1
|
Magalhães LS, dos Santos KC, Diniz e Silva BV, da Silva Filho GF, da Costa e Silva GR, Guimarães RA, Pillon SC, Caetano KAA, Martins RMB, Carneiro MADS, Cook RL, Teles SA. Cocaine/crack and cannabis use among transgender women in Goiás, Central Brazil. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0304219. [PMID: 38843195 PMCID: PMC11156409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0304219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Illicit drug use is a significant public health problem. Studies have shown a high prevalence of cocaine and cannabis use in transgender women (TGW). OBJECTIVE To describe the consumption patterns of cannabis and cocaine/crack use and variables associated with their use in TGW in Central Brazil. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on TGW in Goiás, Brazil. Participants were recruited using a respondent-driven sampling method and were interviewed face-to-face about cannabis and crack-cocaine and the variables associated with them. The Alcohol Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test was used to assess substance use. Unweighted logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with cannabis and crack cocaine use. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS A total of 440 transgender women participated in the study. Their median age was 25 years (interquartile range: 20.5-29.5 years). Most participants were single (85.5%) and had engaged in sex work in their lifetime (58.6%). Cannabis was reported by 68.9% and 53.4% of participants in their lifetime and in the past three months, respectively, and cocaine/crack use was reported by 59.8% and 44.1% of participants in their lifetime and the past three months, respectively. Of the participants, 10.2% reported high-risk cannabis use, and 9.1% reported high-risk cocaine/crack use. Furthermore, 35% of participants reported using both drugs. Previous physical violence (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 2.37), inconsistent condom uses during anal sex (AOR: 2.17), and moderate-/high-risk cocaine/crack use (AOR: 3.14) were associated with high-risk cannabis use. Previous sexual violence (AOR: 2.84), previous STI (AOR: 2.90), moderate-/high-risk cannabis (AOR: 3.82), and binge drinking (AOR; 3.28) were associated with high-risk cocaine/crack use. CONCLUSION Our study found a high frequency, significant overlap in the use of cannabis and cocaine/crack use and violence associated with these drugs consumption among TGW, highlighting the urgent need for health policies for drug disorders among this socially marginalized group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Cristina Pillon
- Ribeirão Preto College of Nursing, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Robert L. Cook
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abreu LCC, Conceição SDS, de Carvalho DSB, Machado AC, Lyrio AO, Souza ES, Souza CS, de Matos PJDS, Batista JET, Gomes JDA, Hintz AM, Pereira PPDS, da Cruz SS, Gomes-Filho IS, Figueiredo ACMG. Factors Associated with Cocaine Consumption among Suicide Victim. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14309. [PMID: 36361188 PMCID: PMC9654489 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine use is an increasingly frequent event, especially in young people, and can cause irreversible consequences, such as suicide. To evaluate the factors associated with cocaine use in the moments preceding to suicide. This is a population-based, cross-sectional, and analytical study conducted in the Brazilian Federal District by researchers from the Department of Health and the Civil Police Institute of Criminalistics. All people who died due to suicide in 2018 were included in the survey. Cocaine use was considered the dependent variable, and robust Poisson regression was performed to estimate the crude and adjusted prevalence ratios and their respective population confidence intervals. In 2018, 12,157 deaths were recorded, of which suicide accounted for 1.56% of all deaths. It was observed that being between 25 and 44 years old, male, and under the influence of alcohol or cannabis, had a strong positive association with cocaine consumption among suicide victims. Males, people with black skin, with lower level of education, with employment, and who were under the effect of the use of cannabis and/or alcohol in the previous hours of death had a higher propensity to consume cocaine immediately before suicide, with a moderate to strong magnitude of prevalence ratio. The findings of this research indicated the need for monitoring, by health services, of people most vulnerable to suicide through the consumption of psychoactive substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ana Cristina Machado
- Department of Public Health of the Federal District, Brasília 70390-125, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Amanda Oliveira Lyrio
- Department of Health of University of Brasilia, Brasília 70910-900, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Elivan Silva Souza
- Department of Health of University of Brasilia, Brasília 70910-900, Federal District, Brazil
| | - Cauê Silva Souza
- Health Sciences Teaching and Research Foundation’s, Brasília 70710-907, Federal District, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Alexandre Marcelo Hintz
