sample of current smokers who were living in New Orleans at the time Hurricane Katrina struck (n = 175), and a comparison sample of smokers from Memphis (n = 222) who were not directly impacted by Hurricane Katrina. We assessed whether nicotine dependence and daily cigarette consumption differed by city and evaluated potential mediators and moderators of this association using conditional process analysis. Results showed that though nicotine dependence (B = 0.46, SE = 0.20, p = .02) and average daily cigarette consumption (B = 2.19, SE = 0.80, p = .01) were higher among New Orleans than Memphis smokers 27 months after Hurricane Katrina, hurricane exposure did not indirectly affect nicotine dependence and average daily cigarette consumption through increases in posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms. Smokers who are exposed to disasters may not be increasing their cigarette use and their dependency on nicotine because of post-disaster psychological distress. Future studies should investigate other mechanisms and conditions to explain post-disaster changes in smoking behavior.
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Selya AS, Cannon DS, Weiss RB, Wakschlag LS, Rose JS, Dierker L, Hedeker D, Mermelstein RJ. The role of nicotinic receptor genes (CHRN) in the pathways of prenatal tobacco exposure on smoking behavior among young adult light smokers. Addict Behav 2018; 84:231-237. [PMID: 29751336 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal tobacco exposure (PTE) is associated with more frequent smoking among young, light smokers. Little is known about how nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRN) genes may contribute to this relationship. METHODS Data were drawn from a longitudinal cohort of young light smokers of European ancestry (N = 511). Three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among offspring, rs16969968 and rs6495308 in CHRNA5A3B4 and rs2304297 in CHRNB3A6, were analyzed with respect to whether they 1) predict PTE status; 2) confound the previously-reported effects of PTE on future smoking; 3) have effects on youth smoking frequency that are mediated through PTE; and 4) have effects that are moderated by PTE. RESULTS rs2304297 and rs6495308 were associated with increased likelihood and severity of PTE, respectively. In a path analysis, rs16969968 directly predicted more frequent smoking in young adulthood (B = 1.50, p = .044); this association was independent of, and not mediated by, PTE. The risk of rs16969968 (IRR = 1.07, p = .015) and the protective effect of rs2304297 (IRR = 0.84, p < .001) on smoking frequency were not moderated by PTE. PTE moderated the effect of rs6495308, such that these alleles were protective against later smoking frequency only among non-exposed youth (IRR = 0.85, p < .001). CONCLUSIONS The association between offspring CHRNB3A6 and PTE is a novel finding. The risk of rs16969968 on youth smoking is independent and unrelated to that of PTE among young, light smokers. PTE moderates the protective effect of rs6495308 on youth smoking frequency. However, PTE's pathway to youth smoking behavior was not explained by these genetic factors, leaving its mechanism(s) of action unclear.
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Dierker L, Braymiller J, Rose J, Goodwin R, Selya A. Nicotine dependence predicts cannabis use disorder symptoms among adolescents and young adults. Drug Alcohol Depend 2018; 187:212-220. [PMID: 29680677 PMCID: PMC5959804 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We evaluate if cigarette smoking and/or nicotine dependence predicts cannabis use disorder symptoms among adolescent and young adult cannabis users and whether the relationships differ based on frequency of cannabis use. METHODS Data were drawn from seven annual surveys of the NSDUH to include adolescents and young adults (age 12-21) who reported using cannabis at least once in the past 30 days (n = 21,928). Cannabis use frequency trends in the association between cigarette smoking, nicotine dependence and cannabis use disorder symptoms were assessed using Varying Coefficient Models (VCM's). RESULTS Over half of current cannabis users also smoked cigarettes in the past 30 days (54.7% SE 0.48). Cigarette smoking in the past 30 days was associated with earlier onset of cannabis use, more frequent cannabis use and a larger number of cannabis use disorder symptoms compared to those who did not smoke cigarettes. After statistical control for socio-demographic characteristics and other substance use behaviors, nicotine dependence but not cigarette smoking quantity or frequency was positively and significantly associated with each of the cannabis use disorder symptoms as well as the total number of cannabis symptoms endorsed. Higher nicotine dependence scores were consistently associated with the cannabis use disorder symptoms across all levels of cannabis use from 1 day used (past month) to daily cannabis use, though the relationship was strongest among infrequent cannabis users. CONCLUSION Prevention and treatment efforts should consider cigarette smoking comorbidity when addressing the increasing proportion of the US population that uses cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Dierker
- Psychology Department, Wesleyan University, United States.
| | | | | | - Renee Goodwin
- Department of Psychology, Queens College and the Graduate Center, City University of New York (CUNY),Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University
| | - Arielle Selya
- Department of Population Health, University of North Dakota
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Meil WM, LaPorte DJ, Mills JA, Sesti A, Collins SM, Stiver AG. Sensation seeking and executive deficits in relation to alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use frequency among university students: Value of ecologically based measures. Addict Behav 2016; 62:135-44. [PMID: 27355485 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The development of substance use and addiction has been linked to impaired executive function which relies on systems that converge in the prefrontal cortex. This study examined several measures of executive function as predictors of college student alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana use frequency and abuse. METHODS College students (N=321) were administered the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) test battery, the Sensation Seeking Scale V (SSSV), the Frontal Systems Behavioral Scale (FrSBe), the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test (MAST), the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND). RESULTS Alcohol use frequency was predicted by sensation seeking and FrSBe Disinhibition scores, but the latter only emerged as a unique predictor for binge drinking frequency. Sex and Disinhibition, Apathy and Executive Function FrSBe subscales predicted the frequency of tobacco use. FrSBe scores uniquely predicted tobacco use among daily users. Marijuana use frequency was predicted by sensation seeking, sex, perceived stress, and FrSBe Disinhibition scores, but only sensation seeking predicted daily use after controlling for other variables. FrSBe Disinhibition scores reached levels considered to be clinically significant for frequent binge drinkers and daily marijuana users. Sensation seeking emerged as the predominate predictor of the early stages of alcohol and tobacco related problems. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest ecologically based self-report measures of frontal lobe function and sensation seeking are significant predictors of use frequency among college students and the extent of frontal dysfunction may be clinically significant among some heavy users.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Meil
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, United States.
| | - David J LaPorte
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, United States
| | - John A Mills
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, United States
| | - Ann Sesti
- Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs Program, Center for Health and Well-Being, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, United States
| | - Sunshine M Collins
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, United States
| | - Alyssa G Stiver
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA, United States
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Dierker L, Selya A, Rose J, Hedeker D, Mermelstein R. Nicotine Dependence and Alcohol Problems from Adolescence to Young Adulthood. DUAL DIAGNOSIS (FOSTER CITY) 2016; 1. [PMID: 27610424 PMCID: PMC5012534 DOI: 10.21767/2472-5048.100009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the highly replicated relationship between symptoms associated with both alcohol and nicotine, little is known about this association across time and exposure to both drinking and smoking. In the present study, we evaluate if problems associated with alcohol use are related to emerging nicotine dependence symptoms and whether this relationship varies from adolescence to young adulthood, after accounting for both alcohol and nicotine exposure. METHODS The sample was drawn from the Social and Emotional Contexts of Adolescent Smoking Patterns Study which measured smoking, nicotine dependence, alcohol use and alcohol related problems over 6 assessment waves spanning 6 years. Analyses were based on repeated assessment of 864 participants reporting some smoking and drinking 30 days prior to individual assessment waves. Mixed-effects regression models were estimated to examine potential time, smoking and/or alcohol varying effects in the association between alcohol problems and nicotine dependence. FINDINGS Inter-individual differences in mean levels of alcohol problems and within subject changes in alcohol problems from adolescence to young adulthood were each significantly associated with nicotine dependence symptoms over and above levels of smoking and drinking behaviour. This association was consistent across both time and increasing levels of smoking and drinking. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol related problems are a consistent risk factor for nicotine dependence over and above measures of drinking and smoking and this association can be demonstrated from the earliest experiences with smoking in adolescents, through the establishment of more regular smoking patterns across the transition to young adulthood. These findings add to accumulating evidence suggesting that smoking and drinking may be related through a mechanism that cannot be wholly accounted for by exposure to either substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Dierker
- Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Arielle Selya
- University of North Dakota, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, USA
| | - Jennifer Rose
- Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Robin Mermelstein
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
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Ussher M, Kakar G, Hajek P, West R. Dependence and motivation to stop smoking as predictors of success of a quit attempt among smokers seeking help to quit. Addict Behav 2016; 53:175-80. [PMID: 26547043 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is not known how well motivation to stop smoking predicts abstinence in a clinical sample relative to the most widely used measure of cigarette dependence. METHODS A secondary analysis was conducted from a trial with 864 smokers making quit attempt. Fagerström Test of Cigarette Dependence (FTCD), Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI), and motivation to stop smoking (composite of determination to quit and importance of quitting) were measured at baseline. Continuous smoking abstinence, validated by expired-air carbon monoxide, was assessed at 4weeks, 6months and 12months post-quit date. FTCD, HSI, non-HSI items in FTCD, and motivation were assessed as predictors of abstinence. RESULTS In multiple-logistic regressions, controlling for age, gender and medication use, lower scores for FTCD, HSI and non-HSI all significantly predicted abstinence at all follow-ups, while motivation did not predict abstinence at any time. Likelihood ratio tests showed that the FTCD contributed most to the model at 4weeks and 6months; at 12months FTCD and non-HSI equally contributed most to the model. At 4weeks and 6months, predictions were improved by combining HSI and non-HSI components, compared with using these components alone. CONCLUSIONS Cigarette dependence, measured by the FTCD, or by its HSI or non-HSI components, predicts both short-term and medium-term outcomes of attempts to stop smoking in treatment-seeking smokers involved in a clinical trial, whereas strength of motivation to stop predicts neither. Both the HSI and non-HSI components may be considered as briefer alternatives to the full FTCD.
