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Ramírez-Morales D, Rojas-Jiménez K, Castro-Gutiérrez V, Rodríguez-Saravia S, Vaglio-Garro A, Araya-Valverde E, Rodríguez-Rodríguez CE. Ecotoxicological effects of ketoprofen and fluoxetine and their mixture in an aquatic microcosm. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 271:106924. [PMID: 38678909 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The effects of fluoxetine (antidepressant) and ketoprofen (analgesic) on aquatic ecosystems are largely unknown, particularly as a mixture. This work aimed at determining the effect of sublethal concentrations of both compounds individually (0.050 mg/L) and their mixture (0.025 mg/L each) on aquatic communities at a microcosm scale for a period of 14 d. Several physicochemical parameters were monitored to estimate functional alterations in the ecosystem, while model organisms (Daphnia magna, Lemna sp., Raphidocelis subcapitata) and the sequencing of 16S/18S rRNA genes permitted to determine effects on specific populations and changes in community composition, respectively. Disturbances were more clearly observed after 14 d, and overall, the microcosms containing fluoxetine (alone or in combination with ketoprofen) produced larger alterations on most physicochemical and biological variables, compared to the microcosm containing only ketoprofen, which suffered less severe changes. Differences in nitrogen species suggest alterations in the N-cycle due to the presence of fluoxetine; similarly, all pharmaceutical-containing systems decreased the brood rate of D. magna, while individual compounds inhibited the growth of Lemna sp. No clear trends were observed regarding R. subcapitata, as indirectly determined by chlorophyll quantification. The structure of micro-eukaryotic communities was altered in the fluoxetine-containing systems, whereas the structure of bacterial communities was affected to a greater extent by the mixture. The disruptions to the equilibrium of the microcosm demonstrate the ecological risk these compounds pose to aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Ramírez-Morales
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 2060, Costa Rica
| | | | - Víctor Castro-Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 2060, Costa Rica
| | - Sebastián Rodríguez-Saravia
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 2060, Costa Rica
| | - Annette Vaglio-Garro
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 2060, Costa Rica
| | - Emanuel Araya-Valverde
- Centro Nacional de Innovaciones Biotecnológicas (CENIBiot), CeNAT-CONARE, San José, 1174-1200, Costa Rica
| | - Carlos E Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 2060, Costa Rica.
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Feng B, Chen J, Wang C, You G, Lin J, Gao H, Han S, Ma J. Ofloxacin weakened treatment performance of rural domestic sewage in an aerobic biofilm system by affecting biofilm resistance, bacterial community, and functional genes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 246:118036. [PMID: 38163543 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.118036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Ofloxacin (OFL) is a typical fluoroquinolone antibiotic widely detected in rural domestic sewage, however, its effects on the performance of aerobic biofilm systems during sewage treatment process remain poorly understood. We carried out an aerobic biofilm experiment to explore how the OFL with different concentrations affects the pollutant removal efficiency of rural domestic sewage. Results demonstrated that the OFL negatively affected pollutant removal in aerobic biofilm systems. High OFL levels resulted in a decrease in removal efficiency: 9.33% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 18.57% for ammonium (NH4+-N), and 8.49% for total phosphorus (TP) after 35 days. The findings related to the chemical and biological properties of the biofilm revealed that the OFL exposure triggered oxidative stress and SOS responses, decreased the live cell number and extracellular polymeric substance content of biofilm, and altered bacterial community composition. More specifically, the relative abundance of key genera linked to COD (e.g., Rhodobacter), NH4+-N (e.g., Nitrosomonas), and TP (e.g., Dechlorimonas) removal was decreased. Such the OFL-induced decrease of these genera might result in the down-regulation of carbon degradation (amyA), ammonia oxidation (hao), and phosphorus adsorption (ppx) functional genes. The conventional pollutants (COD, NH4+-N, and TP) removal was directly affected by biofilm resistance, functional genes, and bacterial community under OFL exposure, and the bacterial community played a more dominant role based on partial least-squares path model analysis. These findings will provide valuable insights into understanding how antibiotics impact the performance of aerobic biofilm systems during rural domestic sewage treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Feng
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Department on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Department on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, PR China.
| | - Chao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Department on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Guoxiang You
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Department on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Junkai Lin
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Department on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Han Gao
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Department on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Shanrui Han
- PowerChina Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited, No.201, Gaojiao Road, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311122, PR China
| | - Junchao Ma
- PowerChina Huadong Engineering Corporation Limited, No.201, Gaojiao Road, Yuhang District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 311122, PR China
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Navrozidou E, Remmas N, Melidis P, Sylaios G, Ntougias S. Biotreatment efficiency, degradation mechanism and bacterial community structure in an immobilized cell bioreactor treating triclosan-rich wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:1518-1529. [PMID: 34781849 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2021.2007287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biotreatment of triclosan is mainly performed in conventional activated sludge systems, which, however, are not capable of completely removing this antibacterial agent. As a consequence, triclosan ends up in surface and groundwater, constituting an environmental threat, due to its toxicity to aquatic life. However, little is known regarding the diversity and mechanism of action of microbiota capable of degrading triclosan. In this work, an immobilized cell bioreactor was setup to treat triclosan-rich wastewater. Bioreactor operation resulted in high triclosan removal efficiency, even greater than 99.5%. Nitrogen assimilation was mainly occurred in immobilized biomass, although nitrification was inhibited. Based on Illumina sequencing, Bradyrhizobiaceae, followed by Ferruginibacter, Thermomonas, Lysobacter and Gordonia, were the dominant genera in the bioreactor, representing 38.40 ± 0.62% of the total reads. However, a broad number of taxa (15 genera), mainly members of Xanthomonadaceae, Bradyrhizobiaceae and Chitinophagaceae, showed relative abundances between 1% and 3%. Liquid Chromatography coupled to Quadrupole Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) resulted in the identification of catabolic routes of triclosan in the immobilized cell bioreactor. Seven intermediates of triclosan were detected, with 2,4-dichlorophenol, 4-chlorocatechol and 2-chlorohydroquinone being the key breakdown products of triclosan. Thus, the immobilized cell bioreactor accommodated a diverse bacterial community capable of degrading triclosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathia Navrozidou
- Laboratory of Wastewater Management and Treatment Technologies, Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Remmas
- Laboratory of Wastewater Management and Treatment Technologies, Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece
| | - Paraschos Melidis
- Laboratory of Wastewater Management and Treatment Technologies, Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece
| | - Georgios Sylaios
- Laboratory of Ecological Engineering and Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece
| | - Spyridon Ntougias
- Laboratory of Wastewater Management and Treatment Technologies, Department of Environmental Engineering, Democritus University of Thrace, Xanthi, Greece
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Mohammadi F, Bina B, Rahimi S, Janati M. Modelling of micropollutant fate in hybrid growth systems: model concepts, Peterson matrix, and application to a lab-scale pilot plant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:68707-68723. [PMID: 35545750 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Modelling the fate of micropollutants in different wastewater treatment processes is of present concern. Moreover, during the last few years, there has been an increasing interest in the development of hybrid reactors which contain both suspended biomass and biofilm. Here, a new model developed which tries to determine the fate of micropollutants in hybrid reactors such as moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) and called the ASM-biofilm-MPs model considered the main mechanisms leading to the micropollutant removal (sorption/desorption, biodegradation, cometabolism) in hybrid reactors. This dynamic model describes the fate of micropollutants in a hybrid reactor using first-order kinetics for biotransformation and sorption/desorption equations. Also, it considered the reactions for carbon oxidation, nitrification, and denitrification in attached and suspended biomass under aerobic conditions. The mathematical model consists of three connected models for the simulation of micropollutants, suspended biomass, and biofilm. Biochemical conversions are evaluated according to the Activated Sludge Model No. 1 (ASM1) for both attached and suspended biomass. The model is applied for a laboratory MBBR, which fed with synthetic wastewater containing 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) as micropollutant, and accurately describes the experimental concentrations of COD, attached and suspended biomass, nitrogen, and 4-NP micropollutant obtained during 180 days working at different loadings. The differences between simulations and experiments in all operational periods for sCOD, NH4-N, NO3-N, and attached and suspended biomass concentrations were less than 15%, 10%, 10%, 5% and 5%, respectively. Finally, the contribution of adsorption and biodegradation mechanisms in the fate of 4-NP was calculated, when 4-NP concentration is set to 1 µg/L (biodegradation = 86.5%, sorption = 5%) and 50 µg/L (biodegradation = 55.9%, sorption = 34.7%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Mohammadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Bijan Bina
