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Jaswal H, Sohi I, Rehm J, Churchill S, Sherk A, Stockwell T, Levesque C, Sanger N, Edalati H, Butt PR, Paradis C, Shield KD. A drink equals how many cigarettes? Equating mortality risks from alcohol and tobacco use in Canada. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1331190. [PMID: 38476483 PMCID: PMC10928000 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1331190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To quantify and communicate risk equivalencies for alcohol-and tobacco-attributable mortality by comparing per standard drinks consumed to per number of cigarettes smoked in Canada. Methods Alcohol-and tobacco-attributable premature deaths (≤75 years of age) and years of life lost (YLL) were estimated using a lifetime risk modeling approach. Alcohol-attributable death statistics were obtained from the 2023 Canadian Guidance on Alcohol and Health data source. Tobacco-attributable death statistics were derived from the Mortality Population Risk Tool (MPoRT) model. Results The risk of alcohol use on premature death and YLL increased non-linearly with the number of drinks consumed, while the risk for tobacco use on these two measures increased linearly with the number of cigarettes smoked. Males who consumed 5 drinks/day-a standard drink contains 13.45 grams of alcohol in Canada-had an equivalent risk as smoking 4.9 cigarettes/day (when modeling for premature death) and 5.1 cigarettes/day (when modeling for YLL). Females who consumed 5 drinks/day experienced an equivalent risk as smoking 4.2 cigarettes/day for premature deaths and YLL. At all levels of alcohol consumption females and males who consumed <5 drinks/day have less risks from consuming a standard drink than from smoking a cigarette. For males who consumed 5 drinks/day, the increased risks of death from per drink consumed and per cigarette smoked were equal. Conclusion Risk equivalencies comparing alcohol use to tobacco use could help people who drink improve their knowledge and understanding of the mortality risks associated with increased number of drinks consumed per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Jaswal
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ivneet Sohi
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Samuel Churchill
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Adam Sherk
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Tim Stockwell
- Canadian Institute for Substance Use Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | | | - Nitika Sanger
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Hanie Edalati
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Peter R. Butt
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Kevin D. Shield
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Manthey
- Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Kevin Shield
- Center for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; WHO/Pan American Health Organization Collaborating Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy & Center of Clinical Epidemiology and Longitudinal Studies, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany; Department of International Health Projects, Institute for Leadership and Health Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; WHO Collaborating Centre and Program on Substance Abuse, Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
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Cherpitel CJ, Ye Y, Kerr WC. Racial/Ethnic and Gender Differences in Risk of Injury and Life-Course Drinking Patterns: Data from US National Alcohol Surveys. Alcohol Alcohol 2022; 57:340-346. [PMID: 35037021 PMCID: PMC9086744 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agab085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS To estimate risk of injury associated with frequency of drinking and heavy drinking (5+ drinks on occasion) by gender and race/ethnicity in the US population. METHODS Data were from a merged sample of two National Alcohol Surveys (telephone and web-based) (2014-2015 and 2019-2020) on 16,639 respondents, and analyzed using Cox proportional hazards models with age as the timescale in a retrospective cohort design. Life-course drinking was determined by age of onset and questions on any drinking and heavy drinking by decade of life. The outcome measure was having had an injury from a serious accident at a certainage. RESULTS Frequent heavy drinking (5+ daily, weekly and monthly) was significantly predictive of injury with hazard ratios (HRs) of 2.40, 1.81 and 1.50, respectively, while frequent light drinking (alcohol at least weekly and 5+ yearly or less) was also significant for women (HR = 1.73). For White respondents, 5+ at least weekly was significant for both men (HR = 1.74) and women (HR = 2.42). Among Hispanic respondents, 5+ at least weekly and 5+ monthly were both significant for men (HR = 2.81 and 2.49, respectively) and women (HR = 2.81 and 3.48, respectively). Among Black women, risk was significant for 5+ monthly (HR = 2.90) and for any alcohol ≥ weekly (HR = 2.72), but neither frequency of any drinking or 5+ was significant for Blackmen. CONCLUSIONS Data suggest a greater risk of injury from a serious accident for frequent heavy drinkers among all White and Hispanic respondents, and Black women, but not for Blackmen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl J Cherpitel
- Corresponding author: Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, 6001 Shellmound St., Suite 450, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA. Tel: 510597-3453; E-mail:
| | - Yu Ye
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, 6001 Shellmound St., Suite 450, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - William C Kerr
- Alcohol Research Group, Public Health Institute, 6001 Shellmound St., Suite 450, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
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Bombana HS, Bogstrand ST, Gjerde H, Jamt REG, Carvalho HBD, Andreuccetti G, Bernini CDO, Muñoz DR, Leyton V, Greve JMD. Use of alcohol and illicit drugs by trauma patients in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Injury 2022; 53:30-36. [PMID: 34749908 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2021.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Alcohol and illicit drugs impair cognitive and psychomotor skills and may thereby increase the risk of involvement in a road traffic crash and other types of injuries. However, the knowledge on the use of psychoactive substances among injured patients presenting to emergency departments in low and middle-income countries remains limited. AIMS To estimate the prevalence of alcohol and illicit drug use among patients with traumatic injuries admitted to an emergency department in Sao Paulo, Brazil. METHODS Blood samples from injured patients requiring hospitalization for more than 24 h due to road traffic crashes, falls, or violence, were collected from July 2018 to June 2019. The samples were analyzed for alcohol and illicit drugs. RESULTS A total of 376 patients were included in this study; the median age was 36 years and 80% of patients were male. The majority (56%) of injuries resulted from road traffic crashes, with approximately half of them being motorcyclists. Alcohol, drugs, or both were detected in 32% of samples. The proportion that tested positive was highest for males (35%), for the age group 18-39 years (41%), for singles (43%), and for patients injured at nighttime (44%). Patients injured due to violence had the highest prevalence of alcohol or drugs in their blood samples (44%). Alcohol was most prevalent (23%), followed by cocaine (12%) and cannabis (5%). CONCLUSION The use of alcohol and illicit drugs was common among injured patients in Sao Paulo; it was likely a contributing factor in a third of the injurious accidents. Alcohol was the most prevalent substance followed by cocaine and cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Silva Bombana
- Department of Legal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo SP 01246-903, Brazil.