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Abstract
Introduction: Common short screening measures of dependence that use number of cigarettes per day may not be appropriate for use in populations of occasional smokers.Aims: In this study, we investigate whether perceived addiction (PA) predicts quit attempts and successful cessation among occasional smokers.Methods: Current occasional smokers (18+) in the Ontario Tobacco Survey (OTS) longitudinal cohort study followed up every six months for up to three years. Respondents rated their self-perceived level of addiction (very vs. somewhat or not very addicted). Generalised Estimating Equation models and proportional hazard models were used to test the predictive ability of PA.Results/Findings: Occasional smokers with very high PA had a higher likelihood of reporting a quit attempt (RR: 2.49; 95% CI: 1.88, 3.30) after adjusting for demographics. Given an incident quit attempt, occasional smokers who reported being very addicted were 2.93 times more likely to relapse (95%: 2.01, 4.28). The effect of PA was independent of other predictors of smoking behaviour.Conclusions: For some, occasional smokers, smoking cessation is a difficult process that may require significant support. Asking occasional smokers about PA is an effective way to predict likely success in quitting smokers that may be easily assessed in population based, as well as in community and clinical, settings.
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Langdon KJ, Farris SG, Øverup CS, Zvolensky MJ. Associations Between Anxiety Sensitivity, Negative Affect, and Smoking During a Self-Guided Smoking Cessation Attempt. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 18:1188-95. [PMID: 26553948 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anxiety sensitivity (AS), defined as the extent to which individuals believe anxiety and internal sensations have harmful consequences, is associated with the maintenance and relapse of smoking. Yet, little is known about how AS interplays with negative affect during the quit process in terms of smoking behavior. To address this gap, the current study examined the dynamic interplay between AS, negative affect, and smoking lapse behavior during the course of a self-guided (unaided) quit attempt. METHODS Fifty-four participants (33.3% female; M age = 34.6, SD = 13.8) completed ecological momentary assessment procedures, reporting on negative affect and smoking status via a handheld computer device, three times per day for the initial 14 days of the self-guided cessation attempt. RESULTS As expected, a significant interaction was observed, such that participants characterized by high levels of AS were at a higher risk of smoking on days when negative affect was high (relative to low). Results also revealed a significant interaction between AS and daily smoking lapse behavior in terms of daily change in negative affect. Participants characterized by high levels of AS reported significant increases in same-day negative affect on days when they endorsed smoking relative to days they endorsed abstinence. CONCLUSIONS This study provides novel information about the nature of AS, negative affect, and smoking behavior during a quit attempt. Results suggest there is a need for specialized intervention strategies to enhance smoking outcome among this high-risk group that will meet their unique "affective needs." IMPLICATIONS The current study underscores the importance of developing specialized smoking cessation interventions for smokers with emotional vulnerabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten J Langdon
- National Center for PTSD, Women's Health Sciences Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA; Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA;
| | - Samantha G Farris
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX; Department of Psychiatry, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Camilla S Øverup
- School of Psychology, Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, NJ
| | - Michael J Zvolensky
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX; Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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Carim-Todd L, Mitchell SH, Oken BS. Impulsivity and Stress Response in Nondependent Smokers (Tobacco Chippers) in Comparison to Heavy Smokers and Nonsmokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 18:547-56. [PMID: 26391579 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tobacco chippers are light smokers with stable patterns of smoking that exhibit lower nicotine dependence severity than heavy smokers. Chippers may provide valuable information about the factors influencing drug dependence. Impulsivity and stress are two factors known to influence smoking. By comparing nondependent smokers (tobacco chippers, n = 25) to dependent smokers (heavy smokers, n = 23) and nonsmokers (n = 25), this study examines the relationship between nicotine dependence, impulsivity, chronic stress, and stress reactivity. METHODS A total of 73 adult participants completed a study visit that included questionnaires to measure nicotine dependence, chronic stress, personality, affect, withdrawal, and craving. Impulsivity was measured with the delay discounting task and the flanker task. Stress reactivity was assessed by monitoring respiration, heart rate, and salivary cortisol during performance of a titrated Stroop task. Effects of acute stress on affect and craving were examined. RESULTS Tobacco chippers were as impulsive as heavy smokers on the delay discounting task but no different from nonsmokers on the flanker task. Heavy smokers reported higher perceived stress than chippers and nonsmokers. Perceived stress was a significant predictor of discounting only in heavy smokers. Acute stress induced changes in respiration, heart rate, and heart rate variability. Craving and negative affect increased after stress in both smoking groups, but craving was associated with affect only in chippers. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco chippers do not differ from heavy smokers in impulsivity, but do differ in perceived stress. One's perception and experience of stress might be associated to nicotine dependence resistance and could inform smoking cessation treatments. IMPLICATIONS By examining impulsivity, chronic stress, and stress reactivity in nondependent smokers (tobacco chippers) compared to dependent smokers and nonsmokers, this study contributes to the understanding of nicotine addiction and informs smoking cessation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Carim-Todd
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR; Oregon Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Neurological Disorders (ORCCAMIND), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR;
| | - Suzanne H Mitchell
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Barry S Oken
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health & Science University (OHSU), Portland, OR; Oregon Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine in Neurological Disorders (ORCCAMIND), Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR; Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
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Kandel DB, Griesler PC, Hu MC. Intergenerational Patterns of Smoking and Nicotine Dependence Among US Adolescents. Am J Public Health 2015; 105:e63-72. [PMID: 26378847 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2015.302775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined associations between parental and adolescent smoking and nicotine dependence in the United States. METHODS We used data from the 2004 to 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, which ascertained smoking behaviors of 1 parent and 1 adolescent aged 12 to 17 years in 35 000 dyads. We estimated associations between parental and adolescent smoking behaviors, adjusted for covariates. RESULTS Parental current dependence was strongly associated with adolescents' lifetime smoking (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.96; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.47, 3.55), whereas parental current nondependent smoking (AOR = 2.26; 95% CI = 1.92, 2.67) and former smoking (AOR = 1.51; 95% CI = 1.31, 1.75) were less strongly associated. Only parental nicotine dependence was associated with adolescent nicotine dependence (AOR = 1.66; 95% CI = 1.00, 2.74). Associations between parental and adolescent smoking did not differ by race/ethnicity. Parents' education, marital status, and parenting and adolescents' mental health, beliefs about smoking, perception of schoolmates' smoking, and other substance use predicted adolescent smoking and dependence. CONCLUSIONS Reducing parental smoking would reduce adolescent smoking. Prevention efforts should encourage parental smoking cessation, improve parenting, address adolescent mental health, and reinforce adolescents' negative beliefs about smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise B Kandel
- Denise B. Kandel and Mei-Chen Hu are with the Department of Psychiatry, and Denise B. Kandel is also with the Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Denise B. Kandel and Pamela C. Griesler are with the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
| | - Pamela C Griesler
- Denise B. Kandel and Mei-Chen Hu are with the Department of Psychiatry, and Denise B. Kandel is also with the Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Denise B. Kandel and Pamela C. Griesler are with the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
| | - Mei-Chen Hu
- Denise B. Kandel and Mei-Chen Hu are with the Department of Psychiatry, and Denise B. Kandel is also with the Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY. Denise B. Kandel and Pamela C. Griesler are with the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York
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Griesler PC, Hu MC, Kandel DB. Nicotine Dependence in Adolescence and Physical Health Symptoms in Early Adulthood. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 18:950-8. [PMID: 26253615 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To examine the prospective associations of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders nicotine dependence (ND) and other individual and parental factors in adolescence on self-reported health symptoms in early adulthood. METHODS Multiethnic prospective longitudinal cohort of adolescents from grades 6-10 and a parent (N = 908) from the Chicago Public Schools. Adolescents were interviewed five times at 6-month intervals (Waves 1-5) and once 4.5 years later (Wave 6). Parents were interviewed annually three times (W1, W3, W5). Multivariate regressions estimated prospective associations of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ND, other individual and familial risk factors in adolescence (mean age 16.6) on physical health symptoms in early adulthood (mean age 21.3), controlling for health symptoms in adolescence. RESULTS Levels of health symptoms declined from adolescence to early adulthood, except among dependent smokers. Nicotine dependent adolescents reported more health symptoms as young adults than nonsmokers and nondependent smokers, especially if depressed. ND and health symptoms in adolescence were the strongest predictors of health in early adulthood. These two adolescent factors, depression, and the familial factors of parental ND, depression and health conditions, each independently predicted health symptoms in young adulthood. Females reported more symptoms than males. CONCLUSIONS There is continuity of health status over time. ND, depression, and parental factors in adolescence contribute to poor health in early adulthood. The findings highlight not only the role of adolescent behavior, but the importance of the family in the development of young adult health. Reducing smoking, particularly ND, and depression among adolescents and parents will decrease physical health burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela C Griesler
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY; Epidemiology of Substance Abuse Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Mei-Chen Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Denise B Kandel
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY; Epidemiology of Substance Abuse Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY; Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
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Dierker L, Hedeker D, Rose J, Selya A, Mermelstein R. Early emerging nicotine dependence symptoms in adolescence predict daily smoking in young adulthood. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 151:267-71. [PMID: 25840749 PMCID: PMC4447570 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The present study evaluated the predictive validity of individual early emerging nicotine dependence symptoms in adolescence on smoking behavior in young adulthood. METHODS A total of 492 adolescents who, at baseline, had not smoked more than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and 123 adolescents who smoked more than 100 cigarettes lifetime, and who participated in the 6-year follow-up assessment were included in the present analyses. Predictive validity of 10 nicotine dependence items administered at baseline was evaluated at the 6 year follow-up when the sample had entered young adulthood (mean age=21.6). RESULTS Among adolescents who had smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes, experiencing higher levels of overall nicotine dependence as well as individual symptoms at baseline longitudinally predicted an increase in risk for daily smoking in young adulthood, after controlling for baseline smoking and other tobacco use. For adolescents who had smoked more than 100 cigarettes at baseline, level of nicotine dependence and individual symptom endorsement did not predict smoking behavior in young adulthood. CONCLUSIONS These findings add to accumulating evidence that early emerging dependence symptoms reported at low levels of smoking exposure signal a greater propensity for continued smoking behavior. Screening for these early emerging symptoms among novice adolescent smokers represents an important and unused tool in tobacco control efforts aimed at preventing the development of chronic smoking patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Dierker
- Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, United States.
