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Acuff SF, Belisario K, Dennhardt A, Amlung M, Tucker JA, MacKillop J, Murphy JG. Applying behavioral economics to understand changes in alcohol outcomes during the transition to adulthood: Longitudinal relations and differences by sex and race. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2024; 38:424-436. [PMID: 37384451 PMCID: PMC10755067 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Population drinking trends show clear developmental periodicity, with steep increases in harmful alcohol use from ages 18 to 22 followed by a gradual decline across the 20s, albeit with persistent problematic use in a subgroup of individuals. Cross-sectional studies implicate behavioral economic indicators of alcohol overvaluation (high alcohol demand) and lack of alternative substance-free reinforcers (high proportionate alcohol-related reinforcement) as potential predictors of change during this developmental window, but longitudinal evidence is sparse. METHOD Using a sample of emerging adults (N = 497, Mage = 22.61 years, 62% female, 48.69% White, 40.44% Black), this study examined prospective, bidirectional relations between both past-week heavy drinking days (HDD) and alcohol problems and proportionate alcohol-related reinforcement (reinforcement ratio), alcohol demand intensity (consumption at zero price), alcohol demand Omax (maximum expenditure), and change in demand elasticity (rate of change in consumption across escalating price) over five assessments (every 4 months) using random intercept cross-lagged panel models. RESULTS Alcohol problems and HDD decreased across assessments. Significant between-person effects indicated that each behavioral economic variable was associated with increased drinking risk. Change in reinforcement ratio was positively associated with decreases in alcohol problems. Multigroup invariance modeling revealed distinct risk pathways in that change in demand intensity and Omax predicted change in alcohol problems for male participants and change in intensity predicted change in alcohol problems for non-White participants. CONCLUSION The study provides consistent support for proportionate alcohol-related reinforcement and mixed support for demand as within-person predictors of reductions in drinking. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kyla Belisario
- Peter Boris Centre for Addiction Research, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton
| | | | - Michael Amlung
- Cofrin Logan Center for Addiction Research and Treatment, University of Kansas
| | - Jalie A Tucker
- Department of Health and Human Behavior, University of Florida
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addiction Research, St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton
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2
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Powell A, Hanna C, Sajjad M, Yao R, Blum K, Gold MS, Quattrin T, Thanos PK. Exercise Influences the Brain's Metabolic Response to Chronic Cocaine Exposure in Male Rats. J Pers Med 2024; 14:500. [PMID: 38793082 PMCID: PMC11122626 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14050500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Cocaine use is associated with negative health outcomes: cocaine use disorders, speedballing, and overdose deaths. Currently, treatments for cocaine use disorders and overdose are non-existent when compared to opioid use disorders, and current standard cocaine use disorder treatments have high dropout and recidivism rates. Physical exercise has been shown to attenuate addiction behavior as well as modulate brain activity. This study examined the differential effects of chronic cocaine use between exercised and sedentary rats. The effects of exercise on brain glucose metabolism (BGluM) following chronic cocaine exposure were assessed using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and [18F]-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG). Compared to sedentary animals, exercise decreased metabolism in the SIBF primary somatosensory cortex. Activation occurred in the amygdalopiriform and piriform cortex, trigeminothalamic tract, rhinal and perirhinal cortex, and visual cortex. BGluM changes may help ameliorate various aspects of cocaine abuse and reinstatement. Further investigation is needed into the underlying neuronal circuits involved in BGluM changes and their association with addiction behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan Powell
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (A.P.); (C.H.)
| | - Colin Hanna
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (A.P.); (C.H.)
| | - Munawwar Sajjad
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (M.S.); (R.Y.)
| | - Rutao Yao
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA; (M.S.); (R.Y.)
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Center for Sports, Exercise, and Mental Health, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Mark S. Gold
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Teresa Quattrin
- UBMD Pediatrics, JR Oishei Children’s Hospital, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA;
| | - Panayotis K. Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Science, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA; (A.P.); (C.H.)
- Department of Molecular Biology, Adelson School of Medicine, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
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3
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Acuff SF, MacKillop J, Murphy JG. A contextualized reinforcer pathology approach to addiction. NATURE REVIEWS PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 2:309-323. [PMID: 37193018 PMCID: PMC10028332 DOI: 10.1038/s44159-023-00167-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Behavioural economic accounts of addiction conceptualize harmful drug use as an operant reinforcer pathology, emphasizing that a drug is consumed because of overvaluation of smaller immediate rewards relative to larger delayed rewards (delay discounting) and high drug reinforcing value (drug demand). These motivational processes are within-individual determinants of behaviour. A third element of learning theory posits that harmful drug use depends on the relative constraints on access to other available activities and commodities in the choice context (alternative reinforcers), reflecting the substantial influence of environmental factors. In this Perspective, we integrate alternative reinforcers into the contemporary behavioural economic account of harmful drug use - the contextualized reinforcer pathology model - and review empirical literature across the translational spectrum in support of this model. Furthermore, we consider how increases in drug-related mortality and health disparities in addiction can be understood and potentially ameliorated via a contextualized reinforcer pathology model in which lack of alternative reinforcement is a major risk factor for addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University/St Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, Ontario Canada
- Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - James G. Murphy
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN USA
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4
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Ferrer-Pérez C, Reguilón MD, Miñarro J, Rodríguez-Arias M. Effect of Voluntary Wheel-Running Exercise on the Endocrine and Inflammatory Response to Social Stress: Conditioned Rewarding Effects of Cocaine. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102373. [PMID: 36289635 PMCID: PMC9598819 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present paper evaluates the effect of physical activity on the increase of the conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine induced by intermittent social stress and on the neuroinflammatory response that contributes to the enhancement of drug response. For that purpose, three studies were designed in which social stress was induced in different samples of mice through a social-defeat protocol; the mice underwent an increase of physical activity by different modalities of voluntary wheel running (continuous and intermittent access). The results showed that continuous access to running wheels prior to stress enhanced the establishment of cocaine place preference, whereas an intermittent access exerted a protective effect. Wheel running contingent to cocaine administration prevented the development of conditioned preference, and if applied during the extinction of drug memories, it exerted a dual effect depending on the stress background of the animal. Our biological analysis revealed that increased sensitivity to cocaine may be related to the fact that wheel running promotes inflammation though the increase of IL-6 and BDNF levels. Together, these results highlight that physical exercise deeply impacts the organism’s response to stress and cocaine, and these effects should be taken into consideration in the design of a physical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Ferrer-Pérez
- Department of Psychology and Sociology, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 44003 Teruel, Spain
| | - Marina D. Reguilón
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - José Miñarro
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Arias
- Department of Psychobiology, Faculty of Psychology, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Potential Effects of Nrf2 in Exercise Intervention of Neurotoxicity Caused by Methamphetamine Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4445734. [PMID: 35480870 PMCID: PMC9038420 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4445734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine can cause oxidative stress-centered lipid peroxidation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitatory neurotoxicity, and neuroinflammation and ultimately lead to nerve cell apoptosis, abnormal glial cell activation, and dysfunction of blood-brain barrier. Protecting nerve cells from oxidative destroy is a hopeful strategy for treating METH use disorder. Nrf2 is a major transcriptional regulator that activates the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cell-protective gene expression through endogenous pathways that maintains cell REDOX homeostasis and is conducive to the survival of neurons. The Nrf2-mediated endogenous antioxidant pathway can also prevent neurodegenerative effects and functional defects caused by METH oxidative stress. Moderate exercise activates this endogenous antioxidant system, which involves in many diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. Based on evidence from existing literature, we argue that appropriate exercise can play an endogenous antioxidant regulatory role in the Nrf2 signaling pathway to reduce a number of issues caused by METH-induced oxidative stress. However, more experimental evidence is needed to support this idea. In addition, further exploration is necessary about the different effects of various parameters of exercise intervention (such as exercise mode, time, and intensity) on the Nrf2 signaling pathway intervention. Whether there are synergistic effects between exercise and plant-derived Nrf2 activators is worth further investigation.
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6
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Jung S, Kim Y, Kim M, Seo M, Kim S, Kim S, Lee S. Exercise Pills for Drug Addiction: Forced Moderate Endurance Exercise Inhibits Methamphetamine-Induced Hyperactivity through the Striatal Glutamatergic Signaling Pathway in Male Sprague Dawley Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158203. [PMID: 34360969 PMCID: PMC8348279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise reduces the extent, duration, and frequency of drug use in drug addicts during the drug initiation phase, as well as during prolonged addiction, withdrawal, and recurrence. However, information about exercise-induced neurobiological changes is limited. This study aimed to investigate the effects of forced moderate endurance exercise training on methamphetamine (METH)-induced behavior and the associated neurobiological changes. Male Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to the administration of METH (1 mg/kg/day, i.p.) and/or forced moderate endurance exercise (treadmill running, 21 m/min, 60 min/day) for 2 weeks. Over the two weeks, endurance exercise training significantly reduced METH-induced hyperactivity. METH and/or exercise treatment increased striatal dopamine (DA) levels, decreased p(Thr308)-Akt expression, and increased p(Tyr216)-GSK-3β expression. However, the phosphorylation levels of Ser9-GSK-3β were significantly increased in the exercise group. METH administration significantly increased the expression of NMDAr1, CaMKK2, MAPKs, and PP1 in the striatum, and exercise treatment significantly decreased the expression of these molecules. Therefore, it is apparent that endurance exercise inhibited the METH-induced hyperactivity due to the decrease in GSK-3β activation by the regulation of the striatal glutamate signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sooyeun Lee
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-580-6651; Fax: +82-53-580-5164
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7
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Carroll ME. Voluntary exercise as a treatment for incubated and expanded drug craving leading to relapse to addiction: Animal models. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2021; 208:173210. [PMID: 34116079 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder, as more than 80% of former drug users relapse within a year after quit attempts have ended. This review examines incubated craving that develops over long periods of weeks to months after addictive drug use ends, when rats are given a small priming exposure to the formerly used drug, and a large amount of drug seeking occurs, reflecting large increases in craving over time. Expanded craving occurs when not only the recently-used drug, but other related or unrelated drugs of abuse elicit drug seeking that leads to relapse behavior, including common drugs like caffeine or nicotine, Thus, expanded craving is an increase in the conditions that elicit relapse, such as, a variety of drugs, and it persists weeks after drug use ends. Incubated and expanded craving occur with several drugs of abuse, and these forms of craving, can last for weeks to months and end in relapse. Voluntary physical exercise, blocked incubated cocaine craving, and expanded heroin craving elicited by multiple conditions was reduced in female and male rats. This review examines voluntary physical exercise as a long-term, self-initiated, and self-sustainable treatment that reduces long-term drug craving leading to relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn E Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavior Science, 621 Park Ave, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States of America.
