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Bedillion MF, Claus ED, Wemm SE, Fox HC, Ansell EB. The effects of simultaneous alcohol and cannabis use on subjective drug effects: A narrative review across methodologies. ALCOHOL, CLINICAL & EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH 2024. [PMID: 38641546 DOI: 10.1111/acer.15322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Over 75% of young adults who use cannabis also report drinking alcohol, leading to increased risks that include impaired cognition, substance use disorders, and more heavy and frequent substance use. Studies suggest that subjective responses to either alcohol or cannabis can serve as a valuable indicator for identifying individuals at risk of prolonged substance use and use disorder. While laboratory studies show additive effects when alcohol and cannabis are used together, the impact of co-using these substances, specifically with respect to cannabidiol, on an individual's subjective experience remains unclear. This narrative review explores the effects of simultaneous alcohol and cannabis (SAM) use on subjective drug effects, drawing from qualitative research, laboratory experiments, and naturalistic studies. Experimental findings are inconsistent regarding the combined effects of alcohol and cannabis, likely influenced by factors such as dosage, method of administration, and individual substance use histories. Similarly, findings from qualitative and naturalistic studies are mixed regarding subjective drug effects following SAM use. These discrepancies may be due to recall biases, variations in assessment methods, and the measurement in real-world contexts of patterns of SAM use and related experiences. Overall, this narrative review highlights the need for more comprehensive research to understand more fully subjective drug effects of SAM use in diverse populations and settings, emphasizing the importance of frequent and nuanced assessment of SAM use and subjective responses in naturalistic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric D Claus
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Helen C Fox
- Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
| | - Emily B Ansell
- The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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Borodovsky JT, Hasin DS, Shmulewitz D, Walsh C, Livne O, Aharonovich E, Struble CA, Habib MI, Budney AJ. Typical Hits, Grams, or Joints: Evaluating Cannabis Survey Measurement Strategies for Quantifying Consumption. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024; 9:646-658. [PMID: 36577020 PMCID: PMC10998027 DOI: 10.1089/can.2022.0237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Standardized survey measures that capture diverse cannabis consumption patterns are needed to inform public health and policy. Our team is developing a flexible, personalized, low-burden survey item inventory to measure cannabis use patterns and estimate milligrams of THC (mgTHC) consumption in large samples. This study aimed to identify measurement gaps and analysis implications associated with an initial pool of candidate items that assessed use of cannabis flower and concentrate products (smoked and/or vaporized). Methods: Adult cannabis consumers (n=4247) completed an online survey assessing cannabis use frequency, quantity, product types, product potencies (%THC), and methods of administration. Participants chose to report their consumption quantities using one of three units: "hits per day," "grams per week," or "joints per week." Respondents also indicated whether their past 7-day consumption pattern represented their typical pattern. Results: Eighty-one percent had used cannabis daily in the past week. Thirty-two percent, 53%, and 15% chose to report flower and concentrate consumption quantity in hits, grams, and joints, respectively. Approximately 80-90% of responses for the number of hits, grams, and joints consumed were less than the maximum response option-suggesting that response options captured the full range of potential cannabis consumption behaviors. Those who chose grams or joints units were generally more likely to endorse higher risk cannabis use (e.g., morning use, high %THC products) in the past week than those who chose the hits unit (adjusted Odds Ratio range: 1.2-3.9). Among those who reported that the past week represented their typical behavior (83%), past 30-day and past 7-day frequencies were highly correlated (Spearman's Rho=0.77)-supporting the feasibility of using lower burden "typical week" items to extrapolate patterns beyond a 1-week time frame. Conclusion: Results from this online convenience sample of frequent cannabis consumers suggest that the current items yield coherent and expected response patterns. Although additional testing is required, a standardized, flexible survey instrument for large-scale assessment of cannabis patterns and calculation of mgTHC seems within reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T. Borodovsky