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15
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Fagan P, Pohkrel P, Herzog T, Pagano I, Vallone D, Trinidad DR, Sakuma KL, Sterling K, Fryer CS, Moolchan E. Comparisons of three nicotine dependence scales in a multiethnic sample of young adult menthol and non-menthol smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 149:203-11. [PMID: 25744873 PMCID: PMC4865397 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have compared nicotine dependence among menthol and non-menthol cigarette smokers in a multiethnic sample of young adult daily cigarette smokers. This study examines differences in nicotine dependence among menthol and non-menthol daily smokers and the associations of nicotine dependence with quitting behaviors among Native Hawaiian, Filipino, and White cigarette smokers aged 18-35. METHODS Craigslist.org, newspaper advertisements, and peer-to-peer referrals were used to recruit daily smokers (n = 186) into a lab-based study. Nicotine dependence was assessed using the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND), the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS), and the brief Wisconsin Inventory for Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM). Multiple regression analyses were used to examine differences in nicotine dependence between menthol and non-menthol smokers and the relationship between each nicotine dependence scale with self-efficacy to quit, quit attempt in the past 12 months, and number of attempts. RESULTS Menthol smokers were more likely to report difficulty refraining from smoking in places where forbidden (p = .04) and had higher scores on social/environmental goads subscale of the WISDM (p = .0005). Two-way interaction models of the FTND and menthol status showed that menthol smokers with higher levels of dependence were more likely to have tried to quit smoking in the past 12 months (p = .02), but were less likely to have had multiple quit attempts (p = .01). CONCLUSIONS Components of the FTND and WISDM distinguish levels of dependence between menthol and non-menthol smokers. Higher FTND scores were associated with having a quit attempt, but fewer quit attempts among menthol smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pebbles Fagan
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
| | - Pallav Pohkrel
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
| | - Thaddeus Herzog
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
| | - Ian Pagano
- Cancer Prevention and Control Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 701 Ilalo Street, Honolulu, HI 96813, USA.
| | - Donna Vallone
- American Legacy Foundation, 1724 Massachusetts Avenue N.W., Washington, DC 20036, USA.
| | - Dennis R. Trinidad
- School of Community and Global Health, Claremont Graduate University, 675 West Foothill Boulevard, Suite 310, Claremont, CA 91711-3475, USA
| | - Kari-Lyn Sakuma
- Oregon State University, College of Public Health and Human Sciences, 412 Waldo, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Kymberle Sterling
- School of Public Health, Georgia State University, One Park Place, Suite 662, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA.
| | - Craig S. Fryer
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health, School of Public Health, Maryland Center for Health Equity, University of Maryland, 2324 SPH Building #255, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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16
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Depression and nicotine dependence from adolescence to young adulthood. Addict Behav 2015; 41:124-8. [PMID: 25452055 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the highly replicated relationship between depression and nicotine dependence, little is known about this association across both time and levels of lifetime smoking exposure. In the present study, we evaluate if symptoms of depression are associated with emerging nicotine dependence after accounting for smoking exposure and whether this relationship varies from adolescence to young adulthood and across increasing levels of smoking. PATIENTS AND METHODS The sample was drawn from the Social and Emotional Contexts of Adolescent Smoking Patterns Study which measured smoking, nicotine dependence and depression over 6 assessment waves spanning 6years. Analyses were based on repeated assessment of 941 participants reporting any smoking 30days prior to individual assessment waves. Mixed-effects regression models were estimated to examine potential time and smoking exposure varying effects in the association between depression and nicotine dependence. RESULTS Inter-individual differences in mean levels of depression and within subject changes in depression from adolescence to young adulthood were each significantly associated with nicotine dependence symptoms over and above lifetime smoking exposure. This association was consistent across both time and increasing levels of lifetime smoking. DISCUSSION Depression is a consistent risk factor for nicotine dependence over and above exposure to cigarettes and this association can be demonstrated from the earliest experiences with smoking in adolescents through the establishment of more regular smoking patterns across the transition to young adulthood. CONCLUSION Depression remains a prominent risk factor for nicotine dependence, and youth with depression symptoms represent an important subgroup in need of targeted smoking intervention.
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Selya AS, Updegrove N, Rose JS, Dierker L, Tan X, Hedeker D, Li R, Mermelstein RJ. Nicotine-dependence-varying effects of smoking events on momentary mood changes among adolescents. Addict Behav 2015; 41:65-71. [PMID: 25306388 PMCID: PMC4252301 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Theories of nicotine addiction emphasize the initial role of positive reinforcement in the development of regular smoking behavior, and the role of negative reinforcement at later stages. These theories are tested here by examining the effects of amount smoked per smoking event on smoking-related mood changes, and how nicotine dependence (ND) moderates this effect. The current study examines these questions within a sample of light adolescent smokers drawn from the metropolitan Chicago area (N=151, 55.6% female, mean 17.7years). INSTRUMENTS Ecological momentary assessment data were collected via handheld computers, and additional variables were drawn from a traditional questionnaire. METHODS Effects of the amount smoked per event on changes in positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) after vs. before smoking were examined, while controlling for subject-averaged amount smoked, age, gender, and day of week. ND-varying effects were examined using varying effect models to elucidate their change across levels of ND. RESULTS The effect of the amount smoked per event was significantly associated with an increase in PA among adolescents with low-to-moderate levels of ND, and was not significant at high ND. Conversely, the effect of the amount smoked was significantly associated with a decrease in NA only for adolescents with low levels of ND. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the role of positive reinforcement in early stages of dependent smoking, but do not support the role of negative reinforcement beyond early stages of smoking. Other potential contributing factors to the relationship between smoking behavior and PA/NA change are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle S Selya
- Psychology Department, 207 High St., Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA.
| | - Nicole Updegrove
- Psychology Department, 207 High St., Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA.
| | - Jennifer S Rose
- Psychology Department, 207 High St., Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA.
| | - Lisa Dierker
- Psychology Department, 207 High St., Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA.
| | - Xianming Tan
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 2155 Guy St., 5th Floor, Montreal, Quebec H3H 2R9, Canada.
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA.
| | - Runze Li
- The Methodology Center, 204 E. Calder Way, Suite 400, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16801, USA; Department of Statistics, 323 Thomas Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| | - Robin J Mermelstein
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608, USA.