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8
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Małkiewicz MA, Małecki A, Toborek M, Szarmach A, Winklewski PJ. Substances of abuse and the blood brain barrier: Interactions with physical exercise. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 119:204-216. [PMID: 33038347 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders pose a common medical, social and financial problem. Among the pathomechanisms of substance use disorders, the disruption and increased permeability of the blood-brain barrier has been recently revealed. Physical exercise appears to be a relatively inexpensive and feasible way to implement behavioral therapy counteracting the blood-brain barrier impairment. Concomitantly, there are also studies supporting a potential protective role of selected substances of abuse in maintaining the blood-brain barrier integrity. In this review, we aim to provide a summary on the modulatory influence of physical exercise, a non-pharmacological intervention, on the blood-brain barrier alterations caused by substances of abuse. Further studies are needed to understand the precise mechanisms that underlie various effects of physical exercise in substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Małkiewicz
- Applied Cognitive Neuroscience Lab, Department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Andrzej Małecki
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Toborek
- Institute of Physiotherapy and Health Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami, Miami, USA
| | - Arkadiusz Szarmach
- 2-nd Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Paweł J Winklewski
- 2-nd Department of Radiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland; Department of Human Physiology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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9
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Rauhut AS, Warnick JA. Drug Conditioning and Sensitization in Mice: Importance of Early Voluntary Exercise. Neuroscience 2020; 442:114-123. [PMID: 32652174 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The timing of voluntary exercise relative to drug conditioning is important to its "neuroprotective" effects, though it is unclear whether the voluntary exercise needs to occur temporally contiguous with drug conditioning, or occur during an early, developmental period, but non-contiguous with drug conditioning, for its "neuroprotective" effects. To distinguish between these two ideas, the timing of voluntary exercise relative to drug conditioning on the development and extinction of conditioned hyperactivity, and induction of sensitization was manipulated in the present experiment. Specifically, half of the exercise mice were permitted access to home-cage running wheels for 6 continuous weeks (Exercise-Exercise) whereas the other half of the exercise mice were permitted access to home-cage running wheels only for the first 3 weeks and then had the wheels removed (Exercise-Sedentary). Likewise, half of the sedentary mice had no home-cage running wheels for 6 continuous weeks (Sedentary-Sedentary) whereas the other half of the sedentary mice were permitted access to the home-cage running wheels for the last 3 weeks prior to the acquisition phase (Sedentary-Exercise). Mice received vehicle or methamphetamine (Meth; 1.0 mg/kg; acquisition), followed by saline-alone sessions (extinction) and finally challenged with an escalating Meth-regimen (0.25 → 1.0 mg/kg). While all Meth-paired groups, regardless of exercise regimen, showed conditioned hyperactivity, Exercise-Exercise and Exercise-Sedentary mice were less responsive to chronic Meth exposure and showed slower extinction compared to the other Meth-paired groups. These results suggest an early exercise regimen, during a critical developmental window, protects against the stimulant properties of Meth and simultaneously facilitates contextual learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S Rauhut
- Psychology Department, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA 17013, United States; Neuroscience Program, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA 17013, United States.
| | - Justina A Warnick
- Neuroscience Program, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA 17013, United States
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10
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Swenson S, Blum K, McLaughlin T, Gold MS, Thanos PK. The therapeutic potential of exercise for neuropsychiatric diseases: A review. J Neurol Sci 2020; 412:116763. [PMID: 32305746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is known to have a myriad of health benefits. There is much to be learned from the effects of exercise and its potential for prevention, attenuation and treatment of multiple neuropsychiatric diseases and behavioral disorders. Furthermore, recent data and research on exercise benefits with respect to major health crises, such as, that of opioid and general substance use disorders, make it very important to better understand and review the mechanisms of exercise and how it could be utilized for effective treatments or adjunct treatments for these diseases. In addition, mechanisms, epigenetics and sex differences are examined and discussed in terms of future research implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Swenson
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth Blum
- Western Univesity Health Sciences, Graduate College, Pomona, CA, USA
| | | | - Mark S Gold
- Washington University in St. Louis, School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Panayotis K Thanos
- Behavioral Neuropharmacology and Neuroimaging Laboratory on Addictions, Clinical Research Institute on Addictions, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biosciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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11
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Therapeutic efficacy of environmental enrichment for substance use disorders. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2019; 188:172829. [PMID: 31778722 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2019.172829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Addiction to drug and alcohol is regarded as a major health problem worldwide for which available treatments show limited effectiveness. The biggest challenge remains to enhance the capacities of interventions to reduce craving, prevent relapse and promote long-term recovery. New strategies to meet these challenges are being explored. Findings from preclinical work suggest that environmental enrichment (EE) holds therapeutic potential for the treatment of substance use disorders, as demonstrated in a number of animal models of drug abuse. The EE intervention introduced after drug exposure leads to attenuation of compulsive drug taking, attenuation of the rewarding (and reinforcing) effects of drugs, reductions in control of behavior by drug cues, and, very importantly, relapse prevention. Clinical work also suggests that multidimensional EE interventions (involving physical activity, social interaction, vocational training, recreational and community involvement) might produce similar therapeutic effects, if implemented continuously and rigorously. In this review we survey preclinical and clinical studies assessing the efficacy of EE as a behavioral intervention for substance use disorders and address related challenges. We also review work providing empirical evidence for EE-induced neuroplasticity within the mesocorticolimbic system that is believed to contribute to the seemingly therapeutic effects of EE on drug and alcohol-related behaviors.
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Zhu D, Dai G, Xu D, Xu X, Geng J, Zhu W, Jiang X, Theeboom M. Long-Term Effects of Tai Chi Intervention on Sleep and Mental Health of Female Individuals With Dependence on Amphetamine-Type Stimulants. Front Psychol 2018; 9:1476. [PMID: 30177899 PMCID: PMC6110176 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies provide evidence that Tai Chi (TC) can reduce the symptoms of sleep problems and be of benefit for the rehabilitation of substance abusers. In this study, we investigated if TC practice can improve sleep quality and mood of females who are dependent on amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS). Eighty subjects were randomly assigned to TC intervention and standard care (SC) for 6 months. We applied analysis of variance on repeated-measure with the year of drug dependence as the covariate to test the changes of the self-rated Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), as well as fitness after 3 and 6 months. Relapse investigation was conducted by checking the database of China's National Surveillance System on Drug Abuse and that of the Shanghai Drug Control Committee's illicit drug dependents. Our investigation focused on the relapse of participants who had undergone and completed treatment in the Shanghai Mandatory Detoxification and Rehabilitation Center in 2015. The result showed that the PSQI scores of sleep duration [F(2, 92) = 9.86], need for sleep medications [F(2, 92) = 36.44] and daytime dysfunction [F(2, 92) = 5.15] were found to have a significant difference by time × group interaction after 6 months. SDS showed no significant difference between the two groups; however, the score of SDS in TC decreased after 6-month intervention, and no changes were observed in SC. Pulse rate had significantly decreased in the TC group compared with the SC group after 6 months. 9.5% (4) ATS dependents in TC and 26.3% (10) ATS dependents in SC were found to have relapsed. Our result suggested that TC had positive effects on sleep quality, depression and fitness. Long-term study demonstrated that TC may be a cheap and potential supplementary treatment for ATS-dependent individuals. TC may also be considered as an alternative exercise to escalate abstinence for ATS-dependent females. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION ChiCTR-IPR-14005343 chictr. org.cn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhu
- School of International Education and College of Wushu, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Guobin Dai
- College of Wushu, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Ding Xu
- Health and Rehabilitation Department, Shanghai Drug Administration, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Xu
- College of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjing Geng
- College of Wushu, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Weimo Zhu
- Kinesiology & Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Xi Jiang
- Sports Law Center, Shanghai University of Political Science and Law, Shanghai, China
| | - Marc Theeboom
- Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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13
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Javadi-Paydar M, Harvey EL, Grant Y, Vandewater SA, Creehan KM, Nguyen JD, Dickerson TJ, Taffe MA. Binge-like acquisition of α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (α-PVP) self-administration in female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2447-2457. [PMID: 29909425 PMCID: PMC6295352 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4943-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The synthetic cathinone α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (α-PVP) has been associated with bizarre public behavior in users. Association of such behavior with extended binges of drug use motivates additional investigation, particularly since a prior study found that half of male rats experience a binge of exceptionally high intake, followed by sustained lower levels of self-administration during the acquisition of intravenous self-administration (IVSA) of a related drug, 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone. OBJECTIVES The binge-like acquisition pattern is novel for rat IVSA; thus, the present study sought to determine if this effect generalizes to IVSA of α-PVP in female rats. METHODS Female Wistar rats were trained in IVSA of α-PVP (0.05 mg/kg/inf) in experimental chambers containing an activity wheel. Groups were trained with the wheels fixed (No-Wheel group), fixed for the initial 5 days of acquisition or free to move throughout acquisition (Wheel group). The groups were next subjected to a wheel access switch and then all animals to dose-substitution (0.0125-0.3 mg/kg/inf) with the wheels alternately fixed and free to move. RESULTS Approximately half of the rats initiated their IVSA pattern with a binge day of exceptionally high levels of drug intake, independent of wheel access condition. Wheel activity was much lower in the No-Wheel group in the wheel switch post-acquisition. Dose-effect curves were similar for wheel access training groups, for binge/no binge phenotypic subgroups and were not altered with wheel access during the dose-substitution. CONCLUSION This confirms the high reinforcer effectiveness of α-PVP in female rats and the accompanying devaluation of wheel activity as a naturalistic reward.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric L. Harvey
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yanabel Grant
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Kevin M. Creehan
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jacques D. Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tobin J. Dickerson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael A. Taffe
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Smith MA, Fronk GE, Abel JM, Lacy RT, Bills SE, Lynch WJ. Resistance exercise decreases heroin self-administration and alters gene expression in the nucleus accumbens of heroin-exposed rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:1245-1255. [PMID: 29396617 PMCID: PMC5871570 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4840-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Preclinical studies consistently report that aerobic exercise decreases drug self-administration and other forms of drug-seeking behavior; however, relatively few studies have examined other types of physical activity. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of resistance exercise (i.e., strength training) on heroin self-administration and mRNA expression of genes known to mediate opioid reinforcement and addictive behavior in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of heroin-exposed rats. METHODS Female rats were obtained during late adolescence and divided into two groups. Resistance exercise rats were trained to climb a vertical ladder wearing a weighted vest; sedentary control rats were placed repeatedly on the ladder oriented horizontally on its side. All rats were implanted with intravenous catheters and trained to self-administer heroin on a fixed ratio (FR1) schedule of reinforcement. mRNA expression in the NAc core and shell was examined following behavioral testing. RESULTS Resistance exercise significantly decreased heroin self-administration, resulting in a downward shift in the dose-effect curve. Resistance exercise also reduced mRNA expression for mu opioid receptors and dopamine D1, D2, and D3 receptors in the NAc core. Resistance exercise increased mRNA expression of dopamine D5 receptors in the NAc shell and increased mRNA expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (exons I, IIB, IIC, IV, VI, IX) in the NAc core. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that resistance exercise decreases the positive reinforcing effects of heroin and produces changes in opioid and dopamine systems in the NAc of heroin-exposed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Smith
- Department of Psychology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC, 28035, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, Davidson College, Davidson, NC, USA.
