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Sun J, Yan B, Chen H, Tu S, Zhang J, Chen T, Huang Q, Zhang Y, Xie L. Insight into the mechanisms of combined toxicity of cadmium and flotation agents in luminescent bacteria: Role of micro/nano particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 940:173588. [PMID: 38823693 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Currently, risk assessment and pollution management in mines primarily focus on toxic metals, with the flotation agents being overlooked. However, the combined effects of metals and flotation agents in mines remain largely unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the combined effects of Cd and two organic flotation agents (ethyl xanthate (EX) and diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC)), and the associated mechanisms. The results showed that Cd + EX and Cd + DDTC exhibited synergistic toxicity. The EC50 values for luminescent bacteria were 1.6 mg/L and 1.0 mg/L at toxicity unit ratios of 0.3 and 1, respectively. The synergistic effects were closely related with the formation of Cd(EX)2 and Cd(DDTC)2 micro/nano particles, with nano-particles exhibiting higher toxicity. We observed severe cell membrane damage and cell shrinkage of the luminescent bacteria, which were probably caused by secondary harm to cells through the released CS2 during their decomposition inside cells. In addition, these particles induced toxicity by altering cellular levels of biochemical markers and the transcriptional levels of transport proteins and lipoproteins, leading to cell membrane impairment and DNA damage. This study has demonstrated that particulates formed by Cd and flotation agents contribute to the majority of the toxicity of the binary mixture. This study helps to better understand the complex ecological risk of inorganic metals and organic flotation agents in realistic mining environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Sun
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Bo Yan
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Hongxing Chen
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Shuchen Tu
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Junhao Zhang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Chen
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Qinzi Huang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lingtian Xie
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Cheng R, Huang P, Ding TT, Gu ZW, Tao MT, Liu SS. Time-dependent hormesis transfer from five high-frequency personal care product components to mixtures. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 248:118418. [PMID: 38316386 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
There is potential for personal care products (PCPs) components and mixtures to induce hormesis. How hormesis is related to time and transmitted from components to mixtures are not clear. In this paper, we conducted determination of components in 16 PCP products and then ran frequent itemset mining on the component data. Five high-frequency components (HFCs), betaine (BET), 1,3-butanediol (BUT), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA), glycerol (GLO), and phenoxyethanol (POE), and 14 mixtures were identified. For each mixture system, one mixture ray with the actual mixture ratios in the products was selected. Time-dependent microplate toxicity analysis was used to test the luminescence inhibition toxicity of five HFCs and 14 mixture rays to Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 at 12 concentration gradients and eight exposure times. It is showed that BET, EDTA, POE, and 13 mixture rays containing at least one J-type component showed time-dependent hormesis. Characteristic parameters used to describe hormesis revealed that the absolute value of the maximum stimulatory effect (|Emin|) generally increased with time. Notably, mixtures composed of POE and S-type components showed greater |Emin| than POE alone at the same time. Importantly, the maximum stimulatory effective concentration, NOEC/the zero effective concentration point, and EC50 remained relatively stable. Nine hormesis transmission phenomena were observed in different mixture rays. While all mixtures primarily exhibited additive action, varying degrees of synergism and antagonism were noted in binary mixtures, with no strong synergism or antagonism observed in ternary and quaternary mixtures. These findings offer valuable insights for the screening of HFCs and their mixtures, as well as the study of hormesis transmission in personal care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rujun Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ting-Ting Ding
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Meng-Ting Tao
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Mo LY, Wang J, Qin LT, Yang YL, Liang N. Mechanism of time-dependent toxicity of quinolone antibiotics on luminescent bacteria Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 255:114784. [PMID: 36948009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Four quinolone antibiotics (ciprofloxacin (CIP), enrofloxacin (ENR), sparfloxacin (SPA), gatifloxacin (GAT)) and their binary mixtures at environmentally relevant concentrations exhibited time-dependent hormesis on Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 (Q67). The study aims to investigate the time-dependent toxicity of low-dose pollutants and the occurrence of hormesis. These indicators, total protein (TP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA) and luminescence-related chemicals flavin mononucleotide (FMN), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), were measured to explore the mechanism of hormesis. The results showed a trend of increases in all indicators after 12 h of exposure, reaching maximal effects at 60 h and then decreasing as time progressed. At 36 h, 60 h and 84 h, the results showed a gradual increase followed by a decreasing trend in TP, FMN and NADH as the concentration in the group increased, whereas ROS, CAT, SOD and MDA showed the opposite trend. Notably, the degree of changes was related to the magnitude of hormesis. At low concentrations, the content of ROS and MDA decreased, the activity of CAT and SOD was lower, but the content of TP, FMN, NADH gradually increased, positively correlated with the promotion of Q67. At high concentrations, ROS and MDA content in Q67 increased, triggering the antioxidant defense mechanism (CAT and SOD activity increased), but TP, FMN, NADH content decreased, negatively correlated with the inhibited Q67. Therefore, our findings demonstrated two common patterns in these seven biochemical indicators on Q67. These findings have important practical implications for the ecological risk assessment of antibiotics in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yun Mo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin 541006, China; Technology Innovation Center for Mine Geological Environment Restoration Engineering in Southern Shishan Region, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanning 530028, China
| | - Jing Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Li-Tang Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China; Technology Innovation Center for Mine Geological Environment Restoration Engineering in Southern Shishan Region, Ministry of Natural Resources, Nanning 530028, China.
| | - Yi-Lin Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541006, China
| | - Nan Liang
- Geological Environment Monitoring Station of the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530029, China.
