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Kolokotroni KZ, Fozard TE, Selby DL, Harrison AA. Is impulsivity related to attentional bias in cigarette smokers? An exploration across levels of nicotine dependency and deprivation. Behav Pharmacol 2024; 35:172-184. [PMID: 38651685 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Research has largely focused on how attentional bias to smoking-related cues and impulsivity independently influence the development and maintenance of cigarette smoking, with limited exploration of the relationship between these mechanisms. The current experiments systematically assessed relationships between multiple dimensions of impulsivity and attentional bias, at different stages of attention, in smokers varying in nicotine dependency and deprivation. Nonsmokers (NS; n = 26), light-satiated smokers (LS; n = 25), heavy-satiated smokers (HS; n = 23) and heavy 12-hour nicotine-deprived smokers (HD; n = 30) completed the Barratt Impulsivity Scale, delayed discounting task, stop-signal task, information sampling task and a visual dot-probe assessing initial orientation (200 ms) and sustained attention (2000 ms) toward smoking-related cues. Sustained attention to smoking-related cues was present in both HS and LS, while initial orientation bias was only evident in HS. HS and LS also had greater levels of trait motor and nonplanning impulsivity and heightened impulsive choice on the delay discounting task compared with NS, while heightened trait attentional impulsivity was only found in HS. In contrast, in HD, nicotine withdrawal was associated with no attentional bias but heightened reflection impulsivity, poorer inhibitory control and significantly lower levels of impulsive choice relative to satiated smokers. Trait and behavioral impulsivity were not related to the extent of attentional bias to smoking-related cues at any stage of attention, level of nicotine dependency or state of deprivation. Findings have both clinical and theoretical implications, highlighting the unique and independent roles impulsivity and attentional bias may play at different stages of the nicotine addiction cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Therese E Fozard
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Psychology, Leeds Beckett University
| | - Danielle L Selby
- School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Psychology, Leeds Beckett University
| | - Amanda A Harrison
- Faculty of Medicine & Health, School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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Bado PP, Salum GA, Rohde LA, Gadelha A, Pan PM, Miguel EC, Tripp G, Furukawa E. Is waiting for rewards good for you? No association between impulsive choice, psychopathology, and functional outcomes in a large cohort sample. JCPP ADVANCES 2024; 4:e12231. [PMID: 38827985 PMCID: PMC11143955 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background A stronger preference for immediate rewards has been reported in individuals with ADHD and other disorders. However, the consistency of the associations between this preference and psychiatric conditions as well as functional outcomes have been questioned. Research on its association with longitudinal outcomes is scarce. Methods The current study used data on a choice delay task (CDT) from a school-based cohort of Brazilian children with those at higher risk for psychiatric disorders over-sampled (n = 1917). The sample included typically developing children (n = 1379), those with ADHD (n = 213), and other disorders. The frequency of the trials where children chose a larger later reward versus a smaller sooner reward was compared for those with ADHD and typically developing children. Cross-sectionally and longitudinally, the study also evaluated whether children's preference for larger delayed rewards at baseline predicted the presence of psychiatric disorders and functional life outcomes (academic performance, alcohol use, early pregnancy, criminal conviction, BMI). Results Children with ADHD and their typically developing peers performed similarly on the CDT. Their baseline task performance was not related to psychiatric conditions or life outcomes. Conclusions The current results raise questions regarding the use of the CDT with diverse populations and whether a preference for larger delayed rewards is predictive of positive long-term outcomes as widely assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia P. Bado
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA)Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC‐Rio)Rio de JaneiroBrazil
| | - Giovanni A. Salum
- Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA)Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreBrazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents & National Center for Innovation and Research in Mental HealthSão PauloBrazil
| | - Luis A. Rohde
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents & National Center for Innovation and Research in Mental HealthSão PauloBrazil
- ADHD Outpatient Program & Developmental Psychiatry ProgramHospital de Clínicas de Porto AlegreFederal University of Rio Grande Do SulPorto AlegreBrazil
- Medical Council UniEduKSão PauloBrazil
| | - Ary Gadelha
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents & National Center for Innovation and Research in Mental HealthSão PauloBrazil
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil
- Laboratório de Neurociências Integrativas (Linc)Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Pedro M. Pan
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents & National Center for Innovation and Research in Mental HealthSão PauloBrazil
- Laboratório de Neurociências Integrativas (Linc)Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Eurípedes C. Miguel
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents & National Center for Innovation and Research in Mental HealthSão PauloBrazil
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP)São PauloBrazil
| | - Gail Tripp
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) Graduate UniversityOnna‐sonOkinawaJapan
| | - Emi Furukawa
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology (OIST) Graduate UniversityOnna‐sonOkinawaJapan
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Fiorenzato E, Bisiacchi P, Cona G. Gender differences in the effects of emotion induction on intertemporal decision-making. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299591. [PMID: 38507356 PMCID: PMC10954116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
'Good things come to those who wait' is a popular saying, which goes along with numerous daily life decisions requiring trade-offs between immediate-small and later-larger rewards; however, some individuals have a tendency to prefer sooner rewards while discounting the value of delayed rewards, known as delay discounting. The extant literature indicates that emotions and gender can modulate intertemporal choices, but their interplay remains hitherto poorly investigated. Here, 308 participants were randomized to different conditions, inducing distinct emotions-fear, joy, a neutral state-through standardized movie clips, and then completed a computerized delay discounting task for hypothetical money rewards. Following the induction of fear, women discount the future steeper than men, thus preferring immediate-smaller rewards rather than larger-delayed ones. Also, women were more prone to choose immediate rewards when in a fearful condition than when in a positive state of joy/happiness. By contrast, men were unaffected by their emotional state when deciding on monetary rewards. Our findings provide evidence that fear can trigger different intertemporal choices according to gender, possibly reflecting the adoption of different evolutionary strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Fiorenzato
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Giorgia Cona
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Padova Neuroscience Center (PNC), University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Hudson JE, Grunevski S, Sebelius J, Yi R. Art-delivered episodic future thinking reduces delay discounting: A phase IIa proof-of-concept trial. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTION TREATMENT 2024; 158:209255. [PMID: 38081541 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.209255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High rates of delay discounting (DD), or the preference for immediate rewards over delayed rewards, is associated with substance use disorder (SUD). Lower rates of DD predict better treatment outcomes, and thus strategies that reduce DD may support SUD recovery. The process of vividly imagining a future event, known as episodic future thinking (EFT), may be a particularly viable approach to reduce DD. Some limited research has examined delivery of EFT in treatment settings, using verbal prompts that are typical of studies in non-treatment settings. We propose that the creation of visual art represents a unique alignment of the purpose of EFT with an innovative delivery modality in treatment settings. METHODS This single arm, proof-of-concept trial evaluated art-delivered EFT (ArtEFT) to reduce DD in a sample of women (N = 39) in a residential SUD treatment center. Participants engaged in a single, 1-h ArtEFT session during which they engaged in EFT and created a visual representation using art materials. The study collected DD measures for hypothetical money ($50 and $1000 magnitude conditions) before and after ArtEFT. RESULTS Using area-under-the-curve (AUCord) as the index of DD, the study observed predicted changes following the ArtEFT session. The ANOVA revealed statistically significant main effects of both magnitude [F(1,38) = 11.184, p = .002] and time [F(1. 38) = 4.731, p = .036], with a non-significant interaction [F(1,38) = 3.821, p = .058]. CONCLUSION This study reveals promising preliminary indicators that art may be an effective modality to deliver EFT, with particular advantages for implementation given the popularity of art programming in SUD treatment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E Hudson
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, USA
| | | | - John Sebelius
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, USA
| | - Richard Yi
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, USA.
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Gu X, McLaughlin C, Fu Q, Na S, Heflin M, Fiore V. Aberrant neural computation of social controllability in nicotine-dependent humans. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3854519. [PMID: 38343814 PMCID: PMC10854308 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3854519/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Social controllability, defined as the ability to exert influence when interacting with others, is crucial for optimal decision-making. Inability to do so might contribute to maladaptive behaviors such as drug use, which often takes place in social settings. Here, we examined nicotine-dependent humans using fMRI, as they made choices that could influence the proposals from simulated partners. Computational modeling revealed that smokers under-estimated the influence of their actions and self-reported a reduced sense of control, compared to non-smokers. These findings were replicated in a large independent sample of participants recruited online. Neurally, smokers showed reduced tracking of forward projected choice values in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and impaired computation of social prediction errors in the midbrain. These results demonstrate that smokers were less accurate in estimating their personal influence when the social environment calls for control, providing a neurocomputational account for the social cognitive deficits in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosi Gu
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
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Chen C, Yu H. Measuring users' psychological self-withdrawal on mobile social media: the development of a context dependent instrument. Front Psychol 2024; 14:1296747. [PMID: 38250094 PMCID: PMC10797091 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1296747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction MSM users have many concerns when disclosing information, such as role conflicts and privacy risks, which can result in nondisclosure. We call these negative feelings associated with MSM use "psychological self-withdrawal" (PSW). Methods Using a mixed-methods design, this study develops and validates an instrument for measuring PSW in the WeChat context, based on focus-group interviews (seven participants), one-on-one interviews (eight participants), and a survey of 1200 WeChat users. Results The result shows that PSW measure is a four-item instrument designed to measure PSW in the WeChat context. The results of two exploratory factor analysis pilot tests (n = 91 and n = 81) and a final confirmatory factor analysis test (n = 1200) indicate that the PSW measure has good internal consistency (α = 0.839), factorial validity, and a single-factor structure. Discussion The study defines PSW as "users' series of negative feelings when using WeChat" and develops and validates an PSW measurement, using focus groups, interviews, and a survey. A four-item PSW with acceptable reliability and validity was finally developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- School of Business Administration and Tourism Management, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hong Yu
- School of Business Administration and Tourism Management, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Dwyer CL, Craft WH, Tomlinson DC, Tegge AN, Kim-Spoon J, Bickel WK. Latent profiles of regulatory flexibility in alcohol use disorder: Associations with delay discounting and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 48:188-198. [PMID: 38206279 PMCID: PMC10786339 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory flexibility (RF) involves three distinct components of self-regulation: context sensitivity, repertoire, and feedback responsiveness. Subgroups based on differences in RF have been identified in a general sample and are differentially associated with symptoms of anxiety and depression. However, potential RF profiles have not been examined in individuals with substance use disorders. This study examined RF subtypes in individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and their associations with psychosocial outcomes (i.e., depression, anxiety, and stress) and delay discounting (a core feature of addiction). METHODS Individuals (n = 200) with an Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test score of >16 (mean = 24.12 (±6.92)) were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk (mean = 37.26 years old (±11.41); 94 (47%) women). Participants completed the Context Sensitivity Index, the Flexible Regulation of Emotional Expression Scale, and the Coping Flexibility Scale to assess RF. Participants also completed an Adjusting Amount Delay Discounting Task and the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Latent profile analyses (LPA) were used to identify patterns in RF deficits. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests were performed to examine differences in discounting rates and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress across RF profiles. RESULTS The LPA revealed a 2-profile characterization, including (1) context sensitive regulators (CSR; n = 39) and (2) moderate flexibility regulators (MFR; n = 161). CSR demonstrated significantly lower symptoms of depression (p = 0.004), anxiety (p < 0.001), and stress (p < 0.001) than MFR. CSR also displayed significantly lower AUDIT scores (p = 0.031). CONCLUSIONS Findings illustrate that among individuals with moderate-severe AUD, those high in context sensitivity coupled with moderate abilities in repertoire and feedback responsiveness have fewer symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Together, context sensitivity may be an important and protective component of RF among individuals with AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice L. Dwyer
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - William H. Craft
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Devin C. Tomlinson
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, USA
| | | | | | - Warren K. Bickel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
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8
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Dwyer CL, Tegge AN, Craft WH, Tomlinson DC, Athamneh LN, Bickel WK. The Phenotype of Recovery X: Associations between delay discounting, regulatory flexibility, and remission from substance use disorder. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ADDICTION TREATMENT 2023; 155:209122. [PMID: 37451516 PMCID: PMC10787043 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.209122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Delay discounting (DD) and self-regulation are important predictors of substance use disorder (SUD) outcomes. Further, regulatory flexibility (RF; i.e., selecting, monitoring, and adapting coping techniques based on contextual demands) is related to psychological resilience. However, studies have yet to examine associations among DD, RF, and remission from SUDs among individuals in recovery. METHODS Individuals (N = 148) in SUD recovery completed the Context Sensitivity Index (CSI), the Flexible Regulation of Emotional Expression (FREE) Scale, and the Perceived Ability to Cope with Trauma (PACT) Scale to assess RF and, an $1000 hypothetical reward Adjusting Amount Delay Discounting Task. The study considered individuals to be in remission from SUD if they did not endorse any SUD DSM-5 symptom other than craving (except tobacco use disorder) in the past three months. The study team used t-tests to examine differences in RF and DD by remission status. Univariate linear regressions were used to examine the relationship between RF and DD. Finally, mediation models examined the dynamic relationship among DD, RF, and remission status. RESULTS Remitted individuals (n = 82) had significantly lower DD (i.e., greater preference for larger, later rewards) rates (p < .001) and higher context sensitivity (p < .001) and coping flexibility (p < .001). The study found significant negative associations between DD and context sensitivity (p = .008), coping flexibility (p = .002), and emotion regulation flexibility (p < .001). Finally, context sensitivity (p = .023) and coping flexibility (p = .009) mediated the relationship between DD and SUD remission. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that individuals in recovery with broader temporal windows can better identify contextual demands and flexibly cope, contributing to improved SUD recovery outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice L Dwyer
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Allison N Tegge
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA; Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - William H Craft
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Devin C Tomlinson
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Liqa N Athamneh
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Warren K Bickel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA.