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Deborah S. Hasin
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, New York, USA
| | - Dvora Shmulewitz
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Claire Walsh
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ofir Livne
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Efrat Aharonovich
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Cara A. Struble
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Mohammad I. Habib
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Alan J. Budney
- Center for Technology and Behavioral Health, Dartmouth Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, New Hampshire, USA
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Batinic A, Curkovic A, Bukic J, Žuntar I, Kuret S, Mimica B, Kalajzic N, Dujic G, Glavaš-Obrovac L, Soldo A, Včeva A, Dujic Z, Sutlovic D. Knowledge and Attitudes of Cannabidiol in Croatia among Students, Physicians, and Pharmacists. PHARMACY 2023; 12:2. [PMID: 38251396 PMCID: PMC10801513 DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy12010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to cannabidiol's health benefits and absence of serious side effects, its use is constantly growing. This is a survey-based cross-sectional study that was conducted to determine Croatian pharmacists', physicians', and students' knowledge and attitudes about cannabidiol (CBD). Two questionnaires were created, one for students and the other for physicians and pharmacists. Our participants (in total 874: 473 students and 401 physicians and pharmacists) generally had positive attitudes towards CBD therapy as approximately 60% of them believe that CBD treatment is generally efficacious. Participants had positive attitudes toward the therapeutic value of CBD, especially pharmacists and pharmacy students (63.8% and 72.2%, respectively). Pharmacists were significantly more convinced that CBD could reduce the use of opioids prescribed for chronic pain (p < 0.05). Only 17.5% of students had read scientific papers about CBD, compared to a significantly higher percentage of physicians and pharmacists (43.0% and 47.8%, respectively) (p < 0.05). This study revealed a gap in knowledge regarding CBD, since 89.3% of pharmacists and physicians, as well as 84.8% of students, believe they need more education about CBD. We conclude that it is important to improve the educational curricula so that medical professionals can recommend CBD use to their patients when needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Batinic
- Pharmacy of Split-Dalmatia County, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ana Curkovic
- Department of Health Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (A.C.); (S.K.); (N.K.); (D.S.)
| | - Josipa Bukic
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Irena Žuntar
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Sendi Kuret
- Department of Health Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (A.C.); (S.K.); (N.K.); (D.S.)
| | - Bianka Mimica
- School of Medicine, University of Split School of Medicine, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Nina Kalajzic
- Department of Health Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (A.C.); (S.K.); (N.K.); (D.S.)
| | - Goran Dujic
- Clinical Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Ljubica Glavaš-Obrovac
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
| | - Ana Soldo
- Croatian Chamber for Pharmacists, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Andrijana Včeva
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Clinical Hospital Centre Osijek, J. Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - Zeljko Dujic
- Department of Integrative Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia;
| | - Davorka Sutlovic
- Department of Health Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia; (A.C.); (S.K.); (N.K.); (D.S.)