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Huang FL, Liu M, Qin LT, Mo LY, Liang YP, Zeng HH, Deng ZG. Toxicity interactions of azole fungicide mixtures on Chlorella pyrenoidosa. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36947457 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
It is acknowledged that azole fungicides may release into the environment and pose potential toxic risks. The combined toxicity interactions of azole fungicide mixtures, however, are still not fully understood. The combined toxicities and its toxic interactions of 225 binary mixtures and 126 multi-component mixtures on Chlorella pyrenoidosa were performed in this study. The results demonstrated that the negative logarithm 50% effect concentration (pEC50 ) of 10 azole fungicides to Chlorella pyrenoidosa at 96 h ranged from 4.23 (triadimefon) to 7.22 (ketoconazole), while the pEC50 values of the 351 mixtures ranged from 3.91 to 7.44. The high toxicities were found for the mixtures containing epoxiconazole. According to the results of the model deviation ratio (MDR) calculated from the concentration addition (MDRCA ), 243 out of 351 (69.23%) mixtures presented additive effect at the 10% effect, while the 23.08% and 7.69% of mixtures presented synergistic and antagonistic effects, respectively. At the 30% effect, 47.29%, 29.34%, and 23.36% of mixtures presented additive effects, synergism, and antagonism, respectively. At the 50% effect, 44.16%, 34.76%, and 21.08% of mixtures presented additive effects, synergism, and antagonism, respectively. Thus, the toxicity interactions at low concentration (10% effect) were dominated by additive effect (69.23%), whereas 55.84% of mixtures induced synergism and antagonism at high concentration (50% effect). Climbazole and imazalil were the most frequency of components presented in the additive mixtures. Epoxiconazole was the key component induced the synergistic effects, while clotrimazole was the key component in the antagonistic mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Ling Huang
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Li-Tang Qin
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Ling-Yun Mo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
- Technical Innovation Center of Mine Geological Environmental Restoration Engineering in Southern Karst Area, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan-Peng Liang
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Hong-Hu Zeng
- College of Environment Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, China
| | - Zhen-Gui Deng
- Hengsheng Water Environment Treatment Co., LTD., Guilin, China
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Xu YQ, Li K, Wang ZJ, Huang P, Liu SS. Transfer pattern of hormesis into personal care product mixtures from typical hormesis-inducing compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 855:158981. [PMID: 36155044 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Some personal care products (PCPs) and their chemical components showed a hormetic effect in the freshwater photobacterium Vibrio qinghaiensis sp. -Q67 (Q67) after long-term exposure. However, how hormesis transfers between chemical components and PCP mixture, and which chemical component plays a major role remain unknown. To this end, according to the seven compounds detected in one skin lotion (SK5) and their concentration ratios, many mixture rays were constructed to simulate the SK5. Of these seven compounds, three presented monotonic concentration-response curves (CRC) to Q67 at 0.25 and 12 h (called a S-shaped compound). The other four compounds showed hormetic CRCs after 12 h and monotonic CRCs at 0.25 h (called a J-shaped compound). Based on their mixture ratios, we designed one ternary mixture ray of all S-shaped compounds, one quaternary mixture ray of all J-shaped compounds, and four quaternary mixture rays of one J-shaped and three S-shaped compounds. It was shown that SK5 could be approximately simulated by the mixture ray of the seven compounds detected in SK5 and only the mixture rays containing at least one hormesis-inducing compound produced hormesis to Q67 at 12 h. Based on the concentration ratios of various compounds and comparison of four hormetic characteristic parameters to those of various mixture rays, it was found that the compound betaine (BET) is a key compound affecting the hormesis of mixtures. Additionally, we studied the hormesis mechanism of BET on Q67 via quorum sensing (QS). This preliminarily indicated that the autoinducer-2 triggered the QS pathway. This study elucidated the transfer pattern of hormesis into mixtures, which would be an efficient method to identifying the potential components that affect hormesis transfer in mixtures. We expect that this study will provide new insights into hormesis and its mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Kai Li
- Institute of Ecological Environment, Yangtze Delta Region Research Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, China
| | - Ze-Jun Wang
- Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Peng Huang
- Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Huang P, Wang Y, Liu SS, Wang ZJ, Xu YQ. SAHmap: Synergistic-antagonistic heatmap to evaluate the combined synergistic effect of mixtures of three pesticides on multiple endpoints of Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120378. [PMID: 36220575 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The environmental pollution caused by toxic chemicals such as pesticides has become a global problem. The mixture of dichlorvos (DIC), dimethoate (DIM), aldicarb (ALD) poses potential risks to the environment and human health. To fully explore the interaction of complex mixtures on Caenorhabditis elegans behavioral toxicity endpoint. This study created a synergistic-antagonistic heatmap (SAHmap) based on the combination index to systematically describe the toxicological interaction prospect of the mixture system. It was shown that the three pesticides and their binary as well as ternary mixture rays have significant concentration-response relationship on three behavioral endpoints of nematodes, From the perspective of synergistic-antagonistic heatmaps, all the mixture rays in the DIC-DIM mixture system showed strong synergism on the three behavioral and lethal endpoints. In the ternary mixture system, the five mixture rays showed different interaction between the behavioral endpoint and the lethal endpoint, and showed slight synergism to two behavioral endpoints as a whole. The emergence of synergism should arouse our attention to these hazardous chemicals. In addition, the use of SAHmap and the significant linear correlation among three behavioral endpoints further improved the efficiency of the study on the behavioral toxicity of pesticide mixtures to Caenorhabditis elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Ze-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Ya-Qian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
