Eating disorders in a community-based sample of women with alcohol use disorder and nicotine dependence

Cross-Sensitization between Binge Eating and Binge Drinking in a Novel C57BL/6NJ Murine Model of Disease Comorbidity Requires PDE4B Activation

There is a high rate of comorbidity between binge eating (BE) and binge drinking (BD) behaviors, suggesting a common neuropathology. Recently, phosphodiesterase 4B (PDE4B) was identified as a pleiotropic gene associated with comorbid alcohol use disorder (AUD) and anorexia nervosa with BE in a genome-wide association study, implicating PDE4B as a potential contributor to shared genetic risk between these disorders. Here, we developed a novel mouse model of comorbid BE and BD in C57BL/6NJ mice in which mice underwent 10 d of BE, followed by 10 d of BD. Females exhibited cross-sensitization from BE to BD, which was apparent on the first day of ethanol access, whereas cross-sensitization emerged in males over multiple trials of BD. Accordingly immunoblotting of the nucleus accumbens tissue indicated a female-selective increase in PDE4B protein expression that was apparent on both the first and last day of BD in mice with a prior BE history. Acute pretreatment with the selective PDE4B inhibitor A33 (1.0 mg/kg) reduced the expression of cross-sensitization to BD in females on Day 1, and this effect was maintained during a 5 d A33 treatment regimen. The 5 d A33 treatment regimen also reduced expression of cross-sensitization to BD that had emerged in males over repeated sessions. These results provide preclinical, functional validation of PDE4B as a driver of food-ethanol cross-sensitization in a novel model for BE and BD comorbidity and support PDE4B in the shared genetic risk for these behavioral pathologies and as a target for pharmacotherapeutic intervention in comorbid AUD and BE behaviors.

Relationship between college lifestyle variables, eating disorder education, and eating disorder risk

Objective: This study examined relationships between eating disorder risk (EDR), lifestyle variables (e.g., exposure to healthy eating media), and differences among male and female college students. Participants: College students (N = 323) completed survey questionnaires (Fall, 2016). Fifty-three participants retook the survey at a later time. Methods: Participants completed a survey measuring EDR using EDI-3 subscales and 10 college lifestyle variables. Female and male EDR and Time 1 and Time 2 EDR were compared. Relationships between EDR and college life-style variables were examined. Results: Exercise, fewer daily meals, less face-to-face interactions, more digital interactions, less exposure to healthy eating media, and having conversations about body image were associated with EDR risk. Male college students showed an increase in EDR over time. Conclusions: Several lifestyle factors predicted EDR in college females and males. These lifestyle factors are modifiable and may be addressed by colleges during orientation and within the campus environment.

The association of alcohol use and positive and negative urgency to same day objective binge eating in emerging adults

Introduction

Objective binge eating and problematic alcohol use often co-occur and are common behaviors in emerging adults. Both behaviors are thought to be driven by affect regulation processes. Objective binge eating often occurs in the context of increasing or acute negative affect, and often occurs in solitude. Alcohol use in emerging adults can also be associated with negative affect regulation. However, in contrast to objective binge eating, a large body of research indicates that there are positively valenced pathways to alcohol use in this age group. Emerging adults often drink socially, to enhance enjoyment, and in the context of positive mood. We propose that one pathway to objective binge eating in this developmental period is through alcohol use itself, such that emerging adults who consume alcohol and who are more likely to act impulsively in the context of positive emotion (i.e., have high levels of positive urgency) may be more likely to binge eat following drinking.

Methods

We collected data using ecological momentary assessment in 106 undergraduates on positive and negative affect, motives for drinking and eating, and alcohol use and objective binge eating, in addition to baseline questionnaires of impulsivity.

Results

There were no significant changes in affect prior to drinking in this sample. Alcohol use at one time point significantly increased odds of objective binge eating at a later time point in the same day. Individual differences in positive urgency, the tendency to act rashly while experiencing positive affect, were also associated with increased odds of objective binge eating that occurred after alcohol use. Individual differences in negative urgency, the tendency to act rashly after experiencing negative affect, did not have a main effect on objective binge episodes, but did interact with alcohol use to increase the odds of objective binge eating following drinking. The vast majority of drinking episodes prior to objective binge eating were social drinking episodes, and participants most commonly endorsed "to have fun" as a reason for drinking.

Discussion

Results suggest that alcohol consumption may increase risk for objective binge eating in emerging adults.

