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Trinh CD, Girard R, Schick MR, Spillane NS. Positive psychological interventions on alcohol use and consequences: Pilot randomized trial in a young adult cannabis-using sample. J Subst Use Addict Treat 2024; 158:209241. [PMID: 38056630 DOI: 10.1016/j.josat.2023.209241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Young adults exhibit high rates of concurrent alcohol and cannabis use, which is associated with more negative alcohol-related consequences. Positive psychological interventions have successfully been leveraged to target alcohol, cannabis, and nicotine use, as well as substance use disorders, and may be a useful harm reduction approach to reduce alcohol-related consequences. This pilot study sought to generate effect sizes for two positive psychological interventions, Savoring and Three Good Things, on frequency of alcohol use, quantity of alcohol use, and alcohol-related consequences. METHODS The current study used data from a pilot study testing positive psychological interventions to reduce cannabis use and cannabis-related consequences in young adults (ages 18 to 25) who used cannabis at least once per week within the prior month (N = 50, Mage = 22.72, 72 % men, 40 % White). Participants reported baseline alcohol and cannabis use and alcohol-related consequences, then the study randomized them to complete a daily Savoring intervention, Three Good Things, or a control exercise, and completed daily text message surveys for two weeks (i.e., the intervention period) and a follow-up survey. RESULTS Analyses revealed no significant differences across experimental conditions on alcohol use frequency, alcohol use quantity, or alcohol-related consequences at baseline or follow-up. Paired samples t-tests demonstrated that participants in the Savoring group showed large, significant decreases in alcohol-related consequences (t[16] = 2.28, p = .04, gav = 0.54); no decreases occurred in frequency or quantity of alcohol use. The Three Good Things group showed no significant decreases in alcohol-related consequences, frequency of alcohol use, or quantity of alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that a larger scale clinical trial is warranted to determine whether Savoring and Three Good Things might function as harm reduction interventions to reduce alcohol-related consequences in young adults who concurrently use alcohol and cannabis. Future research should use a larger sample, a longer intervention administration period, and a longer follow-up period to examine these positive psychological interventions more rigorously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine D Trinh
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Psychology, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Rachel Girard
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Psychology, Kingston, RI 02881, USA
| | - Melissa R Schick
- Yale School of Medicine, Division of Prevention and Community Research, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Nichea S Spillane
- University of Rhode Island, Department of Psychology, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
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Girard R, Nalven T, Spillane NS. The protective role of valuing cultural activities on cannabis use in reserve-Dwelling First Nation youth. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38349771 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2024.2313453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis legalization and use across North America disproportionately negatively affects North American Indigenous (NAI) youth. Cultural activities may function as an alternative reinforcer to protect against substance use and promote engagement in substance-free activities. The present study explored the role of valuing cultural activities on positive cannabis expectancies and past-month cannabis use. This was a secondary data analysis of data from one NAI adolescent population reporting any past-month cannabis use. 106 NAI adolescents (50% female) from a Canadian reserve community completed surveys in spring 2017. The Institutional Review Board, tribal chief, and council approved this study and informed consent, assent, and parental permission were obtained from participants. Linear regression results revealed significant main effects of positive cannabis expectancies (b = 2.926, SE = 1.198, p = .017, 95%CI[0.542, 5.309]) and valuing cultural activities (b= -0.471,SE = 0.234, p=.048, 95%CI[-0.937, -0.005]) on cannabis use, but no significant interaction between cannabis expectancies and valuing cultural activities. Previous research found valuing cultural activities significantly moderates the relationship between positive alcohol expectancies and alcohol use. Divergent findings may relate to the different historical significance of alcohol versus cannabis. Alcohol was used as a method to colonize NAIs. Thus, our non-significant interaction may result from cannabis not holding the same historical significance in comparison to alcohol for First Nation people, although this is only a hypothesis and should be confirmed with a follow up study. Despite this, calls from Indigenous communities emphasize the need for strength-based approaches and our results indicate that valuing culture is still significantly related to reduced cannabis use, independent of cannabis expectancies.
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Nalven T, Spillane NS. Commentary on Dobani et al.: Multiracial-A growing demographic for whom further research in the addiction field is warranted. Addiction 2024; 119:60-61. [PMID: 37737008 DOI: 10.1111/add.16345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Nalven
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Nichea S Spillane
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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DiFonte MC, Schick MR, Spillane NS. Perceived stress and resilience among college students: The roles of self-compassion and anxiety symptomatology. J Am Coll Health 2024; 72:128-134. [PMID: 35114902 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.2024211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study explored the role of self-compassion on the relationship between perceived stress and resilience among college students experiencing different levels of anxiety symptomatology. PARTICIPANTS Three hundred and forty-five undergraduate students (Mage= 19.66; 74.8% female) were recruited from a public university in the northeastern United States. METHODS Participants completed self-report measures assessing perceived stress, self-compassion, anxiety symptomatology, and resilience. RESULTS Self-compassion was found to indirectly affect the association between perceived stress and resilience at both low (b = -0.06, 95% CI [-0.08, -0.04]) and high levels (b = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.05, -0.01]) of anxiety symptomatology. The index of moderated mediation was significant (b = 0.005, 95% CI [0.001, 0.01]). CONCLUSIONS Results of the present study suggest that interventions to enhance resilience should incorporate strategies aimed at managing stress and anxiety and increasing self-compassion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C DiFonte
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Melissa R Schick
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Nichea S Spillane
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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Spillane NS, Schick MR, Kirk-Provencher KT, Nalven T, Goldstein SC, Crawford MC, Weiss NH. Trauma and Substance Use among Indigenous Peoples of the United States and Canada: A Scoping Review. Trauma Violence Abuse 2023; 24:3297-3312. [PMID: 36197078 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221126184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Substance use has been identified by Indigenous populations as contributing to health disparities facing their communities. Rates of trauma exposure and post-traumatic stress disorder are higher in Indigenous, compared to non-Indigenous, populations and have been linked to substance use. Historical trauma is thought to be one mechanism underlying substance use and related disorders. The purpose of the present study is to summarize the current state of the literature focusing on the association between trauma (historical and lived) and substance use among Indigenous populations in the United States and Canada. Databases were systematically searched using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses statement. The search strategy initially yielded 4,026 articles. After exclusion of ineligible articles, 63 articles remained for synthesis. Results of the present review provide evidence for a positive link between substance use and both historical trauma (i.e., 86.4% of studies) and lived trauma (i.e., 84.7% of studies). Indigenous participants reported that historical trauma and pain related to loss of cultural identity contributed to substance use in their communities. Indigenous participants also consistently described an association between lived trauma and substance use. Despite heterogeneity among Indigenous communities, findings suggest a significant association between trauma and substance use across many different tribes and settings (e.g., reservation/reserve, rural/urban). Indigenous participants identified healing from trauma and reconnecting with culture as necessary components for reducing substance use and maintaining sobriety. With this, the development and implementation of interventions should partner with Indigenous communities in a manner that promotes and enhances cultural values for healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melissa R Schick
- University of Rhode Island, Kingston, USA
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven CT, USA
| | - Katelyn T Kirk-Provencher
- University of Rhode Island, Kingston, USA
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, USA
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Weiss NH, Spillane NS, Goldstein SC, Kiefer R, Raudales AM, Nalven T, Egan A, Trinh CD, Moore RS, Gone JP. Ground-up approach to understanding the impacts of historical trauma in one reserve-dwelling first nations community. J Consult Clin Psychol 2023; 91:717-730. [PMID: 37650826 PMCID: PMC10872583 DOI: 10.1037/ccp0000840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE First Nations peoples experience disproportionate health inequities compared to most non-Indigenous populations. Historical trauma is one factor that has received growing attention in relation to health inequities among First Nations populations. The goal of the present study was to improve understanding of the specific forms, impacts, and mechanisms of transmission of events that lead to historical trauma and the historical trauma response in First Nations peoples. METHOD Five focus groups were conducted among adult members of one First Nations community in Canada (N = 34; 70.4% female). RESULTS Conventional content analysis revealed the numerous forms that historical trauma take in this First Nations community; individual-, familial-, community-, and societal-level impacts of historical trauma; and ways in which historical trauma has been transmitted in this community. Loss of culture, alcohol use, and parenting were major themes identified across these domains. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide important information on the experience of historical trauma in one First Nations community, highlighting the roles of loss of culture; alcohol use; and parenting in the forms, impacts, and transmission of historical trauma. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alana Egan
- University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | | | - Roland S. Moore
- Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Joseph P. Gone
- Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Schick MR, Todi AA, Nalven T, Spillane NS. Discrimination and school outcomes in first nation youth: The role of positive psychological characteristics. J Adolesc 2023; 95:1653-1665. [PMID: 37655638 PMCID: PMC10926939 DOI: 10.1002/jad.12233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Positive psychological characteristics have been found to be associated with discrimination and school outcomes separately; however, no work has examined these associations together or in North American Indigenous (NAI) populations. NAI adolescents experience high rates of racial discrimination. Because discrimination has a detrimental impact on academic outcomes it is critical to identify factors that could buffer this impact. The purpose of this study was to examine the indirect effect of racial discrimination on three distinct school outcomes (i.e., attitudes toward school, grades, and educational attainment goals) through the pathway of three positive psychological characteristics (i.e., satisfaction with life, subjective happiness, and self-compassion). METHODS First Nation adolescents living on a rural reserve in Eastern Canada (N = 106, Mage = 14.6 years, 50.0% female) completed a pencil-and-paper survey in Spring 2017 as part of a larger community-based participatory research study. RESULTS In the model examining school attitudes, indirect effects through subjective happiness (b = -0.21, 95% confidence interval (CI): [-0.53, -0.03]) and self-compassion (b = -0.19, 95% CI: [-0.39, -0.04]), but not satisfaction with life, were significant. In the model examining grades, only the specific indirect effect through subjective happiness was significant (b = -0.27, 95% CI: [-0.59 -0.07]). Similarly, in the model examining school goals, only the indirect effect through subjective happiness was significant (b = -0.40, 95% CI: [-0.94, -0.08]). The direct effects of discrimination on school attitudes (b = 0.02, 95% CI: [-0.52, 0.56]), grades (b = 0.16, 95% CI: [-0.39, 0.71]), and school goals (b = -0.03, 95% CI: [-0.90, 0.84]) were not significant after controlling for positive psychological characteristics. DISCUSSION Schools should foster positive emotions to enhance academic outcomes, especially for NAI youth who are more likely to experience racial discrimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R. Schick
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island, Department of Psychology, Kingston RI 02881
- Division of Prevention and Community Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven CT, 06511
| | | | - Tessa Nalven
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island, Department of Psychology, Kingston RI 02881
| | - Nichea S. Spillane
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island, Department of Psychology, Kingston RI 02881
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Trinh CD, Schick MR, Lynch-Gadaleta B, Martz A, Nalven T, Spillane NS. The Role of Savoring in Young Adult Cannabis Use and Associated Consequences: A Replication Study. J Psychoactive Drugs 2023:1-8. [PMID: 37947346 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2023.2278583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Young adults exhibit high rates of cannabis use and are at heightened risk of experiencing negative cannabis-associated consequences. The purpose of the present study was to replicate and extend to prior work on savoring, the ability to experience positive experiences/emotions, and cannabis use frequency on cannabis-associated consequences. Young adults (18-25 years old, N = 122, 36.1% women) who reported weekly cannabis use completed self-report surveys. Savoring was significantly associated with cannabis use frequency (r = .28, p < .01) and cannabis-associated consequences (r = -.20, p < .05). Cannabis use frequency was significantly and negatively associated with cannabis-associated consequences (r = -.24, p < .01). However, the interaction between cannabis use frequency and savoring on cannabis-associated consequences was not significant (b = 0.0004, p = .91, 95% CI [-0.007, 0.008]). When the interaction was removed, neither cannabis use frequency (b = -0.14, p = .08, CI [-0.29, -0.02]) nor savoring (b = -0.05, p = .16, CI [-0.13, 0.02]) were associated with cannabis-associated consequences. Results did not replicate previous findings regarding the moderating role of savoring in the relationship between cannabis use frequency and cannabis-associated consequences. Future research may explore why findings did not replicate by using more fine-grained assessment methods and comprehensive measures of cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine D Trinh
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Melissa R Schick
- Division of Prevention and Community Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Anika Martz
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Tessa Nalven
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Nichea S Spillane
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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Spillane NS, Schick MR, Hostetler KL, Trinh CD, Kahler CW. Results of a pilot study examining the effect of positive psychology interventions on cannabis use and related consequences. Contemp Clin Trials 2023; 131:107247. [PMID: 37263491 PMCID: PMC10875633 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2023.107247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Young adults experience high rates of cannabis use and consequences. Cross-sectional work has linked positive psychological constructs (e.g., savoring) to less cannabis use and consequences, and positive psychological interventions (PPIs) have shown promise in targeting other substance use behaviors. This pilot study sought to provide an initial test of PPIs to reduce young adult cannabis use and consequences. METHODS Adults (18-25 years old) who endorsed at least weekly past-month cannabis use (N = 59, 69.6% men, 41.1% White) reported their baseline cannabis use and consequences. Participants were randomized to complete one of three daily exercises (Savoring, Three Good Things, or a control) along with daily text message surveys for two weeks, then completed a follow-up survey at the end of the two weeks. RESULTS Paired samples t-tests indicated that participants in the Three Good Things group showed medium to large reductions in frequency of weekly cannabis use (p = .08, gav = -0.57) and cannabis-associated consequences (p = .08, gav = -0.57) from baseline to follow-up. In the Savoring and control groups, there were not significant changes in frequency of weekly cannabis use (Savoring: p = .39, gav = 0.20; Control: p = .96, gav = 0.01) nor cannabis-associated consequences (Savoring: p = .84, gav = 0.05; Control: p = .45, gav = -0.18). Participants in both positive psychology conditions reported the exercises were easy to complete, providing evidence for acceptability. DISCUSSION Results provide initial support for the feasibility and potential promise of a text-message based PPI as a harm reduction approach for cannabis users. A larger clinical trial is warranted to test the effects of such interventions with adequate statistical power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichea S Spillane
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, RI 02881, United States of America.
| | - Melissa R Schick
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, RI 02881, United States of America; Division of Prevention and Community Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, United States of America
| | - Katherine L Hostetler
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, RI 02881, United States of America; Health Services Research & Development, Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908, United States of America
| | - Catherine D Trinh
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, RI 02881, United States of America
| | - Christopher W Kahler
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02903, United States of America
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Schick MR, Egan A, Nalven T, Spillane NS. Primary Socialization Theory and American Indian Adolescents' Intentions to Use Substances. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:1598-1605. [PMID: 37469038 PMCID: PMC10530191 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2236210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Intentions to use substances are a robust risk factor for future substance use. Primary Socialization Theory (PST), with its focus on relational factors, is well-suited to provide insight into American Indian adolescents' intentions to use substances given the importance of relationships in American Indian communities. The goal of the present study was to examine the role of PST-related factors (i.e., parental monitoring, peer pressure, attitudes toward school) on likelihood of intending to use substances (i.e., alcohol, cigarettes, cannabis, other drugs) among American Indian adolescents. American Indian participants (N = 8,950, 50.7% females) were recruited as a part of the Our Youth, Our Future survey, an ongoing surveillance of substance use among 7th-12th graders attending school on or near reservations. Parental monitoring was found to be associated with decreased likelihood of intending to use alcohol (aOR = 0.97, 95%CI [0.96, 0.99]), cigarettes (aOR = 0.96, 95%CI [0.94, 0.98]), cannabis (aOR = 0.95, 95%CI [0.94, 0.96]), and other drugs (aOR = 0.94, 95%CI [0.92, 0.96]). Peer pressure was associated with increased likelihood of intending to use alcohol (aOR = 1.68, 95%CI [1.59, 1.78]), cigarettes (aOR = 1.73, 95%CI [1.60, 1.86]), cannabis (aOR = 1.81, 95%CI [1.71, 1.92]), and other drugs (aOR = 1.40, 95%CI [1.26, 1.56]). More positive attitudes toward school were associated with decreased likelihood of intending to use alcohol (aOR = 0.93, 95%CI [0.91, 0.94]), cigarettes (aOR = 0.92, 95%CI [0.90, 0.94]), cannabis (aOR = 0.90, 95%CI [0.88, 0.91]), and other drugs (aOR = 0.96, 95%CI [0.93, 0.99]). Results support incorporating social relationships into interventions aiming to prevent substance use initiation, including promoting positive parental monitoring, peer interactions, and school attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R. Schick
- Division of Prevention and Community Research, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven CT 06511
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston RI 02881
| | - Alana Egan
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston RI 02881
| | - Tessa Nalven
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston RI 02881
| | - Nichea S. Spillane
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston RI 02881
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Goldstein SC, Spillane NS, Schick MR, Rossi JS. Measurement Invariance and Application of an Alcohol-Related Consequence Scale for American Indian Adolescents. Assessment 2023; 30:1125-1139. [PMID: 35435000 PMCID: PMC9576817 DOI: 10.1177/10731911221089201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
American Indian (AI) adolescents experience disproportionate alcohol-related consequences. The present study evaluated the psychometric properties and application of the American Drug and Alcohol Survey (ADAS™) alcohol-related consequence scale for AI adolescents through a secondary analysis of a large population-based sample of adolescents living on or near AI reservations. We found support for the ADAS alcohol-related consequence scale as a one-factor model, invariant discretely across race, sex assigned at birth, and age, and with good internal consistency. Evidence for construct validity was found through significant positive correlations between frequency of past 12 months of drinking, frequency of past 12 months of intoxication, and lifetime alcohol-related consequences. AI adolescents were significantly more likely to report more alcohol-related consequences than their non-Hispanic White peers. Race significantly interacted with frequency of drinking in predicting alcohol-related consequences such that these associations were stronger for AI adolescents. However, race did not significantly interact with frequency of intoxication in predicting alcohol-related consequences. Results from this study demonstrate the utility of the ADAS alcohol-related consequence scale for use across demographic groups with little risk of measurement bias.