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18
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Doran N, Godfrey KM, Myers MG. Hookah Use Predicts Cigarette Smoking Progression Among College Smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 17:1347-53. [PMID: 25586774 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hookah use is increasingly common among U.S. college students, but little is known regarding the relationship between hookah and cigarette use. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that the added nicotine exposure from hookah use may accelerate the uptake of cigarettes. METHODS An ethnically diverse sample of college students (n = 256; 43% female) who had smoked cigarettes in the past month completed 2 in-person interviews over 6 months. This study was a secondary analysis of data collected for a longitudinal study of young adult cigarette smoking patterns. Analyses examined 6-month changes in past 30 day cigarettes smoked and number of days smoking, controlling for age, nicotine dependence, marijuana use, and the respective baseline variable for each outcome. RESULTS Current hookah use (any use in past 30 days) was endorsed by 34% of participants at baseline, while 94% reported lifetime use. Change in past 30 day number of cigarettes (p = .043) and number of smoking days (p = .040) differed significantly between those who did or did not report recent hookah use at baseline. Hookah users reported a greater number of cigarettes smoked at the 6-month follow-up, while nonusers decreased their smoking quantity. For number of smoking days in the past 30, hookah users reported a smaller decrease than nonusers. CONCLUSIONS Recent hookah use predicted increased cigarette smoking over 6 months in a college sample. These are the first prospective data demonstrating this relationship, indicating the value of developing strategies to prevent hookah use among college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Doran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA; Mental Health Care Line, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA;
| | - Kathryn M Godfrey
- San Diego State University/University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, San Diego, CA; VA Center of Excellence for Stress and Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
| | - Mark G Myers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, CA; Mental Health Care Line, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA
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19
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Smith PH, Rose JS, Mazure CM, Giovino GA, McKee SA. What is the evidence for hardening in the cigarette smoking population? Trends in nicotine dependence in the U.S., 2002-2012. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 142:333-40. [PMID: 25064023 PMCID: PMC4158455 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear whether declines in cigarette smoking in the U.S. have resulted in a hardened population of "hardcore" smokers. We studied changes in nicotine dependence severity from 2002 to 2012, using data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health. METHODS We used generalized non-linear factor analysis to examine whether individual Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS) items functioned differently over time, and whether average NDSS scores changed in a sample of 130,637 current smokers. We also examined trends for individual NDSS sub-scales and whether trends were moderated by tobacco consumption and socio-demographic factors. RESULTS Consumption levels and dependence severity both declined over the study period. This decline was driven by priority (e.g., avoiding smoke-free locations) and tolerance dimensions of dependence, while drive (e.g., craving and smoking to relieve negative affect) and continuity (e.g., stability) of smoking did not change. Declines for tolerance were greatest among those without serious psychological distress and among middle-aged smokers. Drive and continuity increased among women and low income smokers. CONCLUSIONS We did not find evidence of hardening at the population level for smokers in the U.S., 2002-2012. However, there is evidence of hardening when considering drive and continuity-related nicotine dependence among women and low-income smokers, suggesting these sub-groups are experiencing greater severity of craving, smoking to relieve negative affect, and regularity of smoking despite reduced consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip H. Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 2 Church Street South, Suite 109, New Haven, CT 06519, United States
| | - Jennifer S. Rose
- Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, 207 High St., Middletown, CT 06459
| | - Carolyn M. Mazure
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 2 Church Street South, Suite 109, New Haven, CT 06519, United States,Women’s Health Research at Yale
| | - Gary A. Giovino
- Community Health and Health Behavior, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY 14214
| | - Sherry A. McKee
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, 2 Church Street South, Suite 109, New Haven, CT 06519, United States,Women’s Health Research at Yale
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20
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Hu MC, Griesler PC, Wall MM, Kandel DB. Reciprocal associations between cigarette consumption and DSM-IV nicotine dependence criteria in adolescent smokers. Addiction 2014; 109:1518-28. [PMID: 24845775 PMCID: PMC4127143 DOI: 10.1111/add.12619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine the inter-relationships between cigarette consumption and DSM-IV nicotine dependence (ND) criteria from smoking onset in adolescence up to 7 years later, adjusting for alcohol consumption and DSM-IV alcohol dependence (AD) criteria. DESIGN A cohort drawn from grades 6-10 in an urban school system was interviewed five times at 6-month intervals (waves 1-5) and 4.5 years later (wave 6). A parent was interviewed three times. SETTING Chicago, Illinois. PARTICIPANTS Recent smokers (n = 409). MEASUREMENTS Structured household interviews ascertained number of cigarettes smoked, DSM-IV ND symptoms, drinks consumed, DSM-IV AD symptoms, and selected covariates. Reciprocal prospective associations between number of cigarettes smoked and ND criteria, controlling for time-varying alcohol consumption and dependence criteria, were examined with cross-lagged models. FINDINGS Reciprocal associations between number of cigarettes smoked and ND criteria were both significant. Cigarette consumption had stronger associations with later ND [β = 0.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.17-0.32] than dependence had with later cigarette consumption (β = 0.09, 95% CI = 0.01-0.16). Alcohol and cigarette consumption influenced each other; AD scores were associated with later ND scores but not the reverse. Reports of pleasant initial experiences from smoking were associated positively with cigarette consumption and ND the first year after smoking onset; later smoking onset was negatively associated with cigarette consumption the seventh year after onset; parental ND predicted cigarette consumption and ND throughout. CONCLUSIONS In adolescent smokers, higher cigarette consumption predicts later severity of DSM-IV nicotine dependence more than the reverse. Smoking and drinking also influence each other mutually over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chen Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Melanie M. Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Denise B. Kandel
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA,Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,Corresponding author, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 20, New York, NY 10032, USA. Tel.: +1 212 304 7080; fax: +1 212 305 1933.
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21
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Selya AS, Wakschlag LS, Dierker LC, Rose JS, Hedeker D, Mermelstein RJ. Exploring alternate processes contributing to the association between maternal smoking and the smoking behavior among young adult offspring. Nicotine Tob Res 2013; 15:1873-82. [PMID: 23766342 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntt072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Maternal smoking during pregnancy (MSP) is a known risk factor for regular smoking in young adulthood and may pose a risk independently of mother's lifetime smoking. The processes through which MSP exerts this influence are unknown but may occur through greater smoking quantity and frequency following initiation early in adolescence or increased sensitivity to nicotine dependence (ND) at low levels of smoking. METHODS This study used path analysis to investigate adolescent smoking quantity, smoking frequency, and ND as potential simultaneous mediating pathways through which MSP and mother's lifetime smoking (whether she has ever smoked) increase the risk of smoking in young adulthood among experimenters (at baseline, <100 cigarettes/lifetime) and current smokers (>100 cigarettes/lifetime). RESULTS For experimenters, MSP was directly associated with more frequent young adult smoking and was not mediated by adolescent smoking behavior or ND. Independently of MSP, the effect of mother's lifetime smoking was fully mediated through frequent smoking and was heightened ND during adolescence. Controlling for MSP eliminated a previously observed direct association between mother's lifetime smoking and future smoking among experimenters. For current smokers, only prior smoking behavior was associated with future smoking frequency. CONCLUSIONS These results seem to rule out sensitivity to ND and increased smoking behavior as contributing pathways of MSP. Further, the impact of MSP on young adult smoking extends beyond that of having an ever-smoking mother. Future work should test other possible mediators; for example, MSP-related epigenetic changes or gene variants influencing the brain's nicotine response.
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22
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Piñeiro B, López-Durán A, Fernández del Río E, Martínez Ú, Becoña E. Gender differences in personality patterns and smoking status after a smoking cessation treatment. BMC Public Health 2013; 13:306. [PMID: 23565918 PMCID: PMC3626676 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lack of conclusive results and the scarce use of the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III) in the study of the relationship between smoking and personality are the reasons that motivated the study reported here. The aim of the present study was to analyze the influence of personality patterns, assessed with the MCMI-III, and of nicotine dependence on treatment outcomes at the end of the treatment and at 12 months follow-up in men and women smokers receiving cognitive-behavioral treatment for smoking cessation. METHODS The sample was made up of 288 smokers who received cognitive-behavioral treatment for smoking cessation. Personality patterns were assessed with the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III). Abstinence at the end of the treatment and at 12-month follow-up was validated with the test for carbon monoxide in expired air. RESULTS The results showed significant differences by personality patterns that predict nicotine dependence (Narcissistic and Antisocial in men and Schizoid in women). At the end of the treatment it is more likely that quit smoking males with a Compulsive pattern and less likely in those scoring high in Depressive, Antisocial, Sadistic, Negativistic, Masochistic, Schizotypal and Borderline. In women, it is less likely that quit smoking those with the Schizoid pattern. At 12 months follow-up it is more likely that continue abstinent those males with a high score in the Compulsive pattern. Furthermore, nicotine dependence was an important variable for predicting outcome at the end of the treatment and smoking status at 12 months follow-up in both men and women. CONCLUSIONS We found substantial differences by gender in some personality patterns in a sample of smokers who received cognitive-behavioral treatment for smoking cessation. We should consider the existence of different personality patterns in men and women who seek treatment for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bárbara Piñeiro
- Smoking Cessation Unit, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana López-Durán
- Smoking Cessation Unit, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Elena Fernández del Río
- Smoking Cessation Unit, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Úrsula Martínez
- Smoking Cessation Unit, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Elisardo Becoña
- Smoking Cessation Unit, Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Rose JS, Dierker LC, Hedeker D, Mermelstein R. An integrated data analysis approach to investigating measurement equivalence of DSM nicotine dependence symptoms. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 129:25-32. [PMID: 23021772 PMCID: PMC3567239 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research identifying nicotine dependence (ND) symptoms most appropriate for measurement of adolescent ND and invariant across the range of smoking exposure is hampered by limited sample size and variability of smoking behavior within independent studies. Integrative data analysis, the process of pooling and analyzing data from multiple studies, produces larger and more heterogeneous samples with which to evaluate measurement equivalence across the full continuum of smoking quantity and frequency. METHODS Data from two studies were pooled to obtain a large sample of adolescent and young adult smokers with considerable variability in smoking. We used moderated nonlinear factor analysis, which produces study equivalent ND scores, to simultaneously evaluate whether 14 DSM ND symptoms had equivalent psychometric properties (1) at different levels of smoking frequency and (2) across a continuous range of smoking quantity, after accounting for study differences. RESULTS Nine of 14 symptoms were equivalent across levels of smoking frequency and quantity in probability of endorsement at different levels of ND and in ability to discriminate between levels of ND severity. A more precise ND factor score accounted for study and smoking related differences in symptom psychometric properties. CONCLUSIONS DSM-IV symptoms may be used to reliably assess ND in young populations across a wide range of smoking quantity and frequency and within both nationally representative and geographically restricted samples with different study designs. Symptoms shared across studies produced an equivalently scaled ND factor score, demonstrating that integrating data for the purpose of studying ND in young smokers is viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S. Rose
- Psychology Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459
| | - Lisa C. Dierker
- Psychology Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459
| | - Donald Hedeker
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608
| | - Robin Mermelstein
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60608
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Korte KJ, Capron DW, Zvolensky M, Schmidt NB. The Fagerström test for nicotine dependence: do revisions in the item scoring enhance the psychometric properties? Addict Behav 2013; 38:1757-63. [PMID: 23254226 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 09/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Despite widespread use, considerable literature has shown that the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND; Heatherton, Kozlowski, Frecker, & Fagerström, 1991) has questionable psychometric properties, generally reflecting relatively poor properties of reliability and validity. One factor that may be affecting the psychometric qualities of the scale is the use of a dichotomous, forced-choice response format for certain items, in which respondents are asked to answer each question with a Yes or No response. This scoring approach is especially problematic when used to measure dimensional constructs, such as nicotine dependence, in which a dimensional construct is forced into a categorical construct. The purpose of the current study was to examine whether revising the response format utilized in the FTND would lead to an enhancement in the psychometric properties of this scale. This question was examined by removing the forced-choice response criteria on items 2, 5, and 6 of the FTND and revising the response options to reflect a 4-point Likert response set (0 = never, 1 = sometimes, 2 = most of the time, 3 = always). Participants consisted of 343 smokers from the community. Results revealed that the revised scoring approach resulted in a significant incremental improvement in scale reliability and enhanced convergent validity, showing a stronger association with smoking outcomes than the FTQ or FTND. Findings are discussed in terms of recommendations for scale revision and usage.