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al'Absi M, DeAngelis B, Borodovsky J, Sofis MJ, Fiecas M, Budney A. Early life adversity and substance use: The mediating role of mood and the moderating role of impulsivity. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 168:38-44. [PMID: 37883864 PMCID: PMC10872790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Early life adversity (ELA) is a risk factor for substance use and misuse, and multiple factors mediate and moderate this association. We examined whether moods mediate the relationships between ELA and nicotine use, cannabis use, and co-use, and whether these mediation effects varied as a function of delay discounting. METHODS A total of 2555 adults completed a delay discounting task and responded to questions related to demographics, ELA, mood, and substance use. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlations and moderated mediation using Hayes' PROCESS macro (V3.4, Model 15). RESULTS ELA was positively associated with cannabis use, nicotine use, co-use of both substances, depressed and stressed moods, and it was negatively associated with positive mood. While cannabis use was associated negatively with stressed and depressed moods and positively with positive mood, nicotine use was associated negatively with positive mood. Moderated mediation analyses indicated that positive mood mediated the relationship between ELA and cannabis use for those with average and above average delay discounting. Positive mood also mediated the relationship between ELA and co-use among those with above average delay discounting. CONCLUSION The results suggest that ELA's associations with cannabis use and cannabis-nicotine co-use may be partially attributable to ELA's effects on positive mood among those who are predisposed to moderately to highly impulsive decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mark Fiecas
- University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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10
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Zhang Y, Zhong X, Shao Y, Gong J. Insula Connectivity Abnormalities Predict Impulsivity in Chronic Heroin Use Disorder: A Cross-Sectional Resting-State fMRI Study. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1508. [PMID: 38002468 PMCID: PMC10669645 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13111508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with heroin use disorder (HUD) often exhibit trait impulsivity, which may be an important factor in and a good predictor of addiction. However, the factor structure of HUD trait impulsivity (motor, attentional, and nonplanning) and its neural correlates are not yet known. A total of 24 male volunteers with HUD and 16 healthy control volunteers were recruited for this cross-sectional study. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) were employed using the insula as a seed point in an effort to understand the association between trait impulsivity and its intrinsic factors and functional connectivity (FC) between the insula and the whole brain. The HUD group in this study exhibited higher total trait impulsivity scores, motor impulsivity, and nonplanning impulsivity than the control group. Changes in FC between the right insula and the lateral occipital cortex and the right angular gyrus were significantly positively correlated with total trait impulsivity scores, motor impulsivity, and nonplanning impulsivity, whereas changes in the FC between the left insula and the left superior frontal gyrus and left frontopolar brain region were significantly negatively correlated with trait impulsivity. Thus, the insula may serve as an important biomarker for identifying trait impulsivity and its intrinsic factor structure in patients with HUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Aviation Psychology, Air Force Medical Center, People’s Liberation Army (PLA), Beijing 100142, China;
| | - Xiao Zhong
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Yongcong Shao
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Jingjing Gong
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
- Department of Medical Psychology, Second Medical Center, PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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Collado A, Felton JW, Bounoua N, Tormohlen K, Yi R. A pilot trial of behavioural activation with a contingency management component: Preliminary examination of changes in smoking and alternative rewards among low-income individuals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 58:449-455. [PMID: 37202864 DOI: 10.1002/ijop.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The heaviest smoking and burden of tobacco-related illness occurs among low-income individuals. Using a behavioural economics framework, this non-randomised pilot study examined the preliminary efficacy of behavioural activation (BA) with a contingency management (CM) component designed to encourage continued use of BA skills and reductions in cigarettes smoked. Eighty-four participants were recruited from a community centre. Data were collected at the start of every other group and at four different follow-up time points. Domains assessed included number of cigarettes smoked, activity level, and environmental rewards (i.e. alternative environmental reinforcers). Over time, cigarette smoking decreased (p < .001), environmental reward increased (p = .03), and reward probability and activity level were associated over time with cigarette smoking (p ≤ .03) above and beyond the effect of nicotine dependence. The continued use of BA skills was associated with greater environmental rewards (p = .04). While further research is needed to replicate this work, results suggest initial evidence for the utility of this intervention in a traditionally underserved community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahi Collado
- Renee Crown Wellness Institute, University of Colorado-Boulder, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Julia W Felton
- Center for Health Policy & Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Nadia Bounoua
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Kayla Tormohlen
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard Yi
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas-Lawrence, Lawrence, USA
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Zheng H, Zhou W, Wang M, Dong HH, Lu C, Zhang JL, Ma XF, Hu Y, Dong GH. Gender difference in network relationship between inter-temporal decisions and prefrontal activation levels in internet gaming disorder. PSYCHORADIOLOGY 2023; 3:kkad015. [PMID: 38666126 PMCID: PMC11003422 DOI: 10.1093/psyrad/kkad015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Background Impulsivity and decision-making are key factors in addiction. However, little is known about how gender and time sensitivity affect impulsivity in internet gaming disorder (IGD). Objective To investigate the gender difference of impulsive decision-making and relevant brain responses in IGD. Methods We conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study with 123 participants, including 59 IGD individuals (26 females) and 64 matched recreational game users (RGUs, 23 females). Participants performed a delay-discounting task during fMRI scanning. We examined gender-by-group effects on behavioral and neural measures to explore the preference for immediate over delayed rewards and the associated brain activity. We also investigated the network correlations between addiction severity and behavioral and neural measures, and analyzed the mediating role of brain activity in the link between delay discounting parameters and IGD severity. Results We found significant gender-by-group interactions. The imaging results revealed gender-by-group interactions in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, medial frontal gyrus, and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Post hoc analysis indicated that, for females, RGUs showed higher activity than IGD individuals in these brain regions, while for males IGD individuals exhibited higher activity than RGUs. The activation in the left IFG mediated the relation between Internet Addiction Test score and discount rate in females. In males, the activation in the right dlPFC mediated the relation between IAT score and time sensitivity. Discussion Our findings imply that male IGD participants demonstrate impaired intertemporal decisions associated with neural dysfunction. Influencing factors for impulsive decision-making in IGD diverge between males (time sensitivity) and females (discount rate). These findings augment our comprehension of the neural underpinnings of gender differences in IGD and bear significant implications for devising effective intervention strategies for treating people with IGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zheng
- Department of Psychology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650500, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Brain Health Institute, National Center for Mental Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Weiran Zhou
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311121, China
| | - Min Wang
- School of Humanities and Social Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230022, P.R. China
| | - Hao-hao Dong
- Department of Psychology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210008, China
| | - Chunlei Lu
- Department of Psychology, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, Zhejiang Province 321004, China
| | - Jia-lin Zhang
- Institute of Developmental Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875,China
| | - Xue-feng Ma
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311121, China
| | - Yanbo Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Guang-Heng Dong
- Department of Psychology, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, Yunnan Province 650500, China
- Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province 311121, China
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13
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Christensen E, Brydevall M, Albertella L, Samarawickrama SK, Yücel M, Lee RSC. Neurocognitive predictors of addiction-related outcomes: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105295. [PMID: 37391111 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
It is well-established that addiction is typically associated with a distinct pattern of neurocognitive functioning with a consensus that it is typified by impaired top-down executive control and aberrant risk-reward processing. Despite a consensus that neurocognition plays an important role in characterizing and maintaining addictive disorders, there is a lack of systematic, bottom-up synthesis of quantitative evidence showing that neurocognition predicts addictive behaviors, and which neurocognitive constructs have the best predictive validity. This systematic review aimed to assess whether cognitive control and risk-reward processes as defined by the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) predict the development and maintenance of addictive behaviors specifically, consumption, severity, and relapse. The findings from this review expose the substantial lack of evidence for neurocognition predicting addiction outcomes. However, there is evidence that suggests reward-related neurocognitive processes may be important for the detection of early risk for addiction, as well as a potentially viable target for designing novel, more effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erynn Christensen
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Maja Brydevall
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Lucy Albertella
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Sashka K Samarawickrama
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Child Development and Digital Technologies Lab, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Murat Yücel
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Rico S C Lee
- BrainPark, Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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14
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Dwyer CL, Craft WH, Tegge AN, Yu-Hua Y, Bickel WK. Utility of the 5-trial adjusting delay task in screening for high delay discounting rates: A cohort study of individuals reporting harmful alcohol and tobacco use. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2023; 31:786-792. [PMID: 36701520 PMCID: PMC10368788 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
High delay discounting (DD) rates are associated with several health conditions, including addiction. Investigators interested in the modulation of DD rates may be interested in screening for individuals with high DD rates within substance-using samples. The adjusting delay discounting task (ADT) is a brief DD rate measure suitable for screening purposes, but how performance on this task is related to more granular DD measures (e.g., adjusting amount task; AAT) in individuals who use substances is unknown. This study investigated the relationship between DD rates measured by the ADT and AAT to assess the utility of the ADT in screening for high discounting rates in individuals who use tobacco and alcohol. Participants (N = 488) were screened for high discounting rates, ln(k) ≥ -4.3118, using the ADT. Subsequently, participants completed the AAT. Linear regressions were conducted to understand the relationship between the ADT and AAT DD rates. Separate analyses between the total, high-quality and low-quality samples were conducted. Significant relationships between the ADT and AAT were found for the total (p < .001), high-quality (p < .001), and low-quality samples (p < .001). Although the ADT overestimated DD rates on the AAT by 2.49, 2.29, and 2.97 units in the total, high-quality, and low-quality samples, the ADT accurately identified individuals with high discounting rates. Specifically, 71% of the total sample, 80% of the high-quality sample, and 66% of the low-quality sample maintained a high DD rate on the AAT. These results demonstrate that ADT can be used as a quick, accurate screening tool to identify high discounting rates in individuals who use substances. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Candice L. Dwyer