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Somayeh Rahimi
- Department of Environmental Health, Islamic Azad University, Firoozabad branch, Firoozabad, Iran
| | - Mahsa Janati
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada
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5
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Lin Q, Zhang J, Yin L, Zuo W, Li L, Tian Y. Insight investigation of the on-site activated sludge reduction induced by metabolic uncoupler: Effects of 2,6-dichlorophenol on soluble microbial products, microbial activity, and environmental impact. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131575. [PMID: 34325264 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic uncoupling technology was one of the methods widely used to on-site control the production of excess sludge in wastewater treatment processes. However, the uncoupler effects on soluble microbial products (SMP), microbial activity, and environment impact have few been reported. This study showed that sludge yield was reduced by 33.3% at 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP) concentrations of 10 mg/L. The addition of 2,6-DCP also reduced the content of polysaccharide and protein in SMP, and the three-dimension excitation emission matrix (3D-EEM) suggested that the fluorescence intensities of humic acid-like, fulvic acid-like, and tryptophan protein-like substances decreased, proving that 2,6-DCP addition will weaken the interaction between microorganisms and the environmental matrix. Moreover, 2,6-DCP addition will change the microbial morphology and community of activated sludge. The active or respiring bacteria portion was lessened, and sludge flocs become dispersed, but it will not affect its settling performance. Surprisingly, 2,6-DCP has certain biodegradability and could be used as an environmentally friendly metabolic uncoupler under low-concentration dosing conditions. This study systematically evaluated the effect of 2,6-DCP on sludge production, SMP contents, microbial morphology, microbial community, demonstrating the environmental impact and application feasibility in the wastewater treatment systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- QingYuan Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Linlin Yin
- National Engineering Research Center of Urban Water Resources, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Wei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Lipin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
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6
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Lopez C, Nnorom MA, Tsang YF, Knapp CW. Pharmaceuticals and personal care products' (PPCPs) impact on enriched nitrifying cultures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:60968-60980. [PMID: 34165737 PMCID: PMC8580922 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14696-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The impact of pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) on the performance of biological wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) has been widely studied using whole-community approaches. These contaminants affect the capacity of microbial communities to transform nutrients; however, most have neither honed their examination on the nitrifying communities directly nor considered the impact on individual populations. In this study, six PPCPs commonly found in WWTPs, including a stimulant (caffeine), an antimicrobial agent (triclosan), an insect repellent ingredient (N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide (DEET)) and antibiotics (ampicillin, colistin and ofloxacin), were selected to assess their short-term toxic effect on enriched nitrifying cultures: Nitrosomonas sp. and Nitrobacter sp. The results showed that triclosan exhibited the greatest inhibition on nitrification with EC50 of 89.1 μg L-1. From the selected antibiotics, colistin significantly affected the overall nitrification with the lowest EC50 of 1 mg L-1, and a more pronounced inhibitory effect on ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) compared to nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB). The EC50 of ampicillin and ofloxacin was 23.7 and 12.7 mg L-1, respectively. Additionally, experimental data suggested that nitrifying bacteria were insensitive to the presence of caffeine. In the case of DEET, moderate inhibition of nitrification (<40%) was observed at 10 mg L-1. These findings contribute to the understanding of the response of nitrifying communities in presence of PPCPs, which play an essential role in biological nitrification in WWTPs. Knowing specific community responses helps develop mitigation measures to improve system resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Lopez
- Centre for Water, Environment, Sustainability & Public Health, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XJ, UK
| | - Mac-Anthony Nnorom
- Centre for Water, Environment, Sustainability & Public Health, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XJ, UK
| | - Yiu Fai Tsang
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, New Territories, 999077, Hong Kong.
| | - Charles W Knapp
- Centre for Water, Environment, Sustainability & Public Health, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XJ, UK.
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Tan Q, Chen J, Chu Y, Liu W, Yang L, Ma L, Zhang Y, Qiu D, Wu Z, He F. Triclosan weakens the nitrification process of activated sludge and increases the risk of the spread of antibiotic resistance genes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:126085. [PMID: 34492900 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The usage of triclosan (TCS) may rise rapidly due to the COVID-19 pandemic. TCS usually sinks in the activated sludge. However, the effects of TCS in activated sludge remain largely unknown. The changes in nitrogen cycles and the abundances of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) caused by TCS were investigated in this study. The addition of 1000 μg/L TCS significantly inhibited nitrification since the ammonia conversion rate and the abundance of nitrification functional genes decreased by 12.14%. The other nitrogen cycle genes involved in nitrogen fixation and denitrification were also suppressed. The microbial community shifted towards tolerance and degradation of phenols. The addition of 100 μg/L TCS remarkably increased the total abundance of ARGs and mobile genetic elements by 33.1%, and notably, the tetracycline and multidrug resistance genes increased by 54.75% and 103.42%, respectively. The co-occurrence network revealed that Flavobacterium might have played a key role in the spread of ARGs. The abundance of this genus increased 92-fold under the addition of 1000 μg/L TCS, indicating that Flavobacterium is potent in the tolerance and degradation of TCS. This work would help to better understand the effects of TCS in activated sludge and provide comprehensive insight into TCS management during the pandemic era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Jinmei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yifan Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Lingli Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Lin Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Dongru Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Zhenbin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Feng He
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
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Gatidou G, Chatzopoulos P, Chhetri RK, Kokkoli A, Giannakopoulos A, Andersen HR, Stasinakis AS. Ecotoxicity and biodegradation of the bacteriostatic 3,3',4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TSCA) compared to the structurally similar bactericide triclosan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:144960. [PMID: 33477039 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.144960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This article studies the ecotoxicity of 3,3',4',5-tetrachlorosalicylanilide (TCSA) using different bioassays and examines its fate in activated sludge batch experiments. Despite of the common use of TCSA as chemical uncoupler in wastewater treatment systems and as preservative in several products, limited data has been published for its ecotoxicity, while no information is available for its biodegradation. Among different bioassays, the highest toxicity of TSCA was noticed for Daphna magna (48-h LC50: 0.054 mg L-1), followed by Vibrio fischeri (15-min EC50: 0.392 mg L-1), Lemna minor, (7-d EC50: 5.74 mg L-1) and activated sludge respiration rate (3-h EC50: 31.1 mg L-1). The half-life of TSCA was equal to 7.3 h in biodegradation experiments with activated sludge, while use of mass balances showed that 90% of this compound is expected to be removed in an aerobic activated sludge system, mainly due to biodegradation. A preliminary risk assessment of TSCA using the Risk Quotient methodology showed possible ecological threat in rivers where wastewater is diluted up to 100-fold. Comparison with the structurally similar 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol (triclosan, TCS) showed that both compounds have similar biodegradation potential and seem to cause analogous toxicity to Vibrio fischeri and activated sludge. Specifically, TCS was biodegraded quite rapidly by activated sludge (half-life: 6.2 h), while EC50 values equal to 0.134 mg L-1 and 39.9 mg L-1 were calculated for Vibrio fischeri, and activated sludge respiration rate. Future research should focus on monitoring of TSCA concentrations in the environment and study its effects in long-term toxicity and bioaccumulation tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Gatidou
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 81100 Mytilene, Greece.