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Schick MR, Hostetler KL, Kirk-Provencher KT, Spillane NS. Depressive symptoms, alcohol use, and alcohol-related consequences: the moderating role of gender among American Indian adolescents. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2023:1-17. [PMID: 37222686 PMCID: PMC10667562 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2023.2216162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Depression, alcohol use, and alcohol-related consequences are experienced disproportionately by American Indian (AI) adolescents. The co-occurrence of depression and alcohol use is clinically relevant, as it is associated with increased risk for suicide, among other negative consequences. Understanding how the association between depressive symptoms and alcohol use and related consequences is influenced by gender is important to understand for whom intervention efforts might be particularly relevant. Thus, the present study seeks to evaluate gender differences in these associations among AI adolescents. METHODS Participants were a representative sample of AI adolescents (N = 3,498, Mage=14.76, 47.8% female) residing on or near reservations who completed self-report questionnaires in school classrooms. Study activities were approved by IRB, school boards, and tribal authorities. RESULTS The interaction of depressive symptoms and gender was significant in predicting past-year alcohol use frequency (b=.02, p=.02) and, among youth reporting lifetime alcohol use, alcohol-related consequences (b=.03, p=.001). Analysis of simple slopes revealed that, for females, depressive symptoms were significantly associated with past-year alcohol use frequency (b=.02, p<.001) and alcohol-related consequences (b=.05, p<.001). For males, depressive symptoms were only significantly associated with alcohol-related consequences (b=.02, p=.04), and this effect was weaker than for females. CONCLUSIONS Results of the present study may inform the development of gender-sensitive recommendations for the assessment and treatment of alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences among AI adolescents. For instance, results suggest that treatments focusing on depressive symptoms may subsequently reduce alcohol use and related consequences for female AI adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R. Schick
- Divisision of Prevention and Community Research, Yale School of Medicine Department of Psychiatry, New Haven CT 06511
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston RI 02881
| | | | - Katelyn T. Kirk-Provencher
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston RI 02881
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO 80045
| | - Nichea S. Spillane
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston RI 02881
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Schick MR, Nalven T, Egan A, Spillane NS. The role of culture in the association between racial discrimination and alcohol use among North American Indigenous adolescents reporting recent drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2023. [PMID: 37095073 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND North American Indigenous (NAI) communities have identified alcohol use as a primary health concern. Experiences of racial discrimination are associated with increased alcohol use, but findings are mixed regarding the role of culture. The goal of the present study is to examine the role of culture in the association between racial discrimination and alcohol use. METHODS Across two studies (Study 1: N = 52; Study 2: N = 1,743), NAI adolescents who reported recent alcohol use living on or near NAI reservations completed self-report measures of racial discrimination, cultural affiliation, and alcohol use (e.g., frequency). RESULTS Bivariate correlations revealed a significant positive correlation between racial discrimination and alcohol use (Study 1: r = .31, p = .029; Study 2: r = .14, p < .001), and no significant correlation between cultural affiliation and alcohol use. Racial discrimination and cultural affiliation were significantly positively correlated in Study 1 (r = .18, p < .001), but not in Study 2. Across both studies, the interactions between racial discrimination and cultural affiliation predicting alcohol use were significant in unadjusted models (Study 1: b = 0.70, SE = 0.32, p = .033, 95%CI [0.06, 1.33]; Study 2: b = 0.01, SE = 0.01, p = .041, 95%CI [0.001, 0.03]), such that the association between racial discrimination and alcohol use was stronger for adolescents reporting high (versus low) levels of cultural affiliation. However, in adjusted models controlling for age and sex, the interaction between racial discrimination and cultural affiliation remained significant in Study 2 (b = 0.01, SE = 0.01, p = .0496, 95%CI [0.00002, 0.03]) but was no longer significant in Study 1. CONCLUSIONS Findings speak to the need to reduce racial discrimination against NAI youth, and to consider youths' different needs based on level of cultural affiliation to reduce subsequent alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Schick
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, RI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tessa Nalven
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Alana Egan
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Nichea S Spillane
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, RI, USA
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Goldstein SC, Spillane NS, Tate MC, Nelson LA, Collins SE. Measurement invariance and other psychometric properties of the Short Inventory of Problems (SIP-2R) across racial groups in adults experiencing homelessness and alcohol use disorder. Psychol Addict Behav 2023; 37:199-208. [PMID: 35511527 PMCID: PMC9636066 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People experiencing homelessness are disproportionately impacted by alcohol-related harm. Racially minoritized groups are disproportionately represented in the homeless population and are likewise disproportionately impacted by alcohol-related harm. Most alcohol outcome measures have not been adequately psychometrically studied in this marginalized population and across racial groups. This study documents psychometric properties, including measurement invariance, reliability, and convergent validity, of a measure of alcohol-related harm, the Short Inventory of Problems (SIP-2R), across Black, North American Indigenous (NAI), and White adults experiencing homelessness and alcohol use disorder (AUD). METHOD Adults experiencing homelessness and AUD who had participated in one of two randomized controlled trials of harm-reduction treatment (N = 493; NAI = 205, Black = 125, and White = 163) were included in this psychometric study of the 15-item SIP-2R. RESULTS Multigroup confirmatory factor analysis (MGCFA) indicated that a model comprising one general alcohol-related harm factor overarching five factors, showed close fit and partial scalar invariance, χ²(329, N = 493) = 624.902, p < .001, comparative fit index (CFI) = .966, root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) = .074, 90% CI [.066, .083], standardized root-mean-square residual (SRMR) = .063, confirming acceptable measurement equivalence across racial groups. The SIP-2R showed internal consistency (α = .94, ω = .95) and convergent validity, that is, positive correlation between the total SIP-2R score and the number of drinks consumed the heaviest drinking day, ρ(490) = .30, p < .001. CONCLUSION This study provided support for the internal consistency, convergent validity, and cross-group measurement equivalence of the SIP-2R for NAI, Black, and White adults experiencing homelessness with AUD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Spillane NS, Schick MR, Nalven T, Crawford MC, Martz AS. A retrospective examination of changes in drinking motives during the early COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Psychiatry Med 2023; 58:102-118. [PMID: 35722920 PMCID: PMC9209856 DOI: 10.1177/00912174221110086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The COVID-19 pandemic has led to substantial changes in college student alcohol use. Changes in drinking motives may explain some of these changes in drinking patterns. The purpose of the present study is to explore how drinking motives and alcohol use have changed amongst college students considering the timeframes before and after the onset of COVID-19 pandemic (i.e., March 2020) in the United States. We hypothesized that there would be significant changes in drinking motives after March 2020, which would be significantly related to changes in alcohol use. METHODS Participants for the current study were undergraduate students reporting lifetime alcohol use (n = 198, Mage = 21.3, 66.7% female, 86.4% White) recruited through online advertisements in classes to complete an online survey in April 2020. Participants were asked to report on their drinking motives and alcohol use considering the timeframes before and after the onset of closures and stay-at-home orders during the COVID-19 pandemic (i.e., before and since March 2020). RESULTS Paired samples t-tests revealed that endorsement of social (t[171) = 12.79, p < .001, d = 1.16) and conformity motives significantly decreased (t[170] = 4.46, p < .001, d = 0.31), while endorsement of coping motives significantly increased (t[172] = -2.70, p = .008, d = .15) after the onset of COVID-19. Linear regression analyses, controlling for drinking motives before March 2020, revealed that changes in enhancement (β = -.47, p < .001) and coping motives (β = -.22, p = .04) were significantly associated with changes in alcohol use quantity. CONCLUSIONS Findings of the present study support the need for interventions to target coping and social drinking to reduce risk for alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichea S. Spillane
- Nichea S. Spillane, PhD, Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, 110 Chafee Hall, 142 Flagg Road, Kingston RI 02881, USA.
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16
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Schick MR, Spillane NS, Breines JG. The role of positive affect in the association between stress and college student alcohol use. J Am Coll Health 2023; 71:249-256. [PMID: 33651662 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2021.1891075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the associations among stress, positive affect, binge drinking, and coping drinking motives. PARTICIPANTS Students (n = 351, Mage=19.7, 74.6% female) at a northeastern public university. METHODS Participants completed an online survey assessing perceived stress, frequency of experiencing positive emotions, frequency of binge drinking, and coping drinking motives. RESULTS Stress and positive emotions were not significantly related to frequency of binge drinking but were significantly correlated with coping motives for drinking. Regression analyses with all predictors, age, and gender in the model revealed the same: stress and positive emotion were not significantly related to binge drinking but were significantly related to coping motives. The interaction between stress and positive emotions predicting frequency of binge drinking or coping motives was nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest the utility of exploring positive emotions in risk and resilience research focused on college student drinking and of targeting positive emotions to decrease students' coping-related alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Schick
- Department of Psychology, PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Nichea S Spillane
- Department of Psychology, PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Juliana G Breines
- Department of Psychology, PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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Kirk-Provencher KT, Spillane NS, Schick MR, Chalmers SJ, Hawes C, Orchowski LM. Sexual and Gender Minority Inclusivity in Bystander Intervention Programs to Prevent Violence on College Campuses: A Critical Review. Trauma Violence Abuse 2023; 24:110-124. [PMID: 34109862 DOI: 10.1177/15248380211021606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals are at increased risk for experiencing sexual violence. Bystander intervention training programs are a first-line prevention recommendation for reducing sexual and dating violence on college campuses. Little is known regarding the extent to which SGM individuals are represented in the content of bystander intervention programs or are included in studies examining the effectiveness of bystander intervention programs. The present critical review aimed to fill this gap in knowledge. Twenty-eight empirical peer-reviewed evaluations of bystander intervention programs aimed at reducing dating violence or sexual assault on college campuses were examined. Three studies (10.7%) described including content representing SGM individuals in the program. Personal communication with study authors indicated that-although not mentioned in the publication-many programs describe rates of violence among SGM students. When describing the study sample, six studies (21.4%) indicated that transgender, nonbinary, or students classified as "other" were included in the research. Approximately two thirds of studies (67.9%) did not describe participants' sexual orientation. No studies reported outcomes specifically among SGM individuals, and two (7.1%) mentioned a lack of SGM inclusion as a study limitation. Work is needed to better represent SGM individuals in the content of bystander intervention programs and ensure adequate representation of SGM individuals in studies examining the effectiveness of bystander intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nichea S Spillane
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Melissa R Schick
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Sydney J Chalmers
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Courtney Hawes
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Lindsay M Orchowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Schick MR, Williams JN, Kirk-Provencher KT, Cyders MA, Spillane NS. Application of the acquired preparedness model for alcohol and cigarette use among reserve-dwelling first nation adolescents. Psychol Addict Behav 2022; 36:955-964. [PMID: 34928639 PMCID: PMC9207148 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE North American Indigenous youth experience disproportionate harm associated with alcohol and cigarette use compared to other racial/ethnic groups. The Acquired Preparedness Model (APM), developed and tested in primarily White samples, hypothesizes that urgency contributes to risk for substance use by influencing the degree to which adolescents attend to positive aspects of substance use, leading to the development of more positive expectations about the consequences of substance use, and increasing subsequent substance use. The purpose of the present study was to provide an initial test of whether the APM generalizes to understanding alcohol and cigarette use among high-risk First Nation adolescents. METHOD First Nation adolescents (n = 106, Mage = 14.6, 50.0% female) recruited from reserve communities in Eastern Canada completed self-report measures as part of a larger community-based participatory research project. Procedures were approved by tribal chief, council, and university IRB. RESULTS The hypothesized model demonstrated excellent fit for alcohol use, χ²(1) = 1.07, p = .30, CFI = 0.99, RMSEA = .03, SRMR = .02, and adequate fit for cigarette use, χ²(1) = 2.58, p = .11, CFI = 0.98, RMSEA = 0.12, SRMR = 0.03. The indirect effects of urgency on alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking through alcohol and cigarette expectancies were each significant. CONCLUSIONS Findings of the present study provide initial support for the generalizability of the APM in understanding risk for alcohol and cigarette use among reserve-dwelling First Nation youth. The next important step is to replicate this finding in a prospective sample. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R. Schick
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, 142 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Jessica N. Williams
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, 142 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | | | - Melissa A. Cyders
- Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis Department of Psychology, 402 North Blackford Street, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Nichea S. Spillane
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, 142 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881
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19