| | - Stig Tore Bogstrand
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, NO-0424, Norway
| | - Hallvard Gjerde
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, NO-0424, Norway
| | - Ragnhild Elén Gjulem Jamt
- Department of Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, NO-0424, Norway
| | - Heráclito Barbosa de Carvalho
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo SP 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Andreuccetti
- Department of Legal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo SP 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Celso de Oliveira Bernini
- Department of Surgery, Clinical Hospital of the University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Enéas Carvalho de Aguiar, 255 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo SP 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Daniel Romero Muñoz
- Department of Legal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo SP 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Vilma Leyton
- Department of Legal Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo SP 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Julia Maria D'Andréa Greve
- Department of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Clinical Hospital of the University of Sao Paulo Medical School, R. Dr. Ovídio Pires de Campos, 333 - Cerqueira César, São Paulo SP 05403-010, Brazil
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Chikritzhs T, Livingston M. Alcohol and the Risk of Injury. Nutrients 2021; 13:2777. [PMID: 34444939 PMCID: PMC8401155 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, almost four and a half million people died from injury in 2019. Alcohol's contribution to injury-related premature loss of life, disability and ill-health is pervasive, touching individuals, families and societies throughout the world. We conducted a review of research evidence for alcohol's causal role in injury by focusing on previously published systematic reviews, meta-analyses and where indicated, key studies. The review summarises evidence for pharmacological and physiological effects that support postulated causal pathways, highlights findings and knowledge gaps relevant to specific forms of injury (i.e., violence, suicide and self-harm, road injury, falls, burns, workplace injuries) and lays out options for evidence-based prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Chikritzhs
- National Drug Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6008, Australia;
| | - Michael Livingston
- National Drug Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6008, Australia;
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia
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Sterling SA, Palzes VA, Lu Y, Kline-Simon AH, Parthasarathy S, Ross T, Elson J, Weisner C, Maxim C, Chi FW. Associations Between Medical Conditions and Alcohol Consumption Levels in an Adult Primary Care Population. JAMA Netw Open 2020; 3:e204687. [PMID: 32401315 PMCID: PMC7221504 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.4687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Excessive alcohol consumption is associated with increased incidence of several medical conditions, but few nonveteran, population-based studies have assessed levels of alcohol use across medical conditions. OBJECTIVE To examine associations between medical conditions and alcohol consumption levels in a population-based sample of primary care patients using electronic health record data. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study used separate multinomial logistic regression models to estimate adjusted associations between 26 medical conditions and alcohol consumption levels in a sample of 2 720 231 adult primary care patients screened for unhealthy drinking between January 1, 2014, and December 31, 2017, then only among those reporting alcohol use. The study was conducted at Kaiser Permanente Northern California, a large, integrated health care delivery system that incorporated alcohol screening into its adult primary care workflow. Data were analyzed from June 29, 2018, to February 7, 2020. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The main outcome was level of alcohol use, classified as no reported use, low-risk use, exceeding daily limits only, exceeding weekly limits only, or exceeding daily and weekly limits, per National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism guidelines. Other measures included sociodemographic, body mass index, smoking, inpatient and emergency department use, and a dichotomous indicator for the presence of 26 medical conditions in the year prior to the alcohol screening identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) and ICD-10-CM diagnosis codes. RESULTS Among the 2 720 231 included patients, 1 439 361 (52.9%) were female, 1 308 659 (48.1%) were white, and 883 276 (32.5%) were aged 18 to 34 years. Patients with any of the conditions (except injury or poisoning) had lower odds of drinking at low-risk and unhealthy levels relative to no reported use compared with those without the condition. Among 861 427 patients reporting alcohol use, patients with diabetes (odds ratio [OR], 1.11; 95% CI, 1.08-1.15), hypertension (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.09-1.13), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD; OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.10-1.22), or injury or poisoning (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.04-1.07) had higher odds of exceeding daily limits only; those with atrial fibrillation (OR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.06-1.18), cancer (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.03-1.10), COPD (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.09-1.20), or hypertension (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.34-1.40) had higher odds of exceeding weekly limits only; and those with COPD (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.07-1.23), chronic liver disease (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.32-1.53), or hypertension (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.44-1.52) had higher odds of exceeding both daily and weekly limits. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Findings suggest that patients with certain medical conditions are more likely to have elevated levels of alcohol use. Health systems and clinicians may want to consider approaches to help targeted patient subgroups limit unhealthy alcohol use and reduce health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy A. Sterling