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - William H. Craft
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, USA
| | - Allison N. Tegge
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
- Department of Statistics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Yeh Yu-Hua
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, USA
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15
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Yang L, Liu W, Wang J. The hidden-zero effect in male individuals with opioid use disorder. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2023; 49:530-539. [PMID: 37433131 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2023.2231619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: Explicitly expressing the hidden opportunity cost in intertemporal choice significantly reduces healthy participants' delay discounting - a phenomenon named the "hidden-zero effect," which is undetermined in individuals with substance use disorder (SUD).Objectives: This study aimed to determine whether the hidden-zero effect occurs among individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) and the degree to which this effect differs between the OUD group and healthy controls.Methods: In two different experiments, Exp#1) 29 male individuals with OUD (13.5 ± 6.0 months abstinence) and 29 male controls performed an intertemporal choice task (ICT); Exp#2) 28 male individuals with OUD (17.5 ± 5.6 months abstinence) and 27 male controls performed a delay discounting task (DDT). The OUD group was recruited from a mandatory treatment, and controls from WeChat. There were two choice conditions in both two tasks: the hidden-zero (H0) condition (standard), and the explicit-zero (E0) condition (explicitly expressing opportunity cost).Results: Compared with the H0 condition, all participants' delay discounting was significantly decreased in the E0 condition (ps < .05, ηp2 = 0.254, 0.110). There was no significant difference in the changed degree between these two groups in either experiment (ps > .05). The delay discounting of the OUD group was significantly higher than that of controls only in Experiment 2 (p < .001, ηp2 = 0.376).Conclusion: This study extended the population in which the hidden-zero effect occurs to individuals with OUD. With respect to delay discounting, the hidden-zero effect benefit did not differ in OUD and control participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Yang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Wenxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral and Mental Health of Gansu Province, School of Psychology, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, China
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16
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Thrailkill EA, DeSarno M, Higgins ST. Loss Aversion and Current, Former, and Never-Smoking Status. Nicotine Tob Res 2023; 25:1277-1282. [PMID: 36934337 PMCID: PMC10256887 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Loss aversion (LA) is a bias in decision-making wherein potential losses have a greater influence on choices than equivalent gains. Such a bias may protect individuals from harm. Consistent with this idea, lower LA has been measured in individuals who endorse current cigarette smoking as well as other substance use compared to controls matched on important sociodemographic variables (age, gender, and educational attainment). The goal of the present study was to systematically replicate and extend this association between LA and smoking status by comparing those meeting criteria for current-, former-, and never-smoking status. AIMS AND METHODS In total, 984 individuals (N = 984) that endorsed current cigarette smoking (past 30-day use; n = 361), former-smoking (no past 30-day use, >100 cigarettes lifetime; n = 317), and never-smoking (no past 30-day use, <100 cigarettes lifetime; n = 306) were recruited using standard crowdsourcing methods and completed measures of LA (50-50 gambles) and delay discounting (DD) (monetary choice questionnaire), an important decision-making bias with an established relationship to cigarette-smoking status. RESULTS Lower LA was observed in those endorsing current smoking compared to former smoking (t[952] = -9.57, Bonferroni corrected p < .0001), and never-smoking (t[952] = -3.99, Bonferroni corrected p = .0002). LA was also greater in former- compared to the never-smoking (t[952] = -5.26, Bonferroni corrected p < .0001). This pattern did not change when accounting for DD and sociodemographics. DD results replicated prior findings. CONCLUSIONS The results support LA as a decision-making bias related to the risk of cigarette smoking and other substance use. Further research is needed to understand the causal contributions of LA and DD and their potential intersections. IMPLICATIONS Low LA is a risk factor for cigarette smoking. This study reports higher LA among individuals that endorsed never-smoking and former-smoking status in comparison to those endorsing current cigarette smoking. LA may influence or be influenced by a change in smoking status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Thrailkill
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Burlington VT, USA
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, USA
| | - Michael DeSarno
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Burlington VT, USA
- Department of Biomedical Statistics, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, USA
| | - Stephen T Higgins
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, Burlington VT, USA
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Vermont, Burlington VT, USA
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17
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Pericot-Valverde I, Yoon JH, Byrne KA, Heo M, Niu J, Litwin AH, Gaalema DE. Effects of short-term nicotine deprivation on delay discounting among young, experienced, exclusive ENDS users: An initial study. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2023; 31:724-732. [PMID: 36355684 PMCID: PMC10405670 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Delay discounting describes how rapidly delayed rewards lose value as a function of delay and serves as one measure of impulsive decision-making. Nicotine deprivation among combustible cigarette smokers can increase delay discounting. We aimed to explore changes in discounting following nicotine deprivation among electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) users. Thirty young adults (aged 18-24 years) that exclusively used ENDS participated in two laboratory sessions: one with vaping as usual and another after 16 hr of nicotine deprivation (biochemically assessed). At each session, participants completed a craving measure and three hypothetical delay discounting tasks presenting choices between small, immediate rewards and large, delayed ones (money-money; e-liquid-e-liquid; e-liquid-money). Craving for ENDS significantly increased during short-term nicotine deprivation relative to normal vaping. Delay discounting rates in the e-liquid now versus money later task increased (indicating a shift in preference for smaller, immediate rewards) following short-term nicotine deprivation relative to vaping as usual, but no changes were observed in the other two discounting tasks. Short-term nicotine deprivation increased the preference for smaller amounts of e-liquid delivered immediately over larger, monetary awards available after a delay in this first study of its kind. As similar preference shifts for drug now versus money later have been shown to be indicative of increased desire to use drug as well as relapse risk, the findings support the utility of the current model as a platform to explore interventions that can mitigate these preference shifts. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Pericot-Valverde
- Department of Psychology, 418 Bracket Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Prisma Health Addiction Research Center, 605 Grove Rd., Prisma Health, Greenville, SC 29605, USA
| | - Jin H. Yoon
- Louis A. Faillace, MD, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 1941 East Road, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Kaileigh A. Byrne
- Department of Psychology, 418 Bracket Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
- Prisma Health Addiction Research Center, 605 Grove Rd., Prisma Health, Greenville, SC 29605, USA
| | - Moonseong Heo
- Prisma Health Addiction Research Center, 605 Grove Rd., Prisma Health, Greenville, SC 29605, USA
- Department of Public Health Sciences, 503 Edwards Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29631, USA
| | - Jiajing Niu
- Prisma Health Addiction Research Center, 605 Grove Rd., Prisma Health, Greenville, SC 29605, USA
- School of Mathematical and Statistical Science, Martin Hall, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Alain H. Litwin
- Prisma Health Addiction Research Center, 605 Grove Rd., Prisma Health, Greenville, SC 29605, USA
- Department of Medicine, USC School of Medicine Greenville, 607 Gove Rd, Greenville, SC 29605, USA
| | - Diann E. Gaalema
- Vermont Center on Behavior and Health, 1 South Prospect Street, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT 05401, USA
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18
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Loganathan K, Tiego J. Value-based decision-making network functional connectivity correlates with substance use and delay discounting behaviour among young adults. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 38:103424. [PMID: 37141645 PMCID: PMC10300614 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Substance use disorders are characterized by reduced control over the quantity and frequency of psychoactive substance use and impairments in social and occupational functioning. They are associated with poor treatment compliance and high rates of relapse. Identification of neural susceptibility biomarkers that index risk for developing a substance use disorder can facilitate earlier identification and treatment. Here, we aimed to identify the neurobiological correlates of substance use frequency and severity amongst a sample of 1,200 (652 females) participants aged 22-37 years from the Human Connectome Project. Substance use behaviour across eight classes (alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, sedatives, hallucinogens, cocaine, stimulants, opiates) was measured using the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism. We explored the latent organization of substance use behaviour using a combination of exploratory structural equation modelling, latent class analysis, and factor mixture modelling to reveal a unidimensional continuum of substance use behaviour. Participants could be rank ordered along a unitary severity spectrum encompassing frequency of use of all eight substance classes, with factor score estimates generated to represent each participant's substance use severity. Factor score estimates and delay discounting scores were compared with functional connectivity in 650 participants with imaging data using the Network-based Statistic. This neuroimaging cohort excludes participants aged 31 and over. We identified brain regions and connections correlated with impulsive decision-making and poly-substance use, with the medial orbitofrontal, lateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices emerging as key hubs. Functional connectivity of these networks could serve as susceptibility biomarkers for substance use disorders, informing earlier identification and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavinash Loganathan
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jeggan Tiego
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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19
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Ely AV, Wetherill RR. Reward and inhibition in obesity and cigarette smoking: Neurobiological overlaps and clinical implications. Physiol Behav 2023; 260:114049. [PMID: 36470508 PMCID: PMC10694810 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking and obesity are the leading causes of premature morbidity and mortality and increase the risk of all-cause mortality four-fold when comorbid. Individuals with these conditions demonstrate neurobiological and behavioral differences regarding how they respond to rewarding stimuli or engage in inhibitory control. This narrative review examines the role of reward and inhibition in cigarette smoking and obesity independently, as well as recent research demonstrating an effect of increased body mass index (BMI) on neurocognitive function in individuals who smoke. It is possible that chronic smoking and overeating of highly palatable food, contributing to obesity, dysregulates reward neurocircuitry, subsequently leading to hypofunction of brain networks associated with inhibitory control. These brain changes do not appear to be specific to food or nicotine and, as a result, can potentiate continued cross-use. Changes to reward and inhibitory function due to increased BMI may also make cessation more difficult for those comorbid for obesity and smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice V Ely
- Cooper University Health Care, Center for Healing, Division of Addiction Medicine, Camden, NJ 08103, USA.