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Orchowski LM, Kirk KT, Schick MR, Spillane NS. Correlates of Bystander Intervention Among Heavy Drinking College Men. Violence Against Women 2022; 28:3588-3607. [PMID: 35946125 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221099983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study utilized survey assessments to examine correlates of bystander intervention intentions among heavy drinking college men (N = 210). Intentions to engage in bystander intervention were associated with fewer heavy drinking days, lower alcohol-related consequences, greater use of strategies to limit drinking, and lower endorsement of alcohol expectancies. A range of constructs commonly associated with perpetration of sexual aggression demonstrated a negative association with intentions to engage in bystander intervention. Multivariate analyses revealed that greater use of strategies to limit drinking and lower pornography use emerged as predictors of intentions to engage in bystander intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Orchowski
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Katelyn T Kirk
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, North Kingstown, RI, USA
| | - Melissa R Schick
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, North Kingstown, RI, USA
| | - Nichea S Spillane
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, North Kingstown, RI, USA
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20
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Schick MR, Egan A, Crawford M, Nalven T, Goldstein SC, Spillane NS. Cultural identity affiliation and alcohol use and related consequences among American Indian and White adolescents: A latent profile analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:1846-1856. [PMID: 36244045 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent alcohol use is a significant public health concern and rates of alcohol use are higher among American Indian (AI) adolescents than national samples of non-AI youth. A potential factor in understanding AI alcohol use is cultural identity, which can vary widely based on experiences of historical trauma. We used latent class analysis to examine cultural identity in AI and White adolescents and their alcohol use outcomes in relation to the latent class solutions. METHODS The samples included 3189 AI adolescents (Mage = 14.76, 48.9% female) and 1579 White adolescents (Mage = 15.56, 48.7% female) living on or near a reservation. Participants completed self-report measures of AI and White cultural identity affiliation, alcohol use, and alcohol-related problems. We examined (1) the best-fitting latent class solution with respect to American Indian (AI) and White cultural identity; (2) equivalence of the latent class solution; and (3) alcohol use outcomes across the optimal latent class solution. RESULTS Latent profile analyses indicated an optimal 3-class solution in both the AI and White samples, which differed by level of affiliation with AI and White cultural identity. While the optimal number of classes were similar across racial groups (configural profile similarity), the nature of the classes differed (structural profile dissimilarity). The three classes represented low overall scores on AI and White cultural identity (Marginalized), a mixture of high and low scores on AI and White cultural identity (Third Culture), and overall high scores on AI and White cultural identity (Bicultural). Alcohol-related problems predicted membership in the Third Culture class compared with the Marginalized class and the Bicultural class. Specifically, youth in the Third Culture class reported significantly fewer alcohol-related problems than youth in the Marginalized and Bicultural classes. Alcohol use did not predict latent class membership. CONCLUSIONS The future-oriented nature of the Third Culture class may provide protection against adverse alcohol-related outcomes. Research is needed to test interventions that target greater future orientation and future plans to integrate culture into adolescents' lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Schick
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Alana Egan
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Michael Crawford
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Tessa Nalven
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Silvi C Goldstein
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Nichea S Spillane
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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21
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Goldstein SC, Spillane NS, Nalven T, Weiss NH. Harm reduction acceptability and feasibility in a North American indigenous reserve community. J Community Psychol 2022; 50:3607-3624. [PMID: 35420216 PMCID: PMC9464673 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The present study assessed community and culturally specific alcohol-related harm among North American Indigenous (NAI) individuals, as well as the acceptability and feasibility of harm reduction approaches in one reserve-based NAI community. METHODS Participants lived on or near a NAI reserve in Canada. Semi-structured focus groups were conducted with health care workers (N = 8, 75% NAI) and community members (N = 9, 100% NAI). Self-report questionnaires were administered that measured acceptability and feasibility of harm reduction strategies. RESULTS Conventional content analysis revealed loss of culture as culturally specific alcohol-related harm. Health care workers rated harm reduction approaches to be acceptable and feasible, while community participants were more mixed. Majority of participants felt that some harm reduction strategies could provide opportunities for individuals who use alcohol to connect to Indigenous culture and traditions. However, there were mixed findings on whether harm reduction strategies are consistent with Indigenous cultural traditions and values. CONCLUSION Future research is needed to evaluate potential utility of harm-reduction approaches for NAI communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvi C Goldstein
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Nichea S Spillane
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Tessa Nalven
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Nicole H Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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22
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Schick MR, Nalven T, Lynch-Gadaleta B, Hostetler KL, Crawford MC, Spillane NS. Inclusion and reporting of sex, gender, and race/ethnicity in randomized controlled trials of nonpharmacological treatments for alcohol use disorder: A meta-epidemiologic review. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:1154-1165. [PMID: 35904527 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol use disorders (AUDs) are among the most prevalent behavioral and mental health diagnoses. Individuals with an AUD are at increased risk for numerous consequences across their social, health, and psychological functioning. Research suggests that differences may exist in the prevalence and consequences of AUD and in the efficacy of AUD treatment across demographic characteristics (i.e., sex/gender and race/ethnicity). This meta-epidemiologic review examined the inclusion of diverse groups (sex/gender and race/ethnicity) in published randomized controlled trials of nonpharmacological treatments for AUD since 1994, following passage of the National Institutes of Health Revitalization Act of 1993. We systematically searched databases following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement criteria. The initial search strategy yielded 7931 articles. After excluding ineligible articles, 155 were included in the present review for synthesis. Of the articles included in this review, only 57 (36.8%) fully reported on both their sample's sex/gender and racial/ethnic breakdown. Of the total sample, seven articles specifically examined one racial/ethnic group and 32 specifically examined one sex/gender group. Six articles (3.9%) reported no information regarding the racial/ethnic breakdown of their sample and five articles (3.2%) reported no information regarding the sex/gender breakdown of their participants. Only two articles (1.3%) reported on subgroup analyses that examined differences in treatment outcomes by both sex/gender and race/ethnicity, despite guidelines set forth by NIH. Only 46 articles (29.7%) described the failure to include diverse sex/gender or racial/ethnic groups or concerns about the generalizability of study findings given their sample's sex/gender or racial/ethnic composition as methodological limitations. These results indicate that substantial efforts must be put forth by the scientific community to ensure the inclusion, analysis, and reporting of data focused on women/females and members of minoritized racial/ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Schick
- Department of Psychology, PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Tessa Nalven
- Department of Psychology, PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Blaine Lynch-Gadaleta
- Department of Psychology, PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Katherine L Hostetler
- Department of Psychology, PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Michael C Crawford
- Department of Psychology, PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Nichea S Spillane
- Department of Psychology, PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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23
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Spillane NS, Nalven T, Goldstein SC, Schick MR, Kirk-Provencher KT, Jamil A, Weiss NH. Assaultive trauma, alcohol use, and alcohol-related consequences among American Indian adolescents. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:815-824. [PMID: 35342962 PMCID: PMC9117488 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND American Indian (AI) adolescents report disproportionate higher rates of alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences than adolescents from other racial/ethnic groups. Trauma exposure is also reported at high rates among AI individuals and likely confers risk for alcohol use. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of assaultive trauma experiences (e.g., physical assault, sexual assault) on alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences in AI adolescents. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of self-reported data on trauma exposure, alcohol consumption, and lifetime alcohol-related consequences provided by AI 7th to 12th graders residing on or near a reservation (n = 3498, Mage = 14.8; 49.5% female). Institutional Review Boards, tribal authorities, and school boards approved the study protocols prior to beginning data collection. RESULTS Nearly half (49.3%, n = 1498) of AI adolescents reported having experienced at least one assaultive trauma in their lifetime. Those who had experienced assaultive trauma were more likely to report lifetime alcohol use (χ2 = 111.84, p < 0.001) and experienced greater alcohol-related consequences (t(1746) = 12.21, p < 0.001) than those with no assaultive trauma exposure. Multilevel regression analyses indicated that a greater number of assaultive traumatic events was significantly associated with greater odds of lifetime alcohol use (p < 0.001, OR = 1.81, 95% CI [1.65, 2.00]) and having experienced a greater number of alcohol-related consequences (b = 0.36, SE = 0.04, t = 16.95, p < 0.001, 95% CI [0.31, 0.46]). CONCLUSIONS Findings of the present study highlight the relevance of exposure to assaultive trauma to AI adolescents' use of alcohol and experiences of alcohol-related consequences. These findings support the need for trauma-informed interventions in addressing alcohol use among AI adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichea S Spillane
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Tessa Nalven
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Silvi C Goldstein
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Melissa R Schick
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Aayma Jamil
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Nicole H Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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Schick MR, Todi AA, Spillane NS. Subjective happiness interrupts the association between alcohol expectancies and alcohol consumption among reserve-dwelling first nation adolescents. Am J Orthopsychiatry 2022; 92:497-504. [PMID: 35389745 DOI: 10.1037/ort0000607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
North American Indigenous (NAI) youth suffers disproportionately from consequences associated with alcohol use. Previous research has found that positive alcohol expectancies are robustly related to alcohol consumption among NAI youth and that changes in alcohol consumption are associated with concurrent changes in happiness. However, no work to date has examined the relation between happiness and alcohol expectancies, or the influence of happiness on the association between alcohol expectancies and alcohol consumption. First Nation adolescents between the ages of 11 and 18 living on a rural reserve in Eastern Canada (N = 106, Mage = 14.6 years, 50.0% female) completed a pencil-and-paper survey regarding their subjective happiness, positive alcohol expectancies, and alcohol consumption. Moderation analyses revealed a significant main effect of subjective happiness (b = -.10, p < .001) but not alcohol expectancies (b = .02, p = .14) on alcohol consumption. The interaction of alcohol expectancies and subjective happiness was significant, (b = -.01, p = .002). Analysis of simple slopes revealed that the effect of alcohol expectancies on alcohol consumption was significant for those reporting low (b = .07, p = .001), but not high levels of subjective happiness (b = -.02, p = .25). Results of the present study provide preliminary support for the utility of positive psychological interventions aiming to increase adolescent's subjective happiness to indirectly target alcohol consumption. Future work should test the effectiveness of such interventions and aim to replicate these findings in larger samples. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Bush NJ, Schick MR, Spillane NS, Boissoneault J. Stress Mediates the Association Between Pain and Alcohol Use in College Students. J Pain Res 2022; 15:757-766. [PMID: 35356267 PMCID: PMC8958199 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s351837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol use in young adults is highly prevalent and associated with numerous consequences, including academic difficulties and motor vehicle accidents. Pain is one factor that has been increasingly shown to be associated with higher rates of alcohol consumption and riskier patterns of drinking among undergraduate students. Although pain has traditionally been viewed as a lesser concern for young adults, current research demonstrates that pain may be more prevalent in younger populations than originally thought. However, little is known about how common psychosocial factors, such as stress and subjective social status (SSS), influence the association between pain and alcohol consumption in college students. Objective The study's goal was to examine the effect of stress and SSS on the relationship between pain and alcohol consumption. Participants and Methods Participants (N = 445, 39.3% women, Mage = 22.98) were 18- to 25-year-old college students who completed an online questionnaire. Results Pain was significantly associated with total weekly alcohol consumption (r(445) = .22, p < 0.001); this association was significantly mediated by stress (b = 0.15, SE = 0.04, 95% CI = [.07,0.23]). SSS was significantly positively associated with alcohol consumption (r(445) = .22, p < 0.001) but was not found to significantly moderate the relationship between stress and alcohol use. Conclusion Results suggest that efforts to reduce college student alcohol use should include assessment of pain and stress given their association with alcohol consumption. Further, findings suggest that future studies are warranted to prospectively examine pain as an antecedent for alcohol use and to examine the utility of incorporating stress management techniques in pain-focused interventions to indirectly target alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Bush
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Melissa R Schick
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Nichea S Spillane
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Jeff Boissoneault