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25
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Selya AS, Dierker LC, Rose JS, Hedeker D, Tan X, Li R, Mermelstein RJ. Time-varying effects of smoking quantity and nicotine dependence on adolescent smoking regularity. Drug Alcohol Depend 2013; 128:230-7. [PMID: 22995764 PMCID: PMC3538104 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about time-varying effects of smoking quantity and nicotine dependence on the regularity of adolescent smoking behavior. METHODS The sample was drawn from the Social and Emotional Contexts of Adolescent Smoking Patterns Study which followed adolescent smokers over 5 assessment waves spanning 48 months. Participants included former experimenters (smoked <100 cigarettes/lifetime but did not smoke in past 90 days), recent experimenters (smoked <100 cigarettes/lifetime and smoked in past 90 days), and current smokers (smoked >100 cigarettes/lifetime and smoked in past 30 days). Mixed-effects regression models were run to examine the time-varying effects of smoking quantity and nicotine dependence on regularity of smoking behavior, as measured by number of days smoked. RESULTS Smoking quantity and nicotine dependence were each found to be significantly associated with regularity of adolescent smoking and the size of each effect exhibited significant variation over time. The effect of smoking quantity decreased across time for each smoking group, while the effect of nicotine dependence increased across time for former and recent experimenters. By the 48-month follow-up, the effects of smoking quantity and nicotine dependence had each stabilized across groups. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals that smoking quantity and nicotine dependence are not static risk factors for the development of more regular smoking patterns. At low levels of smoking when nicotine dependence symptoms are less common, smoking quantity is a stronger predictor of increased regularity of smoking, while for more experienced smokers, nicotine dependence predicts further increases in regularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arielle S Selya
- Psychology Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA.
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26
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Hu MC, Griesler PC, Schaffran C, Wall MM, Kandel DB. Trajectories of criteria of nicotine dependence from adolescence to early adulthood. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 125:283-9. [PMID: 22513378 PMCID: PMC3592202 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To identify patterns and correlates of developmental trajectories of DSM-IV nicotine dependence criteria from adolescence to early adulthood. METHODS The analytical sample of lifetime smokers (N=877) is from a longitudinal cohort of 6th-10th graders drawn from an urban school system. Subjects were interviewed 5 times at 6-month intervals and once 4.5 years later. Growth mixture models were estimated to identify trajectories of DSM-IV nicotine dependence criteria over ages 12-23. RESULTS A four-class solution fitted the data best: No dependence criteria (class 1, 32.0%); early onset/chronic course (class 2, 26.1%); early onset/remission (class 3, 15.4%); late onset (class 4, 26.5%). There appeared to be three critical periods. At ages 12-15, symptoms increased rapidly. As of age 16, the early onset/chronic class stabilized at high levels of symptoms, the early onset/remission class started its symptomatic decline, and the late onset class experienced a sharp increase in symptoms. At age 20, there was a convergence in the prevalence of symptoms experienced at high (classes 2 and 4) and low levels (classes 1 and 3). Extensiveness of smoking and marijuana use were associated with higher baseline levels of nicotine dependence criteria. Anxiety disorders were associated with all three symptomatic trajectories. Parental smoking and nicotine dependence were associated specifically with the early/chronic class, while pleasant initial sensitivity and earlier onset ages of cigarette and marijuana use characterized the two early onset classes (2 and 3). CONCLUSIONS Trajectories of dependence criteria constitute an advantageous phenotype for research and intervention over static summaries of smoking behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chen Hu
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | | | - Melanie M. Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Denise B. Kandel
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA,Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA,Corresponding author at: Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Unit 20, New York, NY 10032, USA. Tel.: +1 212 304 7080; fax: +1 212 305 1933., (D.B. Kandel)
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Risk factors for adolescent smoking: parental smoking and the mediating role of nicotine dependence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 124:311-8. [PMID: 22365898 PMCID: PMC3372645 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parental smoking and early-emerging nicotine dependence symptoms are well-documented risk factors for adolescent smoking. However, very little is known about the mediating pathways through which these risk factors may act, or whether parental smoking may cause or signal early-emerging nicotine dependence symptoms. METHODS Data were drawn from the longitudinal Social and Emotional Contexts of Adolescent Smoking Patterns Study. Adolescents who had smoked under 100 cigarettes in their lifetime (n=594; low-exposure group) and adolescents who had smoked over 100 cigarettes, but fewer than 5 cigarettes per day (n=152) were included in the analyses. Path analysis was performed on longitudinal data to investigate the association between parental smoking and smoking frequency at the 48 months follow-up, both directly and through mediating variables of smoking frequency, smoking quantity, and nicotine dependence. RESULTS Father's smoking was associated with higher adolescent nicotine dependence scores at the baseline assessment wave. Structural equation modeling revealed that mother's smoking at baseline was associated with adolescent's smoking frequency at the 48-month follow-up, and its effect was partially mediated by both smoking frequency and nicotine dependence among low-exposure adolescent smokers. CONCLUSIONS Parental smoking is a risk factor for future smoking in low-exposure adolescent smokers, above and beyond the risks posed by smoking behavior and nicotine dependence. Moreover, parental smoking is associated with early-onset nicotine dependence in low-exposure adolescent smokers. As an easily measureable risk factor, parent smoking status can be used to identify and intervene with novice adolescent smokers who are at high risk for chronic smoking behavior.
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Underner M, Le Houezec J, Perriot J, Peiffer G. [Tests for evaluating tobacco dependence]. Rev Mal Respir 2012; 29:462-74. [PMID: 22542405 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2011.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The primary reason why there is such a heavy burden of tobacco smoking induced illness and death is dependence on nicotine which makes it difficult for smokers to quit. For clinical or research purposes, the degree of dependence, the intensity of the withdrawal syndrome and/or craving have been evaluated by different scales. This review provides a list of questionnaires that are used in smoking cessation. It pays particular attention to the validated and translated resources that are available in French. Research should be conducted in order to provide French speaking smoking cessation specialists with all the relevant scales allowing better evaluation of tobacco dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Underner
- Unité de tabacologie, service de pneumologie, CHU La-Milétrie, Poitiers cedex, France.
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Zhan W, Dierker LC, Rose JS, Selya A, Mermelstein RJ. The natural course of nicotine dependence symptoms among adolescent smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 14:1445-52. [PMID: 22422927 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Few studies have investigated the natural course of nicotine dependence prospectively from the earliest experiences with smoking. METHODS Drawing on a cohort of 9th- and 10th-grade adolescents followed over 48 months, survival analyses were conducted to evaluate the cumulative probability, following smoking initiation, for the development of nicotine dependence symptoms. RESULTS Although each nicotine dependence symptom was significantly more prevalent among adolescents who had smoked more than 100 cigarettes by the end of the follow-up assessment, 20% of adolescents smoking fewer than 100 cigarettes reported experiencing "smoking to relieve restlessness and irritability" and "smoking a lot more now to be satisfied compared to when first smoked." Nicotine dependence symptoms were also reported before reaching 100 cigarettes for a substantial number of adolescents (between 9.4% and 58.8% for individual symptoms). Endorsement of nicotine dependence symptoms prospectively predicted past-week smoking (odds ratios [ORs] between 3.18 and 14.62 for significant symptoms) and past-month daily smoking (significant symptoms' ORs between 3.52 and 10.68) at the 48-month assessment even when controlling for amount of previous smoking. CONCLUSIONS The present study adds to the growing body of literature on the natural course of nicotine dependence from earliest experiences with smoking by showing that symptoms of nicotine dependence may develop soon after initiation and/or at low levels of smoking. Our findings suggest that novice adolescent smokers should not be neglected in smoking cessation intervention and that screening and effective intervention for early emerging symptoms among adolescent smokers may be an important target in preventing chronic smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihai Zhan
- Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
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Strong DR, Schonbrun YC, Schaffran C, Griesler PC, Kandel D. Linking measures of adult nicotine dependence to a common latent continuum and a comparison with adolescent patterns. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 120:88-98. [PMID: 21855236 PMCID: PMC3540800 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Revised: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An ongoing debate regarding the nature of nicotine dependence (ND) is whether the same instrument can be applied to measure ND among adults and adolescents. Using a hierarchical item response model (IRM), we examined evidence for a common continuum underlying ND symptoms among adults and adolescents. METHOD The analyses are based on two waves of interviews with subsamples of parents and adolescents from a multi-ethnic longitudinal cohort of one thousand and thirty-nine 6-10th graders from the Chicago Public Schools (CPS). Adults and adolescents who reported smoking cigarettes the last 30 days prior to waves 3 and 5 completed three common instruments measuring ND symptoms and one item measuring loss of autonomy. RESULTS A stable continuum of ND, first identified among adolescents, was replicated among adults. However, some symptoms, such as tolerance and withdrawal, differed markedly across adults and adolescents. The majority of mFTQ items were observed within the highest levels of ND, the NDSS items within the lowest levels, and the DSM-IV items were arrayed in the middle and upper third of the continuum of dependence severity. Loss of autonomy was positioned at the lower end of the continuum. We propose a ten-symptom measure of ND for adolescents and adults. CONCLUSIONS Despite marked differences in the relative severity of specific ND symptoms in each group, common instrumentation of ND can apply to adults and adolescents. The results increase confidence in the ability to describe phenotypic heterogeneity in ND across important developmental periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Strong
- Brown University, Butler Hospital, Providence, RI 2906, United States. david
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Prevalence, comorbidity, and correlates of DSM-IV axis I mental disorders among female university students. J Nerv Ment Dis 2011; 199:379-83. [PMID: 21629015 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0b013e31821cd29c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study evaluated the prevalence of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM-IV), axis I mental disorders among Spanish female students and investigated their psychiatric comorbidity and correlates. 1054 female students with a mean age of 22.2 years were randomly selected, with stratification by academic seniority and the type of academic discipline. The cases of mental disorder were identified by clinically trained interviewers with the aid of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders-Clinician Version. The lifetime prevalence of the targeted psychiatric disorders was 50.8%, and its point prevalence was 37.3%. The commonest disorders were nicotine dependence, depression, and generalized anxiety disorder. Nearly 37% of subjects with a psychiatric disorder had two or more diagnoses. Mental illness was associated with family income, financial independence, type of academic discipline, violence from men, social support, and self-esteem. Psychiatric disorders are common among female university students. Serious attention should be paid to preventive and therapeutic programs in this group.