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Nilén G, Obamwonyi OS, Liem-Nguyen V, Engwall M, Larsson M, Keiter SH. Observed and predicted embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of organic and inorganic environmental pollutants and their mixtures in zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 248:106175. [PMID: 35523058 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessment of chemicals is still primarily focusing on single compound evaluation, even if environmental contamination consists of a mixture of pollutants. The concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models have been developed to predict mixture toxicity. Both models assume no interaction between the components, resulting in an additive mixture effect. In the present study, the embryo toxicity test (OECD TG no. 236) with zebrafish embryos (Danio rerio) was performed to investigate whether the toxicity caused by binary, ternary, and quaternary mixtures of organic (Benzo[a]pyrene, perfluorooctanesulfonate, and 3,3´,4,4´,5-pentachlorobiphenyl 126) and inorganic (arsenate) pollutants can be predicted by CA and IA. The acute toxicity and sub-lethal alterations such as lack of blood circulation were investigated. The models estimated the mixture toxicity well and most of the mixtures were additive. However, the binary mixture of PFOS and PCB126 caused a synergistic effect, with almost a ten-fold difference between the observed and predicted LC50-value. For most of the mixtures, the CA model was better in predicting the mixture toxicity than the IA model, which was not expected due to the chemicals' different modes of action. In addition, some of the mixtures caused sub-lethal effects not observed in the single compound toxicity tests. The mixture of PFOS and BaP caused a division of the yolk and imbalance was caused by the combination of PFOS and As and the ternary mixture of PFOS, As, and BaP. Interestingly, PFOS was part of all three mixtures causing the mixture specific sub-lethal effects. In conclusion, the present study shows that CA and IA are mostly resulting in good estimations of the risks that mixtures with few components are posing. However, for a more reliable assessment and a better understanding of mixture toxicity, further investigations are required to study the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greta Nilén
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Osagie S Obamwonyi
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden; University of Duisburg-Essen, Forsthausweg 2, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Van Liem-Nguyen
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Magnus Engwall
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Maria Larsson
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Steffen H Keiter
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre (MTM), School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, S-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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Wang ZJ, Zheng QF, Liu SS, Huang P, Ding TT, Xu YQ. New methods of top-to-down mixture toxicity prediction: A case study of eliminating of the effects of cosolvent from binary mixtures. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 289:133190. [PMID: 34883133 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
At present, the toxicity prediction of mixtures mainly focuses on the concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) based on individual toxicants to predict the toxicity of multicomponent mixtures. This process of predicting the toxicity of multicomponent mixtures based on single substances or low component mixtures is called down-to-top method in this study. However, due to the particularity of some toxicants, we have to use the top-to-down idea to obtain or eliminate the toxicity of some components from mixtures. For example, the toxicity of toxicants is obtained from the toxicity of a mixture with, especially toxic, cosolvent added. In the study, two top-to-down methods, the inverse CA (ICA) and inverse IA (IIA) models, were proposed to eliminate the effects of a certain component from multicomponent mixtures. Furthermore, taking the eight binary mixtures consisting of different shapes of cosolvents (isopropyl alcohol (IPA) having hormesis and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)) and toxicants (two ionic liquids and two pesticides) as an example, combined with the interaction evaluated by CA and IA model, the influence of different shapes of components on top-to-down toxicity prediction was explored. The results showed that cosolvent IPA having hormesis may cause unpredictable effects, even at low concentrations, and should be used with caution. For DMSO, most of the toxicant's toxicity obtained by ICA and IIA models were almost in accordance with those observed experimentally, which showed that ICA and IIA could effectively eliminate the effects of cosolvent, even if toxic cosolvent, from the mixture. Ultimately, a frame of cosolvent use and toxicity correction for the hydrophobic toxicant were suggested based on the top-to-down toxicity prediction method. The proposed methods improve the existing framework of mixture toxicity prediction and provide a new idea for mixture toxicity evaluation and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Qiao-Feng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Peng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Ting-Ting Ding
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Ya-Qian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