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Nalven T, Schick MR, Spillane NS, Quaresma SL. Marijuana use and intentions among American Indian adolescents: Perceived risks, benefits, and peer use. Psychol Addict Behav 2022; 36:177-185. [PMID: 33617272 PMCID: PMC8380270 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study examines how perceptions of peer use, risks of use, and benefits to oneself and others from marijuana use are associated with past-month marijuana use and intentions to use marijuana socially among American Indian (AI) youth. METHOD The American Drug and Alcohol Survey (ADAS), a measure of substance use and related factors, was administered to AI youth living on or near reservations across six geographic regions (n = 3,498, 49.5% female, M age = 14.8). RESULTS Greater perceived peer use was significantly associated with more frequent past-month marijuana use (b = .05, p = .038) and intentions to use marijuana socially (b = .74, p < .001). Greater benefits to oneself were associated with greater marijuana use intentions (b = .35, p < .001). Greater perceived risks and benefits to others were significantly associated with less frequent past-month use (b = -.02, p = .002; b = -.01, p = .007, respectively) and intentions to use marijuana socially (b = -.05, p = .001; b = -.03, p = .002, respectively). Multilevel moderation analyses revealed that the effects of perceived peer use and benefits to oneself were related to intentions to use although stronger for those who had used; however, the effects of perceived risks and benefits to others were only significantly related to intentions to use marijuana for those who had used marijuana. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that perceived benefits to others and risks are malleable factors that may be effective components of treatment programs for youth who report lifetime marijuana use, but that perceived peer use and benefits to oneself may be useful in both treatment and prevention efforts for youth who have or have not used marijuana. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Nalven
- Department of Psychology, PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island
| | | | | | - Sara L Quaresma
- Department of Psychology, PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island
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Abstract
Over the past two decades, rates of alcohol use among female students have risen to meet or even surpass those seen among males. Yet, little is known about factors that play a role in the relationship between drinking motives and alcohol consumption for female college students. The present study examines self-esteem as a moderator in the association between categories of drinking motives and alcohol use in a sample of female college students. Participants included 196 female undergraduates who reported drinking alcohol at least once in the preceding month (Mage= 19.5 years, 88.8% White) at a northeastern public university. Participants completed an online questionnaire assessing self-esteem, drinking motives, and past month alcohol use. Self-esteem was significantly negatively correlated with coping (r=-.40, p<.001) and conformity motives (r=-.22, p=.002) but not enhancement or social motives. Main effects predicting alcohol use were detected for enhancement (b = 1.49, p<.001), coping (b = 1.73, p<.001), and social motives (b = 1.34, p<.001), but not conformity motives or self-esteem. The interaction of conformity motives and self-esteem was significant (b=-0.17, p=.04). Simple slopes analyses revealed that conformity motives were significantly positively related to alcohol consumption for at low (b = 1.53, p=.001), but not high levels (b=-0.39, p=.61) of self-esteem. No other interactions were significant. Assisting female college students with increasing their self-esteem may be an effective component of intervention programs targeting alcohol consumption, particularly among those who report drinking to fit in.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Schick
- Department of Psychology, PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Tessa Nalven
- Department of Psychology, PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Nichea S Spillane
- Department of Psychology, PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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Schick MR, Nalven T, Thomas ED, Weiss NH, Spillane NS. Depression and alcohol use in American Indian adolescents: The influence of family factors. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2022; 46:141-151. [PMID: 35076972 PMCID: PMC8988920 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rates of both depression and alcohol use are disproportionately higher among American Indian (AI) adolescents than adolescents in the general population. The co-occurrence of depression and alcohol use is common and clinically relevant given their reciprocal negative influences on outcomes. Family factors may be especially relevant because they could have a buffering effect on this relationship due to the importance of kinship and community in AI communities. The current study examines the roles of family warmth and parental monitoring in the association between depressive symptoms and alcohol use in a large, nationally representative sample of AI adolescents. METHODS Data were collected from 3498 AI 7th to 12th graders (47.8% female) residing on or near a reservation during the period 2009 to 2013. Participants reported on their depressive symptoms, family factors, and alcohol use. RESULTS There was a small, but statistically significant positive association between depressive symptoms and alcohol use (r = 0.11, p < 0.001). Greater depressive symptoms were associated with significantly less perceived family warmth (β = -0.09, 95% CI [-0.13, -0.06]), which was associated with significantly greater alcohol use (β = -0.39, 95% CI [-0.55, -0.23]). Family warmth significantly accounted for the association between depressive symptoms and alcohol use at high (β = 0.04, SE = 0.02, 95% CI [0.004, 0.09]), but not low, levels of parental monitoring (β = 0.02, SE = 0.02, 95% CI [-0.002, 0.06]). CONCLUSIONS Results of the present study suggest that developing culturally sensitive prevention and treatment approaches focusing on increasing both family warmth and parental monitoring are important to address the co-occurrence of depression and alcohol misuse among AI adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R. Schick
- Department of Psychology University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island USA
| | - Tessa Nalven
- Department of Psychology University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island USA
| | - Emmanuel D. Thomas
- Department of Psychology University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island USA
| | - Nicole H. Weiss
- Department of Psychology University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island USA
| | - Nichea S. Spillane
- Department of Psychology University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island USA
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Schick MR, Spillane NS, Breines JG, Kahler CW. Positive Psychological Characteristics and Substance Use in First Nation Adolescents. Subst Use Misuse 2022; 57:1196-1206. [PMID: 35481417 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2022.2069266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundNorth American Indigenous (NAI) adolescents experience disproportionate harm related to substance use compared to non-Indigenous adolescents. Strengths-based approaches to substance use prevention and treatment are consistent with Indigenous conceptualizations of health, which tend to be holistic and incorporate more spirituality and community than mainstream Western conceptualizations. Despite this, little is known about how positive psychological characteristics that might confer protection relate to substance use among NAI adolescents. Thus, the present study aims to examine the relations among life satisfaction, subjective happiness, self-compassion, and cigarette, marijuana, alcohol, and other drug use. MethodsParticipants were 106 reserve-dwelling First Nation adolescents located in Eastern Canada (Mage= 14.6 years, 50.0% female) who completed a paper-and-pencil survey regarding their substance use and psychological characteristics for a larger community-based participatory research project. ResultsGreater life satisfaction was significantly associated with decreased odds of lifetime (OR = 0.88, 95%CI [0.81, 0.96]) and current cigarette smoking (OR = 0.90, 95%CI [0.82, 0.99]). Greater subjective happiness was significantly associated with decreased odds of current marijuana use (OR = 0.83, 95%CI [0.71, 0.97]). Although significantly correlated with lower lifetime use of other drugs, self-compassion was not significantly associated with lifetime or current odds of substance use after controlling for age, gender, and other positive characteristics. DiscussionThis is one of the first studies to evaluate positive characteristics and substance use in NAI adolescents. Results point to positive characteristics that may be useful in substance use prevention and suggest the need for further research to further elucidate these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Schick
- Department of Psychology, PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Nichea S Spillane
- Department of Psychology, PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Juliana G Breines
- Department of Psychology, PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Christopher W Kahler
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Schick MR, Nalven T, Spillane NS, Crawford MC. Perceived Racial Discrimination, Alcohol Use, and Alcohol-Related Problems: The Moderating Role of Self-Compassion in Reserve-Dwelling First Nation Youth. Transl Issues Psychol Sci 2021; 7:405-418. [PMID: 36381241 PMCID: PMC9648674 DOI: 10.1037/tps0000300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
North American Indigenous youth experience disproportionate rates of racial discrimination as well as consequences associated with alcohol use. Self-compassion has been found to be related to both racial discrimination and alcohol use, separately. However, no work to date has examined the role of self-compassion as a moderator of the links among racial discrimination and alcohol use and alcohol-related problems. First Nation adolescents (N = 106, M age = 14.6, 50.0% female) from reserve communities in Eastern Canada completed a pencil-and-paper survey regarding their experiences of racial discrimination, self-compassion, alcohol use, and alcohol-related problems. The associations between racial discrimination and both alcohol use and alcohol-related problems were significantly moderated by self-compassion. Simple slopes analysis revealed that the associations between racial discrimination and alcohol use was significant for those with low (b = 6.03, p = .002) but not high (b = -0.30, p = .88) levels of self-compassion. Similarly, the association between racial discrimination and alcohol-related problems was significant for those with low (b = 21.81, p = .001) but not high (b = 0.64, p = .93) levels of self-compassion. Findings of the present study suggest that low levels of self-compassion may increase risk for alcohol use and experiencing negative alcohol-related consequences in the context of racial discrimination among North American Indigenous adolescents. Future work should examine the utility of interventions targeting self-compassion to examine their effects on responses to racial discrimination and alcohol use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Schick
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, 142 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Tessa Nalven
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, 142 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Nichea S Spillane
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, 142 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881
| | - Michael C Crawford
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, 142 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881
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Abstract
Pharmacological treatments for opioid use disorders (OUDs) may have mixed efficacy across diverse groups, i.e., sex/gender, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES). The present systematic review aims to examine how diverse groups have been included in U.S. randomized clinical trials examining pharmacological treatments (i.e., methadone, buprenorphine, or naltrexone) for OUDs. PubMed was systematically searched according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The initial search yielded 567 articles. After exclusion of ineligible articles, 50 remained for the present review. Of the included articles, 14.0% (n = 7) reported both full (i.e., accounting for all participants) sex/gender and race/ethnicity information; only two of those articles also included information about any SES indicators. Moreover, only 22.0% (n = 11) reported full sex/gender information, and 42.0% (n = 21) reported full racial/ethnic information. Furthermore, only 10.0% (n = 5) reported that their lack of subgroup analyses or diverse samples was a limitation to their studies. Particularly underrepresented were American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN), Asian, Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander (NH/OPI), and multiracial individuals. These results also varied by medication type; Black individuals were underrepresented in buprenorphine randomized controlled trials (RCTs) but were well represented in RCTs for methadone and/or naltrexone. In conclusion, it is critical that all people receive efficacious pharmacological care for OUDs given the ongoing opioid epidemic. Findings from the present review, however, support that participants from diverse or marginalized backgrounds are underrepresented in treatment trials, despite being at increased risk for disparities related to OUDs. Suggestions for future research are advanced. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Nalven
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island
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Abstract
Across a wide range of substance use outcomes, ethnic/racial minorities in the U.S. experience a disproportionately higher burden of negative health outcomes and/or lower levels of access to care (relative to non-Latinx White individuals). Various explanations for these substance use-related health disparities have been proposed. This narrative review will not focus on the theoretical content of these explanations but will instead focus on the underlying statistical frameworks that are used to test such theories. Here, we provide a narrative review of psychometric critiques of cross-cultural research, which collectively suggest that (a) research testing similarities and differences among ethnic/racial groups often miss or omit to test statistical assumptions of equal instrument functioning across the ethnic/racial groups being compared; (b) testing the assumptions of equal instrument functioning is feasible using established guidelines from modern measurement theories; and (c) substance use research may need to explicitly incorporate the tests of equal instrument functioning to prevent bias when making inferences across ethnic/racial groups. We provide recommendations for evaluating the cultural equivalence of measurement using structural equation modeling, and advocate that cross-cultural substance use research move toward statistical approaches that are better positioned to test for (and model) bias in measurement. Explicitly testing the cultural equivalence of measurement when making inferences across cultural groups (within a falsifiable psychometric framework) can advance our understanding of similarities and differences among ethnic/racial groups, and hence can provide a more socially just (and statistically robust) scientific base. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manshu Yang
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island
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Schick MR, Kirk-Provencher KT, Goldstein SC, Nalven T, Spillane NS. A Framework for the Adaptation of Positive Psychological Interventions to North American Indigenous Populations. Prev Sci 2021; 22:913-922. [PMID: 34296375 PMCID: PMC8501455 DOI: 10.1007/s11121-021-01282-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Positive psychology research has led to the development of brief interventions designed to promote positive emotions: positive psychological interventions (PPIs). Randomized controlled trials examining PPIs have found them to be effective in increasing well-being and decreasing depressive symptoms. PPIs have been studied in samples consisting primarily of White Americans; however, PPIs may be useful for members of North American Indigenous groups. PPIs align well with Indigenous views on health, which tend to be strengths-based, holistic, and encompassing the whole body (including the medicine wheel's four dimensions of spirit, mind, heart, and body). This paper provides a framework for the adaptation of PPIs for Indigenous communities and a review of preliminary data on the relationships between positive psychological characteristics and health outcomes including substance use. Implications include the potential widespread impact of culturally adapted PPIs given their alignment with Indigenous thoughts on health and relative ease of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Schick
- PATHS Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, 142 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA.