Associations between eating disorder symptoms and smoking and vaping use and motives in college students

A positive association between eating disorder (ED) symptoms and cigarette use exists. However, little is known about the association between ED symptoms and e-cigarette use, as well as how these symptoms are related to motives for using cigarettes and e-cigarettes. In this study, 716 college students (M age = 19.23, SD = 1.65; 61 % female) completed an online survey that included the Eating Pathology Symptoms Inventory, smoking and vaping questionnaires, and the Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised, which was modified for smoking and vaping. We examined mean differences in ED symptoms in lifetime (and past-month) cigarette and e-cigarette users versus non-users, and investigated correlations between ED symptoms and smoking and vaping motives. Finally, we evaluated whether biological sex influenced the results. Overall, 30.4 % of students reported lifetime smoking, 10.5 % reported past-month smoking, 23 % reported lifetime vaping, and 9.5 % reported past-month vaping. With the exception of higher mean scores for negative attitudes toward obesity in students reporting lifetime smoking versus never smoking after adjusting for sex (M = 5.97 vs. M = 4.52, t[713] = -3.76, q = 0.004), no significant mean differences emerged between those who used nicotine and those who did not, which reflected small to moderate effect sizes. Few associations were observed between ED symptoms and nicotine use motives. These findings suggest that the comorbidity between ED symptoms and smoking and vaping in a non-clinical sample is minimal, although additional research with larger sample sizes of males and females is needed.

Validity of the DSM-5 tobacco use disorder diagnostics in adults with problematic substance use

BACKGROUND

DSM-5 tobacco use disorder (TUD) nosology differs from DSM-IV nicotine dependence (ND) by including craving and DSM-IV abuse criteria, a lower threshold (≥ 2 criteria), and severity levels (mild; moderate; severe). We assessed concurrent and prospective validity of the DSM-5 TUD diagnosis and severity and compared validity with DSM-IV ND diagnosis.

METHODS

The sample included U.S. adults with current problematic substance use and past year cigarette smoking (N = 396). Baseline assessment collected information on DSM-IV ND and DSM-5 TUD criteria, smoking-related variables, and psychopathology. Over the following 90 days, electronic daily assessments queried smoking and cigarette craving. Variables expected to be related to TUD were validators: cigarette consumption, cigarette craving scale, Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, and psychiatric disorders. Regression models estimated the association of each validator with DSM-5 TUD and severity levels, and differential association between DSM-5 TUD and DSM-IV ND diagnoses.

RESULTS

DSM-5 TUD and DSM-IV ND were associated with most baseline validators (p-values < 0.05), with significantly stronger associations with DSM-5 TUD for number of days smoked (p = 0.023) and cigarette craving scale (p = 0.007). Baseline DSM-5 TUD and DSM-IV ND predicted smoking and craving on any given day during follow-up, with stronger associations for DSM-5 TUD (association difference [95% CI%]: any smoking, 0.53 [0.27, 0.77]; number of cigarettes smoked, 1.36 [0.89, 1.78]; craving scale, 0.19 [0.09, 0.28]). Validators were associated with TUD severity in a dose-dependent manner.

CONCLUSION

DSM-5 TUD diagnostic measures as operationalized here demonstrated concurrent and prospective validity. Inclusion of new criteria, particularly craving, improved validity and clinical relevance.

Predictors of Nutritional Status, Depression, Internet Addiction, Facebook Addiction, and Tobacco Smoking Among Women With Eating Disorders in Spain

Eating disorders (EDs) are a complex group of psychiatric conditions that involve dysfunctional eating patterns, nutritional alterations, and other comorbid psychopathologies. Some women with EDs may develop problematic internet use while they attempt to get information on dieting/weight control or get online support from people with similar problems. They may also drift toward tobacco smoking as a method to regulate their weight or to cope with their weight-related dysphoria. The occurrence of these conditions in EDs may prolong disease course and impede recovery. This study used structural equation modeling to investigate nutritional status (noted by body mass index, BMI), depression psychopathology, internet addiction (depicted by the Internet Addiction Test), Facebook addiction (depicted by the Bergen Facebook Addiction Scale), and smoking among 123 Spanish women diagnosed with EDs (mean age = 27.3 ± 10.6 years). History of hospitalization, marital status, age, and the level of education predicted BMI in certain ED groups. BMI did not predict depression, but it predicted internet addiction, Facebook addiction, and smoking in certain ED groups. Depression did not predict BMI, internet/Facebook addition, or smoking in any ED group. Some sociodemographic and clinical variables had indirect effects on depression, internet addiction, and Facebook addiction while age was the only variable expressing a direct effect on all outcome measures. Age, education, and history of prolonged treatment predicted smoking in certain ED patients. The findings signify that a considerable target for interventional strategies addressing nutritional and addictive problems in EDs would be women with high BMI, history of hospitalization, history of prolonged treatment, who are particularly young, single, and less educated. Replication studies in larger samples, which comprise various subtypes of EDs from both genders, are warranted to define the exact interaction among the addressed variables.

