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Spillane NS, Schick MR, Kirk-Provencher KT, Nalven T, Goldstein SC, Crawford MC, Weiss NH. Trauma and Substance Use among Indigenous Peoples of the United States and Canada: A Scoping Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:3297-3312. [PMID: 36197078 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221126184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Substance use has been identified by Indigenous populations as contributing to health disparities facing their communities. Rates of trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder are higher in Indigenous, compared to non-Indigenous, populations and have been linked to substance use. Historical trauma is thought to be one mechanism underlying substance use and related disorders. The purpose of the present study is to summarize the current state of the literature focusing on the association between trauma (historical and lived) and substance use among Indigenous populations in the United States and Canada. Databases were systematically searched using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses statement. The search strategy initially yielded 4,026 articles. After exclusion of ineligible articles, 63 articles remained for synthesis. Results of the present review provide evidence for a positive link between substance use and both historical trauma (i.e., 86.4% of studies) and lived trauma (i.e., 84.7% of studies). Indigenous participants reported that historical trauma and pain related to loss of cultural identity contributed to substance use in their communities. Indigenous participants also consistently described an association between lived trauma and substance use. Despite heterogeneity among Indigenous communities, findings suggest a significant association between trauma and substance use across many different tribes and settings (e.g., reservation/reserve, rural/urban). Indigenous participants identified healing from trauma and reconnecting with culture as necessary components for reducing substance use and maintaining sobriety. With this, the development and implementation of interventions should partner with Indigenous communities in a manner that promotes and enhances cultural values for healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa R Schick
- University of Rhode Island, Kingston, USA
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Katelyn T Kirk-Provencher
- University of Rhode Island, Kingston, USA
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
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Liu H, Qi Q, Duan Y, Ma C, Zhou C. Sex and macroeconomic differences and trends in early attempts at cigarette smoking among adolescents: findings from 147 countries. BMC Med 2022; 20:311. [PMID: 36131270 PMCID: PMC9494856 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02512-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most tobacco users initiate smoking during adolescence. Little is known about the global prevalence and trends in early cigarette smoking among adolescents. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of early attempts at cigarette smoking and its change trends among young adolescents. METHODS We used data from the Global Youth Tobacco Surveys on adolescents aged 12-16 years, comprising 456,634 participants from 147 countries between 2006 and 2018, to estimate the prevalence of early attempts at cigarette smoking and age distribution at attempt by sex, country income, purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita, and WHO region. We assessed the average annual rate of reduction (AARR) in the prevalence of attempts at cigarette smoking before 12 years of age in 70 countries that had data from three or more surveys completed between 1999 and 2018. RESULTS The average prevalence of early attempts at cigarette smoking was 12.2% (95% CI: 10.9-13.5) for boys and 6.7% (95% CI: 5.8-7.6) for girls, with the highest prevalence of 17.4% for boys and 10.7% for girls in the European region. Along with the growth of the national economy, the prevalence of early attempts at cigarette smoking gradually increased in both sexes. A total of 22.9% and 30% of countries had a negative change in AARR for boys and for girls, respectively. The countries with an upward prevalence were mainly located in the Eastern Mediterranean, Southeast Asia, and African regions. The age distribution at first cigarette smoked did not differ substantially between sexes. Notably, the age at first cigarette smoked of 10.7 years for girls was significantly earlier than that of 11.8 years for boys in low-income countries. Among cigarette-smoking adolescents, the average percentage of girls reporting smoking their first cigarette at an age <12 years was 55.7% in Q1 for PPP quintiles, 46.5% in Q2, 40.3% in Q3, 38.4% in Q4, and 34.6% in Q5, and the corresponding prevalence for boys was 46.0% in Q1, 42.8% in Q2, 42.9% in Q3, 43.5% in Q4, and 41.1% in Q5. CONCLUSIONS The global prevalence of early attempts at cigarette smoking among adolescents was substantial, with differences by sex and macroeconomic situation, and our findings stress that interventions and policies targeting the first smoking experience are required to prevent the initiation of tobacco use among early adolescents, especially girls in low-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqing Liu
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Qi Qi
- School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Ying Duan
- School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Chuanwei Ma
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chengchao Zhou
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China. .,NHC Key Lab of Health Economics and Policy Research, Shandong University, 44 Wen-hua-xi Road, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, China.