- Department of Health, Feira de Santana State University, Feira de Santana 44036-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Seixas da Cruz
- Department of Epidemiology, Federal University of Recôncavo of Bahia, Santo Antônio de Jesus 44430-622, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Isaac Suzart Gomes-Filho
- Department of Health, Feira de Santana State University, Feira de Santana 44036-900, Bahia, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Daldegan-Bueno D, Maia LO, Glass M, Jutras-Aswad D, Fischer B. Co-exposure of cocaine and cannabinoids and its association with select biological, behavioural and health outcomes: A systematic scoping review of multi-disciplinary studies. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 51:106-131. [PMID: 34273801 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine use entails severe health- and social-related harms globally. Treatment options for cocaine dependence are highly limited. Benefits of cannabinoids for addiction have been documented, making it opportune to examine existing data on the possible outcomes associated with cannabinoids and cocaine co-use. We conducted a systematic scoping review following the PRISMA guidelines of peer-reviewed, English-language studies published from 2000 to 2021 in four databases (Medline, Web-of-Science, CINAHL Plus, and PsycInfo), assessing the co-exposure of cannabis/cannabinoids with cocaine on behavioural, biological or health outcomes. Both quantitative and qualitative, as well as humans and pre-clinical animals' studies (n=46) were included. Pre-clinical studies (n=19) showed mostly protective effects of cannabidiol (CBD) administration on animal models of addiction (e.g., cocaine-craving, -relapse, and -withdrawal) and cocaine-toxicity. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) had more inconsistent results, with both protective and counter-protective effects. Human studies (n=27) were more heterogeneous and assessed natural ongoing cannabis and cocaine use or dependence. Quantitative-based studies showed mostly enhanced harms in several outcomes (e.g., cocaine use, mental health); two available clinical trials found no effect upon CBD administration on cocaine-related treatment outcomes. Qualitative data-based studies reported cannabis use as a substitute for or to alleviate harms of crack-cocaine use. While pre-clinical studies suggest a potential of cannabinoids, especially CBD, to treat cocaine addiction, the few trials conducted in humans found no benefits. Cannabis co-use by cocaine users commonly presents a risk factor, entailing enhanced harms for users. More rigorous, controlled trials are still necessary to investigate cannabinoids' potential considering pre-clinical findings and reported benefits from specific drug users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitri Daldegan-Bueno
- Schools of Population Health and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lucas O Maia
- Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health & Addiction, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Michelle Glass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Otago, New Zealand
| | - Didier Jutras-Aswad
- Centre de Recherche, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Universite de Montreal (CHUM), Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Benedikt Fischer
- Schools of Population Health and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health & Addiction, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Özgür E, Saylan Y, Bereli N, Türkmen D, Denizli A. Molecularly imprinted polymer integrated plasmonic nanosensor for cocaine detection. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2020; 31:1211-1222. [PMID: 32238027 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2020.1751524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A molecularly imprinted polymeric nanofilm was prepared for cocaine detection and applied to plasmonic nanosensor for real-time kinetic, selectivity and reusability analyses. The sensing polymeric surface was fabricated by synthesizing a selective and specific nanofilm on the gold plasmonic nanosensor surface. After characterization experiments with atomic force microscopy, ellipsometer, and contact angle measurements, the kinetic studies of cocaine detection in aqueous solutions in a wide concentration range between 0.2-100 μg/mL were applied to plasmonic nanosensor system at 24 °C with a low limit of detection (0.1 μg/L) and quantification values (0.3 μg/L) and the results showed that this molecularly imprinted polymeric nanofilm integrated plasmonic nanosensor is providing a model for the fastest, most accurate and most precise identification of the cocaine molecule which constitutes a large part of the workload of forensic laboratories.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erdoğan Özgür
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.,Advanced Technologies Application and Research Center, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yeşeren Saylan
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nilay Bereli
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Türkmen
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Adil Denizli
- Department of Chemistry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|