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Huang P, Liu SS, Xu YQ, Wang Y, Wang ZJ. Combined lethal toxicities of pesticides with similar structures to Caenorhabditis elegans are not necessarily concentration additives. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117207. [PMID: 33975210 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Studies have shown that the mixture toxicity of compounds with similar modes of action (MOAs) is usually predicted by the concentration addition (CA) model. However, due to the lack of toxicological information on compounds, more evidence is needed to determine whether the above conclusion is generally applicable. In general, the same type of compounds with similar chemical structures have similar MOAs, so whether the toxicities of the mixture of these compounds are additive needs to be further studied. In this paper, three types of pesticides with similar chemical structures (three organophosphoruses, two carbamates and two neonicotinoids) that may have similar MOAs were selected and five binary mixture systems were constructed. For each system, five mixture rays with different concentration ratios were designed by the direct equipartition ray design (EquRay) method. The mortality of Caenorhabditis elegans was regarded as the endpoint for the toxicity exposure to single pesticides and binary mixtures. The combined toxicities were evaluated simultaneously using the CA model, isobologram and combination index. The structural similarity of the same type of pesticides was quantitatively analyzed according to the MACCS molecular fingerprint and the slope of dose-response curve at pEC50. The results show that the toxicities of neonicotinoid mixtures and carbamate mixtures are almost antagonistic. The entire mixture system of dichlorvos and dimethoate produced synergism, and four of the five mixture rays of dimethoate and methamidophos induced antagonism, while among the mixture rays of dichlorvos and methamidophos, different concentrations showed different interaction types. The results of structural similarity analysis show that the size of structural similarity showed a certain quantitative relationship with the toxicity interaction of mixtures, that is, the structural similarity of the same type of pesticides may show an additive action in a certain range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Ya-Qian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Ze-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
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10
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Chlorpyrifos degradation using binary fungal strains isolated from industrial waste soil. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00816-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Schmidt FF, Lichtenstein D, Planatscher H, Mentz A, Kalinowski J, Steinhilber AE, Joos TO, Braeuning A, Pötz O. Pesticide mixture effects on liver protein abundance in HepaRG cells. Toxicology 2021; 458:152839. [PMID: 34153374 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Toxicological effects of chemicals are mostly tested individually. However, consumers encounter exposure to complex mixtures, for example multiple pesticide residues, by consuming food such as crops, fruits or vegetables. Currently, more than 450 active substances are approved in the European Union, and there is little data on effects after combined exposure to several pesticides. Toxicological animal studies would increase enormously, if pesticide combinations had to be analyzed in vivo. Therefore, in vitro methods addressing this issue are needed. We have developed 32 immunoaffinity-based mass spectrometry assays to investigate the impact of hepatotoxic active substances on liver proteins in human HepaRG cells. Five compounds were selected based on their (dis)similar capability to modulate protein levels, and on their combined use in commercially available formulations. Four binary mixtures were prepared from these five substances and tested in different concentrations over three time points. We applied a novel statistical method to describe deviations from additivity and to detect antagonistic and synergistic effects. The results regarding the abundance of hepatotoxicity-related proteins showed additive behavior for 1323 out of 1427 endpoints tested, while 104 combinatorial effects deviating from additivity, such as antagonism or synergism were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix F Schmidt
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Dajana Lichtenstein
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Food Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannes Planatscher
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Almut Mentz
- University of Bielefeld, CeBiTec, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Andreas E Steinhilber
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Thomas O Joos
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany; SIGNATOPE GmbH, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Albert Braeuning
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Dept. Food Safety, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Pötz
- NMI Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tübingen, Reutlingen, Germany; SIGNATOPE GmbH, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany.
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12
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Zhou S, Peng S, Brack W, Doering JA, Seiler TB, Hollert H. Bioanalytical equivalents and relative potencies for predicting the biological effects of mixtures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:143030. [PMID: 33129534 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bioanalytical equivalents (BEQs) of mixtures and environmental samples are widely used to reflect the potential threat of pollutants in the environment and can be obtained by bioassays or using chemical analysis combined with relative potencies (REPs). In this study, the relationships between bioassay-detected BEQs (Bio-BEQs) and chemically analyzed BEQs (Chem-BEQs) were studied. BEQs and REPs are correlated with effect level and the concentration-response curves of the reference standard and sample. Thus, effect level (e.g., EC10, EC25 and EC50) should be addressed for the BEQ values obtained from bioassays or chemical analyses. The previous prerequisites for REPs application (i.e., curves that are parallel and have the same maximum response) are redundant, and the use of REPs for the calculation of BEQs or in risk assessment should instead be based on the same effect level. For a complex mixture with many components, all active components can be regarded as dilutions of a standard compound for inducing a specific effect. Relative toxicity estimates based on EC50 ignore the contribution of weak-active components with maximum response below EC50 of the reference standard, especially in complex mixtures or environmental samples. REPs based on an effect level EC10 that can be clearly discriminated from background response are recommended for BEQ calculation. As an example, the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated activity of US EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in RTL-W1 cells was used to assess the reliability of REPs for mixture toxicity prediction based on the effect level EC10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangbo Zhou
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
| | - Shuchan Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China.