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Woods C, Kim B, Guo K, Nyguen T, Taplayan S, Aronowitz T. Factors That Influence Substance Use Among American Indian/Alaskan Native Youth: A Systematic Mixed Studies Review. J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc 2022; 28:37-57. [PMID: 34396829 DOI: 10.1177/10783903211038050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN) mortality rate from illicit drug use was 22.7%, double that of the general population between 2007 and 2009. Fifteen percent of AI/AN youth reported receiving treatment for substance use compared with 10% of non-AI/AN peers. OBJECTIVE The purpose was to explore the factors that influence substance use among AI/AN youth. METHOD We performed a systematic review using a results-based convergent synthesis design. Eight electronic databases were searched for articles published between 2014 and 2019 using the search terms "Native American youth," "Native American adolescent," "Native Youth," "substance use," "substance misuse," and "substance abuse." The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to appraise the studies. RESULTS Forty-seven studies met the inclusion criteria (44 quantitative, one qualitative, and two mixed-methods studies). The results were organized using the ecological systems model and included evaluation of both protective and risk factors related to AI/AN youth substance use. Three system levels were found to influence substance use: individual, micro- and macrosystems. The individual systems-level coping mechanisms played a key role in whether AI/AN youth initiated substance use. Family, school, and peer factors influence the microsystem level. At the macrosystem level, community environmental factors were influential. CONCLUSION The major factor linking all the systems was the influence of a connected relationship with a prosocial adult who instilled future aspirations and a positive cultural identity. Findings of this systematic mixed studies review will assist in intervention development for AI/AN youth to prevent substance misuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Woods
- Cedric Woods, PhD, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - BoRam Kim
- BoRam Kim, BSN, RN, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kristine Guo
- Kristine Guo, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tuyet Nyguen
- Tuyet Nugyen, University of Massachusetts Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sarin Taplayan
- Sarin Tapalyan, BSN, University of Massachusetts, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Teri Aronowitz
- Teri Aronowitz, PhD, APRN, FNP-BC, FAAN, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
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Schick MR, Nalven T, Thomas ED, Weiss NH, Spillane NS. Depression and alcohol use in American Indian adolescents: The influence of family factors. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:141-151. [PMID: 35076972 PMCID: PMC8988920 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rates of both depression and alcohol use are disproportionately higher among American Indian (AI) adolescents than adolescents in the general population. The co-occurrence of depression and alcohol use is common and clinically relevant given their reciprocal negative influences on outcomes. Family factors may be especially relevant because they could have a buffering effect on this relationship due to the importance of kinship and community in AI communities. The current study examines the roles of family warmth and parental monitoring in the association between depressive symptoms and alcohol use in a large, nationally representative sample of AI adolescents. METHODS Data were collected from 3498 AI 7th to 12th graders (47.8% female) residing on or near a reservation during the period 2009 to 2013. Participants reported on their depressive symptoms, family factors, and alcohol use. RESULTS There was a small, but statistically significant positive association between depressive symptoms and alcohol use (r = 0.11, p < 0.001). Greater depressive symptoms were associated with significantly less perceived family warmth (β = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.13, -0.06]), which was associated with significantly greater alcohol use (β = -0.39, 95% CI [-0.55, -0.23]). Family warmth significantly accounted for the association between depressive symptoms and alcohol use at high (β = 0.04, SE = 0.02, 95% CI [0.004, 0.09]), but not low, levels of parental monitoring (β = 0.02, SE = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.002, 0.06]). CONCLUSIONS Results of the present study suggest that developing culturally sensitive prevention and treatment approaches focusing on increasing both family warmth and parental monitoring are important to address the co-occurrence of depression and alcohol misuse among AI adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R. Schick
- Department of Psychology University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island USA
| | - Tessa Nalven
- Department of Psychology University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island USA
| | - Emmanuel D. Thomas
- Department of Psychology University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island USA
| | - Nicole H. Weiss
- Department of Psychology University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island USA
| | - Nichea S. Spillane
- Department of Psychology University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island USA
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Liu Y, Smith NDL, Lloyd SL, Striley CW, Cottler LB. Prescription Stimulant Use and Associated Risk Factors for Non-oral Use among 10 to 18 Year Olds. J Psychoactive Drugs 2020; 52:421-432. [PMID: 32723035 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2020.1795326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Non-medical use, especially non-oral use, of prescription stimulants is a public health concern. This study analyzed data from the National Monitoring of Adolescent Prescription Stimulants Study (N-MAPSS). Users (n = 723) were categorized as oral medical only users (n = 330, 45.6%), any oral non-medical users (n = 270, 37.3%), and any non-oral users (n = 123, 17.0%). The associations between patterns of stimulant use and risk factors were examined using logistic regression. Of the 123 any non-oral users, 79 reported using stimulants intranasally and orally, which was the most prevalent pattern of non-oral use. Among any non-oral users, the most common source of stimulants was from school (63.4%). Non-oral users primarily used stimulants to get high (74.4%) compared to 27.1% among other users. Negative consequences significantly associated with any non-oral use but not with oral non-medical use included needing stimulants to "feel ok," having trouble with teachers, bosses or friends due to stimulant use, and having anxiety and depression symptoms. In this study, non-oral use of prescription stimulants was associated with additional risks of adverse mental health outcomes compared to medical only use and other forms of non-medical use. Stimulant non-oral use interventions should emphasize the risks of intranasal use of stimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiyang Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nathan D L Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shawnta L Lloyd