| | - Paschalis Chatzopoulos
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
| | - Ravi Kumar Chhetri
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej 115, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Argyro Kokkoli
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej 115, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Andreas Giannakopoulos
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
| | - Henrik Rasmus Andersen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej 115, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Athanasios S Stasinakis
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, University Hill, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
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9
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Wang D, Tao L, Yang J, Xu Z, Yang Q, Zhang Y, Liu X, Liu Q, Huang J. Understanding the interaction between triclocarban and denitrifiers. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 401:123343. [PMID: 32763677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of triclocarban (TCC) has led to its substantial release into aquatic environment. As an important microbial community in wastewater treatment, denitrifying cultures likely remove TCC and also may be affected by TCC which has not been revealed. This work therefore aims to add knowledge to these questions. Experimental results showed that 71.2 %-79.4 % of TCC was removed by denitrifying sludge in stable operation when TCC concentration was 1∼20 mg/L. Mass balance analyses revealed that TCC was dominantly removed by adsorption rather than biodegradation, and non-homogeneous multilayer adsorption was responsible for this removal, with hydroxyl groups, amides and polysaccharides acting as the possible adsorption sites. Although the physicochemical properties of denitrifying cultures were unaffected after short-term exposure, long-term exposure to TCC deteriorated the settleability, dewaterability, flocculability and hydrophobicity of denitrifying biomass. It was observed that 20 mg/L TCC decreased denitrification efficiency by 70 % in long-term operation. Mechanism studies revealed that long-term exposure to TCC resulted in the increase of extracellular polymeric substances especially proteins, and the decrease of denitrifiers' activities. High-throughput sequencing revealed that TCC decreased the diversity of microbial community and the abundances of denitrifier genera such as Hyphomicrobium, Paracoccus, Saprospiraceae and unclassified-f-Rhodocyclaceae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbo Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
| | - Lingjuan Tao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Jingnan Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Zhengyong Xu
- Hunan Provincial Science and Technology Affairs Center, Changsha, 410013, PR China
| | - Qi Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China.
| | - Xuran Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Qiang Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, PR China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha, 410082, PR China
| | - Jin Huang
- Hunan Provincial Center for Ecological and Environmental Affairs, Changsha, 410014, PR China
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10
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Bacterial Toxicity Testing: Modification and Evaluation of the Luminescent Bacteria Test and the Respiration Inhibition Test. Processes (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/pr8111349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The activated sludge respiration inhibition test and the luminescent bacteria test with Vibrio fischeri are important bacterial test systems for evaluation of the toxicity of chemical compounds. These test systems were further optimized to result in better handling, reliability and sensitivity. Concerning the Vibrio fischeri test, media components such as yeast extract and bivalent cation concentrations like Ca2+ and Mg2+ were optimized. The cultivation, storage conditions and reactivation process of the stored bacteria were also improved, which enabled simpler handling and led to good reproducibility. Additionally, the respiration inhibition test with a prolonged incubation time was further analyzed using different chlorinated phenols as reference compounds. It could be stated that a longer incubation period significantly improved the sensitivity of the test system.
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Comparative Target Analysis of Chlorinated Biphenyl Antimicrobials Highlights MenG as a Molecular Target of Triclocarban. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00933-20. [PMID: 32503913 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00933-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC), a formerly used disinfectant, kills bacteria via an unknown mechanism of action. A structural hallmark is its N,N'-diaryl urea motif, which is also present in other antibiotics, including the recently reported small molecule PK150. We show here that, like PK150, TCC exhibits an inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus menaquinone metabolism via inhibition of the biosynthesis protein demethylmenaquinone methyltransferase (MenG). However, the activity spectrum (MIC90) of TCC across a broad range of multidrug-resistant staphylococcus and enterococcus strains was much narrower than that of PK150. Accordingly, TCC did not cause an overactivation of signal peptidase SpsB, a hallmark of the PK150 mode of action. Furthermore, we were able to rule out inhibition of FabI, a confirmed target of the diaryl ether antibiotic triclosan (TCS). Differences in the target profiles of TCC and TCS were further investigated by proteomic analysis, showing complex but rather distinct changes in the protein expression profile of S. aureus Downregulation of the arginine deiminase pathway provided additional evidence for an effect on bacterial energy metabolism by TCC.IMPORTANCE TCC's widespread use as an antimicrobial agent has made it a ubiquitous environmental pollutant despite its withdrawal due to ecological and toxicological concerns. With its antibacterial mechanism of action still being unknown, we undertook a comparative target analysis between TCC, PK150 (a recently discovered antibacterial compound with structural resemblance to TCC), and TCS (another widely employed chlorinated biphenyl antimicrobial) in the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus We show that there are distinct differences in each compound's mode of action, but also identify a shared target between TCC and PK150, the interference with menaquinone metabolism by inhibition of MenG. The prevailing differences, however, which also manifest in a remarkably better broad-spectrum activity of PK150, suggest that even high levels of TCC or TCS resistance observed by continuous environmental exposure may not affect the potential of PK150 or related N,N'-diaryl urea compounds as new antibiotic drug candidates against multidrug-resistant infections.
