Interventions Across the Translational Research Spectrum: Addressing Disparities Among Racial and Ethnic Minoritized Youth with Type 1 Diabetes

Development, validation, and item bias assessment of the Self-Care Inventory-Short-Form among racially and income-diverse adolescents living with type 1 diabetes and their caregivers

OBJECTIVE

Youth with type 1 diabetes and their families engage in complex health behaviors to help manage blood glucose levels and to reduce the risk of serious health complications. Given well-documented health disparities in pediatric diabetes, rapid and equitable assessment of diabetes self-care can help identify potential areas where support is needed. This purpose of this study was to (a) develop a short-form of the Self-Care Inventory-Revised (SCI-R) and (b) evaluate validity, reliability, and differential item functioning (DIF) across several socio-illness-demographic variables of the full and short-form SCI-R.

METHODS

Participants were 181 adolescent-caregiver dyads from the Predicting Resiliency in Youth with Type 1 Diabetes (PRYDE) study who completed a 15-item version of the SCI-R. Adolescents (age: M = 14.64, SD =1.70, range 12-18 years), identifying as female (n = 92), male (n = 92), Black/AA (57%), and/or White (43%), also completed diabetes-specific measures of stress and Health-related Quality of Life (T1D-HRQoL). Youths' most recent hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values were extracted from their medical records.

RESULTS

Initial items selected based on the six highest factor loadings of 15 were evaluated using DIF analyses. The final 6-item youth and caregiver SCI-SF6 totals correlated with HbA1c, stress, and T1D-HRQoL. They were invariant across participant dyads at the scalar level (root mean squared error of approximation =.077, 90% CI: .056-.098; comparative fit index =.971, standardized root mean square residual = .0490). DIF analyses failed to reject the null hypothesis for item bias factor loadings or item thresholds across age, family income, HbA1c, racial category, gender, and illness duration.

CONCLUSIONS

The results support initial evidence of equitable assessment, measurement invariance, validity, and reliability for SCI-SF6 across important socio-illness-demographic variables.

Evaluating representativeness: recruitment for a virtual family-based intervention focused on the transition from pediatric to adult diabetes care†

OBJECTIVE

Recruiting representative samples of youth for behavioral health interventions is challenging yet necessary to translate research into practice and eliminate health disparities. Transition-aged youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) represent a vulnerable population; not enough attention is given to their inclusion in behavioral health interventions. Behavioral Family Systems Therapy for Diabetes Transition (BFST-DT) is an intervention aimed at improving transition readiness and is currently being pilot tested. The objectives of this study are to (1) evaluate the representativeness of the enrolled sample based on demographic and medical characteristics and (2) evaluate recruitment communication preferences.

METHODS

Thirty adolescents (Mage = 16.57 years) with T1D and their caregiver(s) were recruited from a large urban hospital. Demographic and medical variables were collected via electronic medical record. Research staff recorded recruitment details about communication attempts and methods and reasons for participation decline.

RESULTS

Those who enrolled in the intervention had more insulin pump usage than the recruitment population. Those who enrolled communicated primarily over email, while those who declined preferred phone. The length of time before a participation decision was communicated was similar between the enrolled and declined groups at about 6 weeks. The main reason for declining to participate was lack of interest.

CONCLUSIONS

Recruitment strategies were mostly effective in recruiting a representative sample of adolescents with T1D. Findings have implications for recruiting populations that are challenging to engage in intervention research. Future research should prioritize the stratification of historically underrepresented groups during recruitment.

The moderating role of diabetes distress on the effect of a randomized eHealth intervention on glycemic control in Black adolescents with type 1 diabetes

OBJECTIVE

Due to systemic inequities, Black adolescents with type 1 diabetes are more likely to have suboptimal glycemic control and high rates of diabetes distress, but tailored interventions for this population are lacking. In primary outcomes of a randomized clinical trial, a family-based eHealth intervention improved glycemic control in Black adolescents with type 1 diabetes and elevated depressive symptoms. The present study is a secondary analysis of these clinical trial data examining the moderating effect of diabetes distress on the efficacy of the intervention.

METHODS

Using secondary data from a multicenter randomized clinical trial (Clinicaltrials.gov [NCT03168867]), caregiver-adolescent dyads were randomly assigned to either up to three sessions of an eHealth parenting intervention (n = 75) or a standard medical care control group (n = 74). Black adolescents (10 years, 0 months to 14 years, 11 months old) with type 1 diabetes and a caregiver willing to participate were eligible. Adolescents reported their diabetes distress at baseline, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) data were collected at baseline, 6-, 13-, and 18-month follow-up.

RESULTS

No between-group contrasts emerged in a linear mixed-effects regression (p's > .09). Within-group contrasts emerged such that adolescents assigned to the intervention who reported high diabetes distress had lower HbA1c at the 18-month follow-up relative to baseline (p = .004); the 18-month decrease in HbA1c was -1.03%.

CONCLUSIONS

Black adolescents with type 1 diabetes and high levels of diabetes distress showed significant decreases in HbA1c following a family-based eHealth intervention, suggesting diabetes distress may be a key moderator of intervention efficacy within this population.

Psychosocial Care for Youth with Type 1 Diabetes: Summary of Reviews to Inform Clinical Practice

The intensive demands of diabetes care can be difficult for youth with type 1 diabetes and their families to integrate into daily life. Standards of care in pediatric diabetes highlight the importance of evidence-based psychosocial interventions to optimize self-management behaviors and psychological well-being. The current review summarizes select systematic reviews and meta-analyses on evidence-based behavioral health interventions in pediatric diabetes. Interventions include strategies to strengthen youth psychosocial skills, improve family dynamics and caregiver mental health, enhance health and mental health equity, and address psychosocial factors related to diabetes technology use.