| | - Werner Brack
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department of Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jon A Doering
- National Research Council, 6201 Congdon Blvd., Duluth, MN 55804, United States
| | - Thomas-Benjamin Seiler
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Worringerweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany; College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China; Goethe University Frankfurt, Faculty Biological Sciences, Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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13
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Wang Y, Liu SS, Huang P, Wang ZJ, Xu YQ. Assessing the combined toxicity of carbamate mixtures as well as organophosphorus mixtures to Caenorhabditis elegans using the locomotion behaviors as endpoints. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 760:143378. [PMID: 33168241 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Carbamate pesticides (CMs) and organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) have been widely used in agriculture and toxicologically affect non-target organisms. Although there are many reports about their toxicities, the combined behavioral toxicities of CM/OP mixtures on Caenorhabditis elegans have rarely been studied. In this study, body bend inhibition (BBI), head thrash inhibition (HTI), and swimming speed inhibition (SSI) by CMs and OPs were chosen as the toxicity endpoints. The locomotion behavioral toxicities of individual pesticides (carbofuran (CAR), methomyl (MET), chlorpyrifos (CPF), and triazophos (TAP)) and their binary mixtures on C. elegans were determined systematically and the toxicological interaction profiles of various CM/OP mixture rays constructed using the combination index. It was shown that four pesticides and their binary mixture rays have significant inhibitory effects on the locomotion behavior of C. elegans; that is, they produce locomotion behavioral toxicities and the toxicity of two OPs is higher than those of two CMs. The toxicological interactions in the binary CM and OP mixtures are different from each other. For example, one mixture ray (CAR-MET-R1) in the CM system on the SSI endpoint exhibits synergism at all concentration levels, another ray (CAR-MET-R3) displays low-dose synergism and high-dose additive action on BBI and HTI endpoints, and weak synergism at high-dose on SSI, and other rays perform additive action. Two rays (CPF-TAP-R1 and CPF-TAP-R2) in the OP mixture system display low-dose additive action and high-dose antagonism on the three endpoints. Another ray (CPF-TAP-R3) shows the additive action at all concentration levels. It can be concluded that it is not sufficient to evaluate the combined toxicity of binary CM/OP mixtures using only one concentration ratio ray and that it is necessary to examine multiple concentration ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Peng Huang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Ze-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Ya-Qian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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14
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Guo J, Cao G, Ren Q, Xu H, Ren X, Jia H, Hua L, Wei T, Yu S. Effects of ionic liquid [N 4444] AOT on rice seedling growth cytomembrane damage and rhizobacteria resistance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:13487-13494. [PMID: 33184785 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11478-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are solvents composed of ions, containing a large asymmetric cation with an anion. With increasing and widespread applications, the toxic effects of ILs have been considerable in recent years. This study explained the effects of the new functional ionic liquids [N4444] bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfonyl succinate (AOT) on rice seedling and the growth of rhizobacteria. The rice seeds pretreated by [N4444] AOT revealed that it exhibited a significant negative impact on rice seedlings. The inhibition of rice growth increased with increasing concentration. When the concentration of [N4444] AOT increased to 0.25 and 0.5 mL L-1, the germination potential decreased by 40.0% and 86.3%, respectively, compared with the control. The germination potential and germination rate of rice were reduced, and the stress effect of ionic liquid on the root parts was higher than the aerial parts. The biomass of rice seedlings was decreased by 34.8 to 91.2%. Iodinic propane staining showed that by increasing concentration, the root cell cytomembrane damage level was increased and also changed the cell shapes, especially under 0.25 mg L-1 concentration stress. However, rhizobacteria of rice showed strong [N4444] AOT-resistant characteristics when the concentration was reached to 120 mg L-1. The ILs even more promoted the growth of Enterobacter sp. NP1142 and Pantoea sp. BR23. It was indicated that IL [N4444] AOT can be degraded easily by rhizobacteria to eliminate the eco-risk of ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junkang Guo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China.
| | - Geng Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiyun Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhao Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Honglei Jia
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Hua
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenghui Yu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, People's Republic of China.
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15
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Tao MT, Bian ZQ, Zhang J, Wang T, Shen HY. Quantitative evaluation and the toxicity mechanism of synergism within three organophosphorus pesticide mixtures to Chlorella pyrenoidosa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:2095-2103. [PMID: 32926050 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00262c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticide (OPP) pollutants in the environment pose toxicity risks to living organisms, and the possible toxicity mechanism needs to be further clarified. Therefore, the individual and combined toxicity of three OPPs namely acephate (ACE), trichlorfon (TRI) and glyphosate (GIY) towards a freshwater green alga Chlorella pyrenoidosa (C. pyrenoidosa) was investigated by the time-dependent microplate toxicity analysis method. Here, a ternary mixture system of the three OPPs including five rays with different concentration ratios was designed by the uniform design ray method. The standard additive reference model, concentration addition (CA), was used to analyse toxicity interaction within ternary mixtures and the toxicity interaction intensity was characterized using a deviation from CA model (dCA). Besides, the effects of the three OPPs and their mixtures on the chlorophyll (CHL) content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of C. pyrenoidosa were also investigated to explore the possible mechanisms. The results show that toxicity of the three pesticides and their ternary mixture rays is time-dependent and the combined toxicity correlates well with the components, ACE and GLY. It is likely that there is a significant time-dependent synergism in ternary mixtures induced by ACE and GLY. The synergism intensity of the ternary mixtures is not more than 30% at the whole experimental concentration level. The CHL reduction rate and MDA content of C. pyrenoidosa increase, while the SOD activity of C. pyrenoidosa decreases with the lengthening of exposure time under the action of the three pesticides and their ternary mixtures. So, the possible mechanism of the three pesticides and their mixtures may be by affecting the photosynthesis, and then causing oxidative damage to C. pyrenoidosa cells. The results can provide reference for the combined toxicity assessment of OPPs to living organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Ting Tao
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui Province, College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, P. R. China.