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Atolani O, Baker MT, Adeyemi OS, Olanrewaju IR, Hamid AA, Ameen OM, Oguntoye SO, Usman LA. COVID-19: Critical discussion on the applications and implications of chemicals in sanitizers and disinfectants. EXCLI JOURNAL 2020; 19:785-799. [PMID: 32636732 PMCID: PMC7332783 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olubunmi Atolani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | - Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi
- Department of Biochemistry, Medicinal Biochemistry, Infectious Diseases, Nanomedicine & Toxicology Laboratory, Landmark University, PMB 1001, Omu-Aran 251101, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Oloduowo M. Ameen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | | | - Lamidi A. Usman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ilorin, P.M.B. 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
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Amariei G, Boltes K, Rosal R, Leton P. Enzyme response of activated sludge to a mixture of emerging contaminants in continuous exposure. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227267. [PMID: 31931513 PMCID: PMC6957336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The relevant information about the impacts caused by presence of emerging pollutants in mixtures on the ecological environment, especially on the more vulnerable compartments such as activated sludge (AS) is relatively limited. This study investigated the effect of ibuprofen (IBU) and triclosan (TCS), alone and in combination to the performance and enzymatic activity of AS bacterial community. The assays were carried out in a pilot AS reactor operating for two-weeks under continuous dosage of pollutants. The microbial activity was tracked by measuring oxygen uptake rate, esterase activity, oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activities. It was found that IBU and TCS had no acute toxic effects on reactor biomass concentration. TCS led to significant decrease of COD removal efficiency, which dropped from 90% to 35%. Continuous exposure to IBU, TCS and their mixtures increased the activities of glutathione s-transferase (GST) and esterase as a response to oxidative damage. A high increase in GST activity was associated with non-reversible toxic damage while peaks of esterase activity combined with moderate GST increase were attributed to an adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgiana Amariei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Karina Boltes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Rosal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Leton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Gao JF, Liu XH, Fan XY, Dai HH. Effects of triclosan on performance, microbial community and antibiotic resistance genes during partial denitrification in a sequencing moving bed biofilm reactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 281:326-334. [PMID: 30831511 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Effects of triclosan (TCS) on performance, microbial community and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) during partial denitrification (PD) were investigated in a sequencing moving bed biofilm reactor (SMBBR). TCS inhibited nitrite accumulation; inhibition effect was more obvious as TCS concentration increased from 1 to 5 mg/L, but it could recover. Extracellular polymeric substances contents increased with 1 mg/L TCS addition and decreased a lot at 5 mg/L TCS. Community structure in biofilm was different from that in floccular sludge, but it was similar at 5 mg/L TCS. Illumina sequencing showed that Pseudomonas, Aeromonas, Shewanella and Thauera became dominant genera. Abundance of nirS was stable and higher than that of narG and nosZ. High-throughput qPCR showed that mexF, acrA-02, fabK, etc. were screened at 5 mg/L TCS. IntI1 and tnpA-04 were abundant mobile genetic elements. The study furthers understanding of effects of TCS on PD, bacterial communities and ARGs in SMBBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Feng Gao
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Xiang-Hui Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Fan
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Hui-Hui Dai
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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15
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Chen H, Cheng Y, Meng D, Xue G, Jiang M, Li X. Joint effect of triclosan and copper nanoparticles on wastewater biological nutrient removal. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2018; 39:2447-2456. [PMID: 28707517 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1355937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is widely used in household and personal care products, and its release into wastewater might have impact on wastewater biological treatment for its antibacterial property. Besides, emerging pollutant such as copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) will also release from nanoparticle-containing products, showing a joint effect with TCS on biological nutrient removal. The TCS of 1 and 10 mg/L inhibited the nitrosification and nitrification stage, and the first step of denitrification was suppressed as well, causing a decline in final TN removal efficiency. Additionally, the phosphorus uptake was inhibited seriously, leading to a remarkable decrease in phosphorus removal efficiency. When they were co-existed, the TCS concentration decreased due to the absorption by CuNPs, and the released Cu2+ from CuNPs increased. Further investigation revealed that when 5 mg/L CuNPs and 1 mg/L TCS were immediately added to the activated sludge, the final joint toxicity was similar to the individual effect of 1 mg/L TCS, while 10 mg/L CuNPs contributed to the final stronger toxicity. When TCS was sufficiently reacted with CuNPs in wastewater, their final toxicity to activated sludge was enhanced because the extent of toxicity relief caused by decrease in TCS concentration was less than the degree of deteriorating effect due to the promotion of Cu2+ release from CuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Chen
- a School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Donghua University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
- b Jiangsu Tongyan Environmental Production Science and Technology Co. Ltd. , Yancheng , People's Republic of China
| | - Yuying Cheng
- a School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Donghua University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Di Meng
- a School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Donghua University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Xue
- a School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Donghua University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Mingji Jiang
- a School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Donghua University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Li
- b Jiangsu Tongyan Environmental Production Science and Technology Co. Ltd. , Yancheng , People's Republic of China
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16
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Bina B, Mohammadi F, Amin MM, Pourzamani HR, Yavari Z. Evaluation of the effects of AlkylPhenolic compounds on kinetic coefficients and biomass activity in MBBR by means of respirometric techniques. Chin J Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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17
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Gorenoglu E, Aydin E, Topuz E, Pehlivanoglu-Mantas E. Effect of triclosan and its photolysis products on marine bacterium V. fischeri and freshwater alga R. subcapitata. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 211:218-224. [PMID: 29408069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of antibacterial agents in consumer products may lead to adverse effects in waters receiving treated wastewater. Triclosan is one of the antibacterial agents used widely in the world and its high usage leads to relatively high concentrations in wastewater effluents. In this study, the probable effect of triclosan in receiving waters was assessed using different organisms. The EC50 values were 668 ± 80 μg/L and 7.8 ± 0.1 μg/L, for Vibrio fischeri and Raphidocelis subcapitata, respectively, indicating the higher sensitivity of the alga. The toxicity of triclosan upon exposure to UV light decreased for both species, as suggested by the increase in EC50 values (1300 ± 50 μg/L and 8.7 ± 0.6 μg/L for V. fischeri and R. subcapitata, respectively). The effect of photolysis on toxicity reduction was higher for V. fischeri and the EC50 values were similar for direct and indirect photolysis. LC-MS/MS analysis of samples with and without UV exposure suggested a decrease in triclosan concentration as well as formation of photolysis byproducts upon photolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eren Gorenoglu
- Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Egemen Aydin
- Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emel Topuz
- Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Pehlivanoglu-Mantas
- Istanbul Technical University, Civil Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
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18
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Holzem RM, Gardner CM, Gunsch CK. Evaluating the impacts of triclosan on wastewater treatment performance during startup and acclimation. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2018; 77:493-503. [PMID: 29377833 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a broad range antimicrobial agent used in many personal care products, which is commonly discharged to wastewater treatment facilities (WWTFs). This study examined the impact of TCS on wastewater treatment performance using laboratory bench-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) coupled with anaerobic digesters. The SBRs were continuously fed synthetic wastewater amended with or without 0.68 μM TCS, with the aim of determining the effect of chronic TCS exposure as opposed to a pulse TCS addition as previously studied. Overall, the present study suggests inhibition of nitrogen removal during reactor startup. However, NH4+ removal fully rebounded after 63 days, suggesting acclimation of the associated microbial communities to TCS. An initial decrease in microbial community diversity was observed in the SBRs fed TCS as compared to the control SBRs, followed by an increase in community diversity, which coincided with the increase in NH4+ removal. Elevated levels of NO3- and NO2- were found in the reactor effluent after day 58, however, suggesting ammonia oxidizing bacteria rebounding more rapidly than nitrogen oxidizing bacteria. Similar effects on treatment efficiencies at actual WWTFs have not been widely observed, suggesting that continuous addition of TCS in their influent may have selected for TCS-resistant nitrogen oxidizing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Holzem
- Department of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Green Bay, Green Bay, WI 54311, USA
| | - C M Gardner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, 121 Hudson Hall, Box 90287, Durham, NC 27708-0287, USA E-mail:
| | - C K Gunsch
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, 121 Hudson Hall, Box 90287, Durham, NC 27708-0287, USA E-mail:
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Inglezakis VJ, Malamis S, Omirkhan A, Nauruzbayeva J, Makhtayeva Z, Seidakhmetov T, Kudarova A. Investigating the inhibitory effect of cyanide, phenol and 4-nitrophenol on the activated sludge process employed for the treatment of petroleum wastewater. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 203:825-830. [PMID: 27681869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.08.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the inhibitory effect of cyanide, phenol and 4-nitrophenol on the activated sludge process was investigated. The inhibition of the aerobic oxidation of organic matter, nitrification and denitrification were examined in batch reactors by measuring the specific oxygen uptake rate (sOUR), the specific ammonium uptake rate (sAUR) and the specific nitrogen uptake rate (sNUR) respectively. The tested cyanide, phenol and 4-nitrophenol concentrations were 0.2-1.7 mg/L, 4.8-73.1 mg/L and 8.2-73.0 mg/L respectively. Cyanide was highly toxic as it significantly (>50%) inhibited the activity of autotrophic biomass, heterotrophic biomass under aerobic conditions and denitrifiers even at relatively low concentrations (1.0-1.7 mgCN-/L). The determination of the half maximum inhibitory concentration (IC50) confirmed this, since for cyanide IC50 values were very low for the examined bioprocesses (<1.5 mg/L). On the other hand, the IC50 values for phenol and 4-nitrophenol were much higher (>25 mg/L) for the tested bioprocesses since appreciable concentrations were required to accomplish significant inhibition. The autotrophic bacteria were more sensitive to phenol than the aerobic heterotrophs. The denitrifiers were found to be very resistant to phenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Inglezakis
- School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Environmental Science & Technology Group (ESTg), Nazarbayev University, 53, Kabanbay Batyr Ave., Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - S Malamis
- Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, 5 Iroon Polytechniou St., Zographou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece.