| | - Katelyn T Kirk-Provencher
- PATHS Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, 142 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Silvi C Goldstein
- PATHS Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, 142 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Tessa Nalven
- PATHS Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, 142 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
| | - Nichea S Spillane
- PATHS Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, 142 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
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Nalven T, Spillane NS, Rossi JS. Racial discrimination, racial identity affiliation, and heavy alcohol use among multiracial individuals. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2021; 45:1653-1663. [PMID: 34388267 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use is disproportionately higher among multiracial than monoracial adults; yet, associated risk and protective factors are underexplored. The present study compared levels of experienced racial discrimination, racial identity affiliation, and heavy alcohol use among multiracial and monoracial adults and tested whether racial identity affiliation, experienced racial discrimination, and their interaction were significantly associated with heavy alcohol use among multiracial individuals. METHODS We conducted secondary analyses of data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. Participants are a nationally representative sample of all U.S. adults (N = 29,026; 56.4% female) and were interviewed for the study from 2012 to 2013. The sample includes 598multiracial individuals. RESULTS Linear regression analyses showed that multiracial individuals experienced significantly greater racial discrimination than White (b = -1.26, 95% CI [-1.47, -1.05], p < 0.001) or Asian individuals (b = -0.30, 95% CI [-0.53, -0.06], p = 0.013) but less than Black individuals (b = 0.29, 95% CI [0.08, 0.50], p = 0.007). Furthermore, multiracial individuals reported less affiliation with their racial identity than Black (b = 4.92, 95% CI [4.23, 5.62], p < 0.001) or Asian individuals (b = 3.86, 95% CI [3.09, 4.63], p < 0.001) but did not differ significantly from White individuals. Logistic regression analysis showed that multiracial individuals were significantly more likely to report heavy drinking than Asian individuals (OR = 0.53, 95% CI [0.36, 0.78], p = 0.001) but did not differ significantly from White or Black individuals. Finally, experienced racial discrimination was significantly related to heavy alcohol use in multiracial adults (b = 0.11, 95% CI [0.01, 0.20], p = 0.031), though neither racial identity affiliation nor the interaction of racial identity affiliation with experienced racial discrimination were significantly related to heavy alcohol use. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that multiracial individuals, as compared to other minoritized individuals who are monoracial, report high levels of experienced racial discrimination and heavy alcohol use and low levels of racial identity affiliation. Further understanding of the effects of racial identity affiliation and experienced racial discrimination on the risk for heavy alcohol use could help in the development of interventions aimed at reducing alcohol use disparities among multiracial individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Nalven
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Nichea S Spillane
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
| | - Joseph S Rossi
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, USA
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Schick MR, Weiss NH, Contractor AC, Thomas ED, Spillane NS. Positive emotional intensity and substance use: the underlying role of positive emotional avoidance in a community sample of military veterans. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2021; 47:373-382. [PMID: 33524279 PMCID: PMC10909499 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2020.1868488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: Military veterans are at greater risk for substance misuse. Positive emotional intensity is one well-established antecedent of substance misuse in this population. Positive emotional avoidance, or attempts to alter the form, frequency, or context of positive emotions, may help to explain this association. While clinical practice typically aims to increase positive emotions, such approaches may have iatrogenic effects, as high-intensity positive emotions may be experienced as distressing and prompt avoidance for some populations. This suggests a need to better understand responses to positive emotions to inform clinical practice.Objectives: The goal of the current study was to advance theory, research, and clinical practice by exploring the role of positive emotional avoidance in the associations between positive emotional intensity and both alcohol and drug misuse. We hypothesized that positive emotional intensity would indirectly influence alcohol and drug misuse through positive emotional avoidance.Methods: Participants were a community sample of United States military veterans recruited through Amazon's Mechanical Turk (n = 535, Mage = 37.45, 71.8% male, 69.5% White).Results: Correlations among positive emotional intensity, positive emotional avoidance, and alcohol and drug misuse were significant and positive (rs range from.13 to.41). Further, positive emotional avoidance was found to account for the relations of positive emotional intensity to alcohol (indirect effect: b =.04, 95%CI [.01,.08]) and drug misuse (indirect effect: b =.01, 95%CI [.01,.02]).Conclusions: Results provide preliminary support for the potential clinical utility of targeting avoidance responses to positive emotions in interventions targeting alcohol and drug misuse among military veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R. Schick
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Nicole H. Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Emmanuel D. Thomas
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Nichea S. Spillane
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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Kirk-Provencher KT, Jeglic EL, Calkins C, Spillane NS. The use of substances in sexual offending in a United States sample. Psychiatr Psychol Law 2021; 29:53-67. [PMID: 35693381 PMCID: PMC9186352 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2021.1904445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Substance use is often involved in sexual offending. Understanding the ways in which substances are used in sexual offending is critical for developing prevention strategies. The present study explored the ways that substances are involved in the perpetration of sexual abuse against adults and minors, including intoxication and supplying substances to victims by individuals convicted of sexual offenses. Data were collected from the records of 2803 individuals convicted of sexual offenses in the United States. A series of binary logistic regressions found that offenses against adults were more likely to have alcohol or drugs involved than offenses against minors, while supplying substances to victims was less likely in intrafamilial than in extrafamilial offenses against minors. Findings suggest that implementing sexual violence prevention strategies (e.g. bystander intervention) in adult drinking contexts and integrating education about problematic substance use behaviors (e.g. grooming) during childhood prevention programs can aid in sexual abuse prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth L. Jeglic
- Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cynthia Calkins
- Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY, USA
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Spillane NS, Schick MR, Goldstein SC, Nalven T, Kahler CW. The protective effects of self-compassion on alcohol-related problems among First Nation adolescents. Addict Res Theory 2021; 30:33-40. [PMID: 36238694 PMCID: PMC9555812 DOI: 10.1080/16066359.2021.1902994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Given the disproportionate alcohol-related consequences experienced by North American Indigenous youth, there is a critical need to identify related risk and protective factors. Self-compassion, which has been found to mitigate the effects of trauma exposure, may serve as one such protective factor given the high-degree of historical trauma and contemporary discrimination identified as contributing to the alcohol-related disparities experienced by Indigenous communities. However, no research has examined how self-compassion (i.e., the ability to be kind and accepting and to extend compassion towards oneself) plays a unique role in Indigenous peoples' experiences with alcohol. First Nation adolescents between the ages of 11 and 18 living on a reserve in Eastern Canada (N=106, M age =14.6, 50.0% female) completed a pencil-and-paper survey regarding their alcohol use, alcohol-related problems, and self-compassion. Self-compassion was significantly inversely associated with alcohol-related problems (b=-.51, p=.01, 95%CI [-.90, -.12], and significantly interacted with frequency of alcohol use in predicting alcohol-related problems (b=-.42, p=.04, 95%CI [-.82, -.03]). Simple slopes analyses revealed that the association between frequency of alcohol use and frequency of experiencing alcohol-related problems was significant and positive at low (b=4.68, p<.001, 95%CI [2.62, 6.73]), but was not significant at high (b=-.29, p=.89, 95%CI [-4.35, 3.77]) levels of self-compassion. Binary logistic regression revealed that higher scores of self-compassion were associated with a lower odds of being in the high-risk group for AUD (OR=0.90, 95%CI [0.83, 0.98], p=.02). Our results suggest self-compassion may be protective against experiencing alcohol problems in Indigenous youth and thus may be a target for behavioral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichea S. Spillane
- PATHS lab, Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston RI
| | - Melissa R. Schick
- PATHS lab, Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston RI
| | - Silvi C. Goldstein
- PATHS lab, Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston RI
| | - Tessa Nalven
- PATHS lab, Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston RI
| | - Christopher W. Kahler
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence RI 02912
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Spillane NS, Schick MR, Nalven T, Kirk-Provencher KT. Three As of American Indian adolescent marijuana use: Availability, acceptability, and approval. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 219:108462. [PMID: 33373878 PMCID: PMC8392678 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND American Indian (AI) adolescents report high rates of marijuana use and related consequences and availability of marijuana has a robust relationship with marijuana use. The purpose of the present study was to examine the role of perceptions of approval (i.e., injunctive norms), and acceptability (i.e., descriptive norms and perceived harm) in the relationship between marijuana availability and marijuana use. METHODS Data collected from 2009 to 2013 included 3498 AI 7th-12th graders residing on or near a reservation (47.8 % female). Multilevel mediation analyses were conducted using the MLmed macro in IBM SPSS v26.0 to account for the nesting of data within schools. RESULTS The associations between marijuana availability and perceived risks (b=-.38, p < .001), descriptive norms (b = .80, p < .001), and injunctive norms related to marijuana use (b=-.24, p < .001), were significant. The associations between perceived risks (b=-.27, p < .001), descriptive norms (b = .14, p < .001), and injunctive norms (b=-.18, p < .001) and marijuana use were also significant. The indirect effects of marijuana availability on marijuana use through the pathways of perceived risks (b = .10, p < .001, 95 %CI[.08, .12]), descriptive norms (b = .11, p < .001, 95 %CI[.09, .14]), and injunctive norms related to marijuana use (b = .04, p < .001, 95 %CI[.03, .06]) were significant. The direct effect linking marijuana availability to marijuana use remained significant (b = .28, p < .001) but decreased by 37.8 %. when controlling for perceived risks, descriptive norms, and injunctive norms related to marijuana use. CONCLUSIONS Interventions aiming to reduce AI adolescent marijuana use should focus on availability and may also be well served by targeting descriptive and injunctive norms, as well as perceived risks of marijuana use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichea S Spillane
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, 142 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States.