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland
| | - Vanessa A. Palzes
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland
| | - Yun Lu
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland
| | | | | | - Thekla Ross
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland
| | - Joseph Elson
- The Permanente Medical Group, San Francisco, California
| | - Constance Weisner
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland
| | - Clara Maxim
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland
| | - Felicia W. Chi
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland
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Covington HE, Newman EL, Leonard MZ, Miczek KA. Translational models of adaptive and excessive fighting: an emerging role for neural circuits in pathological aggression. F1000Res 2019; 8:F1000 Faculty Rev-963. [PMID: 31281636 PMCID: PMC6593325 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.18883.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggression is a phylogenetically stable behavior, and attacks on conspecifics are observed in most animal species. In this review, we discuss translational models as they relate to pathological forms of offensive aggression and the brain mechanisms that underlie these behaviors. Quantifiable escalations in attack or the development of an atypical sequence of attacks and threats is useful for characterizing abnormal variations in aggression across species. Aggression that serves as a reinforcer can be excessive, and certain schedules of reinforcement that allow aggression rewards also allow for examining brain and behavior during the anticipation of a fight. Ethological attempts to capture and measure offensive aggression point to two prominent hypotheses for the neural basis of violence. First, pathological aggression may be due to an exaggeration of activity in subcortical circuits that mediate adaptive aggressive behaviors as they are triggered by environmental or endogenous cues at vulnerable time points. Indeed, repeated fighting experiences occur with plasticity in brain areas once considered hardwired. Alternatively, a separate "violence network" may converge on aggression circuitry that disinhibits pathological aggression (for example, via disrupted cortical inhibition). Advancing animal models that capture the motivation to commit pathological aggression remains important to fully distinguish the neural architecture of violence as it differs from adaptive competition among conspecifics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert E. Covington
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, 530 Boston Ave, 02155, MA, USA
| | - Emily L. Newman
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, 530 Boston Ave, 02155, MA, USA
| | - Michael Z. Leonard
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, 530 Boston Ave, 02155, MA, USA
| | - Klaus A. Miczek
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, 530 Boston Ave, 02155, MA, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Tufts University, Boston, 136 Harrison Ave, 02111, MA, USA
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Cherpitel CJ, Witbrodt J, Korcha RA, Ye Y, Monteiro MG, Chou P. Dose-Response Relationship of Alcohol and Injury Cause: Effects of Country-Level Drinking Pattern and Alcohol Policy. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:850-856. [PMID: 30779431 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dose-response relationship of alcohol and injury and the effects of country-level detrimental drinking pattern (DDP) and alcohol control policy on this relationship are examined for specific causes of injury. METHODS The dose-response risk of injury is analyzed on 18,627 injured patients in 22 countries included in the International Collaborative Alcohol and Injury Study, using case-crossover analysis by cause of injury (traffic, violence, falls, other), DDP, and the International Alcohol Policy and Injury Index. RESULTS Risk of all injury was higher at all volume levels in higher DDP countries compared to lower DDP countries and for each cause of injury. Risk of injury from traffic was significantly greater in higher DDP than lower DDP countries at 3.1 to 6 drinks (odds ratio (OR) = 2.64, confidence interval (CI) = 1.17 to 5.97) and at ≤3 drinks for falls (OR = 2.51, CI = 1.52 to 4.16) and injuries from other causes (OR = 1.72, CI = 1.10 to 2.69). Countries with higher restrictive alcohol policy were at a lower risk of injury at lower levels of consumption (≤3 drinks) for all injuries (OR = 0.72, CI = 0.56 to 0.92) and for injuries from other causes (OR = 0.46, CI = 0.29 to 0.73) and at a lower risk of traffic injuries at higher levels of consumption (≥10 drinks). At higher levels of consumption (≥10 drinks), countries with higher alcohol policy restrictiveness were at greater risk of all injuries (OR = 2.03, CI = 1.29 to 3.20) and those from violence (OR = 9.02, CI = 3.00 to 27.13) and falls (OR = 4.29, CI = 1.86 to 9.91). CONCLUSIONS Countries with high DDP are at higher risk of injury from most causes at a given level of consumption, while countries with low restrictiveness of alcohol policy are at higher risk of injury at lower levels of consumption and at higher risk of traffic injuries at high levels of consumption. These findings underscore the importance of aggregate-level factors which need to be considered in developing effective intervention and prevention strategies for reducing alcohol-related injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yu Ye
- Alcohol Research Group, Emeryville, California
| | | | - Patricia Chou
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Washington, District of Columbia
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