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Ramo DE, Hall SM, Prochaska JJ. Reliability and validity of self-reported smoking in an anonymous online survey with young adults. Health Psychol 2011; 30:693-701. [PMID: 21574709 DOI: 10.1037/a0023443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Internet offers many potential benefits to conducting smoking and other health behavior research with young adults. Questions, however, remain regarding the psychometric properties of online self-reported smoking behaviors. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of self-reported smoking and smoking-related cognitions obtained from an online survey. METHODS Young adults (N = 248) age 18 to 25 who had smoked at least 1 cigarette in the past 30 days were recruited online and completed a survey of tobacco and other substance use. RESULTS Measures of smoking behavior (quantity and frequency) and smoking-related expectancies demonstrated high internal consistency reliability. Measures of smoking behavior and smoking stage of change demonstrated strong concurrent criterion and divergent validity. Results for convergent validity varied by specific constructs measured. Estimates of smoking quantity, but not frequency, were comparable to those obtained from a nationally representative household interview among young adults. CONCLUSIONS These findings generally support the reliability and validity of online surveys of young adult smokers. Identified limitations may reflect issues specific to the measures rather than the online data collection methodology. Strategies to maximize the psychometric properties of online surveys with young adult smokers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Ramo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, 401 Parnassus Avenue, Box TRC 0984, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Vajer P, Urbán R, Tombor I, Stauder A, Kalabay L. Psychometric properties and construct validity of the brief Wisconsin inventory of smoking dependence motives in an Internet-based sample of treatment-seeking Hungarian smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2011; 13:273-81. [PMID: 21330270 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntq254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Both full and brief versions of the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence are promising new measurement tools for studying tobacco dependence. We assessed the psychometric properties and construct validity of the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives (WISDM)-68 and WISDM-37. METHODS Participants were adult, treatment-seeking Hungarian daily smokers (N = 720) with Internet access who were also registered on a smoking cessation Web site. Using confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs), we tested the measurement models of both WISDM-68 and WISDM-37, internal consistency of subscales of WISDM-37, and gender invariance. We tested the associations between heaviness of smoking, tobacco dependence symptoms, smoking environment, and subscales of WISDM-37. RESULTS Although the measurement model of WISDM-68 did not fit adequately, the measurement model of WISDM-37, including 11 correlating factors (affiliative attachment, automaticity, loss of control, cognitive enhancement, craving, cue exposure/associative processes, social/environmental goads, taste, tolerance, weight control, affective enhancement), satisfactorily represents the data. Latent structures are equal in both genders. Internal consistency of subscales of WISDM-37 ranges between 0.67 and 0.90. Tobacco dependence symptoms were significantly linked with all motives, heaviness of smoking was related significantly only to affiliative attachment, automaticity, loss of control, cognitive enhancement, craving, and tolerance, while tobacco dependence symptoms and gender were controlled. Gender was associated only with the weight control motive. CONCLUSIONS Concurring with previous reports using other types of sample, WISDM-37 has sufficient psychometric properties and good construct validity to make it useful in measuring the multidimensional nature of tobacco dependence even in Internet-based research. Without precedent, gender equality of WISDM-37 is also supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Vajer
- Smoking Cessation Centre, Department of Family Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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A systematic review of the International Classification of Diseases criteria for the diagnosis of tobacco dependence. Addict Behav 2010; 35:805-10. [PMID: 20493638 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to examine the evidence concerning the validity and reliability of the International Classification of Diseases criteria for tobacco dependence (ICD-TD). A literature search was conducted of 16 databases using the search terms addiction, cigarettes, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disease, DSM, dependence, International Classification of Diseases, ICD, nicotine, smoking and tobacco. The search produced 37 relevant articles. We found no data supporting the predictive validity of the criteria, and none supporting the characterization of dependence as having a three-symptom threshold. We found no data concerning the validity or reliability of the official instrument, which inappropriately excludes nondaily smokers from being evaluated for dependence. We found no evidence that the ICD-TD diagnosis had been used for clinical decision making, in a smoking cessation study, or for longitudinal epidemiological surveillance. We contrast the utility of the ICD-TD criteria to an approach of diagnosing tobacco addiction on the basis of a single criterion of a compulsion to use tobacco.
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Rose JS, Dierker LC. An item response theory analysis of nicotine dependence symptoms in recent onset adolescent smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2010; 110:70-9. [PMID: 20236773 PMCID: PMC2931274 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2009] [Revised: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 02/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Given absence of a "gold standard" for measuring self-reported nicotine dependence, particularly among less experienced smokers, there is a need to evaluate existing measures to determine how well symptoms measure the underlying nicotine dependence construct and whether symptoms function differently for less experienced smokers. Study aims were to determine (1) likelihood of endorsement of individual symptoms at different levels of a nicotine dependence construct and the ability of symptoms to discriminate between different levels of this construct and (2) whether these symptom properties varied between nondaily and daily smokers. METHODS We used multiple group item response theory analysis to evaluate nicotine dependence symptoms from the nicotine dependence syndrome scale based on a nationally representative sample of 8081 recent onset adolescent smokers from the national surveys on drug use and health. RESULTS After controlling for age, gender, smoking quantity and length of smoking exposure, symptoms assessing tolerance were invariant across nondaily and daily smokers, and discriminated well between levels of the nicotine dependence construct. However, the majority of symptoms functioned differently for nondaily and daily smokers. These symptoms did not discriminate as well between levels of the nicotine dependence construct and were more likely to be endorsed at lower levels of this construct for daily smokers. DISCUSSION A measure that encompasses a range of symptoms tapping different aspects of smoking may be ideally suited for nondaily adolescent smokers, while an ideal measure of nicotine dependence for daily smokers might also include more core diagnostic features of nicotine dependence such as withdrawal and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Rose
- Department of Psychology, Wesleyan University, 237 High St., Middletown, CT 06459, USA.