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16
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Wang D, Wang S, Bai L, Nasir MS, Li S, Yan W. Mathematical Modeling Approaches for Assessing the Joint Toxicity of Chemical Mixtures Based on Luminescent Bacteria: A Systematic Review. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1651. [PMID: 32849340 PMCID: PMC7412757 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Developments in industrial applications inevitably accelerate the discharge of enormous substances into the environment, whereas multi-component mixtures commonly cause joint toxicity which is distinct from the simple sum of independent effect. Thus, ecotoxicological assessment, by luminescent bioassays has recently brought increasing attention to overcome the environmental risks. Based on the above viewpoint, this review included a brief introduction to the occurrence and characteristics of toxic bioassay based on the luminescent bacteria. In order to assess the environmental risk of mixtures, a series of models for the prediction of the joint effect of multi-component mixtures have been summarized and discussed in-depth. Among them, Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) method which was widely applied in silico has been described in detail. Furthermore, the reported potential mechanisms of joint toxicity on the luminescent bacteria were also overviewed, including the Trojan-horse type mechanism, funnel hypothesis, and fishing hypothesis. The future perspectives toward the development and application of toxicity assessment based on luminescent bacteria were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Linming Bai
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Muhammad Salman Nasir
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China.,Department of Structures and Environmental Engineering, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Wei Yan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
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17
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Ge H, Zhou M, Lv D, Wang M, Xie D, Yang X, Dong C, Li S, Lin P. Novel Segmented Concentration Addition Method to Predict Mixture Hormesis of Chlortetracycline Hydrochloride and Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride to Aliivibrio fischeri. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E481. [PMID: 31940888 PMCID: PMC7013428 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormesis is a concentration-response phenomenon characterized by low-concentration stimulation and high-concentration inhibition, which typically has a nonmonotonic J-shaped concentration-response curve (J-CRC). The concentration addition (CA) model is the gold standard for studying mixture toxicity. However, the CA model had the predictive blind zone (PBZ) for mixture J-CRC. To solve the PBZ problem, we proposed a segmented concentration addition (SCA) method to predict mixture J-CRC, which was achieved through fitting the left and right segments of component J-CRC and performing CA prediction subsequently. We selected two model compounds including chlortetracycline hydrochloride (CTCC) and oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTCC), both of which presented J-CRC to Aliivibrio fischeri (AVF). The seven binary mixtures (M1-M7) of CTCC and OTCC were designed according to their molar ratios of 12:1, 10:3, 8:5, 1:1, 5:8, 3:10, and 1:12 referring to the direct equipartition ray design. These seven mixtures all presented J-CRC to AVF. Based on the SCA method, we obtained mixture maximum stimulatory effect concentration (ECm) and maximum stimulatory effect (Em) predicted by SCA, both of which were not available for the CA model. The toxicity interactions of these mixtures were systematically evaluated by using a comprehensive approach, including the co-toxicity coefficient integrated with confidence interval method (CTCICI), CRC, and isobole analysis. The results showed that the interaction types were additive and antagonistic action, without synergistic action. In addition, we proposed the cross point (CP) hypothesis for toxic interactive mixtures presenting J-CRC, that there was generally a CP between mixture observed J-CRC and CA predicted J-CRC; the relative positions of observed and predicted CRCs on either side of the CP would exchange, but the toxic interaction type of mixtures remained unchanged. The CP hypothesis needs to be verified by more mixtures, especially those with synergism. In conclusion, the SCA method is expected to have important theoretical and practical significance for mixture hormesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Ge
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Products Quality and Safety, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (M.Z.); (M.W.); (D.X.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
| | - Min Zhou
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Products Quality and Safety, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (M.Z.); (M.W.); (D.X.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
| | - Daizhu Lv
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Products Quality and Safety, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (M.Z.); (M.W.); (D.X.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Mingyue Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Products Quality and Safety, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (M.Z.); (M.W.); (D.X.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Defang Xie
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Products Quality and Safety, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (M.Z.); (M.W.); (D.X.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Xinfeng Yang
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Products Quality and Safety, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (M.Z.); (M.W.); (D.X.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Cunzhu Dong
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
| | - Shuhuai Li
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Products Quality and Safety, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (M.Z.); (M.W.); (D.X.); (X.Y.); (S.L.)