| | - Melissa R Schick
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, 142 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Tessa Nalven
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, 142 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
| | - Katelyn T Kirk-Provencher
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, 142 Flagg Road, Kingston, RI 02881, United States
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Goldstein SC, Schick MR, Nalven T, Spillane NS. Valuing Cultural Activities Moderating the Association Between Alcohol Expectancies and Alcohol Use Among First Nation Adolescents. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2021; 82:112-120. [PMID: 33573729 PMCID: PMC7901263 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.2021.82.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Indigenous youth often exhibit high rates of alcohol use and experience disproportionate alcohol-related harm. We examined the moderating role that valuing cultural activities has on the relationship between positive alcohol expectancies and alcohol use and heavy drinking in a sample of Indigenous youth. METHOD First Nation adolescents between ages 11 and 18 living on a reserve in eastern Canada (N = 106; mean age = 14.6; 50.0% female) completed a pencil-and-paper survey regarding their positive alcohol expectancies, alcohol use, and beliefs about the importance of cultural activities. RESULTS A significant interaction was identified between positive alcohol expectancies and valuing cultural activities on past-3-month alcohol use (b = -0.01, SE = 0.001, p < .001) and past-3-month heavy drinking (b = -0.01, SE = 0.001, p < .001). Simple slopes analysis revealed that the association between positive alcohol expectancies and past-3-month alcohol use and heavy drinking was significant for those with low (b = 0.06, SE = 0.007, p < .001; b = 0.07, SE = 0.008, p < .001; respectively) but not high levels of valuing cultural activities (b = 0.01, SE = 0.008, p = .12; b = 0.01, SE = 0.009, p = .08; respectively). CONCLUSIONS Highly valuing cultural activities may interrupt the relationship between positive alcohol expectancies and alcohol use. This suggests that community interventions and treatment programs targeting alcohol use among Indigenous adolescents should prioritize increasing the value of cultural activities by perhaps making them more available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvi C. Goldstein
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Melissa R. Schick
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Tessa Nalven
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Nichea S. Spillane
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, Rhode Island
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Goldstein SC, Schick MR, Nalven T, Spillane NS. Valuing Cultural Activities Moderating the Association Between Alcohol Expectancies and Alcohol Use Among First Nation Adolescents. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2021; 82:112-120. [PMID: 33573729 PMCID: PMC7901263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Indigenous youth often exhibit high rates of alcohol use and experience disproportionate alcohol-related harm. We examined the moderating role that valuing cultural activities has on the relationship between positive alcohol expectancies and alcohol use and heavy drinking in a sample of Indigenous youth. METHOD First Nation adolescents between ages 11 and 18 living on a reserve in eastern Canada (N = 106; mean age = 14.6; 50.0% female) completed a pencil-and-paper survey regarding their positive alcohol expectancies, alcohol use, and beliefs about the importance of cultural activities. RESULTS A significant interaction was identified between positive alcohol expectancies and valuing cultural activities on past-3-month alcohol use (b = -0.01, SE = 0.001, p < .001) and past-3-month heavy drinking (b = -0.01, SE = 0.001, p < .001). Simple slopes analysis revealed that the association between positive alcohol expectancies and past-3-month alcohol use and heavy drinking was significant for those with low (b = 0.06, SE = 0.007, p < .001; b = 0.07, SE = 0.008, p < .001; respectively) but not high levels of valuing cultural activities (b = 0.01, SE = 0.008, p = .12; b = 0.01, SE = 0.009, p = .08; respectively). CONCLUSIONS Highly valuing cultural activities may interrupt the relationship between positive alcohol expectancies and alcohol use. This suggests that community interventions and treatment programs targeting alcohol use among Indigenous adolescents should prioritize increasing the value of cultural activities by perhaps making them more available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvi C. Goldstein
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Melissa R. Schick
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Tessa Nalven
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Nichea S. Spillane
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island Department of Psychology, Kingston, Rhode Island
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Spillane NS, Schick MR, Nalven T, Goldstein SC, Kirk-Provencher KT, Hill D, Kahler CW. Testing the competing life reinforcers model for substance use in reserve-dwelling First Nation youth. Am J Orthopsychiatry 2021; 91:477-486. [PMID: 34338542 DOI: 10.1037/ort0000543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE North American Indigenous (NAI) communities often cite substance misuse as problematic in their communities. The Competing Life Reinforcers (CLRs) model suggests that when reinforcers are valued, important, and incompatible with substance use, they will be associated with less substance misuse. Three categories of CLRs were identified in our formative work and include the following: cultural, social, and extracurricular activities. The aims of the current study were to test the associations among valuing and availability of CLRs and NAI adolescent alcohol and marijuana use. METHODS Adolescents living in rural First Nation reserve communities (N = 106, 50.0% female) reported their substance use and perceived availability and valuing of CLRs (e.g., smudging and after school activities). FINDINGS Greater value placed on cultural reinforcers was significantly associated with reduced likelihood of past 3-month drinking to get drunk (OR = 0.85, 95% CI[0.73, 0.98]). Greater value placed on social reinforcers was associated with lower likelihood of past 3-month drinking (OR = 0.94, 95% CI[0.89, 0.995]) and past-3 month drinking to get drunk (OR = 0.94, 95% CI[0.88, 0.99]). Greater valuing extracurricular activities were associated with lower likelihood of past month marijuana use (OR = 0.84, 95% CI[0.72, 098]), past 3-month drinking (OR = 0.77, 95% CI[0.64, 0.92]), and past 3-month drinking to get drunk (OR = 0.76, 95% CI[0.63, 0.92]). CONCLUSIONS CLRs may be protective against NAI adolescent substance use and may be useful targets for prevention and treatment for NAI adolescent substance use. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tessa Nalven
- Department of Psychology, PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island
| | | | | | - Danielle Hill
- Department of Psychology, PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island
| | - Christopher W Kahler
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health
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Schick MR, Spillane NS, Hostetler KL. A Call to Action: A Systematic Review Examining the Failure to Include Females and Members of Minoritized Racial/Ethnic Groups in Clinical Trials of Pharmacological Treatments for Alcohol Use Disorder. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:1933-1951. [DOI: 10.1111/acer.14440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R. Schick
- From the PATHS Lab Department of Psychology University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island
| | - Nichea S. Spillane
- From the PATHS Lab Department of Psychology University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island
| | - Katherine L. Hostetler
- From the PATHS Lab Department of Psychology University of Rhode Island Kingston Rhode Island
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Kirk-Provencher KT, Nelson-Aguiar RJ, Spillane NS. Neuroanatomical Differences Among Sexual Offenders: A Targeted Review with Limitations and Implications for Future Directions. Violence Gend 2020; 7:86-97. [PMID: 32939353 PMCID: PMC7488205 DOI: 10.1089/vio.2019.0051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As sexual assault and child sexual abuse continue to be worldwide public health concerns, research has continued to explore factors associated with sexual offending. Structural and functional neuroanatomical brain differences have been examined in an effort to differentiate sexual offenders and their behavior. This targeted review searched PubMed and Google Scholar for empirical studies using brain imaging techniques to examine possible structural or functional differences among control groups compared with at least one group of sexual offenders with contact offenses. This targeted review summarizes the structural and functional findings of 15 brain imaging studies (i.e., computed tomography, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography, and functional magnetic resonance imaging), which suggest possible differences in brain size and gray matter volume, cortical thickness, white matter connectivity, and specific structural and functional differences among brain regions (fronto-temporal region, amygdala, prefrontal cortex, etc.). The methodological limitations of brain imaging studies and the associated findings with regard to sexual offenders are highlighted, as research indicates that many of the proposed differences in brain structure and function are not unique to this population. We further highlight several limitations to using neuroimaging studies to examine this population of interest, including publication bias, small sample size, underpowered studies, and all-male samples. As these results are mixed and findings are not seemingly unique to sexual offenders, we suggest future sexual offender research may benefit from focusing on more financially feasible options, such as neuropsychological assessment approaches, to assess for and attend to offenders' criminogenic and rehabilitative/therapeutic needs in alignment with the risk-need-responsivity model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nichea S. Spillane
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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Schick MR, Nalven T, Spillane NS. The factor structure of self-esteem and its association with alcohol use in American Indian (AI) adolescents. Am J Orthopsychiatry 2020; 90:712-719. [PMID: 32584078 PMCID: PMC8359740 DOI: 10.1037/ort0000504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
American Indian (AI) adolescents experience disproportionately higher rates of alcohol use and related consequences. While self-esteem has been found to be associated with alcohol use in non-AI samples, little is known about this relationship in AI adolescents. Further, there is a dearth of literature examining the psychometric properties of self-esteem measures for AI adolescents. The current study aims to examine the factor structure of the self-esteem items of the American Drug and Alcohol Survey (ADAS) and to better understand the relationships among self-esteem, alcohol use, and alcohol-related problems in AI adolescents. The present study represents secondary analyses of cross-sectional data collected between 2009 and 2013. Participants (n = 3,498) were AI adolescents (Mage = 14.8, 47.7% female) attending schools on or near reservations across 11 states. Participants completed the American Drug and Alcohol Survey. Factor analytic results suggested 2 factors, representing intrapersonal (from intrinsic sources) and interpersonal self-esteem (from extrinsic sources). Multilevel regression analyses revealed that, with both factors entered into the model, intrapersonal self-esteem was negatively associated with alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems, while interpersonal self-esteem was positively associated with alcohol consumption and alcohol-related problems. Results suggest the importance of examining the properties of assessment tools before they are used with a community for whom they were not developed. Further, self-esteem does not appear to be universally protective. Rather, interventions should aim to consider sources from which AI adolescents are drawing self-esteem and focus on promoting more intrinsic sources rather than aiming to increase self-esteem in general. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R. Schick
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island, Department of Psychology, 142 Flagg Road, Kingston RI 02881
| | - Tessa Nalven
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island, Department of Psychology, 142 Flagg Road, Kingston RI 02881
| | - Nichea S. Spillane
- PATHS Lab, University of Rhode Island, Department of Psychology, 142 Flagg Road, Kingston RI 02881