| | - Reagan R Wetherill
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Psychiatry, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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20
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Koban L, Lee S, Schelski DS, Simon MC, Lerman C, Weber B, Kable JW, Plassmann H. An fMRI-Based Brain Marker of Individual Differences in Delay Discounting. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1600-1613. [PMID: 36657973 PMCID: PMC10008056 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1343-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Individual differences in delay discounting-how much we discount future compared to immediate rewards-are associated with general life outcomes, psychopathology, and obesity. Here, we use machine learning on fMRI activity during an intertemporal choice task to develop a functional brain marker of these individual differences in human adults. Training and cross-validating the marker in one dataset (Study 1, N = 110 male adults) resulted in a significant prediction-outcome correlation (r = 0.49), generalized to predict individual differences in a completely independent dataset (Study 2: N = 145 male and female adults, r = 0.45), and predicted discounting several weeks later. Out-of-sample responses of the functional brain marker, but not discounting behavior itself, differed significantly between overweight and lean individuals in both studies, and predicted fasting-state blood levels of insulin, c-peptide, and leptin in Study 1. Significant predictive weights of the marker were found in cingulate, insula, and frontoparietal areas, among others, suggesting an interplay among regions associated with valuation, conflict processing, and cognitive control. This new functional brain marker is a step toward a generalizable brain model of individual differences in delay discounting. Future studies can evaluate it as a potential transdiagnostic marker of altered decision-making in different clinical and developmental populations.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT People differ substantially in how much they prefer smaller sooner rewards or larger later rewards such as spending money now versus saving it for retirement. These individual differences are generally stable over time and have been related to differences in mental and bodily health. What is their neurobiological basis? We applied machine learning to brain-imaging data to identify a novel brain activity pattern that accurately predicts how much people prefer sooner versus later rewards, and which can be used as a new brain-based measure of intertemporal decision-making in future studies. The resulting functional brain marker also predicts overweight and metabolism-related blood markers, providing new insight into the possible links between metabolism and the cognitive and brain processes involved in intertemporal decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Koban
- Marketing Area, INSEAD, F-77300 Fontainebleau, France
- Control-Interoception-Attention Team, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France
- CNRS, INSERM, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon CRNL U1028 UMR5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Sangil Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6018
| | - Daniela S Schelski
- Center for Economics and Neuroscience, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Simon
- Institute for Nutrition and Food Science, Nutrition and Microbiota, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Caryn Lerman
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Bernd Weber
- Center for Economics and Neuroscience, University of Bonn, 53113 Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University of Bonn Medical Center, 53113 Bonn, Germany
| | - Joseph W Kable
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104-6018
| | - Hilke Plassmann
- Marketing Area, INSEAD, F-77300 Fontainebleau, France
- Control-Interoception-Attention Team, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), INSERM U1127, CNRS UMR7225, Sorbonne University, 75013 Paris, France
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21
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van de Groep S, Sweijen SW, de Water E, Crone EA. Temporal discounting for self and friends in adolescence: A fMRI study. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2023; 60:101204. [PMID: 36736019 PMCID: PMC9918426 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2023.101204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is characterized by impulsivity but also by increased importance of friendships. This study took the novel perspective of testing temporal discounting in a fMRI task where choices could affect outcomes for 96 adolescents (aged 10-20-years) themselves and their best friend. Decisions either benefitted themselves (i.e., the Self Immediate - Self Delay' condition) or their friend (i.e., 'Friend Immediate - Friend Delay' condition); or juxtaposed rewards for themselves and their friends (i.e., the 'Self Immediate - Friend Delay' or 'Friend Immediate - Self Delay' conditions). We observed that younger adolescents were more impulsive; and all participants were more impulsive when this was associated with an immediate benefit for friends. Individual differences analyses revealed increased activity in the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex extending in the ventral striatum for immediate relative to delayed reward choices for self. Temporal choices were associated with activity in the prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, insula, and ventral striatum, but only activity in the right inferior parietal lobe was associated with age. Finally, temporal delay choices for friends relative to self were associated with increased activity in the temporo-parietal junction and precuneus. Overall, this study shows a unique role of the social context in adolescents' temporal decision making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne van de Groep
- Erasmus SYNC Lab, the Netherlands; Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Brain and Development Research Center, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, the Netherlands.
| | - Sophie W. Sweijen
- Erasmus SYNC Lab, the Netherlands,Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands,Brain and Development Research Center, the Netherlands,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, the Netherlands
| | - Erik de Water
- Great Lakes Neurobehavioral Center, Edina, MN, United States
| | - Eveline A. Crone
- Erasmus SYNC Lab, the Netherlands,Erasmus School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands,Brain and Development Research Center, the Netherlands,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, the Netherlands
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22
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Sooner is Better: Longitudinal Relations Between Delay Discounting, and Depression and Anxiety Symptoms among Vietnamese Adolescents. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2023; 51:133-147. [PMID: 35920957 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-00959-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Delay discounting refers to the decline in the present value of an outcome as a function of the delay to its receipt. Research on delay discounting initially focused on substance abuse, generally finding that greater delay discounting is associated with increased risk for and severity of substance abuse. More recently, delay discounting has been linked theoretically and empirically to affective psychopathology, potentially suggesting novel intervention targets for mental health problems such as depression and anxiety. Longitudinal research consequently is critical to determine direction of causality and rule out possible third variable explanations. Only a small number of longitudinal studies have been conducted in this area, however. Furthermore, socio-economic and socio-cultural factors may influence delay discounting and its effects, but thus far the literature is relatively limited in this regard. The present study focused on adolescence, a key time-period for development of delay discounting and emotional problems. Longitudinal relations between delay discounting, and depression and anxiety symptoms were assessed among 414 adolescents in Vietnam, a lower-middle-income Southeast Asian nation with significant cultural divergence from Western countries. In contrast to most cross-sectional studies that have found positive or non-significant correlations, in the present study delay discounting at Time 1 had a negative beta with anxiety and depression symptoms at Time 1, with preference for immediate but smaller rewards (higher discounting) at Time 1 associated with lower anxiety and depression symptoms at Time 2. These results suggest that under certain circumstances, steeper delay discounting may be adaptive and supportive of emotional mental health.
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23
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Klein SD, Collins PF, Luciana M. Developmental trajectories of delay discounting from childhood to young adulthood: longitudinal associations and test-retest reliability. Cogn Psychol 2022; 139:101518. [PMID: 36183669 PMCID: PMC10888509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2022.101518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Delay discounting (DD) indexes an individual's preference for smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards, and is considered a form of cognitive impulsivity. Cross-sectional studies have demonstrated that DD peaks in adolescence; longitudinal studies are needed to validate this putative developmental trend, and to determine whether DD assesses a temporary state, or reflects a more stable behavioral trait. In this study, 140 individuals aged 9-23 completed a delay discounting (DD) task and cognitive battery at baseline and every-two years thereafter, yielding five assessments over approximately 10 years. Models fit with the inverse effect of age best approximated the longitudinal trajectory of two DD measures, hyperbolic discounting (log[k]) and area under the indifference-point curve (AUC). Discounting of future rewards increased rapidly from childhood to adolescence and appeared to plateau in late adolescence for both models of DD. Participants with greater verbal intelligence and working memory displayed reduced DD across the duration of the study, suggesting a functional interrelationship between these domains and DD from early adolescence to adulthood. Furthermore, AUC demonstrated good to excellent reliability across assessment points that was superior to log(k), with both measures demonstrating acceptable stability once participants reached late adolescence. The developmental trajectories of DD we observed from childhood through young adulthood suggest that DD may index cognitive control more than reward sensitivity, and that despite modest developmental changes with maturation, AUC may be conceptualized as a trait variable related to cognitive control vs impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D Klein
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Paul F Collins
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Monica Luciana
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Soutschek A, Bulley A, Wittekind CE. Metacognitive deficits are associated with lower sensitivity to preference reversals in nicotine dependence. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19787. [PMID: 36396945 PMCID: PMC9671892 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24332-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficits in impulse control belong to the core profile of nicotine dependence. Smokers might thus benefit from voluntarily self-restricting their access to the immediate temptation of nicotine products (precommitment) in order to avoid impulse control failures. However, little is known about how smokers' willingness to engage in voluntary self-restrictions is determined by metacognitive insight into their general preferences for immediate over delayed rewards. Here, with a series of monetary intertemporal choice tasks, we provide empirical evidence for reduced metacognitive accuracy in smokers relative to non-smokers and show that smokers overestimate the subjective value of delayed rewards relative to their revealed preferences. In line with the metacognitive deficits, smokers were also less sensitive to the risk of preference reversals when deciding whether or not to restrict their access to short-term financial rewards. Taken together, the current findings suggest that deficits not only in impulse control but also in metacognition may hamper smokers' resistance to immediate rewards and capacity to pursue long-term goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Soutschek
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XChair of Experimental and General Psychology, Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Leopoldstr. 13, 80802 Munich, Germany
| | - Adam Bulley
- grid.1013.30000 0004 1936 834XThe University of Sydney, School of Psychology and Brain and Mind Centre, Sydney, Australia ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA
| | - Charlotte E. Wittekind
- grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XChair of Clinical Psychology, Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Brown JM, Stein JS. Putting prospection into practice: Methodological considerations in the use of episodic future thinking to reduce delay discounting and maladaptive health behaviors. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1020171. [PMID: 36408004 PMCID: PMC9669959 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, episodic future thinking (EFT) has emerged as a promising behavioral intervention to reduce delay discounting or maladaptive health behaviors; however, considerable methodological heterogeneity in methods for eliciting engagement in EFT has been observed in prior research. In this narrative review, we briefly describe methods for generating EFT cues, the content of EFT cues, common control conditions for experiments utilizing EFT, and considerations for cue delivery and implementation. Where possible, we make suggestions for current best practices in each category while identifying gaps in knowledge and potential areas of future research. Finally, we conclude by using the NIH Stage model to better frame the current state of the literature on EFT and propose gaps to be addressed if EFT is to be both an efficacious and effective behavioral intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah Michael Brown
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, United States
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Jeffrey Scott Stein
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, United States
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Differences in attentional bias to smoking-related, affective, and sensation-seeking cues between smokers and non-smokers: an eye-tracking study. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2022; 239:3711-3721. [PMID: 36181542 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-022-06245-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/07/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE One of the behavioural features of tobacco use disorder is the presence of attentional bias (AB) to smoking-related stimuli. However, much of the research investigating these associations have been limited to the use of reaction-based indices. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate differences in AB to smoking, affective, and sensation-seeking cues in smokers and non-smokers using novel, free-viewing, eye-tracking technology. Secondary aims included investigating impulsivity-by-group interaction effects on AB to sensation-seeking cues. METHODS Participants were either otherwise-healthy smokers of at least 8 cigarettes per day or otherwise-healthy non-smokers (< 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and no smoking in the past year). AB was measured using a free-viewing, eye-tracking system. Participants were presented a series of slides divided into 3 themes: smoking, affective, and sensation-seeking. Each slide contained 4 images (1 theme-related, 1 neutral, 2 competitive). Primary outcome measure was the difference in the proportion of time spent viewing the theme-related cue to neutral cue. Impulsivity was measured using a monetary delayed discounting task. RESULTS The sample consisted of 50 smokers (41 ± 12 years old) and 50 age- and sex-matched non-smokers (40 ± 14 years old). Smokers spent over 2 times longer looking at smoking-related images than non-smokers (F = 25.50, p < 0.001). As well, greater impulsivity was significantly associated with increased AB to sensation-seeking cues (R2 = 0.059, F = 2.98, p = 0.04) in smokers but not non-smokers. No differences were found on AB to affective cues. CONCLUSION The eye-tracking procedure is a sensitive tool for assessing AB in smokers compared to non-smokers to both smoking and sensation-seeking cues.