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Vázquez FL. Psychoactive substance use and dependence among Spanish university students: prevalence, correlates, polyconsumption, and comorbidity with depression. Psychol Rep 2010; 106:297-313. [PMID: 20402455 DOI: 10.2466/pr0.106.1.297-313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the prevalence of psychoactive substance use and dependence was estimated among students at a Spanish university, together with associated factors, polyconsumption, and comorbidity with depression, using a 554-member sample stratified by sex, degree year, and discipline. 86.5% had consumed some potentially addictive psychoactive substance in the past month, and 10.5% satisfied DSM-IV criteria for dependence on nicotine, alcohol, caffeine, or cannabis. Polyconsumers (90.4%) consumed an average 3.2 different substances. Current depression implied increased likelihood of having consumed tobacco or psychoactive pharmaceutical drugs in the past month, and DSM-IV symptoms of major depressive episode were shown by 8.6% of 58 substance-dependent participants, 8.7% of 540 past-month legal substance consumers, and 12.1% of 140 past-month illegal substance consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando L Vázquez
- Departamento de Psicología Clínica y Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Campus Universitario Sur, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Tombor I, Urbán R, Berkes T, Demetrovics Z. Denial of smoking-related risk among pregnant smokers. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2010; 89:524-530. [PMID: 20199361 DOI: 10.3109/00016341003678427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine pregnant women's denial of risk, tobacco dependence and their partner's smoking status on smoking behavior during pregnancy. DESIGN Cross-sectional design with convenience sampling. SETTING Data collection was carried out in hospitals and antenatal clinics in Budapest and 12 other Hungarian cities. POPULATION OR SAMPLE A total of 406 adult pregnant women (mean age: 28.2 years; SD = 5.6) with a mean gestational age of 23.3 weeks ranging from 4 to 40 (SD = 8.9). METHODS Pregnant women were enrolled in the study by midwives and home-care attendants. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Smoking status was assessed by self-report questions. Further measures included the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence to assess nicotine dependence, and the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives to assess the motivational background of smoking. Risk perception was assessed by Haslam and Draper's (2000) 12-item risk perception questionnaire. RESULTS Prevalence of occasional and daily smokers was 21.7 and 29.3%, respectively. Some 59.7% of the pregnant women have a partner who smokes. Daily smokers had a higher level of risk denial than occasional or non-smokers (Welch F = 91.607; p < 0.001). Current smokers also had a higher denial than temporary quitters (t = -3.153; p = 0.003). Denial of risk correlated significantly with nicotine dependence (r = 0.30) and the main motivational factors (r = 0.34-0.48). A multinomial logistic regression model of denial of risk concurrently predicted women's smoking status (p = 0.001), even when controlling for age, education, partner's smoking status and parity. CONCLUSIONS A higher level of risk denial seems to be one of the major determinants of women's smoking status during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ildikó Tombor
- Department of Personality and Health Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Róbert Urbán
- Department of Personality and Health Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Smoking Cessation Centre, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tímea Berkes
- Department of Personality and Health Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Smoking Cessation Centre, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Demetrovics
- Institutional Group on Addiction Research, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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Dierker L, Mermelstein R. Early emerging nicotine-dependence symptoms: a signal of propensity for chronic smoking behavior in adolescents. J Pediatr 2010; 156:818-22. [PMID: 20097354 PMCID: PMC3021919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the predictive validity of nicotine-dependence symptoms in 9th- and 10th-grade adolescents. STUDY DESIGN A total of 594 adolescents who had not smoked more than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and 152 adolescents who had smoked more than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime were included in the analysis. The predictive validity of 10 nicotine-dependence items administered at baseline was evaluated at the 24-month follow-up assessment. RESULTS For those who smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes, higher levels of experienced nicotine-dependence symptoms at baseline, as well as individual symptoms, predicted current and daily smoking behavior at the 24-month follow-up, over and above baseline smoking. For adolescents who had smoked more than 100 cigarettes at baseline, the level of nicotine dependence and individual symptom endorsement did not predict smoking behavior at the 24-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that early emerging dependence symptoms reported at low levels of smoking exposure signal a greater propensity for continued smoking behavior not accounted for by current or past smoking exposure. Screening for these early emerging symptoms among novice adolescent smokers represents an important and unused tool in tobacco control efforts aimed at preventing the development of chronic smoking patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Dierker
- Psychology Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA.
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DiFranza J, Ursprung WS, Lauzon B, Bancej C, Wellman RJ, Ziedonis D, Kim SS, Gervais A, Meltzer B, McKay CE, O'Loughlin J, Okoli CT, Fortuna LR, Tremblay M. A systematic review of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual diagnostic criteria for nicotine dependence. Addict Behav 2010; 35:373-82. [PMID: 20056335 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 12/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual diagnostic criteria for nicotine dependence (DSM-ND) are based on the proposition that dependence is a syndrome that can be diagnosed only when a minimum of 3 of the 7 proscribed features are present. The DSM-ND criteria are an accepted research measure, but the validity of these criteria has not been subjected to a systematic evaluation. To systematically review evidence of validity and reliability for the DSM-ND criteria, a literature search was conducted of 16 national and international databases. Each article with original data was independently reviewed by two or more reviewers. In total, 380 potentially relevant articles were examined and 169 were reviewed in depth. The DSM-ND criteria have seen wide use in research settings, but sensitivity and specificity are well below the accepted standards for clinical applications. Predictive validity is generally poor. The 7 DSM-ND criteria are regarded as having face validity, but no data support a 3-symptom ND diagnostic threshold, or a 4-symptom withdrawal syndrome threshold. The DSM incorrectly states that daily smoking is a prerequisite for withdrawal symptoms. The DSM shows poor to modest concurrence with all other measures of nicotine dependence, smoking behaviors and biological measures of tobacco use. The data support the DSM-ND criteria as a valid measure of nicotine dependence severity for research applications. However, the data do not support the central premise of a 3-symptom diagnostic threshold, and no data establish that the DSM-ND criteria provide an accurate diagnosis of nicotine dependence.
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Schmidt A, Neumann M, Wirtz M, Ernstmann N, Staratschek-Jox A, Stoelben E, Wolf J, Pfaff H. The influence of occupational stress factors on the nicotine dependence: a cross sectional study. Tob Induc Dis 2010; 8:6. [PMID: 20388193 PMCID: PMC2865452 DOI: 10.1186/1617-9625-8-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study analyses the association between occupational stress factors and nicotine dependence. Our hypothesis is that occupational stress factors increase nicotine dependence. METHODS Data were taken from the Cologne Smoking Study, a case-control study that examines which genetic/psychosocial factors lead to a higher risk for smokers to suffer from cardiac infarction, lung cancer and/or to become addicted to nicotine. Our sample consisted of N = 197 currently smoking and employed participants. Nicotine dependence was measured using the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). The extent of the stress factors experienced at work was assessed using the Effort-Reward Imbalance scale (ERI). Logistic regression was used for the statistical analysis. RESULTS Contrary to our hypothesis, the results show that occupational stress factors are actually associated with lower levels of nicotine dependence (N = 197; adjusted OR = 0.439; p = .059). CONCLUSIONS One possible explanation for the study's findings is that the participants have a heavy workload and can only smoke in their spare time. Another reason may be workplace smoking bans. Furthermore, the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence is unable to examine nicotine dependence during working hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schmidt
- Institute for Medical Sociology, Health Services Research and Rehabilitation Science (IMVR), Faculty of Human Science and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Eupener Strasse 129, Cologne 50933, Germany.
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Rose JS, Dierker LC. DSM-IV nicotine dependence symptom characteristics for recent-onset smokers. Nicotine Tob Res 2010; 12:278-86. [PMID: 20061343 PMCID: PMC2825105 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntp210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study evaluated how well DSM-IV nicotine dependence symptoms measure an underlying dependence construct for recent-onset daily and nondaily smokers. METHODS Based on a nationally representative sample of 2,758 recent-onset adolescent smokers from the National Surveys on Drug Use and Health, we used multiple group item response theory analysis to assess 7 symptoms representing DSM-IV diagnostic features of nicotine dependence. RESULTS After controlling for age, gender, current smoking quantity, and length of smoking exposure, all 7 DSM-IV symptoms were invariant across nondaily and daily smokers and discriminated well among levels of the nicotine dependence construct. Symptoms most likely to be endorsed at lower levels of the dependence construct included spending more time getting, using, or getting over the effects of smoking and wanting or trying to stop or cut down. Symptoms most likely to be endorsed only at higher levels of the construct included giving up important activities and emotional/psychological and health problems related to smoking. DSM-IV symptoms were most precise for moderately high levels of the dependence construct and less precise for lower levels for both nondaily and daily smokers. DISCUSSION DSM-IV nicotine dependence symptoms appear to have desirable psychometric properties for measuring a nicotine dependence construct among recent-onset adolescent smokers at both daily and nondaily levels, providing justification for the use of these symptoms in a measure that aims to evaluate the full continuum of nicotine dependence severity in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Rose
- Psychology Department, 207 High Street, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT 06459, USA.
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Rose JS, Dierker LC, Donny E. Nicotine dependence symptoms among recent onset adolescent smokers. Drug Alcohol Depend 2010; 106:126-32. [PMID: 19765916 PMCID: PMC2815034 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined the prevalence of individual nicotine dependence symptoms among recent onset smokers across the continuum of nondaily and daily cigarette smoking behavior in a nationally representative sample of recent onset smokers from the National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Rates of endorsement for 17 symptoms drawn primarily from the Nicotine Dependence Symptom Scale (Shiffman et al., 2004) were calculated for four levels of nondaily (smoked 1-3, 4-10, 11-20, or 21-29 days in the past 30 days) and daily (smoked 1, 2-5, 6-15, or >15 cigarettes per day in the past 30 days) smoking. Logistic and linear regression analyses with polynomial contrasts controlling for age, gender, length of exposure, and smoking quantity tested trends in symptom endorsement across levels of smoking. Significant linear and quadratic trends indicated that increasing rates of endorsement differed most between the lowest levels of nondaily and daily smoking. Results suggest that, for some, infrequent smoking may not represent benign experimentation. Recognizing early symptoms of nicotine dependence may assist in early identification and intervention of those at risk for heavier smoking in the future. Adolescents can be taught to recognize the early symptoms of nicotine dependence to increase awareness of the rapidity at which these symptoms may appear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Rose
- Wesleyan University, Psychology Department, 207 High Street, Middletown, CT 06459, USA.