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Kahler CW, Cohn AM, Costantino C, Toll BA, Spillane NS, Graham AL. A Digital Smoking Cessation Program for Heavy Drinkers: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Form Res 2020; 4:e7570. [PMID: 32348286 PMCID: PMC7308890 DOI: 10.2196/formative.7570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Heavy drinking (HD) is far more common among smokers compared with nonsmokers and interferes with successful smoking cessation. Alcohol-focused smoking cessation interventions delivered by counselors have shown promise, but digital versions of these interventions—which could have far greater population reach—have not yet been tested. Objective This pilot randomized controlled trial aimed to examine the feasibility, acceptability, and effect sizes of an automated digital smoking cessation program that specifically addresses HD using an interactive web-based intervention with an optional text messaging component. Methods Participants (83/119, 69.7% female; 98/119, 82.4% white; mean age 38.0 years) were daily smokers recruited on the web from a free automated digital smoking cessation program (BecomeAnEX.org, EX) who met the criteria for HD: women drinking 8+ drinks/week or 4+ drinks on any day and men drinking 15+ drinks/week or 5+ drinks on any day. Participants were randomized to receive EX with standard content (EX-S) or an EX with additional content specific to HD (EX-HD). Outcomes were assessed by web-based surveys at 1 and 6 months. Results Participants reported high satisfaction with the website and the optional text messaging component. Total engagement with both EX-S and EX-HD was modest, with participants visiting the website a median of 2 times, and 52.9% of the participants enrolled to receive text messages. Participants in both the conditions showed substantial, significant reductions in drinking across 6 months of follow-up, with no condition effects observed. Although smoking outcomes tended to favor EX-HD, the condition effects were small and nonsignificant. A significantly smaller proportion of participants in EX-HD reported having a lapse back to smoking when drinking alcohol (7/58, 16%) compared with those in EX-S (18/61, 41%; χ21=6.2; P=.01). Conclusions This is the first trial to examine a digital smoking cessation program tailored to HD smokers. The results provide some initial evidence that delivering such a program is feasible and may reduce the risk of alcohol-involved smoking lapses. However, increasing engagement in this and other web-based interventions is a crucial challenge to address in future work. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03068611; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03068611
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Kahler
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Amy M Cohn
- University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | | | - Benjamin A Toll
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Nichea S Spillane
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, South Kingston, RI, United States
| | - Amanda L Graham
- Innovations Center, Truth Initiative, Washington, DC, United States.,Georgetown University Medical Center, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Washington, DC, United States
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Schick MR, Weiss NH, Contractor AA, Suazo NC, Spillane NS. Post-traumatic stress disorder's relation with positive and negative emotional avoidance: The moderating role of gender. Stress Health 2020; 36:172-178. [PMID: 31919954 DOI: 10.1002/smi.2920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterized by avoidance of trauma-related emotions. Research indicates that this avoidance may extend to any emotional experience that elicits distress, including those that are unrelated to the trauma. Literature in this area has been limited in its exclusive focus on negative emotions. Despite evidence of gender differences in PTSD and emotional avoidance separately, no studies to date have examined gender as a moderator of their association. The goal of the current study was to extend research by exploring the moderating role of gender in the relation between PTSD symptom severity and positive and negative emotional avoidance. Participants were 276 trauma-exposed individuals (65.9% female, 65.6% White, Mage = 19.24) from a university in the north-eastern United States. Moderation results indicated a main effect for PTSD symptom severity on both positive (b = 0.07, p < .001) and negative (b = 0.04, p = .03) emotional avoidance. The interaction of gender and PTSD symptom severity was significant for positive emotion avoidance (b = 0.97, p = .01). Analysis of simple slopes revealed that PTSD symptom severity was significantly associated with positive emotional avoidance for males (b = 0.13, p < .001) but not females (b = 0.03, p = .08). Results suggest the importance of gender-sensitive recommendations for assessment and treatment of emotional avoidance in PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Schick
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Nicole H Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | | | - Nazaret C Suazo
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Nichea S Spillane
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
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Spillane NS, Schick MR, Kirk-Provencher KT, Hill DC, Wyatt J, Jackson KM. Structured and Unstructured Activities and Alcohol and Marijuana Use in Middle School: The Role of Availability and Engagement. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:1765-1773. [PMID: 32423269 PMCID: PMC8409240 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1762652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background: Behavioral Theories of Choice applied to substance use suggests that use depends on availability of substances and alternative activities. Applying this theory to younger adolescents offers the possibility of investigating potentially malleable prevention and intervention targets. Objectives: The current study examines the role of perceived availability and engagement in structured and unstructured activities on adolescent alcohol and marijuana use controlling for substance availability. Methods: Data were collected as part of a longitudinal study of 6th-8th graders (N = 1023; 52% female; 76% White; Mage = 12.23 years). Multiple logistic regressions analyzed the impact of availability and engagement in structured and unstructured activities at Wave 1 on heavy drinking and marijuana use by study end in both unadjusted and adjusted models. Results: Availability of unstructured activities was associated with increased likelihood of both marijuana use (b* = .06, p = .04) and heavy drinking (OR = 1.20, p < .001), while availability of structured activities was not significantly associated with likelihood of either marijuana use (b* = -.10, p = .07) or heavy drinking (OR = 0.86, p = .16). Engagement in unstructured activities was significantly associated with increased likelihood of both marijuana use (b* = .06, p = .03) and heavy drinking (OR = 1.11, p = .003), while engagement in structured activities was significantly associated with decreased likelihood of both marijuana use (b* = -.25, p < .001) and heavy drinking (OR = 0.85, p = .046). Conclusions: Perceived availability of and engagement in unstructured activities may present a risk, while perceived availability of and engagement in structured activities may serve as a protective factor for youth substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichea S Spillane
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Melissa R Schick
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Danielle C Hill
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Janan Wyatt
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Kristina M Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Schick MR, Weiss NH, Contractor AC, Thomas ED, Spillane NS. Difficulties Regulating Positive Emotions and Substance Misuse: The Influence of Sociodemographic Factors. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:1173-1183. [PMID: 32078402 PMCID: PMC7180126 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2020.1729205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Alcohol and drug misuse present significant public health concerns due to their high prevalence and deleterious outcomes. A growing body of research provides support for the role of difficulties regulating positive emotions in alcohol and drug misuse. However, research is needed to better understand for whom difficulties regulating positive emotions are most strongly associated with alcohol and drug misuse to inform assessment and treatment efforts. Objectives: The goal of the present study was to examine potential sociodemographic moderators (i.e. age, gender, ethnicity, race, income, and educational attainment) in the relations between difficulties regulating positive emotions and alcohol and drug misuse. Methods: Participants were 373 trauma-exposed adults (57.1% female, 75.8% White) recruited from the community. Results: Significant differences were identified across sociodemographic groups regarding difficulties regulating positive emotions (i.e. gender, ethnicity, race, and income) and alcohol use (i.e. gender). Moderation analyses revealed a significant interaction between difficulties regulating positive emotions and gender on drug misuse (b = 0.08, p < .001), such that the association was significant for females (b = 0.11, p < .001) but not males (b = .03, p = .05). Conclusions: Results suggest the importance of developing gender-sensitive recommendations for the assessment and treatment of substance misuse, and of incorporating techniques focused on addressing difficulties regulating positive emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Schick
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Nicole H Weiss
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Emmanuel D Thomas
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Nichea S Spillane
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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Spillane NS, Kirk-Provencher KT, Schick MR, Nalven T, Goldstein SC, Kahler CW. Identifying Competing Life Reinforcers for Substance Use in First Nation Adolescents. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:886-895. [PMID: 31965888 PMCID: PMC7224337 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1710206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Indigenous youth are at increased risk of initiating substance use at early ages and suffer greater negative consequences related to substance use as compared to non-Indigenous youth. Behavioral Theories of Choice suggests that substance use is contingent on the availability of substances and the availability of alternatives to substance use. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate risk and protective factors associated with substance use in one group of First Nation adolescents. Methods: Using a modified grounded theory approach, the present study conducted qualitative focus groups and individual interviews with fifteen reserve-dwelling (75% female, M age = 15.2 years) First Nation adolescents to assess categories of risk and protective factors based upon Behavioral Theories of Choice. Results: Adolescents identified peer influences, parental/family influences, and community influences and issues as risk and protective factors associated with substance use. Conclusions: Results highlight possible targets of culturally appropriate prevention strategies for Indigenous populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichea S Spillane
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Melissa R Schick
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Tessa Nalven
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Silvi C Goldstein
- Department of Psychology, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Christopher W Kahler
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Schick MR, Weiss NH, Contractor A, Dixon-Gordon KL, Spillane NS. Depression and risky alcohol use: an examination of the role of difficulties regulating positive emotions in trauma-exposed individuals. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 2019; 45:323-332. [PMID: 30848960 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2019.1572759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The co-occurrence of depression and risky alcohol use is clinically relevant given their high rates of comorbidity and reciprocal negative impact on outcomes. Emotion dysregulation is one factor that has been shown to underlie this association. However, literature in this area has been limited in its exclusive focus on emotion dysregulation stemming from negative emotions. OBJECTIVES The goal of the current study was to extend research by exploring the role of difficulties regulating positive emotions in depression symptom severity, risky alcohol use, and their association. METHODS Participants were 395 trauma-exposed adults recruited from Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk) platform (56.20% female, Mage = 35.55) who completed self-report questionnaires. RESULTS Zero-order correlations among depression symptom severity, the three subscales of difficulties regulating positive emotions, and risky alcohol use were positive. Two subscales of difficulties regulating positive emotions-nonacceptance of positive emotions and difficulties controlling impulsive behavior when experiencing positive emotions-accounted for the relationship between depression symptom severity and risky alcohol use. CONCLUSION Results suggest the importance of incorporating techniques focused on improving positive emotion regulation skills in interventions for risky alcohol use among individuals with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R Schick
- a Department of Psychology , University of Rhode Island , Kingston , RI , USA
| | - Nicole H Weiss
- a Department of Psychology , University of Rhode Island , Kingston , RI , USA
| | - Ateka Contractor
- b Department of Psychology , University of North Texas , Denton , TX , USA
| | - Katherine L Dixon-Gordon
- c Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences , University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst , MA , USA
| | - Nichea S Spillane
- a Department of Psychology , University of Rhode Island , Kingston , RI , USA
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