| | - Peng Lin
- Fujian SCUD Power Technology Co., Ltd., Fujian 350004, China;
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18
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Ge H, Zhou M, Lv D, Wang M, Dong C, Wan Y, Zhang Z, Wang S. New Insight Regarding the Relationship Between Enantioselective Toxicity Difference and Enantiomeric Toxicity Interaction from Chiral Ionic Liquids. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20246163. [PMID: 31817689 PMCID: PMC6941021 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20246163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chirality is an important property of molecules. The study of biological activity and toxicity of chiral molecules has important theoretical and practical significance for toxicology, pharmacology, and environmental science. The toxicological significance of chiral ionic liquids (ILs) has not been well revealed. In the present study, the enantiomeric joint toxicities of four pairs of chiral ILs 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium lactate to Allivibrio fischeri were systematically investigated by using a comprehensive approach including the co-toxicity coefficient (CTC) integrated with confidence interval (CI) method (CTCICI), concentration-response curve (CRC), and isobole analysis. The direct equipartition ray (EquRay) design was used to design five binary mixtures of enantiomers according to molar ratios of 1:5, 2:4, 3:3, 4:2, and 5:1. The toxicities of chiral ILs and their mixtures were determined using the microplate toxicity analysis (MTA) method. Concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) were used as the additive reference models to construct the predicted CRC and isobole of mixtures. On the whole, there was an enantioselective toxicity difference between [BMIM]D-Lac and [BMIM]L-Lac, and [HMIM]D-Lac and [HMIM]L-Lac, while no enantioselective toxicity difference was observed for [EMIM]D-Lac and [EMIM]L-Lac, and [OMIM]D-Lac and [OMIM]L-Lac. Thereinto, the enantiomer mixtures of [BMIM]D-Lac and [BMIM]L-Lac, and [HMIM]D-Lac and [HMIM]L-Lac presented antagonistic action, and the enantiomer mixtures of [EMIM]D-Lac and [EMIM]L-Lac, and [OMIM]D-Lac and [OMIM]L-Lac overall presented additive action. Moreover, the greatest antagonistic toxicity interaction occurred at the equimolar ratio of enantiomers. Based on these results, we proposed two hypotheses, (1) chiral molecules with enantioselective toxicity difference tended to produce toxicity interactions, (2) the highest or lowest toxicity was usually at the equimolar ratio and its adjacent ratio for the enantiomer mixture. These hypotheses will need to be further validated by other enantiomer mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Ge
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Products Quality and Safety, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (M.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.)
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
- Correspondence: (H.G.); (M.W.); Tel.: +86-898-6689-5011 (H.G.); +86-898-6689-5002 (M.W.)
| | - Min Zhou
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Products Quality and Safety, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (M.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.)
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
| | - Daizhu Lv
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Products Quality and Safety, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (M.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.)
| | - Mingyue Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Products Quality and Safety, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (M.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.)
- Correspondence: (H.G.); (M.W.); Tel.: +86-898-6689-5011 (H.G.); +86-898-6689-5002 (M.W.)
| | - Cunzhu Dong
- College of Plant Protection, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China;
| | - Yao Wan
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Products Quality and Safety, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (M.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.)
| | - Zhenshan Zhang
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Products Quality and Safety, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (M.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.)
| | - Suru Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Fruit and Vegetable Products Quality and Safety, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China; (M.Z.); (D.L.); (Y.W.); (Z.Z.); (S.W.)
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Integrative Assessment of Mixture Toxicity of Three Ionic Liquids on Acetylcholinesterase Using a Progressive Approach from 1D Point, 2D Curve, to 3D Surface. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215330. [PMID: 31717775 PMCID: PMC6862499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The joint toxicities of [BMIM]BF4, [BMIM]PF6, and [HMIM]BF4 on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) were systematically investigated by using a progressive approach from 1D single effect point, 2D concentration-response curve (CRC), to 3D equivalent-surface (ES) level. The equipartition equivalent-surface design (EESD) method was used to design 10 ternary mixtures, and the direct equipartition ray (EquRay) design was used to design 15 binary mixtures. The toxicities of ionic liquids (ILs) and their mixtures were determined using the microplate toxicity analysis (MTA) method. The concentration addition (CA), independent action (IA), and co-toxicity coefficient (CTC) were used as the additive reference model to analyze the toxic interaction of these mixtures. The results showed that the Weibull function fitted well the CRCs of the three ILs and their mixtures with the coefficient of determination (R2) greater than 0.99 and root-mean-square error (RMSE) less than 0.04. According to the CTC integrated with confidence interval (CI) method (CTCICI) developed in this study, the 25 mixtures were almost all additive action at 20% and 80% effect point levels. At 50% effect, at least half of the 25 mixtures were slightly synergistic action, and the remaining mixtures were additive action. Furthermore, the ESs and CRCs predicted by CA and IA were all within the CIs of mixture observed ESs and CRCs, respectively. Therefore, the toxic interactions of these 25 mixtures were actually additive action. The joint toxicity of the three ILs can be effectively evaluated by the ES method. We also studied the relationship between the mixture toxicities and component concentration proportions. This study can provide reference data for IL risk assessment of combined pollution.