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Self-other differences in intertemporal decision making: An eye-tracking investigation. Conscious Cogn 2022; 102:103356. [PMID: 35636353 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2022.103356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated how intertemporal choices made for others differed from those made for oneself, and how attention directed to specific attributes of the choice problem contributed to such differences. Moderating effects of components of trait empathy, chronic construal-level, and personal sense of power were examined. Thirty-five participants performed a money choice task where they made choices for themselves and on behalf of an acquaintance, during which their eye movements were tracked. Results showed that lower scores on the fantasy component of empathy predicted decreased delay discounting while making decisions for others, while higher empathic concern favoured less impulsive choices for both self and others. Higher sense of power favoured less impulsive choices for both self and others. While making decisions for others, higher power biased more attention towards the reward attribute of the choice, which in turn predicted less delay discounting. Results are discussed from a construal-level perspective.
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Felton JW, Collado A, Cinader M, Key K, Lejuez CW, Yi R. The Role of Delay Discounting in the Generation of Stressful Life Events Across Adolescence. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2022; 50:1529-1541. [DOI: 10.1007/s10802-022-00950-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dey AK, Ennis N, Cheng DM, Blokhina E, Raj A, Quinn E, Bendiks S, Palfai T, Dunne EM, Cook RL, Krupitsky E, Samet JH. Impulsivity and linkage to HIV Care among People living with HIV in St. Petersburg, Russia. AIDS Behav 2022; 26:4126-4134. [PMID: 35708831 DOI: 10.1007/s10461-022-03738-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the association between impulsivity and linkage to HIV care among Russians living with HIV recruited from an inpatient narcology hospital. Linking Infectious and Narcology Care (LINC) study participants who completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) were included in these analyses. The primary independent variable was impulsivity score which was categorized as high impulsivity (BIS score > 71) vs. low impulsivity (BIS score < = 71). The primary outcome, linkage to care post recruitment, was defined as one or more HIV medical care visits at 12-month follow-up. Multiple logistic regression models were used to evaluate the association between high impulsivity and linkage to HIV care controlling for potential confounders. Participants (N = 227) were adults with a mean age of 34 years (SD = 5), and the majority were male (74%). We did not detect a significant association between impulsivity and linkage to HIV care after adjusting for respondents' age, gender, CD4 cell count, and depression score. We also found that substance use and hazardous drinking did not appear to confound the relationship. Although our study was unable to detect an association between impulsivity and linkage to HIV care, it may provide direction for future research exploring the associations between impulsivity and HIV care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab K Dey
- Division of Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, 92093, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | | | | | - Elena Blokhina
- First St. Petersburg Pavlov State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anita Raj
- Division of Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, 92093, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Evgeny Krupitsky
- First St. Petersburg Pavlov State Medical University, St. Petersburg, Russia.,V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jeffrey H Samet
- Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.,Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Ruhi-Williams P, King MJ, Stein JS, Bickel WK. Episodic Future Thinking about Smoking-Related Illness: A Preliminary Investigation of Effects on Delay Discounting, Cigarette Craving, and Cigarette Demand. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19127136. [PMID: 35742385 PMCID: PMC9223435 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smokers show excessive delay discounting (devaluation of delayed rewards), which may contribute to tobacco use disorder. Episodic future thinking (EFT), or mental simulation of future events, has been shown to reduce both delay discounting and laboratory smoking behavior. Traditionally, EFT involves vividly imagining positive future events. In this preliminary investigation, we examined the effects of EFT specifically about smoking-related illness (SRI) on delay discounting, cigarette craving, and behavioral economic demand for cigarettes. In a 2 (episodic thinking) × 2 (smoking-related illness) factorial design, we randomly assigned smokers from Amazon Mechanical Turk to one of two EFT groups: EFT alone or EFT + SRI; or one of two episodic “recent” thinking (ERT) control groups: ERT alone or ERT + SRI. Both EFT groups generated and imagined positive future events, while both ERT groups imagined real events from the recent past. Both EFT + SRI and ERT + SRI groups imagined these events while also experiencing SRI symptoms. Participants then completed assessments of delay discounting, cigarette craving, and measures of cigarette demand. We observed significant main effects on delay discounting of both EFT (reduced discounting) and SRI (increased discounting), as well as significant main effects of both EFT and SRI on cigarette craving (in both cases, reduced craving). No significant main effect of EFT was observed on cigarette demand measures, although we observed a main effect of SRI on quantity of demand when cigarettes were free (Q0) (reduced demand). In all analyses, we observed no significant EFT × SRT interactions, indicating that these variables operate independently of one another. These methods may be adapted for use in clinical treatment to aid in smoking cessation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perisa Ruhi-Williams
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, 1 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (P.R.-W.); (M.J.K.); (W.K.B.)
- Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, 4 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
- Irvine Medical Center, University of California, Orange, CA 92697, USA
| | - Mary J. King
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, 1 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (P.R.-W.); (M.J.K.); (W.K.B.)
- Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24016, USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Stein
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, 1 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (P.R.-W.); (M.J.K.); (W.K.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute, 1 Riverside Circle, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (P.R.-W.); (M.J.K.); (W.K.B.)
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Dan O, Wertheimer E, Levy I. A Neuroeconomics Approach to Obesity. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 91:860-868. [PMID: 34861975 PMCID: PMC8960474 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is a heterogeneous condition that is affected by physiological, behavioral, and environmental factors. Value-based decision making is a useful framework for integrating these factors at the individual level. The disciplines of behavioral economics and reinforcement learning provide tools for identifying specific cognitive and motivational processes that may contribute to the development and maintenance of obesity. Neuroeconomics complements these disciplines by studying the neural mechanisms underlying these processes. We surveyed recent literature on individual decision characteristics that are most frequently implicated in obesity: discounting the value of future outcomes, attitudes toward uncertainty, and learning from rewards and punishments. Our survey highlighted both consistent and inconsistent behavioral findings. These findings underscore the need to examine multiple processes within individuals to identify unique behavioral profiles associated with obesity. Such individual characterization will inform future studies on the neurobiology of obesity as well as the design of effective interventions that are individually tailored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohad Dan
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University,Wu-Tsai Institute, Yale University
| | - Emily Wertheimer
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University,Wu-Tsai Institute, Yale University
| | - Ifat Levy
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut; Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut.