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacogenetics, School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
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Flores VA, Kisiolek JN, Ramani A, Townsend R, Rodriguez E, Butler B, Stewart LK. Effects of Oral Cannabidiol on Health and Fitness in Healthy Adults: An 8-Week Randomized Trial. Nutrients 2023; 15:2664. [PMID: 37375567 DOI: 10.3390/nu15122664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a lack of research on the effects of cannabidiol (CBD) on health-related fitness, physical activity, cognitive health, psychological wellbeing, and concentrations of C-reactive protein (CRP) in healthy individuals. CBD has potential anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. METHODS This study aimed to investigate the effects of 8 weeks of CBD on the above-mentioned measures in healthy individuals. Forty-eight participants were randomized into two groups receiving either oral capsules of 50 mg of CBD or a calorie-matched placebo daily. Participants completed pre- and post-intervention assessments, including blood draws, body composition, fitness, physical activity, and self-reported surveys. RESULTS There were no significant differences between groups regarding body composition, aerobic fitness, muscular strength, physical activity, cognitive health, psychological wellbeing, and resting CRP concentrations. However, the placebo group experienced a decline in mean peak power and relative peak power compared to the CBD group. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that 8 weeks of CBD supplementation may prevent declines in anaerobic fitness over time. However, long-term CBD supplementation may not be beneficial for altering measures of health-related fitness, mental health, and inflammation in healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Flores
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Dietetics, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Jacob N Kisiolek
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Dietetics, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Arjun Ramani
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Dietetics, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
| | - Ryland Townsend
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Dietetics, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
| | - Edwin Rodriguez
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Dietetics, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
| | - Blake Butler
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Dietetics, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
| | - Laura K Stewart
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition, and Dietetics, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
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Matheson J, Bourgault Z, Le Foll B. Sex Differences in the Neuropsychiatric Effects and Pharmacokinetics of Cannabidiol: A Scoping Review. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12101462. [PMID: 36291671 PMCID: PMC9599539 DOI: 10.3390/biom12101462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) is a non-intoxicating cannabinoid compound with diverse molecular targets and potential therapeutic effects, including effects relevant to the treatment of psychiatric disorders. In this scoping review, we sought to determine the extent to which sex and gender have been considered as potential moderators of the neuropsychiatric effects and pharmacokinetics of CBD. In this case, 300 articles were screened, retrieved from searches in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, PsycInfo and CINAHL, though only 12 met our eligibility criteria: eight studies in preclinical models and four studies in humans. Among the preclinical studies, three suggested that sex may influence long-term effects of gestational or adolescent exposure to CBD; two found no impact of sex on CBD modulation of addiction-relevant effects of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC); two found antidepressant-like effects of CBD in males only; and one found greater plasma and liver CBD concentrations in females compared to males. Among the human studies, two found no sex difference in CBD pharmacokinetics in patient samples, one found greater plasma CBD concentrations in healthy females compared to males, and one found no evidence of sex differences in the effects of CBD on responses to trauma recall in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). No studies were identified that considered the role of gender in CBD treatment effects. We discuss potential implications and current limitations of the existing literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Matheson
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
- Correspondence:
| | - Zoe Bourgault
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Bernard Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON M5S 2S1, Canada
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
- Acute Care Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON M6J 1H4, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1V7, Canada
- Waypoint Research Institute, Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Penetanguishene, ON L9M 1G3, Canada
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Boehnke KF, Gagnier JJ, Matallana L, Williams DA. Cannabidiol Product Dosing and Decision-Making in a National Survey of Individuals with Fibromyalgia. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2022; 23:45-54. [PMID: 34214700 PMCID: PMC8716664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Many people with fibromyalgia use cannabidiol (CBD) products despite limited rigorous evidence of benefit. In the current study, we conducted a secondary analysis of a cross-sectional survey of N = 878 people with fibromyalgia to investigate naturalistic decision making around CBD product choices, use patterns, and dosing. We subgrouped participants based on use of high-THC cannabis (HTC) in the past year (yes/no) as previous studies have shown that HTC use influences CBD use patterns. The study population was largely female (93.6%), white (91.5%) and 55.5 years old on average. Participants typically purchased CBD products online or at dispensaries, with purchasing driven by personal research (63%) rather than endorsement from medical professionals (16%). Overall, tinctures and topicals were the most common administration routes endorsed. However, participants in the past-year HTC group used inhalation routes far more frequently than those who did not (39.8% vs 7.1%). Among participants using CBD tinctures or edibles, the average dose per session was 16 mg and 24 to 27 mg per day, although approximately one-third of participants did not know what dose of CBD they used. Participants using both inhalation and non-inhalation administration routes reported greater symptom relief than those using non-inhalation routes alone. However, there was no consistent relationship between CBD dose and reported effects, possibly due to expectancy effects around CBD products or interindividual variability. Our granular investigation reveals variability of CBD product dosing practices for fibromyalgia, and how past-year HTC use influences CBD product use. Future clinical trials should investigate the potential benefits of low-dose (<50mg) botanical CBD products. PERSPECTIVE: This article shows that past-year HTC use strongly influences how people with fibromyalgia choose and use CBD products. Participants typically used <50 mg/d of CBD, and there was no relationship between higher CBD dose and reported therapeutic benefit. Future clinical trials should investigate therapeutic benefits of low dose CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin F. Boehnke
- Anesthesiology Department, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA,Corresponding author: Kevin Boehnke, 24 Frank Lloyd Wright Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48106.