| | - Gaylen E Fronk
- Department of Psychology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC, 28035, USA
| | - Jean M Abel
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Ryan T Lacy
- Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, PA, USA
| | - Sarah E Bills
- Department of Psychology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC, 28035, USA
| | - Wendy J Lynch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Morais APD, Pita IR, Fontes‐Ribeiro CA, Pereira FC. The neurobiological mechanisms of physical exercise in methamphetamine addiction. CNS Neurosci Ther 2018; 24:85-97. [PMID: 29266758 PMCID: PMC6489779 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is the primary drug within amphetamine-type stimulants which are the second most abused group of drugs worldwide. There is no pharmacological treatment addressed specifically to METH addiction, and behavioral therapy is shadowed by poor long-term recovery and relapse. Therefore, novel approaches to manage METH addiction are an urgent need. This review aims to describe the current state of physical exercise use on methamphetamine addiction management. The following searching terms in PubMed were used: ("physical exercise" OR "exercise") AND "methamphetamine." Relevant references from key publications and gray literature were also reviewed to identify additional citations for inclusion. Original investigation regarding physical exercise and methamphetamine addiction (clinical data) or neurobiological mechanisms of physical exercise in animal models of methamphetamine administration (preclinical data) was included. Overall, METH users demonstrated improvements, including better fitness and emotional measures, lower relapse rates, and sustained abstinence when compared to nonexercised individuals. The neurobiological mechanisms of physical exercise in METH users seem to reflect an interplay of several agents, including neurochemicals, oxidative stress, neurogenesis, gliogenesis, and blood-brain barrier as disclosed by preclinical data. Exercise-based interventions alone or as a conjoint therapy may be a useful tool for managing METH addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- António Pedro Delgado Morais
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics/IBILIFaculty of MedicineUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Inês Roque Pita
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics/IBILIFaculty of MedicineUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Carlos Alberto Fontes‐Ribeiro
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics/IBILIFaculty of MedicineUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- CNC.IBILI—University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Frederico Costa Pereira
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics/IBILIFaculty of MedicineUniversity of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
- CNC.IBILI—University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
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Lynch WJ, Robinson AM, Abel J, Smith MA. Exercise as a Prevention for Substance Use Disorder: A Review of Sex Differences and Neurobiological Mechanisms. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2017; 4:455-466. [PMID: 29430384 PMCID: PMC5802367 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-017-0178-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This report provides an update on clinical and preclinical findings for the efficacy of exercise to prevent substance use disorder with a focus on recent evidence for sex differences and neurobiological mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS Exercise/physical activity is associated with decreased drug use in humans. Preclinical results further indicate that exercise decreases vulnerability to drug use and the development of features of substance use disorder, and suggest that females have an enhanced sensitivity to its reward-substitution effects. However, certain exercise conditions may sensitize the reward pathway and enhance vulnerability suggesting that parallel observations in humans (e.g., increased prescription opioid misuse and heroin use in high-school athletes) may be biologically-based. SUMMARY Exercise is a promising prevention strategy for substance use disorder. Further work is needed to establish its efficacy as a sex-specific strategy using larger samples, and to understand the exercise conditions that induce beneficial versus risk-enhancing effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J Lynch
- Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia: P.O. Box 801402, Charlottesville, VA 22904, 434-243-0580 (phone); 434-973-7031 (fax)
| | - Andrea M Robinson
- Postdoctoral Fellow of Psychology, Davidson College: Box 7136 Davidson, NC 28035, 704-894-3012 (phone); 704-894-2512 (fax)
| | - Jean Abel
- Assistant Professor of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia; P.O. Box 801402, Charlottesville, VA 22904-1402, 434) 243-5767 (phone); 434-973-7031 (fax)
| | - Mark A Smith
- Professor of Psychology, Davidson College, Davidson, NC 28035, 704-894-2470 (phone); 704-894-2512 (fax)
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High ambient temperature facilitates the acquisition of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) self-administration. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 163:38-49. [PMID: 29054819 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE MDMA alters body temperature in rats with a direction that depends on the ambient temperature (TA). The thermoregulatory effects of MDMA and TA may affect intravenous self-administration (IVSA) of MDMA but limited prior reports conflict. OBJECTIVE To determine how body temperature responses under high and low TA influence MDMA IVSA. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to IVSA MDMA (1.0mg/kg/infusion; 2-h sessions; FR5 schedule of reinforcement) under TA 20°C or 30°C. Radiotelemetry transmitters recorded body temperature and activity during IVSA. RESULTS MDMA intake increased under both TA during acquisition, but to a greater extent in the 30°C group. The magnitude of hypothermia was initially equivalent between groups but diminished over training in the 30°C group. Within-session activity was initially lower in the 30°C group, but by the end of acquisition and maintenance, activity was similar for both groups. When TA conditions were swapped, the hot-trained group increased MDMA IVSA under 20°C TA and a modest decrease in drug intake was observed in the cold-trained group under 30°C TA. Subsequent non-contingent MDMA (1.0-5.0mg/kg, i.v.) found that rats with higher MDMA IVSA rates showed blunted hypothermia compared with rats with lower IVSA levels; however, within-session activity did not differ by group. High TA increased intracranial self-stimulation thresholds in a different group of rats and MDMA reduced thresholds below baseline at low, but not high, TA. CONCLUSIONS High TA appears to enhance acquisition of MDMA IVSA through an aversive effect and not via thermoregulatory motivation.
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Nguyen JD, Grant Y, Creehan KM, Vandewater SA, Taffe MA. Escalation of intravenous self-administration of methylone and mephedrone under extended access conditions. Addict Biol 2017; 22:1160-1168. [PMID: 27046454 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The recreational use of substituted cathinones continues to grow as a public health concern in the United States. Studies have shown that extended access to intravenous (i.v.) self-administration of stimulants, such as cocaine and methamphetamine, results in escalation of drug intake relative to shorter access; however, little is known about the impact of extended access on self-administration of entactogen class stimulants such as methylone and 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone). Male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to short-access (ShA, 2- h) and long-access (LgA, 6- h) groups and trained to self-administer methylone or mephedrone (0.5 mg/kg/infusion) using a fixed-ratio 1 response contingency. The methylone-trained groups were evaluated on a progressive-ratio (PR) procedure incorporating dose-substitution of methylone (0.125-2.5 mg/kg/infusion), mephedrone (0.125-2.5 mg/kg/infusion) or methamphetamine (MA; 0.01-0.5 mg/kg/infusion). Mephedrone-trained rats were similarly evaluated on a PR with mephedrone and MA. Rats trained with LgA to methylone and mephedrone earned more infusions during acquisition compared with ShA groups. Mephedrone-trained LgA rats reached significantly higher breakpoints than all other groups in mephedrone and MA PR tests. Methylone-trained LgA rats exhibited a rightward shift of the peak effective dose but no overall efficacy change compared with methylone-trained ShA rats. These findings show that the self-administration of mephedrone escalates under LgA conditions in a manner similar to traditional stimulants whereas escalation of 6 h intakes of methylone is not accompanied by differences in PR performance. Thus mephedrone represents the greater risk for dysregulated drug consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques D. Nguyen
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA USA
| | - Yanabel Grant
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA USA
| | - Kevin M. Creehan
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA USA
| | - Sophia A. Vandewater
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA USA
| | - Michael A. Taffe
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders; The Scripps Research Institute; La Jolla CA USA
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Voluntary inhalation of methamphetamine: a novel strategy for studying intake non-invasively. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:739-747. [PMID: 28028601 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-016-4510-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The abuse of the psychostimulant methamphetamine (MA) is associated with substantial costs and limited treatment options. To understand the mechanisms that lead to abuse, animal models of voluntary drug intake are crucial. OBJECTIVES We aimed to develop a protocol to study long-term non-invasive voluntary intake of MA in mice. METHODS Mice were maintained in their home cages and allowed daily 1 h access to an attached tunnel leading to a test chamber in which nebulized MA was available. Restated, if they went to the nebulizing chamber, they self-administered MA by inhalation. This protocol was compared to injected and to imposed exposure to nebulized MA, in a series of seven experiments. RESULTS We established a concentration of nebulized MA at which motor activity increases following voluntary intake resembled that following MA injection and imposed inhalation. We found that mice regulated their exposure to MA, self-administering for shorter durations when concentrations of nebulized MA were increased. Mice acquire the available MA by repeatedly running in and out of the nebulizing chamber for brief bouts of intake. Such exposure to nebulized MA elevated plasma MA levels. There was limited evidence of sensitization of locomotor activity. Finally, blocking access to the wheel did not affect time spent in the nebulizing chamber. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that administration of MA by nebulization is an effective route of self-administration, and our new protocol represents a promising tool for examining the transitions from first intake to long-term use and its behavioral and neural consequences in a non-invasive protocol.