Eating Disorders and Suicidal Behaviors in Adolescents with Major Depression: Insights from the US Hospitals

Objective: To evaluate the odds of association between suicidal ideation and/or attempt with comorbid eating disorders in adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study and included 122,020 adolescents with a primary diagnosis of MDD from the nationwide inpatient sample (NIS, 2012–2014). They were sub-grouped by a comorbid diagnosis of eating disorders (N = 1675). We calculated the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) using a logistic regression model with demographic confounders for associations of eating disorders with suicidal ideation and attempt. Results: Suicidal ideations were seen in a higher proportion of adolescents with eating disorders (46.3% vs. 14.2% in those without eating disorders). On the contrary, a low proportion of adolescents with eating disorders had suicidal attempts (0.9% vs. 39.4% in those without eating disorders). Overall, eating disorders were associated with higher odds for suicidal ideations (aOR 5.36, 95% CI 4.82–5.97) compared to those without eating disorders, but with lower odds of suicidal attempt (aOR 0.02, 95% CI 0.01–0.03). Conclusions: Adolescents with MDD and comorbid eating disorders had five-times increased odds of suicidal ideations but lower odds of a suicide attempt. Self-harm/injurious behaviors are early signs of suicidal ideations in these patients. A collaborative care model is required for the screening, early diagnosis, and management of adolescents with eating disorders to improve their quality of life.

Online Test of Risk Self-Detection of Eating Disorders

This study's central aim was to examine the effectiveness of an online test of the Risk Self-Detection of Eating Disorders through the evaluation of (1) its psychometric properties, the significant probability of predicting risk eating behavior and the correct classification of membership to the risk or non-risk group and (2) the ability to measure users' risk self-awareness through a group of statements and explore the expected responses through frequency analysis of the content provided by the users. The non-probability sample was comprised of n = 541 women aged 15 to 25 (M = 18.3; SD = 2.4). The instrument showed good psychometric properties, a structure of three predictive risk factors, and proper effect sizes (R² = 0.67-0.69). Among the most critical findings were high percentages of correct classification (94-97%) and expected responses (61%). The logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of presenting eating disorders was higher if the participants smoked, consumed alcohol, had sexual experiences before the age of 15, and if those sexual experiences were non-consensual. Evidence is presented about the promising results of the online data collection method and its potential benefits.

Being bullied and using drugs are associate with eating disorder symptoms in Brazilian students

OBJECTIVE

This study's main purpose is to evaluate factors associated with eating disorder (ED) symptoms among Brazilian adolescents.

METHOD

The sample consisted of 5,213 students, mean age 13.24 (SD ±0.01), in the eighth grade of 93 public schools from three Brazilian cities. Data were collected through an anonymous self-report questionnaire, assessing: sociodemographics, use of alcohol, tobacco, illicit drugs, binge drinking, bullying, and ED symptoms. We used confirmatory factor analysis and multivariate linear regression.

RESULTS

We found that high levels of bullying victimization, binge drinking and the use of unprescribed weight-loss substances were associated with higher levels of ED symptoms to both genders. However, only among girls, the higher age (β = .10; 95% CI = 0.02; 0.17) and the use of illicit drugs (β = .21; 95% CI = 0.094; 0.34) were associated with increase in the ED symptoms.

DISCUSSION

We demonstrate a significant association of ED symptoms with drug use and bullying, highlighting the importance of addressing these factors in the development of ED prevention strategies.

Separating the Signal from the Noise: How Psychiatric Diagnoses Can Help Discern Food Addiction from Dietary Restraint

Converging evidence from both animal and human studies have implicated hedonic eating as a driver of both binge eating and obesity. The construct of food addiction has been used to capture pathological eating across clinical and non-clinical populations. There is an ongoing debate regarding the value of a food addiction "diagnosis" among those with eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa binge/purge-type, bulimia nervosa, and binge eating disorder. Much of the food addiction research in eating disorder populations has failed to account for dietary restraint, which can increase addiction-like eating behaviors and may even lead to false positives. Some have argued that the concept of food addiction does more harm than good by encouraging restrictive approaches to eating. Others have shown that a better understanding of the food addiction model can reduce stigma associated with obesity. What is lacking in the literature is a description of a more comprehensive approach to the assessment of food addiction. This should include consideration of dietary restraint, and the presence of symptoms of other psychiatric disorders (substance use, posttraumatic stress, depressive, anxiety, attention deficit hyperactivity) to guide treatments including nutrition interventions. The purpose of this review is to help clinicians identify the symptoms of food addiction (true positives, or "the signal") from the more classic eating pathology (true negatives, or "restraint") that can potentially elevate food addiction scores (false positives, or "the noise"). Three clinical vignettes are presented, designed to aid with the assessment process, case conceptualization, and treatment strategies. The review summarizes logical steps that clinicians can take to contextualize elevated food addiction scores, even when the use of validated research instruments is not practical.