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Collado A, Felton J, Grunevski S, Doran K, Yi R. Working Memory Training Reduces Cigarette Smoking Among Low-Income Individuals With Elevated Delay Discounting. Nicotine Tob Res 2022; 24:890-896. [PMID: 35018452 PMCID: PMC9048952 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The competing neurobehavioral decision systems theory conceptualizes addictive behavior, such as cigarette smoking, as arising from the imbalance between stronger impulsive relative to weaker executive decision processes. Working memory trainings may enhance executive decision processes, yet few studies have evaluated its efficacy on substance misuse, with mixed evidence. The current study is the first to evaluate the efficacy of a working memory training on cigarette smoking. We consider the moderating role of delay discounting (DD), or the preference for smaller, immediately available rewards relative to larger, delayed rewards, which has been associated with smoking onset, progression, and resumption. The investigation focuses on individuals living in high-poverty, low-resource environments due high burden of tobacco-related disease they experience. AIMS AND METHODS The study utilized a subset of data (N = 177 individuals who smoke) generated from a randomized clinical trial that is evaluating the efficacy of working memory training for improving health-related outcomes. Participants were randomized to complete up to 15 sessions of the active, working memory training or a control training. RESULTS Findings showed that among participants who were randomized to the working memory condition, those with higher rates of baseline DD demonstrated decreases in cigarette smoking (p = .05). Conversely, individuals randomized to the control condition, who had higher rates of baseline DD exhibited increases in cigarette smoking (p = .025). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that DD may be an important indicator of working memory training outcomes and a possible approach for effectively targeting treatments in the future. IMPLICATIONS DD is important indicator of working memory training outcomes on cigarette smoking. The findings suggest the possibility to effectively target treatments considering the impact of DD. Given that rates of DD tend to be higher among individuals from low-resource communities, and that computer-based working memory training programs are relatively low-cost and scalable, these findings suggest this approach may have specific utility for adults at heightened risk for cigarette use.This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier NCT03501706).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahi Collado
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, GB, USA
| | - Julia Felton
- Center for Health Policy & Health Services Research, Henry Ford Health Systems, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Sergej Grunevski
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, GB, USA
| | - Kelly Doran
- Department of Family and Community Health, University of Maryland Baltimore, School of Nursing, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Richard Yi
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, GB, USA
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Fröhner JH, Ripke S, Jurk S, Li SC, Banaschewski T, Bokde AL, Quinlan EB, Desrivières S, Flor H, Grigis A, Garavan H, Heinz A, Brühl R, Martinot JL, Martinot MLP, Artiges E, Nees F, Orfanos DP, Poustka L, Hohmann S, Walter H, Whelan R, Schumann G, Smolka MN. Associations of delay discounting and drinking trajectories from ages 14 to 22. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:667-681. [PMID: 35257381 PMCID: PMC9018624 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While drinking alcohol, one must choose between the immediate rewarding effects and the delayed reward of a healthier lifestyle. Individuals differ in their devaluation of a delayed reward based on the time required to receive it, i.e., delay discounting (DD). Previous studies have shown that adolescents discount more steeply than adults and that steeper DD is associated with heavier alcohol use in both groups. METHODS In a large-scale longitudinal study, we investigated whether higher rates of DD are an antecedent or a consequence of alcohol use during adolescent development. As part of the IMAGEN project, 2220 adolescents completed the Monetary Choice Questionnaire as a DD measure, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, and the Timeline Follow Back interview at ages 14, 16, 18, and 22. Bivariate latent growth curve models were applied to investigate the relationship between DD and drinking. To explore the consequences of drinking, we computed the cumulative alcohol consumption and correlated it with the development of discounting. A subsample of 221 participants completed an intertemporal choice task (iTeCh) during functional magnetic resonance imaging at ages 14, 16, and 18. Repeated-measures ANOVA was used to differentiate between high-risk and low-risk drinkers on the development of neural processing during intertemporal choices. RESULTS Overall, high rates of DD at age 14 predicted a greater increase in drinking over 8 years. In contrast, on average, moderate alcohol use did not affect DD from ages 14 to 22. Of note, we found indicators for less brain activity in top-down control areas during intertemporal choices in the participants who drank more. CONCLUSIONS Steep DD was shown to be a predictor rather than a consequence of alcohol use in low-level drinking adolescents. Important considerations for future longitudinal studies are the sampling strategies to be used and the reliability of the assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane H. Fröhner
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sarah Jurk
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Shu-Chen Li
- Faculty of Psychology, Chair of Lifespan Developmental Neuroscience, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Banaschewski
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Arun L.W. Bokde
- Discipline of Psychiatry, School of Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Erin Burke Quinlan
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvane Desrivières
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King’s College London, United Kingdom
| | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, 68131 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Antoine Grigis
- NeuroSpin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hugh Garavan
- Departments of Psychiatry and Psychology, University of Vermont, 05405 Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Andreas Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Brühl
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Braunschweig and Berlin, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie"; Université Paris-Saclay, École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli; Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Laure Paillère Martinot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie"; Université Paris-Saclay, École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli; Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Sorbonne Université, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eric Artiges
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM U A10 "Trajectoires développementales & psychiatrie"; Université Paris-Saclay, École normale supérieure Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre Borelli; Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Psychiatry Department, EPS Barthélémy Durand, Etampes, France
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, CNRS, CEA, Université de Bordeaux, 33076 Bordeaux, France
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, Mannheim, Germany
- Institute of Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, University Medical Center Schleswig Holstein, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Luise Poustka
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre Göttingen, von-Siebold-Str. 5, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sarah Hohmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Henrik Walter
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy CCM, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Whelan
- School of Psychology and Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gunter Schumann
- Centre for Population Neuroscience and Precision Medicine (PONS), Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, SGDP Centre, King’s College London, United Kingdom
- PONS Research Group, Dept of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Campus Charité Mitte, Humboldt University, Berlin and Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany, and Institute for Science and Technology of Brain-inspired Intelligence (ISTBI), Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Michael N. Smolka
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroimaging Center, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Herman AM, Stanton TR. Delay and Effort-Based Discounting, and the Role of Bodily Awareness, In People Experiencing Long-Term Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2022; 23:487-500. [PMID: 34678469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pain interventions typically include effortful exercise and long-term treatment - ie, short-term costs (effort) with delayed benefit (improved pain and/or function). Thus, understanding if long-term pain influences decision-making in context of delays and effort is essential given clear relevance to treatment uptake and/or adherence. We evaluated delay and effort attitudes in those experiencing chronic pain (n = 391) and in pain-free controls (n = 263). Additionally, we investigated the role of bodily sensation awareness and/or interpretation as potential contributing factors to altered decision-making. Volunteers completed three discounting questionnaires, assessing the influence of temporal delays (gains, losses) and effort on devaluation of monetary outcomes. Individuals with chronic pain had more short-sighted decisions for monetary gains, but not losses, and decreased willingness to undertake effort for monetary gains than the No Pain group. The Pain group had higher bodily sensation awareness and while this related to higher impulsivity, delay and effort discounting, neither awareness nor interpretation of bodily sensations interacted with pain levels or explained group differences in discounting behavior. These findings suggest that impaired delay and effort-based discounting is present in people with chronic pain, and that this may be driven by pain-induced changes, but not pain-induced enhancements in bodily sensation awareness and/or interpretation. Exploring the utility of interventions targeting discounting behavior is warranted. Data availability: Study materials are available here: https://osf.io/zexm7/?view_only=c9848597361c41808c612874da6f33b7. PERSPECTIVE: People with chronic pain make more short-sighted decisions (prefer less reward sooner) and decreased willingness to undertake effort (prefer less reward with little effort) for monetary gains than people without pain. Interventions targeting discounting behavior may help improve both uptake and adherence for evidence-based, effortful treatments, such as exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M Herman
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland; Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK.
| | - Tasha R Stanton
- IIMPACT in Health, Allied Health & Human Performance, The University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Chen Y, Chaudhary S, Wang W, Li CSR. Gray matter volumes of the insula and anterior cingulate cortex and their dysfunctional roles in cigarette smoking. ADDICTION NEUROSCIENCE 2022; 1:100003. [PMID: 37220533 PMCID: PMC10201991 DOI: 10.1016/j.addicn.2021.100003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The salience network, including the insula and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), has been implicated in nicotine addiction. Structural imaging studies have reported diminished insula and ACC gray matter volumes (GMVs) in smokers as compared to nonsmokers. However, it remains unclear how insula and ACC GMVs may relate to years of smoking, addiction severity, or behavioral traits known to dispose individuals to smoking. Here, with a dataset curated from the Human Connectome Project and voxel-based morphometry, we replicated the findings of smaller GMVs of the insula and medial prefrontal cortex, including the dorsal ACC and supplementary motor area (dACC/SMA), in (70 heavy < 209 light < 209 never) smokers matched in age, sex, and average daily num ber of drinks. The GMVs of the insula or dACC/SMA were not significantly correlated with years of smoking or Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) scores. Heavy relative to never smokers demonstrated higher externalizing and internalizing scores, as evaluated by the NIH Emotion. In heavy smokers, the dACC/SMA but not insula GMV was positively correlated with both externalizing and internalizing scores. The findings together confirm volumetric changes in the salience network in heavy smokers and suggest potentially distinct dysfunctional roles of the insula and dACC/SMA in chronic smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Shefali Chaudhary
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Wuyi Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Chiang-Shan R. Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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Latent Heterogeneity in the Impact of Financial Coaching on Delay Discounting among Low-Income Smokers: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052736. [PMID: 35270426 PMCID: PMC8910110 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Low-income adults are significantly more likely to smoke, and face more difficulty in quitting, than people with high income. High rates of delay discounting (DD) may be an important factor contributing to the high rates of tobacco use among low-income adults. Future-oriented financial coaching may offer a novel approach in the treatment of smoking cessation among low-income adults. This secondary analysis (N = 251) of data from a randomized controlled trial examined the integration of future-oriented financial coaching into smoking cessation treatment for low-income smokers. Linear regression and finite mixture models (FMM) estimated the overall and the latent heterogeneity of the impact of the intervention versus usual care control on DD rates 6 months after randomization. Though standard linear regression found no overall difference in DD between intervention and control (β = −0.23, p = 0.338), the FMM identified two latent subgroups with different responses to the intervention. Subgroup 1 (79% of the sample) showed no difference in DD between intervention and control (β = 0.25, p = 0.08). Subgroup 2 (21% of the sample) showed significantly lower DD (β = −2.06, p = 0.003) among intervention group participants versus control at 6 months. Participants were more likely to be a member of subgroup 2 if they had lower baseline DD rates, were living at or below 100% of federal poverty, or were married/living with a partner. This study identified a group of low-income adults seeking to quit smoking who responded to financial coaching with decreased DD rates. These results can be used to inform future targeting of the intervention to individuals who may benefit most, as well as inform future treatment adaptations to support the subgroup of low-income smokers, who did not benefit.