| | - A Omirkhan
- School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Environmental Science & Technology Group (ESTg), Nazarbayev University, 53, Kabanbay Batyr Ave., Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - J Nauruzbayeva
- School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Environmental Science & Technology Group (ESTg), Nazarbayev University, 53, Kabanbay Batyr Ave., Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Z Makhtayeva
- School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Environmental Science & Technology Group (ESTg), Nazarbayev University, 53, Kabanbay Batyr Ave., Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - T Seidakhmetov
- School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Environmental Science & Technology Group (ESTg), Nazarbayev University, 53, Kabanbay Batyr Ave., Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - A Kudarova
- School of Engineering, Chemical Engineering Department, Environmental Science & Technology Group (ESTg), Nazarbayev University, 53, Kabanbay Batyr Ave., Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
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20
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Amariei G, Boltes K, Rosal R, Letón P. Toxicological interactions of ibuprofen and triclosan on biological activity of activated sludge. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 334:193-200. [PMID: 28412629 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The growing use of pharmaceutical and personal care products increases their concentrations in the wastewater entering treatment plants and their levels into biological reactors. The most extended biological wastewater treatment is the activated sludge process. The toxicity of ibuprofen and triclosan, individually and combined, was studied by tracking the biological activity of the activated sludge measuring oxygen uptake rate and the inhibition of the esterase activity. Short-term exposure produced significant inhibition in oxygen uptake, with lower damage to enzymatic activity. Median effect values for oxygen uptake inhibition were 64±13mgL-1 and 0.32±0.07mgL-1 for ibuprofen and triclosan respectively using 125mgL-1 activated sludge. For the inhibition of enzymatic activity values were 633±63mgL-1 for ibuprofen and 1.94±0.32mgL-1 for triclosan. Results indicated that oxygen uptake, related to primary activity of microorganisms, was more strongly affected than the enzymatic activity associated to energy consumption. Toxicity interactions were determined using the Combination Index-isobologram method. Results showed antagonism at lower values of affected population, after which the mixtures tended to additivity and synergism. For the case of enzymatic activity, the antagonism was less marked and the additivity range was higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgiana Amariei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Karina Boltes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies of Water (IMDEA Agua), Parque Científico Tecnológico, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Roberto Rosal
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies of Water (IMDEA Agua), Parque Científico Tecnológico, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Letón
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, E-28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies of Water (IMDEA Agua), Parque Científico Tecnológico, E-28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Liu J, Wang J, Zhao C, Liu J, Xie H, Wang S, Zhang J, Hu Z. Performance and mechanism of triclosan removal in simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) process under low-oxygen condition. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 101:1653-1660. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7952-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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McNamara PJ, LaPara TM, Novak PJ. The Effect of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate, Exposure Time, and Chemical Mixtures on Methanogenic Community Structure and Function. Microbiol Insights 2015; 8:1-7. [PMID: 26462249 PMCID: PMC4589087 DOI: 10.4137/mbi.s31345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A plethora of organic micropollutant mixtures are found in untreated municipal wastewater. Anaerobic digesters receive large loadings of hydrophobic micropollutants that sorb to wastewater biosolids. Despite micropollutants being pervasive as mixtures, little research is available to explain the impact that mixtures of compounds, as well as exposure time, have on microbial communities in anaerobic digesters. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was added to anaerobic enrichment cultures in both short-term (14 days) and long-term (140 days) studies to determine the impact of exposure time. Additionally, triclosan was added during the experiments to investigate the impact of mixtures on community structure and function. PFOS did not alter methane production in short-term studies, but in long-term studies, methane production increased, consistent with our hypothesis that PFOS may act as a metabolic uncoupler. The impact of triclosan on methane production was exacerbated when PFOS was already present in the anaerobic enrichment cultures. Triclosan also had greater impacts on microbial community structures in the bottles that had been exposed to PFOS long-term. These results demonstrate that both chemical mixtures and exposure time are important parameters to address when trying to define the impacts of micropollutants on anaerobic microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J McNamara
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Timothy M LaPara
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Paige J Novak
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Lee DG, Cho KC, Chu KH. Removal of triclosan in nitrifying activated sludge: effects of ammonia amendment and bioaugmentation. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 125:9-15. [PMID: 25655440 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated two possible strategies, increasing ammonia oxidation activity and bioaugmenting with triclosan-degrader Sphingopyxis strain KCY1, to enhance triclosan removal in nitrifying activated sludge (NAS). Triclosan (2 mg L(-1)) was removed within 96-h in NAS bioreactors amended with 5, 25 and 75 mg L(-1) of ammonium (NH4-N). The fastest triclosan removal was observed in 25 mg NH4-NL(-1) amended-bioreactors where high ammonia oxidation occurred. Inhibition of ammonia oxidation and slower triclosan removal were observed in 75 mg NH4-NL(-1) amended-bioreactors. Triclosan removal was correlated to the molar ratio of the amount of nitrate produced to the amount of ammonium removed. Bioaugmentation with strain KCY1 did not enhance triclosan removal in the bioreactors with active ammonia oxidation. Approximately 36-42% and 59% of triclosan added were removed within 24-h by ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and unknown triclosan-degrading heterotrophs, respectively. The results suggested that increasing ammonia oxidation activity can be an effective strategy to enhance triclosan removal in NAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Gyun Lee
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA
| | - Kun-Ching Cho
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA
| | - Kung-Hui Chu
- Zachry Department of Civil Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA.