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20
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Aarde SM, Taffe MA. Predicting the Abuse Liability of Entactogen-Class, New and Emerging Psychoactive Substances via Preclinical Models of Drug Self-administration. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2017; 32:145-164. [PMID: 27909988 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2016_54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of drug self-administration are currently the gold standard for making predictions regarding the relative likelihood that a recreational drug substance will lead to continued use and addiction. Such models have been found to have high predictive accuracy and discriminative validity for a number of drug classes including ethanol, nicotine, opioids, and psychostimulants such as cocaine and methamphetamine. Members of the entactogen class of psychostimulants (drugs that produce an "open mind state" including feelings of interpersonal closeness, intimacy and empathy) have been less frequently studied in self-administration models. The prototypical entactogen 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; "Ecstasy") supports self-administration but not with the same consistency nor with the same efficacy as structurally related drugs amphetamine or methamphetamine. Consistent with these observations, MDMA use is more episodic in the majority of those who use it frequently. Nevertheless, substantial numbers of MDMA users will meet the criteria for substance dependence at some point in their use history. This review examines the currently available evidence from rodent self-administration studies of MDMA and two of the new and emerging psychoactive substances (NPS) that produce entactogen type neuropharmacological responses - mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone; 4MMC; "meow meow") and methylone (3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone). Overall, the current evidence predicts that these NPS entactogens have enhanced abuse liability compared with MDMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Aarde
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders Mailcode SP30-2400, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Michael A Taffe
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders Mailcode SP30-2400, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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21
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Smith MA, Fronk GE, Zhang H, Magee CP, Robinson AM. Acute bouts of wheel running decrease cocaine self-administration: Influence of exercise output. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 150-151:94-99. [PMID: 27720801 PMCID: PMC5145778 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is associated with lower rates of drug use in human populations and decreases drug self-administration in laboratory animals. Most of the existing literature examining the link between exercise and drug use has focused on chronic, long-term exercise, and very few studies have examined the link between exercise output (i.e., amount of exercise) and drug self-administration. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of acute bouts of exercise on cocaine self-administration, and to determine whether these effects were dependent on exercise output and the time interval between exercise and drug self-administration. Female rats were trained to run in automated running wheels, implanted with intravenous catheters, and allowed to self-administer cocaine on a fixed ratio (FR1) schedule of reinforcement. Immediately prior to each test session, subjects engaged in acute bouts of exercise in which they ran for 0, 30, or 60min at 12m/min. Acute bouts of exercise before test sessions decreased cocaine self-administration in an output-dependent manner, with the greatest reduction in cocaine intake observed in the 60-min exercise condition. Exercise did not reduce cocaine self-administration when wheel running and test sessions were separated by 12h, and exercise did not reduce responding maintained by food or responding during a saline substitution test. These data indicate that acute bouts of exercise decrease cocaine self-administration in a time- and output-dependent manner. These results also add to a growing body of literature suggesting that physical activity may be an effective component of drug abuse treatment programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Smith
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Davidson College, Davidson, NC 28035, USA.
| | - Gaylen E Fronk
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Davidson College, Davidson, NC 28035, USA
| | - Huailin Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Davidson College, Davidson, NC 28035, USA
| | - Charlotte P Magee
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Davidson College, Davidson, NC 28035, USA
| | - Andrea M Robinson
- Department of Psychology, Program in Neuroscience, Davidson College, Davidson, NC 28035, USA
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22
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Smethells JR, Zlebnik NE, Miller DK, Will MJ, Booth F, Carroll ME. Cocaine self-administration and reinstatement in female rats selectively bred for high and low voluntary running. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 167:163-8. [PMID: 27567437 PMCID: PMC5037047 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous research has found that rats behaviorally screened for high (vs. low) wheel running were more vulnerable to cocaine abuse. To assess the extent to which a genetic component is involved in this drug-abuse vulnerability, rats selectively bred for high or low voluntary running (HVR or LVR, respectively) were examined for differences in cocaine seeking in the present study. METHODS Female rats were trained to lever press for food and then were assessed for differences in acquisition of cocaine (0.4mg/kg; i.v.) self-administration across 10 sessions. Once acquired, rats self-administered cocaine for a 14-day maintenance phase, followed by a 14-day extinction phase when cocaine was no longer available. Subsequently, reinstatement of cocaine seeking was examined with priming injections of cocaine (5, 10 & 15mg/kg), caffeine (30mg/kg), yohimbine (2.5mg/kg) and cocaine-paired cues. RESULTS A greater percentage of LVR rats met the acquisition criteria for cocaine self-administration and in fewer sessions than HVR rats. No differences in responding for cocaine were observed between phenotypes during maintenance. However, during extinction LVR rats initially responded at higher rates and persisted in cocaine seeking for a greater number of sessions. No phenotype differences were observed following drug and cue-primed reinstatement of cocaine seeking. CONCLUSIONS In general, LVR rats were more sensitive to the reinforcing effects of cocaine than HVR rats during periods of transition into and out of cocaine self-administration. Thus, LVR rats sometimes showed a greater vulnerability cocaine seeking than HVR rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. R. Smethells
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - N. E. Zlebnik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
| | - D. K. Miller
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - M. J. Will
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - F. Booth
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO,Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO,Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO
| | - M. E. Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN
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The effects of resistance exercise on cocaine self-administration, muscle hypertrophy, and BDNF expression in the nucleus accumbens. Drug Alcohol Depend 2016; 163:186-94. [PMID: 27137405 PMCID: PMC4880539 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise is associated with positive outcomes in drug abusing populations and reduces drug self-administration in laboratory animals. To date, most research has focused on aerobic exercise, and other types of exercise have not been examined. This study examined the effects of resistance exercise (strength training) on cocaine self-administration and BDNF expression, a marker of neuronal activation regulated by aerobic exercise. METHODS Female rats were assigned to either exercising or sedentary conditions. Exercising rats climbed a ladder wearing a weighted vest and trained six days/week. Training consisted of a three-set "pyramid" in which the number of repetitions and resistance varied across three sets: eight climbs carrying 70% body weight (BW), six climbs carrying 85% BW, and four climbs carrying 100% BW. Rats were implanted with intravenous catheters and cocaine self-administration was examined. Behavioral economic measures of demand intensity and demand elasticity were derived from the behavioral data. BDNF mRNA expression was measured via qRT-PCR in the nucleus accumbens following behavioral testing. RESULTS Exercising rats self-administered significantly less cocaine than sedentary rats. A behavioral economic analysis revealed that exercise increased demand elasticity for cocaine, reducing consumption at higher unit prices. Exercising rats had lower BDNF expression in the nucleus accumbens core than sedentary rats. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that resistance exercise decreases cocaine self-administration and reduces BDNF expression in the nucleus accumbens after a history of cocaine exposure. Collectively, these findings suggest that strength training reduces the positive reinforcing effects of cocaine and may decrease cocaine use in human populations.