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Hoorn J, Water E, Dekkers TJ, Pollak Y, Popma A, Jansen BRJ, Huizenga HM, Duijvenvoorde ACK. Peer feedback decreases impulsive choice in adolescents with and without attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder. JCPP ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jorien Hoorn
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition Leiden The Netherlands
- Levvel Academic Center for Child‐ and Adolescent Psychiatry Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | - Tycho J. Dekkers
- Levvel Academic Center for Child‐ and Adolescent Psychiatry Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Child‐ and Adolescent Psychiatry University Medical Center Groningen Groningen The Netherlands
- Department of Child‐ and Adolescent Psychiatry Amsterdam University Medical Centers Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Yehuda Pollak
- Seymour Fox School of Education Hebrew University of Jerusalem Jerusalem Israel
| | - Arne Popma
- Levvel Academic Center for Child‐ and Adolescent Psychiatry Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Department of Child‐ and Adolescent Psychiatry Amsterdam University Medical Centers Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Brenda R. J. Jansen
- Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Yield Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Hilde M. Huizenga
- Department of Psychology University of Amsterdam Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Research Priority Area Yield Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Anna C. K. Duijvenvoorde
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition Leiden The Netherlands
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Xu Y, Towe SL, Causey ST, Dennis PA, Meade CS. Effects of substance use on monetary delay discounting among people who use stimulants with and without HIV: An ecological momentary assessment study. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2022; 30:39-50. [PMID: 32757596 PMCID: PMC8407024 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Exploration of the real-time relationship between substance use and delay discounting may reveal potential mechanisms driving high-risk behaviors. We conducted an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study to investigate the effects of substance use on delay discounting in a sample of people who use stimulants (HIV+: 30; HIV-: 34). Participants completed multiple EMAs throughout the day for 28 days. The EMAs collected data on delay discounting and substance use (time since last substance use and level of intoxication). Delay discounting was assessed using a brief Monetary Choice Questionnaire (MCQ). Analyses were conducted using linear mixed effects modeling. Most participants (99.1%) used cocaine as their primary stimulant. Among participants without HIV, MCQ score remained relatively stable during the first 2 hr after stimulant use, followed by an increase during 2-6 hr (p < .05), before decreasing again. For alcohol and marijuana, the MCQ score was stable during the first 4 hr after use, with a sharp increase at 4-6 hr (p < .05), before decreasing again. Among participants with HIV, there were no changes in MCQ score as a function of time since recent substance use. These findings provide evidence of a plausible connection between delay discounting and acute withdrawal that may have relevance for risky behaviors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunan Xu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA,Corresponding author: Yunan Xu, PhD, Duke University, Box 102848, Durham, NC 27710, , tel. 919-681-9289
| | - Sheri L. Towe
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shakiera T. Causey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Paul A. Dennis
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA,Research and Development Service, Durham Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Christina S. Meade
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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Kohn R, Vachani A, Small D, Stephens-Shields AJ, Sheu D, Madden VL, Bayes BA, Chowdhury M, Friday S, Kim J, Gould MK, Ismail MH, Creekmur B, Facktor MA, Collins C, Blessing KK, Neslund-Dudas CM, Simoff MJ, Alleman ER, Epstein LH, Horst MA, Scott ME, Volpp KG, Halpern SD, Hart JL. Comparing Smoking Cessation Interventions among Underserved Patients Referred for Lung Cancer Screening: A Pragmatic Trial Protocol. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2022; 19:303-314. [PMID: 34384042 PMCID: PMC8867367 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202104-499sd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Smoking burdens are greatest among underserved patients. Lung cancer screening (LCS) reduces mortality among individuals at risk for smoking-associated lung cancer. Although LCS programs must offer smoking cessation support, the interventions that best promote cessation among underserved patients in this setting are unknown. This stakeholder-engaged, pragmatic randomized clinical trial will compare the effectiveness of four interventions promoting smoking cessation among underserved patients referred for LCS. By using an additive study design, all four arms provide standard "ask-advise-refer" care. Arm 2 adds free or subsidized pharmacologic cessation aids, arm 3 adds financial incentives up to $600 for cessation, and arm 4 adds a mobile device-delivered episodic future thinking tool to promote attention to long-term health goals. We hypothesize that smoking abstinence rates will be higher with the addition of each intervention when compared with arm 1. We will enroll 3,200 adults with LCS orders at four U.S. health systems. Eligible patients include those who smoke at least one cigarette daily and self-identify as a member of an underserved group (i.e., is Black or Latinx, is a rural resident, completed a high school education or less, and/or has a household income <200% of the federal poverty line). The primary outcome is biochemically confirmed smoking abstinence sustained through 6 months. Secondary outcomes include abstinence sustained through 12 months, other smoking-related clinical outcomes, and patient-reported outcomes. This pragmatic randomized clinical trial will identify the most effective smoking cessation strategies that LCS programs can implement to reduce smoking burdens affecting underserved populations. Clinical trial registered with clinicaltrials.gov (NCT04798664). Date of registration: March 12, 2021. Date of trial launch: May 17, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Kohn
- Palliative and Advanced Illness Research Center
- Department of Medicine
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics
| | | | - Dylan Small
- Department of Statistics, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jannie Kim
- Palliative and Advanced Illness Research Center
| | - Michael K. Gould
- Department of Health Systems Science, Kaiser Permanente Bernard J. Tyson School of Medicine, Pasadena, California
| | | | - Beth Creekmur
- Department of Research and Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Riverside, California
| | | | | | - Kristina K. Blessing
- Investigator Initiated Research Operations, Geisinger Health System, Danville, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Michael J. Simoff
- Henry Ford Cancer Institute, and
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Leonard H. Epstein
- Department of Pediatrics, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Michael A. Horst
- Lancaster General Health Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania Health System, Lancaster, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael E. Scott
- The Center for Black Health and Equity, Durham, North Carolina; and
| | - Kevin G. Volpp
- Department of Medicine
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, and
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott D. Halpern
- Palliative and Advanced Illness Research Center
- Department of Medicine
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, and
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joanna L. Hart
- Palliative and Advanced Illness Research Center
- Department of Medicine
- Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, and
- Center for Health Incentives and Behavioral Economics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Medicine, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Stein JS, Brown JM, Tegge AN, Freitas-Lemos R, Koffarnus MN, Bickel WK, Madden GJ. Choice Bundling Increases Valuation of Delayed Losses More Than Gains in Cigarette Smokers. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 15:796502. [PMID: 35095439 PMCID: PMC8793342 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.796502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Choice bundling, in which a single choice produces a series of repeating consequences over time, increases valuation of delayed monetary and non-monetary gains. Interventions derived from this manipulation may be an effective method for mitigating the elevated delay discounting rates observed in cigarette smokers. No prior work, however, has investigated whether the effects of choice bundling generalize to reward losses. In the present study, an online panel of cigarette smokers (N = 302), recruited using survey firms Ipsos and InnovateMR, completed assessments for either monetary gains or losses (randomly assigned). In Step 1, participants completed a delay-discounting task to establish Effective Delay 50 (ED50), or the delay required for an outcome to lose half of its value. In Step 2, participants completed three conditions of an adjusting-amount task, choosing between a smaller, sooner (SS) adjusting amount and a larger, later (LL) fixed amount. The bundle size (i.e., number of consequences) was manipulated across conditions, where a single choice produced either 1 (control), 3, or 9 consequences over time (ascending/descending order counterbalanced). The delay to the first LL amount in each condition, as well as the intervals between all additional SS and LL amounts (where applicable), were set to individual participants’ ED50 values from Step 1 to control for differences in discounting of gains and losses. Results from Step 1 showed significantly higher ED50 values (i.e., less discounting) for losses compared to gains (p < 0.001). Results from Step 2 showed that choice bundling significantly increased valuation of both LL gains and losses (p < 0.001), although effects were significantly greater for losses (p < 0.01). Sensitivity analyses replicated these conclusions. Future research should examine the potential clinical utility of choice bundling, such as development of motivational interventions that emphasize both the bundled health gains associated with smoking cessation and the health losses associated with continued smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Stein
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, United States
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeffrey S. Stein,
| | - Jeremiah M. Brown
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, United States
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Allison N. Tegge
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | | | - Mikhail N. Koffarnus
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Warren K. Bickel
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Gregory J. Madden
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
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OXTR Gene DNA Methylation Levels Are Associated with Discounting Behavior with Untrustworthy Proposers. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12010098. [PMID: 35053841 PMCID: PMC8774269 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual differences in temporal and probabilistic discounting are associated with a wide range of life outcomes in literature. Traditional approaches have focused on impulsiveness and cognitive control skills, on goal-oriented personality traits as well as on the psychological perception of time. More recently, literature started to consider the role of social and contextual factors in discounting behavior. Between others, higher generalized trust in human beings and specific trust in people who will deliver the future/probabilistic rewards have been related to a stronger willingness to wait and to assume risk. Moreover, the tendency to trust others has been associated with the oxytocin receptor gene regulation that can be modified by life experiences. In this perspective, we hypothesized that differences in the tendency to wait and to take risks for a more desirable reward according to the proposer’s trustworthiness could be related to a different level of DNA methylation at the oxytocin receptor gene. Findings confirmed that participants are less willing to wait and to risk when the proposer is considered highly untrustworthy and revealed how higher oxytocin receptor gene DNA methylation is associated with a stronger effect due to the presence of an untrustworthy proposer. Limits and future directions are outlined.
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Conti AA, Baldacchino AM. Chronic tobacco smoking, impaired reward-based decision-making, and role of insular cortex: A comparison between early-onset smokers and late-onset smokers. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:939707. [PMID: 36090372 PMCID: PMC9459116 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.939707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The literature suggests that tobacco smoking may have a neurotoxic effect on the developing adolescent brain. Particularly, it may impair the decision-making process of early-onset smokers (<16 years), by rendering them more prone to impulsive and risky choices toward rewards, and therefore more prone to smoking relapses, in comparison to late-onset smokers (≥16 years). However, no study has ever investigated reward-based decision-making and structural brain differences between early-onset smokers and late-onset smokers. METHODS Computerized measures of reward-based decision-making [Cambridge Gambling Task (CGT); 5-trials adjusting delay discounting task (ADT-5)] were administered to 11 early-onset smokers (mean age at regular smoking initiation = 13.2 years), 17 late-onset smokers (mean age at regular smoking initiation = 18.0 years), and 24 non-smoker controls. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was utilized to investigate the gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) volume differences in fronto-cortical and striatal brain regions between early-onset smokers, late-onset smokers, and non-smokers. RESULTS Early-onset smokers displayed a riskier decision-making behavior in comparison to non-smokers as assessed by the CGT (p < 0.01, Cohen's f = 0.48). However, no significant differences (p > 0.05) in reward-based decision-making were detected between early-onset smokers and late-onset smokers. VBM results revealed early-onset smokers to present lower GM volume in the bilateral anterior insular cortex (AI) in comparison to late-onset smokers and lower WM volume in the right AI in comparison to late-onset smokers. CONCLUSION Impairments in reward-based decision-making may not be affected by tobacco smoking initiation during early adolescence. Instead, lower GM and WM volume in the AI of early-onset smokers may underline a vulnerability to develop compulsive tobacco seeking and smoking behavior during adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Alberto Conti
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Mario Baldacchino
- Division of Population and Behavioral Science, University of St Andrews School of Medicine, St Andrews, United Kingdom
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Lee YJ, Rasmussen EB. Age-related effects in delay discounting for food. Appetite 2022; 168:105783. [PMID: 34743827 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Developmental influences of growth, such as hormones and metabolic factors, increase food intake and weight across the lifespan. Delay discounting (DD), a choice procedure that characterizes preferences for immediate rewards, such as food, over larger, more delayed ones may be useful in understanding developmental and metabolic changes in decision making processes related to food intake. The present study examined the relation between age and food DD in a cross-sectional design. Other variables, such as pubertal stage, were examined also as these may influence discounting. Participants (N = 114; 28 children and 86 adult) from a community sample completed measures of food and money delay discounting to determine if age-related variation in discounting tendencies is food-specific or more general. Both measures yield an omnibus discounting value and three additional values for small, medium, and large magnitudes. Analyses first revealed magnitude effects-- smaller magnitudes of both food and money were discounted more steeply than larger magnitudes. Hierarchical regressions indicated subjective hunger predicted steeper food discounting. When subjective hunger was controlled, age, but not puberty, significantly predicted food discounting for omnibus, medium, and large magnitudes of food. In children, food discounting decreased from early childhood to late adolescence. In adults, food discounting increased from early to late adulthood. Neither age, puberty, nor obesity status predicted any measure of monetary discounting. Food discounting, then, appears to change across the lifespan, and therefore, may be appropriate to examine psychological processes that accompany developmental and metabolic changes across the lifespan.