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Carey DE, McNamara PJ. The impact of triclosan on the spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment. Front Microbiol 2015; 5:780. [PMID: 25642217 PMCID: PMC4295542 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is a commonly used antimicrobial agent that enters wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and the environment. An estimated 1.1 × 10(5) to 4.2 × 10(5) kg of TCS are discharged from these WWTPs per year in the United States. The abundance of TCS along with its antimicrobial properties have given rise to concern regarding its impact on antibiotic resistance in the environment. The objective of this review is to assess the state of knowledge regarding the impact of TCS on multidrug resistance in environmental settings, including engineered environments such as anaerobic digesters. Pure culture studies are reviewed in this paper to gain insight into the substantially smaller body of research surrounding the impacts of TCS on environmental microbial communities. Pure culture studies, mainly on pathogenic strains of bacteria, demonstrate that TCS is often associated with multidrug resistance. Research is lacking to quantify the current impacts of TCS discharge to the environment, but it is known that resistance to TCS and multidrug resistance can increase in environmental microbial communities exposed to TCS. Research plans are proposed to quantitatively define the conditions under which TCS selects for multidrug resistance in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick J. McNamara
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Marquette University, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Kowalczyk A, Martin TJ, Price OR, Snape JR, van Egmond RA, Finnegan CJ, Schäfer H, Davenport RJ, Bending GD. Refinement of biodegradation tests methodologies and the proposed utility of new microbial ecology techniques. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 111:9-22. [PMID: 25450910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Society's reliance upon chemicals over the last few decades has led to their increased production, application and release into the environment. Determination of chemical persistence is crucial for risk assessment and management of chemicals. Current established OECD biodegradation guidelines enable testing of chemicals under laboratory conditions but with an incomplete consideration of factors that can impact on chemical persistence in the environment. The suite of OECD biodegradation tests do not characterise microbial inoculum and often provide little insight into pathways of degradation. The present review considers limitations with the current OECD biodegradation tests and highlights novel scientific approaches to chemical fate studies. We demonstrate how the incorporation of molecular microbial ecology methods (i.e., 'omics') may improve the underlying mechanistic understanding of biodegradation processes, and enable better extrapolation of data from laboratory based test systems to the relevant environment, which would potentially improve chemical risk assessment and decision making. We outline future challenges for relevant stakeholders to modernise OECD biodegradation tests and put the 'bio' back into biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kowalczyk
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom.
| | - Timothy James Martin
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Richard Price
- Unilever, Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook MK441LQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roger Albert van Egmond
- Unilever, Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook MK441LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher James Finnegan
- Unilever, Safety & Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook MK441LQ, United Kingdom
| | - Hendrik Schäfer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Russell James Davenport
- School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Gary Douglas Bending
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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McNamara PJ, LaPara TM, Novak PJ. The impacts of triclosan on anaerobic community structures, function, and antimicrobial resistance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:7393-7400. [PMID: 24915110 DOI: 10.1021/es501388v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan is a widespread antimicrobial agent that accumulates in anaerobic digesters used to treat the residual solids generated at municipal wastewater treatment plants; there is very little information, however, about how triclosan impacts microbial communities in anaerobic digesters. We investigated how triclosan impacts the community structure, function and antimicrobial resistance genes in lab-scale anaerobic digesters. Previously exposed (to triclosan) communities were amended with 5, 50, and 500 mg/kg of triclosan, corresponding to the median, 95th percentile, and 4-fold higher than maximum triclosan concentration that has been detected in U.S. biosolids. Triclosan amendment caused all of the Bacteria and Archaea communities to structurally diverge from that of the control cultures (based on ARISA). At the end of the experiment, all triclosan-amended Archaea communities had diverged from the control communities, regardless of the triclosan concentration added. In contrast, over time the Bacteria communities that were amended with lower concentrations of triclosan (5 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) initially diverged and then reconverged with the control community structure. Methane production at 500 mg/kg was nearly half the methane production in control cultures. At 50 mg/kg, a large variability in methane production was observed, suggesting that 50 mg/kg may be a tipping point where function begins to fail in some communities. When previously unexposed communities were exposed to 500 mg triclosan/kg, function was maintained, but the abundance of a gene encoding for triclosan resistance (mexB) increased. This research suggests that triclosan could inhibit methane production in anaerobic digesters if concentrations were to increase and may also select for resistant Bacteria. In both cases, microbial community composition and exposure history alter the influence of triclosan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J McNamara
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Minnesota , 500 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Zheng X, Su Y, Chen Y, Wei Y, Li M, Huang H. The effects of carbon nanotubes on nitrogen and phosphorus removal from real wastewater in the activated sludge system. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04128c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential effects of CNTs on activated sludge and performances of nitrogen and phosphorus removal from real wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yinglong Su
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yinguang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Haining Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092, China
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Shariati FP, Heran M, Sarrafzadeh MH, Mehrnia MR, Sarzana G, Ghommidh C, Grasmick A. Biomass characterization by dielectric monitoring of viability and oxygen uptake rate measurements in a novel membrane bioreactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 35:425-31. [PMID: 23708851 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2013.831459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The application of permittivity and oxygen uptake rate (OUR) as biological process control parameters in a wastewater treatment system was evaluated. Experiments were carried out in a novel airlift oxidation ditch membrane bioreactor under different organic loading rates (OLR). Permittivity as representative of activated sludge viability was measured by a capacitive on-line sensor. OUR was also measured as a representative for respirometric activity. Results showed that the biomass concentration increases with OLR and all biomass related measurements and simulators such as MLSS, permittivity, OUR, ASM1 and ASM3 almost follow the same increasing trends. The viability of biomass decreased when the OLR was reduced from 5 to 4 kg COD m(-3)d(-1). During decreasing of OLR, biomass related parameters generally decreased but not in a similar manner. Also, protein concentration in the system during OLR decreasing changed inversely with the activated sludge viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Pajoum Shariati
- School of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; IEM, Université Montpellier 2, F-34095 Montpellier, France
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Identification of triclosan-degrading bacteria in a triclosan enrichment culture using stable isotope probing. Biodegradation 2013; 25:55-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s10532-013-9640-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tian Y, Zhang J, Wu D, Li Z, Cui Y. Distribution variation of a metabolic uncoupler, 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP) in long-term sludge culture and their effects on sludge reduction and biological inhibition. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:279-288. [PMID: 23123050 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Distribution variation of a metabolic uncoupler, 2,6-dichlorophenol (2,6-DCP), in long-term sludge culture was studied, and the effects on sludge reduction and biological inhibition of this chemical during the 90-day operation were established. The extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) matrix functioned as a protective barrier for the bacteria inside sludge flocs to 2,6-DCP, resulting in the transfer of 2,6-DCP from the liquid phase to the activated sludge fraction. Significant sludge reduction (about 40%) was observed after the addition of 2,6-DCP in the first 40 days, while the ineffective function of 2,6-DCP in sludge reduction (days 70-90) might be correlated to the EPS protection mechanism. The inhibitory effect of 2,6-DCP on the COD removal was extremely lower than on the nitrification performance due to the fact that 2,6-DCP was much more toxic to autotrophic microorganisms than heterotrophic microorganisms. Moreover, both of them recovered to a higher level again with the transfer potential of 2,6-DCP to sludge. Thus, the application of metabolic uncoupler for excess sludge reduction should be cautious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (SKLUWRE, HIT), Harbin 150090, China.
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31
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Bergé A, Cladière M, Gasperi J, Coursimault A, Tassin B, Moilleron R. Meta-analysis of environmental contamination by alkylphenols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:3798-819. [PMID: 22864754 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1094-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Alkylphenols and alkylphenol ethoxylates (APE) are toxics classified as endocrine-disrupting compounds; they are used in detergents, paints, herbicides, pesticides, emulsifiers, wetting and dispersing agents, antistatic agents, demulsifiers, and solubilizers. Many studies have reported the occurrence of alkylphenols in different environmental matrices, though none of these studies have yet to establish a comprehensive overview of such compounds in the water cycle within an urban environment. This review summarizes APE concentrations for all environmental media throughout the water cycle, from the atmosphere to receiving waters. Once the occurrence of compounds has been assessed for each environmental compartment (urban wastewater, wastewater treatment plants [WWTP], atmosphere, and the natural environment), data are examined in order to understand the fate of APE in the environment and establish their geographical and historical trends. From this database, it is clear that the environment in Europe is much more contaminated by APE compared to North America and developing countries, although these APE levels have been decreasing in the last decade. APE concentrations in the WWTP effluent of developed countries have decreased by a factor of 100 over the past 30 years. This study is aimed at identifying both the correlations existing between environmental compartments and the processes that influence the fate and transport of these contaminants in the environment. In industrial countries, the concentrations observed in waterways now represent the background level of contamination, which provides evidence of a past diffuse pollution in these countries, whereas sediment analyses conducted in developing countries show an increase in APE content over the last several years. Finally, similar trends have been observed in samples drawn from Europe and North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Bergé
- Laboratoire Central de la Préfecture de Police, 39 bis rue de Dantzig, 75015, Paris, France.