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Nguyen JD, Aarde SM, Vandewater SA, Grant Y, Stouffer DG, Parsons LH, Cole M, Taffe MA. Inhaled delivery of Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) to rats by e-cigarette vapor technology. Neuropharmacology 2016; 109:112-120. [PMID: 27256501 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most human Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) use is via inhalation, and yet few animal studies of inhalation exposure are available. Popularization of non-combusted methods for the inhalation of psychoactive drugs (Volcano(®), e-cigarettes) further stimulates a need for rodent models of this route of administration. This study was designed to develop and validate a rodent chamber suitable for controlled exposure to vaporized THC in a propylene glycol vehicle, using an e-cigarette delivery system adapted to standard size, sealed rat housing chambers. The in vivo efficacy of inhaled THC was validated using radiotelemetry to assess body temperature and locomotor responses, a tail-flick assay for nociception and plasma analysis to verify exposure levels. Hypothermic responses to inhaled THC in male rats depended on the duration of exposure and the concentration of THC in the vehicle. The temperature nadir was reached after ∼40 min of exposure, was of comparable magnitude (∼3 °Celsius) to that produced by 20 mg/kg THC, i.p. and resolved within 3 h (compared with a 6 h time course following i.p. THC). Female rats were more sensitive to hypothermic effects of 30 min of lower-dose THC inhalation. Male rat tail-flick latency was increased by THC vapor inhalation; this effect was blocked by SR141716 pretreatment. The plasma THC concentration after 30 min of inhalation was similar to that produced by 10 mg/kg THC i.p. This approach is flexible, robust and effective for use in laboratory rats and will be of increasing utility as users continue to adopt "vaping" for the administration of cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques D Nguyen
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Shawn M Aarde
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sophia A Vandewater
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yanabel Grant
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - David G Stouffer
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Loren H Parsons
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Maury Cole
- La Jolla Alcohol Research, Inc, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael A Taffe
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Zhu D, Xu D, Dai G, Wang F, Xu X, Zhou D. Beneficial effects of Tai Chi for amphetamine-type stimulant dependence: a pilot study. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2016; 42:469-78. [PMID: 27211290 DOI: 10.3109/00952990.2016.1153646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tai Chi is a traditional Chinese sport that is classified as a moderate exercise. Recent studies have evaluated the effectiveness of Tai Chi in substance abuse rehabilitation. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the quality of life and physical effects of a Tai Chi intervention on individuals with amphetamine-type stimulant (stimulant) dependence. METHODS Sixty male subjects with stimulant dependence from a Shanghai Mandatory Detoxification and Rehabilitation Center participated in a 12-week trial. Tai Chi was used as an intervention in the experimental group (n = 30). The control group (n = 29) underwent standard care, which included recreation activity, gesture language exercise, and self-education. Outcome measures included the quality of life for drug addiction (QOL-DA) questionnaire [four scales consisting of physiology (e.g., energy level), psychology (e.g., depression), symptoms (e.g., physical symptoms), society (e.g., interpersonal) and fitness evaluations (assessed by body mass index, body fat, hand-grip, flexibility, balance)]. Repeated measures were used to analyze the changes over time. RESULTS Test scores of the QOL-DA in the Tai Chi group significantly increased after 12 weeks in the following areas: physiology, 8.71 (p = 0.005), symptoms, 4.34 (p = 0.042), society, 15.79 (p < 0.001), and total score, 10.60 (p = 0.002). A post hoc test further revealed that quality of life improved in the Tai Chi group but not in the standard care group. Physical results showed a significant interaction with balance(F(1,56) = 6.92, p = 0.011); participants in the Tai Chi group improved by 10 s while there was no change in the standard care group. Although there were no significant interactions in the fitness outcomes (i.e., hand-grip and sit-and-reach tests), the within-group factor displayed significant changes in body fat (F(1,56) = 27.79, p < 0.001) in both groups. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that Tai Chi is a promising exercise that improves quality of life for individuals with stimulant dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhu
- a Chinese Wushu Research Center, Shanghai University of Sport , Shanghai , China
| | - Ding Xu
- b Shanghai Drug Administration , Shanghai , China
| | - Guobin Dai
- a Chinese Wushu Research Center, Shanghai University of Sport , Shanghai , China
| | - Fei Wang
- a Chinese Wushu Research Center, Shanghai University of Sport , Shanghai , China
| | - Xin Xu
- c Anti-Doping Research Laboratory , Shanghai University of Sport , Shanghai , China
| | - Daoxin Zhou
- a Chinese Wushu Research Center, Shanghai University of Sport , Shanghai , China
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Carroll ME, Smethells JR. Sex Differences in Behavioral Dyscontrol: Role in Drug Addiction and Novel Treatments. Front Psychiatry 2016; 6:175. [PMID: 26903885 PMCID: PMC4745113 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to discuss recent findings related to sex differences in behavioral dyscontrol that lead to drug addiction, and clinical implications for humans are discussed. This review includes research conducted in animals and humans that reveals fundamental aspects of behavioral dyscontrol. The importance of sex differences in aspects of behavioral dyscontrol, such as impulsivity and compulsivity, is discussed as major determinants of drug addiction. Behavioral dyscontrol during adolescence is also an important consideration, as this is the time of onset for drug addiction. These vulnerability factors additively increase drug-abuse vulnerability, and they are integral aspects of addiction that covary and interact with sex differences. Sex differences in treatments for drug addiction are also reviewed in terms of their ability to modify the behavioral dyscontrol that underlies addictive behavior. Customized treatments to reduce behavioral dyscontrol are discussed, such as (1) using natural consequences such as non-drug rewards (e.g., exercise) to maintain abstinence, or using punishment as a consequence for drug use, (2) targeting factors that underlie behavioral dyscontrol, such as impulsivity or anxiety, by repurposing medications to relieve these underlying conditions, and (3) combining two or more novel behavioral or pharmacological treatments to produce additive reductions in drug seeking. Recent published work has indicated that factors contributing to behavioral dyscontrol are an important target for advancing our knowledge on the etiology of drug abuse, intervening with the drug addiction process and developing novel treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John R. Smethells
- Program in PharmacoNeuroImmunology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Sex differences in drug addiction and response to exercise intervention: From human to animal studies. Front Neuroendocrinol 2016; 40:24-41. [PMID: 26182835 PMCID: PMC4712120 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Accumulated research supports the idea that exercise could be an option of potential prevention and treatment for drug addiction. During the past few years, there has been increased interest in investigating of sex differences in exercise and drug addiction. This demonstrates that sex-specific exercise intervention strategies may be important for preventing and treating drug addiction in men and women. However, little is known about how and why sex differences are found when doing exercise-induced interventions for drug addiction. In this review, we included both animal and human that pulled subjects from a varied age demographic, as well as neurobiological mechanisms that may highlight the sex-related differences in these potential to assess the impact of sex-specific roles in drug addiction and exercise therapies.
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Babinska Z, Ruda-Kucerova J, Amchova P, Merhautova J, Dusek L, Sulcova A. Olfactory bulbectomy increases reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking after a forced abstinence in rats. Behav Brain Res 2015; 297:20-7. [PMID: 26431766 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Drug addiction is commonly associated with depression and comorbid patients also suffer from higher cravings and increased relapse rate. To address this issue preclinically we combined the olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) model of depression and intravenous methamphetamine self-administration procedure in rats to assess differences in relapse-like behavior. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided randomly into two groups; in one group the bilateral olfactory bulbectomy (OBX) was performed while the other group was sham operated. After recovery, intracardiac catheter was implanted. Intravenous self-administration procedure was conducted in operant boxes using nose-poke operandi (Coulbourn Instruments, Inc., USA) under fixed ratio 1 schedule of reinforcement. Methamphetamine was available at dose 0.08 mg/kg/infusion. After stable methamphetamine intake was maintained, a period of forced abstinence was initiated and rats were kept in their home-cages for 14 days. Finally, one reinstatement session was conducted in operant boxes with no drug delivery. In the reinstatement session the mean of 138.4 active nose-pokes was performed by the OBX group, while the sham group displayed 41 responses, i.e. 140 % and 48 % of basal nose-poking during maintenance phase in OBX and sham operated group respectively. OBX group also showed significantly more passive nose-pokes indicating hyperactive behavioral traits in bulbectomized rats. However, the % of active operandum preference was equal in both groups. Olfactory bulbectomy model significantly increased reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking behavior. This paradigm can be used to evaluate potential drugs that are able to suppress the drug-seeking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Babinska
- Experimental and Applied Neuropsychopharmacology Group, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Ruda-Kucerova
- Experimental and Applied Neuropsychopharmacology Group, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Amchova
- Experimental and Applied Neuropsychopharmacology Group, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Merhautova
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ladislav Dusek
- Masaryk University, Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses of Faculty of Medicine, Kamenice 3, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandra Sulcova
- Experimental and Applied Neuropsychopharmacology Group, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Somkuwar SS, Staples MC, Fannon MJ, Ghofranian A, Mandyam CD. Evaluating Exercise as a Therapeutic Intervention for Methamphetamine Addiction-Like Behavior. Brain Plast 2015; 1:63-81. [PMID: 29765835 PMCID: PMC5928557 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-150007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The need for effective treatments for addiction and dependence to the illicit stimulant methamphetamine in primary care settings is increasing, yet no effective medications have been FDA approved to reduce dependence [1]. This is partially attributed to the complex and dynamic neurobiology underlying the various stages of addiction [2]. Therapeutic strategies to treat methamphetamine addiction, particularly the relapse stage of addiction, could revolutionize methamphetamine addiction treatment. In this context, preclinical studies demonstrate that voluntary exercise (sustained physical activity) could be used as an intervention to reduce methamphetamine addiction. Therefore, it appears that methamphetamine disrupts normal functioning in the brain and this disruption is prevented or reduced by engaging in exercise. This review discusses animal models of methamphetamine addiction and sustained physical activity and the interactions between exercise and methamphetamine behaviors. The review highlights how methamphetamine and exercise affect neuronal plasticity and neurotoxicity in the adult mammalian striatum, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex, and presents the emerging mechanisms of exercise in attenuating intake and in preventing relapse to methamphetamine seeking in preclinical models of methamphetamine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sucharita S Somkuwar
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Miranda C Staples
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - McKenzie J Fannon
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Atoosa Ghofranian
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Chitra D Mandyam
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Vandewater SA, Creehan KM, Taffe MA. Intravenous self-administration of entactogen-class stimulants in male rats. Neuropharmacology 2015; 99:538-45. [PMID: 26302654 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The intravenous self-administration (IVSA) of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is inconsistent in rats, with up to half of subjects failing to acquire reliable drug intake. It is unknown if this changes under long-access conditions (6 h sessions) under which the IVSA of cocaine and methamphetamine escalates. The entactogen class cathinone stimulants which exhibit MDMA-like monoamine effects in the nucleus accumbens, mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone) and methylone (3,4-methylenedioxymethcathinone), may support more reliable IVSA but results have been mixed. This study was designed to directly compare the IVSA of these three compounds. Groups of male Wistar rats were trained to self-administer mephedrone, methylone or MDMA (0.5 mg/kg/inf) under a Fixed-Ratio (FR) 1 schedule of reinforcement for 14 sessions. Following the acquisition interval, animals were evaluated in FR (0.0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 mg/kg/inf) and Progressive Ratio (PR; 0.125, 1.0 mg/kg/inf) dose-substitution procedures. Long access conditions escalated MDMA intake over the 6 h session but not in the first 2 h. In short access, drug intake was significantly higher in mephedrone-trained rats compared with either the methylone-trained or MDMA-trained groups during acquisition. Mephedrone resulted in the highest intakes during FR and PR dose-substitution in MDMA- and mephedrone-trained groups. Overall it was found that mephedrone is a more effective reinforcer than methylone or MDMA and represents a higher risk for compulsive use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia A Vandewater
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kevin M Creehan
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael A Taffe
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Miller ML, Aarde SM, Moreno AY, Creehan KM, Janda KD, Taffe MA. Effects of active anti-methamphetamine vaccination on intravenous self-administration in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 153:29-36. [PMID: 26118833 PMCID: PMC4509945 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND d-Methamphetamine (METH) addiction is a serious public health concern for which successful treatment remains elusive. Immunopharmacotherapy has been shown to attenuate locomotor and thermoregulatory effects of METH. The current study investigated whether active vaccination against METH could alter intravenous METH self-administration in rats. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats (Experiment 1: N=24; Experiment 2: N=18) were vaccinated with either a control keyhole-limpet hemocyanin conjugate vaccine (KLH) or a candidate anti-METH vaccine (MH6-KLH) or. Effects of vaccination on the acquisition of METH self-administration under two dose conditions (0.05, 0.1mg/kg/inf) and post-acquisition dose-substitution (0, 0.01, 0.05, 0.20mg/kg/inf, Experiment 1; 0.01, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15mg/kg/inf, Experiment 2) during steady-state responding were investigated. Plasma METH concentrations were determined 30min after an acute challenge dose of 3.2mg/kg METH. RESULTS Active vaccination inhibited the acquisition of METH self-administration under the 0.1mg/kg/inf dose condition, with 66% of the MH6-KLH-vaccinated rats compared to 100% of the controls reaching criteria, and produced transient and dose-dependent effects on self-administration during the maintenance phase. Under the 0.05mg/kg/inf dose condition, MH6-KLH-vaccinated rats initially self-administered more METH than controls, but then self-administration decreased across the acquisition phase relative to controls; a subsequent dose-response assessment confirmed that MH6-KLH-vaccinated rats failed to acquire METH self-administration. Finally, plasma METH concentrations were higher in MH6-KLH-vaccinated rats compared to controls after an acute METH challenge, and these were positively correlated with antibody titers. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate that active immunopharmacotherapy for METH attenuates the acquisition of METH self-administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- ML Miller
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders; The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - SM Aarde
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders; The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - AY Moreno
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology; The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - KM Creehan
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders; The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - KD Janda
- Departments of Chemistry, Immunology and Microbial Science, Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology; The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - MA Taffe
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders; The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Bardo MT, Compton WM. Does physical activity protect against drug abuse vulnerability? Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 153:3-13. [PMID: 26091750 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current review examined recent literature to determine our state of knowledge about the potential ability of physical activity serve as a protectant against drug abuse vulnerability. METHODS Both preclinical and clinical studies were examined using either associational or random assignment study designs. In addition to examining drug use as an outcome variable, the potential neural mediators linking physical activity and drug abuse vulnerability were examined. CONCLUSIONS Several important conclusions may be drawn. First, the preclinical evidence is solid in showing that physical activity in various forms is able to serve as both a preventive and treatment intervention that reduces drug use, although voluntary alcohol drinking appears to be an exception to this conclusion. Second, the clinical evidence provides some evidence, albeit mixed, to suggest a beneficial effect of physical activity on tobacco dependent individuals. In contrast, there exists only circumstantial evidence that physical activity may reduce use of drugs other than nicotine, and there is essentially no solid information from random control studies to know if physical activity may prevent initiation of problem use. Finally, both preclinical and clinical evidence shows that various brain systems are altered by physical activity, with the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) serving as one potential node that may mediate the putative link between physical activity and drug abuse vulnerability. It is concluded that novel neurobehavioral approaches taking advantage of novel techniques for assessing the physiological impact of physical activity are needed and can be used to inform the longitudinal random control studies that will answer definitively the question posed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Bardo
- Department of Psychology and Center for Drug Abuse Research Translation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0509, USA.