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Catherine W Striley
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Linda B Cottler
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL, USA
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Faraone SV, Rostain AL, Montano CB, Mason O, Antshel KM, Newcorn JH. Systematic Review: Nonmedical Use of Prescription Stimulants: Risk Factors, Outcomes, and Risk Reduction Strategies. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 59:100-112. [PMID: 31326580 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review all literature on the nonmedical use (NMU) and diversion of prescription stimulants to better understand the characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes of NMU and to review risk-reduction strategies. METHOD We systematically searched PubMed, PsycINFO, and SCOPUS from inception to May 2018 for studies containing empirical data about NMU and diversion of prescription stimulants. Additional references identified by the authors were also assessed for inclusion. RESULTS A total of 111 studies met inclusion criteria. NMU and diversion of stimulants are highly prevalent; self-reported rates among population samples range from 2.1% to 58.7% and from 0.7% to 80.0%, respectively. A variety of terms are used to describe NMU, and most studies have examined college students. Although most NMU is oral, non-oral NMU also occurs. The majority of NMU is associated with no, or minor, medical effects; however, adverse medical outcomes, including death, occur in some individuals, particularly when administered by non-oral routes. Although academic and occupational performance enhancement are the most commonly cited motivations, there is little evidence that academic performance is improved by NMU in individuals without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. CONCLUSION NMU of stimulants is a significant public health problem, especially in college students, but variations in the terms used to describe NMU and inconsistencies in the available data limit a better understanding of this problem. Further research is needed to develop methods to detect NMU, identify individuals at greatest risk, study routes of administration, and devise educational and other interventions to help reduce occurrence of NMU. Colleges should consider including NMU in academic integrity policies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anthony L Rostain
- Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | | | | | - Kevin M Antshel
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY; Syracuse University, NY
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Spillane NS, Treloar Padovano H, Schick MR. Regional and gender differences in tobacco use among American Indian youth. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2019; 19:553-566. [PMID: 30633663 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2018.1548321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco use is among the top preventable causes of death in the United States, and American Indian (AI) adolescents tend to use tobacco at higher rates compared to the general population. To examine regional and gender differences in rates of smoked, smokeless, and poly-tobacco use among AI adolescents as compared to White counterparts, participants were sampled as part of a larger ongoing study examining substance use among American Indian adolescents who completed the American Drug and Alcohol Survey. A multilevel analytic approach was used to examine the effects of demographic variables on tobacco use. AI disparities were present for past month and lifetime rates of smoked and smokeless tobacco use, and these disparities varied by region and gender. AI disparities in smoked tobacco use were largest in the Upper Great Lakes region, with odds of current and ever smoking among AIs 3.34 to 4.15 times that of Whites, respectively, p < .001. Regional differences in AI disparities were not significant for lifetime smokeless or poly-tobacco use, p ≥ .675. With regard to gender differences, AI disparities in reports of ever smoking were largest among females, OR = 2.61, p < .001. Similar to cigarette smoking, AI disparities in reports of ever using smoked, smokeless, or poly-tobacco were largest among females, OR = 2.51 and 2.56, respectively, p < .001. Our results suggest a need for prevention and intervention programs to be implemented with consideration for adolescents' demographic characteristics, including geographic region, gender, and AI status.
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Wojciechowski TW. Illicit Stimulant Use Development in Adolescence and Early Adulthood Among Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors Predicting Heterogeneity. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0022042618803066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this article are to identify groups of trajectories of stimulant use across adolescence and early adulthood among juvenile offenders and to identify risk factors predicting development. Group-based trajectory modeling was used to identify developmental subgroups of stimulant users during the study period. Multinomial logistic regression was used to examine baseline covariates’ relevance for predicting assignment to identified trajectory groups. A six-group model of stimulant use was found to best fit the data. Race, history of direct victimization at baseline, gender, low school commitment at baseline, low religiosity at baseline, and other substance use at baseline were all identified as predictors of trajectory group assignment. Juvenile offenders, particularly White and female offenders, are at elevated risk of illicit stimulant use during adolescence and early adulthood. Despite this, the vast majority of juvenile offenders in the sample had desisted by age 23, differing from research on other substances using this same sample.
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