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Halperin AC, Smith SS, Heiligenstein E, Brown D, Fleming MF. Cigarette smoking and associated health risks among students at five universities. Nicotine Tob Res 2009; 12:96-104. [PMID: 20018947 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntp182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While most college students and other young adults who smoke fall into the light and intermittent smoking (LITS) category, they remain at risk for tobacco dependence and other adverse health effects from their smoking. This study examines smoking patterns, tobacco dependence, and other health variables among students at five universities to better understand how to identify and address tobacco use and related risks in a college health clinic setting. METHODS A health screening survey was completed by 2,091 college and graduate student volunteers seeking routine care at their university health centers or participating in a health class. Independent health variables were analyzed descriptively and in regression analyses with three levels of smoking (none, non-daily, and daily) and tobacco dependence to determine predictors and associated risks. RESULTS Nearly a quarter of students reported any current smoking, 41% of whom reported smoking less than 1 cigarette/day (cpd). Of the daily smokers, 80% smoked less than 10 cpd but 45% met criteria for tobacco dependence. Any smoking was associated with high-risk alcohol use, risky driving, relational abuse, depression, less exercise, and utilization of emergency and mental health services. In regression analyses, students who experienced depression had more than double the odds of being dependent smokers (odds ratio [OR] = 2.32), as did those who reported abuse (OR = 2.07) or sought mental health counseling (OR = 2.09). DISCUSSION Student health providers should be alerted to the multiple risks and comorbidities that occur among all smokers, including LITS, and intervene concurrently to help prevent or mitigate adverse outcomes that result from these conditions and behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail C Halperin
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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Meneses-Gaya ICD, Zuardi AW, Loureiro SR, Crippa JADS. Psychometric properties of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. J Bras Pneumol 2009; 35:73-82. [PMID: 19219334 DOI: 10.1590/s1806-37132009000100011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2008] [Accepted: 06/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) is a screening instrument for physical nicotine dependence and is extensively used in various countries. The objective of the present report was to review articles related to the psychometric properties of the FTND. METHODS A systematic search for articles published up through December of 2007 was carried out in various electronic databases. The following search terms were used: 'Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence'; 'FTND'; 'psychometric'; 'validity'; 'reliability'; 'feasibility'; and 'factors'. We included articles published in English, Spanish or Portuguese and in which the psychometric properties of the FTND were evaluated. RESULTS Twenty-six studies related to the psychometric properties of the FTND were identified in the indexed literature. Analysis of the studies confirmed the reliability of the FTND for the assessment of nicotine dependence in different settings and populations. CONCLUSIONS Further validation studies using previously validated instruments as a comparative measure are needed before the extensive use of the FTND can be justified on the basis of its psychometric qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izilda Carolina de Meneses-Gaya
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavior, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Abstract
AIMS To determine whether there is a sequence in which adolescents experience symptoms of nicotine dependence (ND) as per the DSM-IV. DESIGN A two-stage design was implemented to select a multi-ethnic target sample of adolescents from a school survey of 6th-10th graders from the Chicago Public Schools. The cohort was interviewed at home five times with structured computerized interviews at 6-month intervals over a 2-year period. PARTICIPANTS Subsample of new tobacco users (n = 353) who had started to use tobacco within 12 months prior to wave 1 or between waves 1 and 5. MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL METHODS: Monthly histories of DSM-IV symptoms of ND were obtained. Log-linear quasi-independence models were estimated to identify the fit of different cumulative models of progression among the four most prevalent dependence criteria (tolerance, impaired control, withdrawal, unsuccessful attempts to quit), indexed by specific symptoms, by gender and race/ethnicity. FINDINGS Pathways varied slightly across groups. The proportions who could be classified in a progression pathway not by chance ranged from 50.7% to 68.8%. Overall, tolerance and impaired control appeared first and preceded withdrawal; impaired control preceded attempts to quit. For males, tolerance was experienced first, with withdrawal a minor path of entry; for females withdrawal was experienced last, tolerance and impaired control were experienced first. For African Americans, tolerance by itself was experienced first; for other groups an alternative path began with impaired control. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence and sequence of criteria of ND fit our understanding of the neuropharmacology of ND. The order among symptoms early in the process of dependence may differ from the severity order of symptoms among those who persist in smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise B. Kandel
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032,New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032
| | - Mei-Chen Hu
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032
| | - Kazuo Yamaguchi
- Department of Sociology, University of Chicago, 1126 East 59 St., Chicago, IL 60637
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Sterling KL, Mermelstein R, Turner L, Diviak K, Flay B, Shiffman S. Examining the psychometric properties and predictive validity of a youth-specific version of the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS) among teens with varying levels of smoking. Addict Behav 2009; 34:616-9. [PMID: 19395176 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2009.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 01/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kymberle Landrum Sterling
- Institute of Public Health, Georgia State University, 140 Decatur Street, Room 878, Atlanta, GA 30303, United States.
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Harrison EL, Hinson RE, McKee SA. Experimenting and daily smokers: episodic patterns of alcohol and cigarette use. Addict Behav 2009; 34:484-6. [PMID: 19176271 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2008.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2008] [Revised: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 12/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use may facilitate the development of nicotine dependence. Alcohol is often paired with cigarette smoking, particularly in those experimenting with smoking. However, little research has examined episodic patterns of alcohol and cigarette use. This study examined patterns of alcohol and cigarette use in a college-aged sample (n=237) designated as experimenters or smokers based on their smoking history. Participants reported their consumption of drinks and cigarettes by hour, for each hour, of a typical drinking and smoking episode. Self-reported pleasure and desire associated with smoking generally and while drinking was assessed. No group difference was observed in total number of drinks. However, experimenters delayed smoking until more drinks were consumed, suggesting they smoked after reaching binge levels of alcohol. By contrast, smokers smoked after fewer drinks. Both groups reported increased smoking while drinking and increased pleasure and desire when smoking while drinking. The increase was greater in experimenters. Concurrent alcohol and cigarette use may facilitate the development of tobacco dependence and interventions interrupting their pairing might impede the transition from experimenter to smoker.
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Wilens TE, Vitulano M, Upadhyaya H, Adamson J, Parcell T, Westerberg D, Biederman J. Concordance between cigarette smoking and the modified Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire in controlled studies of ADHD. Am J Addict 2009; 17:491-6. [PMID: 19034741 DOI: 10.1080/10550490802409082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our objective was to compare scores on a smoking questionnaire to a diagnosis of cigarette smoking. As part of follow-ups in studies of ADHD, we assessed for cigarette smoking using structured interviews and the modified Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (mFTQ). Data were obtained from 162 subjects (mean = 19.2 yrs). ROC analysis and kappa coefficients revealed that a cutoff score of 3 on the mFTQ showed the strongest agreement with a full diagnosis of cigarette smoking (kappa = 0.68). Clinicians and researchers using the mFTQ in adolescents and young adults should consider a cutoff score of 3 to be indicative of cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E Wilens
- Pediatric Psychopharmacology Program, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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Strong DR, Kahler CW, Colby SM, Griesler PC, Kandel D. Linking measures of adolescent nicotine dependence to a common latent continuum. Drug Alcohol Depend 2009; 99:296-308. [PMID: 18938047 PMCID: PMC2655729 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2008] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Using the theoretical model of nicotine dependence (ND) operationalized within the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder, fourth Edition (DSM-IV: American Psychiatric [American Psychiatric Association, 1994. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th ed. American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC]) as a frame of reference, we used methods based in item response theory to link alternative instruments assessing adolescent nicotine dependence severity to a common latent continuum. A multi-ethnic cohort of 6th-10th graders selected from the Chicago Public Schools (CPS) completed five household interviews over 2 years. Youth who reported at least some cigarette use in the last 30 days prior to the interviews at waves W3-W5 completed measures of DSM-IV ND, the Modified Fagertrom Tolerance Questionnaire (mFTQ: Prokhorov et al., 1998) and the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale (NDSS: Shiffman et al., 2004), yielding samples of 253, 241, and 296 respondents at W3-W5, respectively. Confirmatory factor analysis supported a primary dimension of ND. Each instrument's items had complementary and stable relationships to ND across multiple waves of assessment. By aligning symptoms along a common latent ND continuum, we evaluated the consistency of symptoms from different instruments that target similar content. Further, these methods allowed for the examination of the DSM-IV as a continuous index of ND, evaluation of the degree of heterogeneity in levels of ND within groups above and below diagnostic thresholds, and the utility of using the pattern or particular DSM-IV symptoms that led to each score in further differentiating levels of ND. Finally, we examined concurrent validity of the ND continuum and levels of current of smoking at each wave of assessment.
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Hu MC, Muthén B, Shaffran CC, Griesler P, Kandel DB. Developmental trajectories of criteria of nicotine dependence in adolescence. Drug Alcohol Depend 2008; 98:94-104. [PMID: 18602225 PMCID: PMC2614908 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2008.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 03/12/2008] [Accepted: 04/26/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe the nature and predictors of developmental trajectories of symptoms of DSM-IV nicotine dependence in adolescence following smoking initiation. Data are from a longitudinal cohort of 324 new smokers from grades 6-10 in the Chicago Public Schools, interviewed 5 times at 6-month intervals. Monthly data on DSM-IV symptoms of nicotine dependence were available for 36 months. Growth mixture modeling was applied to the monthly histories to identify trajectories of DSM-IV criteria of nicotine dependence. A four-class solution best fitted the data: no DSM criterion (47.7%); early onset/chronic course (19.8%); early onset/remission (17.3%); late onset (15.2%). Blunt use prior to cigarette use was associated with the three symptomatic trajectories. Conduct disorder and prior heavy smoking were associated with Class 2 (chronic). Conduct disorder differentiated Class 2 from Class 4 (late onset), while pleasant initial sensitivity to the first tobacco experience was associated with Classes 2 and 3 (remit) and differentiated Class 2 from Class 4. Novelty seeking characterized Class 3. Parental dependence differentiated chronicity (Class 2) from remission (Class 3) among those who developed symptoms early. Being Hispanic reduced membership in Classes 3 and 4, and being male for Class 3. The data highlight the importance of parental nicotine dependence as a risk factor for early and sustained nicotine dependence by the offspring, pleasant initial sensitivity and conduct disorder for early onset of dependence, and blunt use prior to smoking for all trajectories. The factors important for onset of dependence are not necessarily the same as those for sustained course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Chen Hu
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Bengt Muthén
- Graduate School of Education & Information Studies, University of California, Los Angeles, Moore Hall, Box 95121, Los Angeles, California 90995-1521, United States
| | - Christine C. Shaffran
- New York Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Pamela Griesler
- New York Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, United States
| | - Denise B. Kandel
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, United States
- New York Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, United States
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