| | - Wilson M Compton
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, 6001 Executive Boulevard, MSC 9581, Bethesda, MD 20892-9581, USA
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Aarde SM, Miller ML, Creehan KM, Vandewater SA, Taffe MA. One day access to a running wheel reduces self-administration of D-methamphetamine, MDMA and methylone. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 151:151-8. [PMID: 25863714 PMCID: PMC4447594 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise influences drug craving and consumption in humans and drug self-administration in laboratory animals, but the effects can be variable. Improved understanding of how exercise affects drug intake or craving would enhance applications of exercise programs to human drug users attempting cessation. METHODS Rats were trained in the intravenous self-administration (IVSA) of D-methamphetamine (METH; 0.05 mg/kg/inf), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA; 0.5 mg/kg/inf) or methylone (0.5 mg/kg/inf). Once IVSA was established, the effect of ∼ 22 h of wheel access in the home cage on subsequent drug taking was assessed in a two cohort crossover design. RESULTS Provision of home cage wheel access during the day prior to IVSA sessions significantly decreased the self-administration of METH, MDMA and methylone. At the individual level, there was no correlation between the amount a rat used the wheel and the size of the individual's decrease in drug intake. CONCLUSIONS Wheel access can reduce self-administration of a variety of psychomotor stimulants. It does so immediately, i.e., without a need for weeks of exercise prior to drug access. This study therefore indicates that future mechanistic investigations should focus on acute effects of exercise. In sum, the results predict that exercise programs can be used to decrease stimulant drug use in individuals even with no exercise history and an established drug taking pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn M Aarde
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, SP30-2400, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michelle L Miller
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, SP30-2400, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kevin M Creehan
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, SP30-2400, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sophia A Vandewater
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, SP30-2400, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael A Taffe
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, SP30-2400, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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Binge-like acquisition of 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) self-administration and wheel activity in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1867-77. [PMID: 25424056 PMCID: PMC4426253 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3819-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Lack of access to conventional sources of reinforcement has been proposed as a risk factor for substance abuse in lower socioeconomic populations. There is laboratory evidence that behavioral alternatives (enrichment or exercise) and alternative reinforcers (e.g., sweetened solutions) can reduce self-administration of a variety of drugs. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to determine if drug self-administration could devalue wheel activity in an animal model. METHODS Male Wistar rats were trained to self-administer 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV; "bath salts"), 0.05 mg/kg/infusion, i.v., with concurrent access to a running wheel that was either locked (LW) or unlocked (UW). RESULTS MDPV intake steadily increased across the 20-session acquisition interval but did not differ significantly between UW and LW groups. Mean wheel rotations declined significantly across the acquisition interval in the UW group. Of the rats that acquired self-administration, 60 % engaged in a binge-like behavior at the initiation of acquisition; intake was limited only by post-reinforcement time-out. The binge rats had higher post-acquisition levels of drug intake (even after excluding the binge session), and the UW binge rats showed a precipitous post-acquisition drop in wheel activity that was not observed in the UW no-binge rats. CONCLUSIONS These data confirm that MDPV is a powerful reward/reinforcer and show that a relatively high rate of intake at the onset of drug taking can devalue natural rewards (wheel activity) and can predict higher subsequent drug intake levels. Thus, limiting the intensity of initial drug exposure may attenuate subsequent drug abuse/addiction by preventing the devaluation of natural alternative rewards/reinforcers.
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Zlebnik NE, Carroll ME. Effects of the combination of wheel running and atomoxetine on cue- and cocaine-primed reinstatement in rats selected for high or low impulsivity. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:1049-59. [PMID: 25258161 PMCID: PMC4339407 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3744-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aerobic exercise and the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication, atomoxetine (ATO), are two monotherapies that have been shown to suppress reinstatement of cocaine-seeking in an animal model of relapse. The present study investigated the effects of combining wheel running and ATO versus each treatment alone on cocaine-seeking precipitated by cocaine and cocaine-paired cues in rats with differing susceptibility to drug abuse (i.e., high vs. low impulsive). METHODS Rats were screened for high (HiI) or low impulsivity (LoI) based on their performance on a delay-discounting task and then trained to self-administer cocaine (0.4 mg/kg/inf) for 10 days. Following 14 days of extinction, both groups were tested for reinstatement of cocaine-seeking precipitated by cocaine or cocaine-paired cues in the presence of concurrent running wheel access (W), pretreatment with ATO, or both (W+ATO). RESULTS HiI rats acquired cocaine self-administration more quickly than LoI rats. While both individual treatments and W+ATO significantly attenuated cue-induced cocaine seeking in HiI and LoI rats, only W+ATO was effective in reducing cocaine-induced reinstatement compared with vehicle treatment. There were dose-dependent and phenotype-specific effects of ATO with HiI rats responsive to the low but not high ATO dose. Floor effects of ATO and W on cue-induced reinstatement prevented the assessment of combined treatment effects. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrated greater attenuation of cue- versus cocaine-induced reinstatement by ATO and W alone and recapitulate impulsivity phenotype differences in both acquisition of cocaine self-administration and receptivity to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Zlebnik
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA,
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Sobieraj JC, Kim A, Fannon MJ, Mandyam CD. Chronic wheel running-induced reduction of extinction and reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking in methamphetamine dependent rats is associated with reduced number of periaqueductal gray dopamine neurons. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 221:261-76. [PMID: 25273280 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0905-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Exercise (physical activity) has been proposed as a treatment for drug addiction. In rodents, voluntary wheel running reduces cocaine and nicotine seeking during extinction, and reinstatement of cocaine seeking triggered by drug-cues. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of chronic wheel running during withdrawal and protracted abstinence on extinction and reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking in methamphetamine dependent rats, and to determine a potential neurobiological correlate underlying the effects. Rats were given extended access to methamphetamine (0.05 mg/kg, 6 h/day) for 22 sessions. Rats were withdrawn and were given access to running wheels (wheel runners) or no wheels (sedentary) for 3 weeks after which they experienced extinction and reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking. Extended access to methamphetamine self-administration produced escalation in methamphetamine intake. Methamphetamine experience reduced running output, and conversely, access to wheel running during withdrawal reduced responding during extinction and, context- and cue-induced reinstatement of methamphetamine seeking. Immunohistochemical analysis of brain tissue demonstrated that wheel running during withdrawal did not regulate markers of methamphetamine neurotoxicity (neurogenesis, neuronal nitric oxide synthase, vesicular monoamine transporter-2) and cellular activation (c-Fos) in brain regions involved in relapse to drug seeking. However, reduced methamphetamine seeking was associated with running-induced reduction (and normalization) of the number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons in the periaqueductal gray (PAG). The present study provides evidence that dopamine neurons of the PAG region show adaptive biochemical changes during methamphetamine seeking in methamphetamine dependent rats and wheel running abolishes these effects. Given that the PAG dopamine neurons project onto the structures of the extended amygdala, the present findings also suggest that wheel running may be preventing certain allostatic changes in the brain reward and stress systems contributing to the negative reinforcement and perpetuation of the addiction cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery C Sobieraj
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Airee Kim
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - McKenzie J Fannon
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Chitra D Mandyam
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Zlebnik NE, Saykao AT, Carroll ME. Effects of combined exercise and progesterone treatments on cocaine seeking in male and female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:3787-98. [PMID: 24595506 PMCID: PMC4175733 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3513-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individually, both treatment with progesterone and concurrent access to an exercise wheel reduce cocaine self-administration under long-access conditions and suppress cocaine-primed reinstatement in female rats. In the present study, wheel running and progesterone (alone and combined) were assessed for their effects on reinstatement of cocaine-seeking primed by yohimbine, cocaine, and cocaine-paired cues. METHODS Male and female rats were implanted with an intravenous catheter and allowed to self-administer cocaine (0.4 mg/kg/inf, iv) during 6-h sessions for 10 days. Subsequently, the groups of male and female rats were each divided into two groups that were given concurrent access to either a locked or unlocked running wheel under extinction conditions for 14 days. Next, all four groups were tested in a within-subjects design for reinstatement of cocaine-seeking precipitated by separate administration of cocaine-paired stimuli, yohimbine, or cocaine or the combination of yohimbine + cocaine-paired stimuli or cocaine + cocaine-paired stimuli. These priming conditions were tested in the presence of concurrent wheel access (W), pretreatment with progesterone (P), or both (W + P). RESULTS In agreement with previous results, females responded more for cocaine than males during maintenance. Additionally, concurrent wheel running attenuated extinction responses and cocaine-primed reinstatement in females but not in males. Across all priming conditions, W + P reduced reinstatement compared to control conditions, and for cocaine-primed reinstatement in male rats, the combined W + P treatment was more effective than W or P alone. CONCLUSION Under certain conditions, combined behavioral (exercise) and pharmacological (progesterone) interventions were more successful at reducing cocaine-seeking behavior than either intervention alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E. Zlebnik
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Jackson Hall, 321 Church St.
SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA, Department of Psychiatry, Diehl Hall, 505 Essex St. SE,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Amy T. Saykao
- Department of Psychiatry, Diehl Hall, 505 Essex St. SE,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marilyn E. Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry, Diehl Hall, 505 Essex St. SE,
University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Exercise decreases speedball self-administration. Life Sci 2014; 114:86-92. [PMID: 25132360 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Epidemiological studies report that individuals who exercise are less likely to abuse drugs. Preclinical studies report that exercise, in the form of treadmill or wheel running, reliably decreases the self-administration of psychomotor stimulants and opioids. To date, preclinical studies have only examined the effects of exercise on responding maintained by individual drugs and not by combinations of multiple drugs. This limits the translational appeal of these studies because polydrug abuse is common among substance abusing populations. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of exercise on the self-administration of speedball, a combination of cocaine and heroin that is frequently encountered in intravenous drug abusing populations. MAIN METHODS Female rats were obtained at weaning and assigned to sedentary or exercising conditions. Sedentary rats were housed in standard cages that permitted no exercise beyond normal cage ambulation; exercising rats were housed in similar cages with an activity wheel. After 6weeks, rats were implanted with intravenous catheters and trained to self-administer cocaine, heroin, and dose combinations of cocaine and heroin (i.e., speedball) on a progressive ratio schedule of reinforcement. KEY FINDINGS Doses of speedball maintained greater levels of responding than corresponding doses of cocaine and heroin alone. Importantly, responding maintained by cocaine, heroin, and speedball was lower in exercising rats than sedentary rats. SIGNIFICANCE These data indicate that exercise decreases the self-administration of speedball and suggest that exercise may reduce the abuse of drug combinations that have traditionally been resistant to treatment.
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Sanchez V, Moore CF, Brunzell DH, Lynch WJ. Sex differences in the effect of wheel running on subsequent nicotine-seeking in a rat adolescent-onset self-administration model. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:1753-62. [PMID: 24271035 PMCID: PMC3969388 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3359-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Wheel running attenuates nicotine-seeking in male adolescent rats; however, it is not known if this effect extends to females. OBJECTIVE To determine if wheel running during abstinence would differentially attenuate subsequent nicotine-seeking in male and female rats that had extended access to nicotine self-administration during adolescence. METHODS Male (n = 49) and female (n = 43) adolescent rats self-administered saline or nicotine (5 μg/kg) under an extended access (23-h) paradigm. Following the last self-administration session, rats were moved to polycarbonate cages for an abstinence period where they either had access to a locked or unlocked running wheel for 2 h/day. Subsequently, nicotine-seeking was examined under a within-session extinction/cue-induced reinstatement paradigm. Due to low levels of nicotine-seeking in females in both wheel groups, additional groups were included that were housed without access to a running wheel during abstinence. RESULTS Females self-administered more nicotine as compared to males; however, within males and females, intake did not differ between groups prior to wheel assignment. Compared to saline controls, males and females that self-administered nicotine showed a significant increase in drug-seeking during extinction. Wheel running during abstinence attenuated nicotine-seeking during extinction in males. In females, access to either locked or unlocked wheels attenuated nicotine-seeking during extinction. While responding was reinstated by cues in both males and females, levels were modest and not significantly affected by exercise in this adolescent-onset model. CONCLUSIONS While wheel running reduced subsequent nicotine-seeking in males, access to a wheel, either locked or unlocked, was sufficient to suppress nicotine-seeking in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Sanchez
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, 1670 Discovery Drive, Suite 110, Charlottesville, VA, 22911, USA
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Engelmann AJ, Aparicio MB, Kim A, Sobieraj JC, Yuan CJ, Grant Y, Mandyam CD. Chronic wheel running reduces maladaptive patterns of methamphetamine intake: regulation by attenuation of methamphetamine-induced neuronal nitric oxide synthase. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 219:657-72. [PMID: 23443965 PMCID: PMC3702684 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0525-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether prior exposure to chronic wheel running (WR) alters maladaptive patterns of excessive and escalating methamphetamine intake under extended access conditions, and intravenous methamphetamine self-administration-induced neurotoxicity. Adult rats were given access to WR or no wheel (sedentary) in their home cage for 6 weeks. A set of WR rats were injected with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) to determine WR-induced changes in proliferation (2-h old) and survival (28-day old) of hippocampal progenitors. Another set of WR rats were withdrawn (WRw) or continued (WRc) to have access to running wheels in their home cages during self-administration days. Following self-administration [6 h/day], rats were tested on the progressive ratio (PR) schedule. Following PR, BrdU was injected to determine levels of proliferating progenitors (2-h old). WRc rats self-administered significantly less methamphetamine than sedentary rats during acquisition and escalation sessions, and demonstrated reduced motivation for methamphetamine seeking. Methamphetamine reduced daily running activity of WRc rats compared with that of pre-methamphetamine days. WRw rats self-administered significantly more methamphetamine than sedentary rats during acquisition, an effect that was not observed during escalation and PR sessions. WR-induced beneficial effects on methamphetamine self-administration were not attributable to neuroplasticity effects in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex, but were attributable to WR-induced inhibition of methamphetamine-induced increases in the number of neuronal nitric oxide synthase expressing neurons and apoptosis in the nucleus accumbens shell. Our results demonstrate that WR prevents methamphetamine-induced damage to forebrain neurons to provide a beneficial effect on drug-taking behavior. Importantly, WR-induced neuroprotective effects are transient and continued WR activity is necessary to prevent compulsive methamphetamine intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. Engelmann
- Skaggs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark B. Aparicio
- Skaggs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Airee Kim
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffery C. Sobieraj
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Clara J. Yuan
- Skaggs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Yanabel Grant
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chitra D. Mandyam
- Skaggs School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, SP30-2400, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Zlebnik NE, Hedges VL, Carroll ME, Meisel RL. Chronic wheel running affects cocaine-induced c-Fos expression in brain reward areas in rats. Behav Brain Res 2013; 261:71-8. [PMID: 24342748 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence from human and animal studies suggests that exercise is a highly effective treatment for drug addiction. However, most work has been done in behavioral models, and the effects of exercise on the neurobiological substrates of addiction have not been identified. Specifically, it is unknown whether prior exercise exposure alters neuronal activation of brain reward circuitry in response to drugs of abuse. To investigate this hypothesis, rats were given 21 days of daily access to voluntary wheel running in a locked or unlocked running wheel. Subsequently, they were challenged with a saline or cocaine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) injection and sacrificed for c-Fos immunohistochemistry. The c-Fos transcription factor is a measure of cellular activity and was used to quantify cocaine-induced activation of reward-processing areas of the brain: nucleus accumbens (NAc), caudate putamen (CPu), medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). The mean fold change in cocaine-induced c-Fos cell counts relative to saline-induced c-Fos cell counts was significantly higher in exercising compared to control rats in the NAc core, dorsomedial and dorsolateral CPu, the prelimbic area, and the OFC, indicating differential cocaine-specific cellular activation of brain reward circuitry between exercising and control animals. These results suggest neurobiological mechanisms by which voluntary wheel running attenuates cocaine-motivated behaviors and provide support for exercise as a novel treatment for drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie E Zlebnik
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, University of MN, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Diehl Hall, 505 Essex Street SE, University of MN, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Valerie L Hedges
- Department of Neuroscience, Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, University of MN, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Marilyn E Carroll
- Department of Psychiatry, Diehl Hall, 505 Essex Street SE, University of MN, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Robert L Meisel
- Department of Neuroscience, Jackson Hall, 321 Church Street SE, University of MN, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Lynch WJ, Peterson AB, Sanchez V, Abel J, Smith MA. Exercise as a novel treatment for drug addiction: a neurobiological and stage-dependent hypothesis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1622-44. [PMID: 23806439 PMCID: PMC3788047 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Physical activity, and specifically exercise, has been suggested as a potential treatment for drug addiction. In this review, we discuss clinical and preclinical evidence for the efficacy of exercise at different phases of the addiction process. Potential neurobiological mechanisms are also discussed focusing on interactions with dopaminergic and glutamatergic signaling and chromatin remodeling in the reward pathway. While exercise generally produces an efficacious response, certain exercise conditions may be either ineffective or lead to detrimental effects depending on the level/type/timing of exercise exposure, the stage of addiction, the drug involved, and the subject population. During drug use initiation and withdrawal, its efficacy may be related to its ability to facilitate dopaminergic transmission, and once addiction develops, its efficacy may be related to its ability to normalize glutamatergic and dopaminergic signaling and reverse drug-induced changes in chromatin via epigenetic interactions with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the reward pathway. We conclude with future directions, including the development of exercise-based interventions alone or as an adjunct to other strategies for treating drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy J Lynch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, 1670 Discovery Drive, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA.