| | - Joel J. Gagnier
- Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - David A. Williams
- Anesthesiology Department, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Alayli AFG, Kotz D, Kastaun S. Recreational Cannabidiol: Awareness, Prevalence of use, and Associated Factors in a Representative Sample of the German Population. Subst Use Misuse 2022; 57:1417-1424. [PMID: 35686726 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2022.2083175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recreational cannabidiol (CBD) is frequently promoted as a medicinal or therapeutic cannabis product worldwide. Nationwide population-based data on awareness and use of recreational CBD are currently lacking. OBJECTIVE This study estimates the prevalence of recreational CBD awareness and use among the population in Germany. It also explores potential associations with socio-demographic characteristics, tobacco smoking, and e-cigarette use. METHODS We used data from a cross-sectional household survey (German Study on Tobacco Use, DEBRA) fielded across two waves in October-November 2020 and February-March 2021. Data were collected using computer-assisted face-to-face interviews among participants aged ≥14 years (n = 4026). Outcome variables were CBD awareness (yes/no) and CBD ever use (yes/no). The sample was weighted to ensure representativeness of the prevalence estimates. Associations with socio-demographic variables, tobacco smoking, and e-cigarette use were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. RESULTS Approximately half of the population in Germany (48.3%, 95% CI: 46.8-49.9) was aware of recreational CBD products, and 4.3% (95% CI: 3.7-5.0) had ever used them (including 1.1% current users). Awareness was associated with younger age, higher education levels, female sex, living in urban regions, no migration background, tobacco smoking, and e-cigarette use. Ever use was associated with higher education levels, living in urban regions, tobacco smoking, and e-cigarette use. CONCLUSIONS Awareness of recreational CBD products is high but ever use is currently low in Germany. Given the uncertain legal framework regarding the marketing of recreational CBD products, the changing retail landscape, and potential harms of CBD use, structured monitoring is warranted for public health purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F G Alayli
- Institute for Health Economics and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Germany
| | - D Kotz
- Institute of General Practice, Addiction Research and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Germany.,Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - S Kastaun
- Institute of General Practice, Addiction Research and Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Medical Faculty of the Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Germany
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Bilaonova A, Phillips JA, Anderson KG. Comparison of CBD and Cannabis Use Motives. CANNABIS (RESEARCH SOCIETY ON MARIJUANA) 2021; 4:60-68. [PMID: 37287529 PMCID: PMC10212268 DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cannabidiol, also known as CBD, has increasingly gained popularity as a cure-all product and is now found in products across a variety of industries. Despite the surge in popularity, little remains known about individual motives and patterns of CBD use. The goal of this study was to gain a better understanding of the similarities and differences between motives for CBD and cannabis use as well as comparing motives for younger and older users. Participants (N= 171) in U.S. states and territories with legalized cannabis for recreational use were recruited via Amazon MTurk and were asked to complete an anonymous survey assessing their CBD and cannabis use, effects, and motives for use. The greatest differences between self-reported CBD and cannabis use were for side effect profiles. While the recreational use motive was more commonly endorsed for cannabis, use for beauty purposes was more common for CBD. No age group differences emerged for motives to use CBD or cannabis. Future research examining age-related differences in a larger, more age-diverse samples is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aksinya Bilaonova
- Adolescent Health Research Program, Department of Psychology, Reed College, Portland, Oregon
| | - Joy A. Phillips
- The Donald P. Shiley BioScience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California
| | - Kristen G. Anderson
- Adolescent Health Research Program, Department of Psychology, Reed College, Portland, Oregon
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