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Poulton A, Eastwood O, Bruns LR, Sinnott RO, Hester R. Addressing methodological issues in a study of impulsivity and vulnerability for transition to alcohol use disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 46:262-276. [PMID: 34859438 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heightened behavioral impulsivity has been advocated as a preexisting risk factor for the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD). Nonetheless, studies investigating impulsivity in adolescent/young adult at-risk drinkers-who are at increased risk of developing AUD-report mixed findings. This may be due to methodological limitations related to definitions of at-risk drinking, the retrospective assessment of alcohol intake, and/or the relatively modest sample size of some studies. METHODS Healthy individuals (N = 814, Mage = 22.50) completed online surveys and a measure of choice impulsivity. Of these, a number of participants also undertook an online measure of response inhibition (n = 627, Mage = 22.66), and a further subgroup submitted real-time alcohol consumption information for a period of 21 days using an app (n = 543, Mage = 22.96). Differences in behavioral impulsivity were assessed as a function of various at-risk alcohol intake categories. Hierarchical multiple regression was employed to determine whether impulsivity predicted alcohol use in the form of a continuous index comprising variables related to intake and consequences of use. RESULTS Significantly greater impulsivity was not evident in heavy, standard binge, high binge, harmful, or hazardous alcohol drinkers as compared to controls, regardless of the criteria employed to categorize these at-risk drinkers. Neither choice impulsivity nor reduced response inhibition significantly predicted the alcohol use index. CONCLUSIONS While results could be attributed to the online nature of this research, it is possible that more sensitive measures of behavioral impulsivity are required when assessing nondependent drinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette Poulton
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Oliver Eastwood
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Loren Richard Bruns
- Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Richard O Sinnott
- Computing and Information Systems, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Robert Hester
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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Jarmolowicz DP, Greer BD, Killeen PR, Huskinson SL. Applied Quantitative Analysis of Behavior: What It Is, and Why We Care-Introduction to the Special Section. Perspect Behav Sci 2021; 44:503-516. [PMID: 35098022 PMCID: PMC8738785 DOI: 10.1007/s40614-021-00323-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Science evolves from prior approximations of its current form. Interest in changes in species over time was not a new concept when Darwin made his famous voyage to the Galapagos Islands; concern with speciation stretches back throughout the history of modern thought. Behavioral science also does and must evolve. Such change can be difficult, but it can also yield great dividends. The focus of the current special section is on a common mutation that appears to have emerged across these areas and the critical features that define an emerging research area-applied quantitative analysis of behavior (AQAB). In this introduction to the "Special Issue on Applications of Quantitative Methods," we will outline some of the common characteristics of research in this area, an exercise that will surely be outdated as the research area continues to progress. In doing so, we also describe how AQAB is relevant to theory, behavioral pharmacology, applied behavior analysis, and health behaviors. Finally, we provide a summary for the articles that appear in this special issue. The authors of these papers are all thinking outside the Skinner box, creating new tools and approaches, and testing them against relevant data. If we can keep up this evolution of methods and ideas, behavior analysis will regain its place at the head of the table!
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Affiliation(s)
- David P. Jarmolowicz
- Department of Applied Behavioral Science, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS USA
- Healthcare Institute for Improvements in Quality (Hi -IQ), University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO USA
| | - Brian D. Greer
- Severe Behavior Program, Children’s Specialized Hospital–Rutgers University Center for Autism Research, Education, and Services (CSH–RUCARES), Somerset, NJ USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ USA
| | - Peter R. Killeen
- Department of Psychology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Sally L. Huskinson
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS USA
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Schluter MG, Hodgins DC. Reward-Related Decision-Making in Current and Past Disordered Gambling: Implications for Impulsive Choice and Risk Preference in the Maintenance of Gambling Disorder. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:758329. [PMID: 34776895 PMCID: PMC8586647 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.758329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsive reward-related decision-making (RRDM) is robustly associated with gambling disorder (GD), although its role in the development and perpetuation of GD is still being investigated. This project sought to examine the possible roles of impulsive and risky choice, two aspects of RRDM, in the perpetuation of GD. Additionally, the potential moderating role of comorbid substance misuse was considered. A total of 434 participants with symptoms of current GD and symptoms of concurrent substance use disorder (SUD; n = 105), current GD with past SUD (n = 98), past GD with current SUD (n = 53), or past GD with past substance use disorder (SUD; n = 92), and 96 healthy controls were recruited through MTurk. Participants completed a randomly adjusting delay discounting (a measure of impulsive choice) and probabilistic discounting (a measure of risky choice) task and self-report questionnaires of gambling participation, GD and SUD symptomology, and trait impulsivity. Although control participants showed significantly greater delay discounting compared to individuals with a current or history of GD, no significant group differences emerged between individuals with current GD or a history of GD. Individuals with current GD showed significantly less probabilistic discounting compared to individuals with a history of GD and control participants showed the greatest rates of probabilistic discounting. These effects remained after controlling for lifetime gambling symptom severity and trait impulsivity. Overall, these findings suggest a potential maintaining role of risky choice in gambling disorder, but do not support a maintaining role for impulsive choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalen G Schluter
- Addictive Behaviours Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - David C Hodgins
- Addictive Behaviours Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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The phenotype of recovery VII: Delay discounting mediates the relationship between time in recovery and recovery progress. J Subst Abuse Treat 2021; 136:108665. [PMID: 34895955 PMCID: PMC8940660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Substance use disorders (SUDs) remain challenging maladies to treat in the United States and impose significant societal costs. Despite these challenges, a significant number of individuals endorse being in recovery from SUD. The scientific understanding of SUD recovery has evolved to include not only improvements in substance use but also improvements in personal wellness and psychosocial functioning. The devaluation of future rewards (delay discounting; DD) is broadly associated with SUD inception and outcomes. We sought to investigate the relationship between DD, time in recovery, and recovery progress. METHODS We conducted an online assessment of 127 individuals in recovery from SUD who the study recruited via the International Quit and Recovery Registry (IQRR). The research team obtained measures of recovery progress via the Addiction Recovery Questionnaire (ARQ) and the Treatment Effectiveness Assessment (TEA). Additionally, the study collected measures of DD, time in recovery, and endorsement of abstinence in recovery (i.e., requiring abstinence vs. not). We utilized linear regression to test for associations among these variables and performed a mediation analysis to test the role of DD in mediating the relationship between time in recovery and measures of recovery progress. RESULTS Time in recovery was positively associated with the ARQ (p < .001) and TEA (p < .001). Furthermore, an individual's delay discounting rate mediated the relationship between time in recovery and ARQ/TEA. Of the participants, 66% endorsed recovery requiring total abstinence from alcohol and drugs. Last, through an exhaustive model selection, the study did not find an individual's endorsement of abstinence in recovery to be a primary predictor of recovery progress. CONCLUSIONS This study presents evidence that, for individuals in recovery, the temporal view (i.e., focus on immediate vs. future rewards) is a significant influence on recovery progress. Additionally, an individual's endorsement of abstinence in recovery was not significantly associated with recovery progress, suggesting the importance of a holistic view of SUD recovery. These findings contribute to the understanding of recovery as a multidimensional process and provide further support for DD as a behavioral marker of addiction.
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Intertemporal preference reversals are associated with early activation of insula and sustained preferential processing of immediate rewards in visual cortex. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22277. [PMID: 34782648 PMCID: PMC8593020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01579-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Decision makers tend to give magnified significance to immediately available rewards which leads to intertemporal preference reversals, which is a form of self-control failure. The objective of the present study was to understand the cognitive and neural underpinnings of this phenomenon using event-related potentials (ERP) and their source localization using standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography analysis (sLORETA). Twenty-four participants performed a money choice task, where they made choices between a smaller-sooner and a larger-later reward, which included trials with and without an immediately available option, while their electroencephalography (EEG) activity was recorded. Trials with and without immediacy were identical except that the latter involved a front-end delay added to both the rewards. Results showed that presence of immediacy made the choices significantly more impulsive. Presence of immediate reward elicited larger visual P2 and late positive potential (LPP), indicating enhanced capture of automatic and sustained attention respectively, and smaller N2, indicative of diminished engagement of cognitive control processes. Source localization revealed increased activity in the visual cortex in the presence of immediacy, signifying higher valuation. Higher activation of areas of insula during P2-suggesting increased awareness of visceral signals-predicted larger impulsive preference reversals. The results suggest that presence of immediate reward biases the choice very early during the decision making process by precipitating visceral states that triggers approach behaviour, and highlight the need to adopt strategies like precommitment to counter the effect.
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Stein JS, Madden GJ. Choice bundling, unpacked: Observed and predicted effects on intertemporal choice in an additive model of hyperbolic delay discounting. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259830. [PMID: 34767599 PMCID: PMC8589209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
One method known to increase preference for larger, later rewards (LLRs) over smaller, sooner rewards (SSRs) is choice bundling, in which a single choice produces a series of repeating consequences over time. The present study examined whether effects of choice bundling on preference for LLRs: (1) increase with the number of rewards in the bundle (i.e., bundle size); (2) are independent of differences in reward magnitude between conditions; and (3) accord with predictions of an additive model of hyperbolic delay discounting, in which the value of a bundle of rewards can be expressed as the summed discounted value of all rewards in that bundle. Participants (N = 252) completed a choice task to assess valuation of monetary LLRs at bundle sizes of 1 (control), 3, and 9 rewards per choice (ascending/descending order counterbalanced). To control for the magnitude effect, the total reward amounts were held constant across conditions. Choice bundling significantly increased LLR preference (p < .001), with the largest effect observed at the largest bundle size. The descending bundle-size order produced significantly greater LLR preference than the ascending order (p < .05), although order did not significantly interact with bundle size. Difference scores between observed measures and those predicted by an additive model of hyperbolic discounting were small and not significantly different than zero, but were not equivalent to zero. Future research should investigate the clinical utility of choice bundling for reducing the maladaptive health behavior (e.g., substance use) with which delay discounting is associated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey S. Stein
- Center for Health Behaviors Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Gregory J. Madden
- Department of Psychology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, United States of America
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Boness CL, Watts AL, Moeller KN, Sher KJ. The Etiologic, Theory-Based, Ontogenetic Hierarchical Framework of Alcohol Use Disorder: A Translational Systematic Review of Reviews. Psychol Bull 2021; 147:1075-1123. [PMID: 35295672 PMCID: PMC8923643 DOI: 10.1037/bul0000333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Modern nosologies (e.g., ICD-11, DSM-5) for alcohol use disorder (AUD) and dependence prioritize reliability and clinical presentation over etiology, resulting in a diagnosis that is not always strongly grounded in basic theory and research. Within these nosologies, DSM-5 AUD is treated as a discrete, largely categorical, but graded, phenomenon, which results in additional challenges (e.g., significant phenotypic heterogeneity). Efforts to increase the compatibility between AUD diagnosis and modern conceptualizations of alcohol dependence, which describe it as dimensional and partially overlapping with other psychopathology (e.g., other substance use disorders) will inspire a stronger scientific framework and strengthen AUD's validity. We conducted a systematic review of 144 reviews to integrate addiction constructs and theories into a comprehensive framework with the aim of identifying fundamental mechanisms implicated in AUD. The product of this effort was the Etiologic, Theory-Based, Ontogenetic Hierarchical Framework (ETOH Framework) of AUD mechanisms, which outlines superdomains of cognitive control, reward, as well as negative valence and emotionality, each of which subsume narrower, hierarchically-organized components. We also outline opponent processes and self-awareness as key moderators of AUD mechanisms. In contrast with other frameworks, we recommend an increased conceptual role for negative valence and compulsion in AUD. The ETOH framework serves as a critical step towards conceptualizations of AUD as dimensional and heterogeneous. It has the potential to improve AUD assessment and aid in the development of evidence-based diagnostic measures that focus on key mechanisms in AUD, consequently facilitating treatment matching.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashley L Watts
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Missouri
| | | | - Kenneth J Sher
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Missouri
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