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Torres-Bojorges AX, Buitrón G. Biodegradation of nonylphenols using nitrifying sludge, 4-chlorophenol-adapted consortia and activated sludge in liquid and solid phases. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2012; 33:1727-1737. [PMID: 22988634 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2011.644584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradation of a technical mixture of nonylphenols (tNP) with three different biomasses (nitrifying sludge, 4-chlorophenol-adapted consortia and activated sludge) was evaluated in batch tests. The tNP degradation was determined in solid and liquid phases. The three biomasses studied were able to biodegrade the technical mixture of nonylphenols. It was found that 33% to 44% of the initial tNP was adsorbed on to the sludge after 250 h. Nitrifying sludge presented the highest biodegradation percentage (43.1% +/- 2.3%) and degradation rate (3.10 x 10(-3) micromol/d). Acclimated 4-chlorophenol and activated sludge degraded 34.3% +/- 1.2% and 18.2% +/- 0.5% of the initial tNP, respectively. Actual half-life times of 10.9, 12.0 and 22.8 days were obtained for the biodegradation of tNP by nitrifying, acclimated 4-chlorophenol and activated sludge, respectively. It was concluded that, although nitrifiying biomass posses a high initial adsorption rate, this biomass can also biodegrade the tNP faster than the other tested biomasses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeles X Torres-Bojorges
- Laboratory for Research on Advanced Process for Water Treatment, Instituto de Ingeniería, Unidad Académica Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Blvd. Juriquilla 3001, Querétaro 76320, México
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Bedoux G, Roig B, Thomas O, Dupont V, Le Bot B. Occurrence and toxicity of antimicrobial triclosan and by-products in the environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:1044-65. [PMID: 22057832 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0632-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIMS A review was undertaken on the occurrence, toxicity, and degradation of triclosan (TCS; 5-chloro-2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol) in the environment. TCS is a synthetic, broad-spectrum antibacterial agent incorporated in a wide variety of household and personal care products such as hand soap, toothpaste, and deodorants but also in textile fibers used in a range of other consumer products (e.g., toys, undergarments and cutting boards among other things). OCCURRENCE Because of its partial elimination in sewage treatment plants, most reports describe TCS as one of the most commonly encountered substances in solid and water environmental compartments. It has been detected in a microgram per liter or microgram per kilogram level in sewage treatment plants (influents, effluents, and sludges), natural waters (rivers, lakes, and estuarine waters), and sediments as well as in drinking water. TOXICITY Moreover, due to its high hydrophobicity, TCS can accumulate in fatty tissues and has been found in fish and human samples (urine, breast milk, and serum). TCS is known to be biodegradable, photo-unstable, and reactive towards chlorine and ozone. DISCUSSION As a consequence, it can be transformed into potentially more toxic and persistent compounds, such as chlorinated phenols and biphenyl ethers after chlorination, methyl triclosan after biological methylation, and chlorinated dibenzodioxins after photooxidation. The toxicity of TCS toward aquatic organisms like fish, crustaceans, and algae has been demonstrated with EC50 values near TCS environmental concentrations. It has even been shown to produce cytotoxic, genotoxic, and endocrine disruptor effects. CONCLUSION Furthermore, the excessive use of TCS is suspected to increase the risk of emergence of TCS-resistant bacteria and the selection of resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilles Bedoux
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Bretagne Sud, Vannes Cedex, France.
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34
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Effect of Penicillin on Nitrite-Oxidizing Bacteria in Activated Sludge. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 166:1983-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9625-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Murugesan K, Bokare V, Jeon JR, Kim EJ, Kim JH, Chang YS. Effect of Fe-Pd bimetallic nanoparticles on Sphingomonas sp. PH-07 and a nano-bio hybrid process for triclosan degradation. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2011; 102:6019-6025. [PMID: 21429741 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.02.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have evaluated the effect of palladium-iron bimetallic nanoparticles (nFe-Pd) on diphenyl ether (DE) degrading bacterial strain Sphingomonas sp. PH-07 as well as a sequential nano-bio hybrid process with nFe-Pd as catalytic reductant and PH-07 as biocatalyst for degradation of triclosan. Strain PH-07 grew well in the presence of nFe-Pd up to 0.1g/L in minimal salts medium with DE as carbon source. In aqueous system, TCS (17.3 μM) was completely dechlorinated within 2h by nFe-Pd (0.1g/L) with concomitant release of 2-phenoxyphenol (16.8 μM) and chloride ions (46 μM). All possible dichloro- and monochloro-2-phenoxyphenol intermediates were identified by HPLC and GC-MS analyses, and the dechlorination pathway was proposed. Addition of PH-07 cells into the reactor effectively degraded the 2-phenoxyphenol. Our results reveal that strain PH-07 survives well in the presence of nFe-Pd and nFe-Pd/PH-07 hybrid treatment could be a potential strategy for degradation of TCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumarasamy Murugesan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
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Gatidou G, Vassalou E, Thomaidis NS. Bioconcentration of selected endocrine disrupting compounds in the Mediterranean mussel, Mytilus galloprovincialis. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2010; 60:2111-2116. [PMID: 20850845 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of three endocrine disrupting compounds, 4-n-nonylphenol, triclosan and bisphenol A, was investigated in different bivalves originating from the Aegean Sea (Greece). The bioconcentration potential of these compounds was studied using the Mediterranean mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Tissue samples were extracted by sonication. Analysis was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. According to the field survey results, the average concentrations of 4-n-nonylphenol, triclosan and bisphenol A, were 158, 461 and 404 ng g(-1) (dry weight), respectively. During 28 days of exposure at 300 ng L(-1), the tissue concentrations of compounds were constantly increased. Steady state was not observed up to the end of the experiment. Kinetic bioconcentration factors varied from 1.7 (4-n-nonylphenol and triclosan) to 4.5 L g(-1) (bisphenol A). Following exposure, mussels were relocated to clean water for 28 days. This experiment revealed that depuration rates for all of the target compounds were lower than uptake rates. The biological half-lives of each compound ranged between 12 days (triclosan) and 26 days (bisphenol A).
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Gatidou
- Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene 81100, Greece.
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Lyndall J, Fuchsman P, Bock M, Barber T, Lauren D, Leigh K, Perruchon E, Capdevielle M. Probabilistic risk evaluation for triclosan in surface water, sediments, and aquatic biota tissues. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2010; 6:419-40. [PMID: 20821705 DOI: 10.1897/ieam_2009-072.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan, an antimicrobial compound used in personal care products, occurs in the aquatic environment due to residual concentrations in municipal wastewater treatment effluent. We evaluate triclosan-related risks to the aquatic environment, for aquatic and sediment-dwelling organisms and for aquatic-feeding wildlife, based on measured and modeled exposure concentrations. Triclosan concentrations in surface water, sediment, and biota tissue are predicted using a fugacity model parameterized to run probabilistically, to supplement the limited available measurements of triclosan in sediment and tissue. Aquatic toxicity is evaluated based on a species sensitivity distribution, which is extrapolated to sediment and tissues assuming equilibrium partitioning. A probabilistic wildlife exposure model is also used, and estimated doses are compared with wildlife toxicity benchmarks identified from a review of published and proprietary studies. The 95th percentiles of measured and modeled triclosan concentrations in surface water, sediment, and biota tissues are consistently below the 5th percentile of the respective species sensitivity distributions, indicating that, under most scenarios, adverse affects due to triclosan are unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Lyndall
- ENVIRON International Corporation, 13801 West Center Street, Suite 1, PO Box 405, Burton, Ohio 44021, USA.