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Sanchez V, Moore CF, Brunzell DH, Lynch WJ. Effect of wheel-running during abstinence on subsequent nicotine-seeking in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 227:403-11. [PMID: 23371488 PMCID: PMC3656970 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Exercise appears to be a promising non-pharmacological treatment for nicotine addiction that may be useful for the vulnerable adolescent population. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to determine if wheel-running, an animal model of aerobic exercise, during an abstinence period would decrease subsequent nicotine-seeking in rats that had extended access to nicotine self-administration during adolescence. METHODS Male adolescent rats (n = 55) were trained to self-administer saline or nicotine infusions (5 or 10 μg/kg) under a fixed ratio 1 schedule with a maximum of 20 infusions/day beginning on postnatal day 30. After 5 days, access was extended to 23 h/day with unlimited infusions for a total of 10 days. After the last self-administration session, rats were moved to polycarbonate cages for a 10-day abstinence period where they either had access to a locked or unlocked running wheel for 2 h/day. Nicotine-seeking was examined following the 10th day of abstinence under a within-session extinction/cue-induced reinstatement paradigm. RESULTS Intake was higher at the 10 μg/kg dose as compared to the 5 μg/kg dose; however, intake did not differ within doses prior to wheel assignment. Compared to saline controls, rats that self-administered nicotine at either dose showed a significant increase in drug-seeking during extinction, and consistent with our hypothesis, exercise during abstinence attenuated this effect. Nicotine led to modest but significant levels of cue-induced reinstatement; however, in this adolescent-onset model, levels were variable and not affected by exercise. CONCLUSIONS Exercise may effectively reduce relapse vulnerability for adolescent-onset nicotine addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Sanchez
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of
Virginia, 1670 Discovery Drive, Suite 110, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA
| | - Catherine F Moore
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of
Virginia, 1670 Discovery Drive, Suite 110, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA
| | - Darlene H Brunzell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Interdepartmental
Neuroscience Program, Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth
University, PO Box 980613, 410 N. 12th St. Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Wendy J Lynch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of
Virginia, 1670 Discovery Drive, Suite 110, Charlottesville, VA 22911, USA
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Smith MA, Witte MA. The effects of exercise on cocaine self-administration, food-maintained responding, and locomotor activity in female rats: importance of the temporal relationship between physical activity and initial drug exposure. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2012; 20:437-46. [PMID: 22924703 PMCID: PMC3752996 DOI: 10.1037/a0029724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported that exercise decreases cocaine self-administration in rats with long-term access (8+ weeks) to activity wheels in the home cage. The purpose of this study was to (a) examine the importance of the temporal relationship between physical activity and initial drug exposure, (b) determine the effects of exercise on responding maintained by a nondrug reinforcer (i.e., food), and (c) investigate the effects of exercise on cocaine-induced increases in locomotor activity. To this end, female rats were obtained at weaning and divided into 4 groups: (a) EXE-SED rats were housed in exercise cages for 6 weeks and then transferred to sedentary cages after the first day of behavioral testing; (b) SED-EXE rats were housed in sedentary cages for 6 weeks and then transferred to exercise cages after the first day of behavioral testing; (c) SED-SED rats remained in sedentary cages for the duration of the study; and (d) EXE-EXE rats remained in exercise cages for the duration of the study. Relative to the sedentary group (SED-SED), exercise reduced cocaine self-administration in both groups with access to activity wheels after initial drug exposure (EXE-EXE, SED-EXE) but did not reduce cocaine self-administration in the group with access to activity wheels only before drug exposure (EXE-SED). Exercise also decreased the effects of cocaine on locomotor activity but did not reduce responding maintained by food. These data suggest that exercise may reduce cocaine use in drug-experienced individuals with no prior history of aerobic activity without decreasing other types of positively reinforced behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Smith
- Department of Psychology, Box 7037, Davidson College, Davidson, NC 28035-7037, USA.
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Exercise to reduce the escalation of cocaine self-administration in adolescent and adult rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 224:387-400. [PMID: 22752381 PMCID: PMC3773508 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2760-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Concurrent access to an exercise wheel decreases cocaine self-administration under short access (5 h/day for 5 days) conditions and suppresses cocaine-primed reinstatement in adult rats. OBJECTIVE The effect of exercise (wheel running) on the escalation of cocaine intake during long access (LgA, 6 h/day for 26 days) conditions was evaluated. METHODS Adolescent and adult female rats acquired wheel running, and behavior was allowed to stabilize for 3 days. They were then implanted with an iv catheter and allowed to self-administer cocaine (0.4 mg/kg, iv) during 6-h daily sessions for 16 days with concurrent access to either an unlocked or a locked running wheel. Subsequently, for ten additional sessions, wheel access conditions during cocaine self-administration sessions were reversed (i.e., locked wheels became unlocked and vice versa). RESULTS In the adolescents, concurrent access to the unlocked exercise wheel decreased responding for cocaine and attenuated escalation of cocaine intake irrespective of whether the locked or unlocked condition came first. However, cocaine intake increased when the wheel was subsequently locked for the adolescents that had initial access to an unlocked wheel. Concurrent wheel access either before or after the locked wheel access did not reduce cocaine intake in adults. CONCLUSIONS Wheel running reduced cocaine intake during LgA conditions in adolescent but not adult rats, and concurrent access to the running wheel was necessary. These results suggest that exercise prevents cocaine seeking and that this effect is more pronounced in adolescents than adults.
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Huang PK, Aarde SM, Angrish D, Houseknecht KL, Dickerson TJ, Taffe MA. Contrasting effects of d-methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone, and 4-methylmethcathinone on wheel activity in rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2012; 126:168-75. [PMID: 22664136 PMCID: PMC3439532 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Revised: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports from U.S., U.K. and European drug policy entities, and ongoing media accounts, show increasing recreational use of 4-methylmethcathinone (4-MMC, mephedrone) and 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). Severe sympathomimetic symptoms, hallucinations, psychoses, and even deaths have been reported, yet little scientific information is available on the effects of these compounds in laboratory models. Available studies on the neurochemistry of these drugs show that 4-MMC and MDPV enhance DA neurotransmission, while 4-MMC additionally enhances 5-HT neurotransmission--a pattern much like that reported for methamphetamine versus 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). As is the case for designer amphetamines, these neurochemical distinctions may predict differential potential for repetitive versus episodic abuse and distinct lasting toxicities. METHODS This study determined relative locomotor stimulant effects of 4-MMC (1-10 mg/kg, s.c.) and MDPV (0.5-5.6 mg/kg, s.c.), in comparison with d-methamphetamine (MA; 0.5-5.6 mg/kg, s.c.) and MDMA (1-7.5 mg/kg, s.c.) on a measure of locomotor activity--voluntary wheel running--in male Wistar rats (N=8). RESULTS Compared to counts of wheel rotations after saline, a biphasic change in the pattern of counts was observed after injections of MA and MDPV, with relatively higher counts following lower doses and lower counts following the highest dose. However, monophasic, dose-dependent reductions in counts were observed in response to injections of MDMA and 4-MMC. CONCLUSION Thus, voluntary wheel running yielded the same categorical distinctions for these drugs as did prior experiments testing the effects of these drugs on monoaminergic neurotransmission. These data indicate that MDPV produces prototypical locomotor stimulant effects whereas 4-MMC is more similar to the entactogen MDMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pai-Kai Huang
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, University of New England
| | - Shawn M. Aarde
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, University of New England
| | - Deepshikha Angrish
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, University of New England
| | | | - Tobin J. Dickerson
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, University of New England
| | - Michael A. Taffe
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, University of New England
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Mandyam CD, Koob GF. The addicted brain craves new neurons: putative role for adult-born progenitors in promoting recovery. Trends Neurosci 2012; 35:250-60. [PMID: 22265158 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder associated with compulsive drug taking, drug seeking and a loss of control in limiting intake, reflected in three stages of a recurrent cycle: binge/intoxication, withdrawal/negative affect, and preoccupation/anticipation ("craving"). This review discusses the role of adult-born neural and glial progenitors in drug seeking associated with the different stages of the addiction cycle. A review of the current literature suggests that the loss of newly born progenitors, particularly in hippocampal and cortical regions, plays a role in determining vulnerability to relapse in rodent models of drug addiction. The normalization of drug-impaired neurogenesis or gliogenesis may help reverse neuroplasticity during abstinence and, thus, may help reduce the vulnerability to relapse and aid recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra D Mandyam
- Committee on the Neurobiology of Addictive Disorders, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Smith MA, Lynch WJ. Exercise as a potential treatment for drug abuse: evidence from preclinical studies. Front Psychiatry 2012; 2:82. [PMID: 22347866 PMCID: PMC3276339 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies reveal that individuals who engage in regular aerobic exercise are less likely to use and abuse illicit drugs. Until recently, very few studies had examined the causal influences that mediate this relationship, and it was not clear whether exercise was effective at reducing substance use and abuse. In the past few years, several preclinical studies have revealed that exercise reduces drug self-administration in laboratory animals. These studies have revealed that exercise produces protective effects in procedures designed to model different transitional phases that occur during the development of, and recover from, a substance use disorder (e.g., acquisition, maintenance, escalation, and relapse/reinstatement of drug use). Moreover, recent studies have revealed several behavioral and neurobiological consequences of exercise that may be responsible for its protective effects in these assays. Collectively, these studies have provided convincing evidence to support the development of exercise-based interventions to reduce compulsive patterns of drug intake in clinical and at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Smith
- Department of Psychology and Program in Neuroscience, Davidson CollegeDavidson, NC, USA
| | - Wendy J. Lynch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of VirginiaCharlottesville, VA, USA
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