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Toxicogenomic response of Rhodospirillum rubrum S1H to the micropollutant triclosan. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:3503-13. [PMID: 20363786 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01254-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the framework of the Micro-Ecological Life Support System Alternative (MELiSSA) project, a pilot study was performed to identify the effects of triclosan on the MELiSSA carbon-mineralizing microorganism Rhodospirillum rubrum S1H. Triclosan is a biocide that is commonly found in human excrement and is considered an emerging pollutant in wastewater and the environment. Chronic exposure to MELiSSA-relevant concentrations (> or =25 microg liter(-1)) of triclosan resulted in a significant extension of the lag phase of this organism but hardly affected the growth rate. Analytical determinations gave no indication of triclosan biodegradation during the growth experiment, and flow cytometric viability analyses revealed that triclosan is bacteriostatic and only slightly toxic to R. rubrum S1H. Using microarray analyses, the genetic mechanisms supporting the reversibility of triclosan-induced inhibition were scrutinized. An extremely triclosan-responsive cluster of four small adjacent genes was identified, for which there was up to 34-fold induction with 25 microg liter(-1) triclosan. These four genes, for which the designation microf (micropollutant-upregulated factor) is proposed, appear to be unique to R. rubrum and are shown here for the first time to be involved in the response to stress. Moreover, numerous other systems that are associated with the proton motive force were shown to be responsive to triclosan, but they were never as highly upregulated as the microf genes. In response to triclosan, R. rubrum S1H induced transcription of the phage shock protein operon (pspABC), numerous efflux systems, cell envelope consolidation mechanisms, the oxidative stress response, beta-oxidation, and carbonic anhydrase, while there was downregulation of bacterial conjugation and carboxysome synthesis genes. The microf genes and three efflux-related genes showed the most potential to be low-dose biomarkers.
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Murugesan K, Chang YY, Kim YM, Jeon JR, Kim EJ, Chang YS. Enhanced transformation of triclosan by laccase in the presence of redox mediators. WATER RESEARCH 2010; 44:298-308. [PMID: 19854464 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), an antimicrobial agent, is an emerging and persistent environmental pollutant that is often found as a contaminant in surface waters and sediments; hence, knowledge of its degradability is important. In this study we investigated laccase-mediated TCS transformation and detoxification, using laccase (from the fungus Ganoderma lucidum) in the presence and absence of redox mediators. Transformation products were identified using HPLC, ESI-MS and GC-MS, and transformation mechanisms were proposed. In the absence of redox mediator, 56.5% TCS removal was observed within 24h, concomitant with formation of new products with molecular weights greater than that of TCS. These products were dimers and trimers of TCS, as confirmed by ESI-MS analysis. Among the various mediators tested, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) and syringaldehyde (SYD) significantly enhanced TCS transformation ( approximately 90%). The presence of these mediators resulted in products with lower molecular weights than TCS, including 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP; confirmed by GC-MS) and dechlorinated forms of 2,4-DCP. When SYD was used as the mediator, dechlorination resulted in 2-chlorohydroquinone (2-CHQ). Bacterial growth inhibition studies revealed that laccase-mediated transformation of TCS effectively decreased its toxicity, with ultimate conversion to less toxic or nontoxic products. Our results confirmed the involvement of two mechanisms of laccase-catalyzed TCS removal: (i) oligomerization in the absence of redox mediators, and (ii) ether bond cleavage followed by dechlorination in the presence of redox mediators. These results suggest that laccase in combination with natural redox mediator systems may be a useful strategy for the detoxification and elimination of TCS from aqueous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumarasamy Murugesan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), San 31, Hyoja-dong, Nam-gu, Pohang 790-784, Republic of Korea
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Alighardashi A, Pandolfi D, Potier O, Pons MN. Acute sensitivity of activated sludge bacteria to erythromycin. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 172:685-692. [PMID: 19674840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2009.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The presence of antibiotics in water resources has been disturbing news for the stakeholders who are responsible for public health and the drinking water supply. In many cases, biological wastewater treatment plants are the final opportunity in the water cycle to trap these substances. The sensitivity of activated sludge bacteria to erythromycin, a macrolide widely used in human medicine was investigated in batch toxicity tests using a concentration range of 1-300 mg L(-1). Erythromycin, a protein synthesis inhibitor, has been found to significantly inhibit ammonification, nitritation and nitratation at concentrations higher than 20 mg L(-1). The degree of inhibition increased with greater concentrations of the antibiotic. Exposure to erythromycin also clearly affected heterotrophs, particularly filamentous bacteria, causing floc disintegration and breakage of filaments. Cell lysis was observed with the concomitant release of organic nitrogen (intracellular proteins) and soluble COD. Although erythromycin exhibits properties of a surfactant, this characteristic alone cannot explain the damage to heterotrophs: the effects from erythromycin were greater than those of Tween 80, a commonly used surfactant. Floc disruption can lead to the release of isolated bacteria, and possibly antibiotic resistance genes, into the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alighardashi
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Génie Chimique - CNRS, Nancy University, INPL, F-54001 Nancy cedex, France
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Shareef A, Egerer S, Kookana R. Effect of triclosan and triclocarban biocides on biodegradation of estrogens in soils. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 77:1381-1386. [PMID: 19804895 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of antimicrobials triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) on biodegradation of 17beta-Estradiol (E2) and 17 alpha-Ethynylestradiol (EE2) in a sandy soil from South Australia. Two separate batch studies were conducted. In the first, the rates of loss of E2 and EE2 were determined at time intervals of 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 56 d after initial spiking of soil with each estrogen at 1 mg kg(-1) and the antimicrobials at 10 and 100 mg kg(-1). Little loss of E2 and EE2 (<15%) under sterile conditions was noted compared to rapid loss in non-sterile soil (>60% in 24h). There were no measurable effects on estrogen degradation by the two antimicrobials at spiked concentrations up to 100 mg kg(-1). The experiments were repeated to study degradation rates of the estrogens within the first 24h (0, 3, 8, 24h), 3 d and then weekly to 56 d. Again, E2 and EE2 degradation was not significantly affected by the presence of TCS up to 100 mg kg(-1) (p>0.05). However TCS did significantly affect biodegradation of the estrogens when the soils were spiked with 1000 mg kg(-1) of TCS (p<0.0005). In contrast, presence of TCC in soil showed no significant effect on biodegradation of the two compounds up to 1000 mg kg(-1) (p>0.05). Considering environmental concentrations of the antimicrobials reported in the literature, it is highly unlikely these biocides would have any adverse impact on biodegradation of E2 or EE2 in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Shareef
- Centre for Environmental Contaminant Research, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), Land and Water, Private Mail Bag 2, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia.
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Park S, Park J, Byun I, Park T, Lee T. Autotrophic denitrification and inhibitory effect caused by the injection of spent sulfidic caustic in a modified Ludzack-Ettinger process. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-008-0092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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