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Mo LY, Zhao DN, Qin M, Qin LT, Zeng HH, Liang YP. Joint toxicity of six common heavy metals to Chlorella pyrenoidosa. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:30554-30560. [PMID: 29197054 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0837-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Six common heavy metals (Ni, Fe, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cr) in the water environment were selected to present five groups of binary mixture systems (Ni-Fe, Ni-Zn, Ni-Pb, Ni-Cd, and Ni-Cr) through a direct equipartition ray design. Microplate toxicity analysis based on Chlorella pyrenoidosa measured the 96-h joint toxicities of the binary mixtures. Toxicity interaction of the binary mixture was analyzed by comparing the observed toxicity data with the reference model (concentration addition). The results indicated that Ni-Fe, Ni-Pb, and Ni-Cr mixtures showed additive effects at concentration tested. It was indicated that Ni-Zn and Ni-Cd mixtures presented additive effects at low concentrations whereas synergistic effects were seen at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Yun Mo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Dan-Na Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Meng Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
- Shenzhen Tech and Ecology and Environment CO., LTD., Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518040, China
| | - Li-Tang Qin
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Hong-Hu Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Yan-Peng Liang
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
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21
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da Silva LFBA, Yang Z, Pires NMM, Dong T, Teien HC, Storebakken T, Salbu B. Monitoring Aquaculture Water Quality: Design of an Early Warning Sensor with Aliivibrio fischeri and Predictive Models. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 18:E2848. [PMID: 30158465 PMCID: PMC6164392 DOI: 10.3390/s18092848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel toxicity-warning sensor for water quality monitoring in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) is presented. The design of the sensor system mainly comprises a whole-cell biosensor. Aliivibrio fischeri, a luminescent bacterium widely used in toxicity analysis, was tested for a mixture of known fish-health stressors, namely nitrite, un-ionized ammonia, copper, aluminum and zinc. Two toxicity predictive models were constructed. Correlation, root mean squared error, relative error and toxic behavior were analyzed. The linear concentration addition (LCA) model was found suitable to ally with a machine learning algorithm for prediction of toxic events, thanks to additive behavior near the limit concentrations for these stressors, with a root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of 0.0623, and a mean absolute error of 4%. The model was proved to have a smaller relative deviation than other methods described in the literature. Moreover, the design of a novel microfluidic chip for toxicity testing is also proposed, which is to be integrated in a fluidic system that functions as a bypass of the RAS tank to enable near-real time monitoring. This chip was tested with simulated samples of RAS water spiked with zinc, with an EC50 of 6,46E-7 M. Future work will be extended to the analysis of other stressors with the novel chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís F B A da Silva
- Institute of Applied Micro-Nano Science and Technology-IAMNST, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro-Nano Systems Technology and Smart Transducing, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Detection, Control and Integrated System, National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Nan'an District, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Department of Microsystems-IMS, Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, University of South-Eastern Norway, Postboks 235, 3603 Kongsberg, Norway.
| | - Zhaochu Yang
- Institute of Applied Micro-Nano Science and Technology-IAMNST, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro-Nano Systems Technology and Smart Transducing, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Detection, Control and Integrated System, National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Nan'an District, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Nuno M M Pires
- Institute of Applied Micro-Nano Science and Technology-IAMNST, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro-Nano Systems Technology and Smart Transducing, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Detection, Control and Integrated System, National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Nan'an District, Chongqing 400067, China.
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Tao Dong
- Institute of Applied Micro-Nano Science and Technology-IAMNST, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Colleges and Universities on Micro-Nano Systems Technology and Smart Transducing, Chongqing Engineering Laboratory for Detection, Control and Integrated System, National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Nan'an District, Chongqing 400067, China.
| | - Hans-Christian Teien
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Trond Storebakken
- Faculty of Biosciences, Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Brit Salbu
- Centre for Environmental Radioactivity (CERAD CoE), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
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22
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Qin LT, Chen YH, Zhang X, Mo LY, Zeng HH, Liang YP. QSAR prediction of additive and non-additive mixture toxicities of antibiotics and pesticide. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 198:122-129. [PMID: 29421720 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 01/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics and pesticides may exist as a mixture in real environment. The combined effect of mixture can either be additive or non-additive (synergism and antagonism). However, no effective predictive approach exists on predicting the synergistic and antagonistic toxicities of mixtures. In this study, we developed a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model for the toxicities (half effect concentration, EC50) of 45 binary and multi-component mixtures composed of two antibiotics and four pesticides. The acute toxicities of single compound and mixtures toward Aliivibrio fischeri were tested. A genetic algorithm was used to obtain the optimized model with three theoretical descriptors. Various internal and external validation techniques indicated that the coefficient of determination of 0.9366 and root mean square error of 0.1345 for the QSAR model predicted that 45 mixture toxicities presented additive, synergistic, and antagonistic effects. Compared with the traditional concentration additive and independent action models, the QSAR model exhibited an advantage in predicting mixture toxicity. Thus, the presented approach may be able to fill the gaps in predicting non-additive toxicities of binary and multi-component mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Tang Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Yu-Han Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Ling-Yun Mo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
| | - Hong-Hu Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Yan-Peng Liang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control Theory and Technology, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Area, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China.
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23
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Li T, Liu SS, Qu R, Liu HL. Global concentration additivity and prediction of mixture toxicities, taking nitrobenzene derivatives as an example. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 144:475-481. [PMID: 28667859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of a mixture depends not only on the mixture concentration level but also on the mixture ratio. For a multiple-component mixture (MCM) system with a definite chemical composition, the mixture toxicity can be predicted only if the global concentration additivity (GCA) is validated. The so-called GCA means that the toxicity of any mixture in the MCM system is the concentration additive, regardless of what its mixture ratio and concentration level. However, many mixture toxicity reports have usually employed one mixture ratio (such as the EC50 ratio), the equivalent effect concentration ratio (EECR) design, to specify several mixtures. EECR mixtures cannot simulate the concentration diversity and mixture ratio diversity of mixtures in the real environment, and it is impossible to validate the GCA. Therefore, in this paper, the uniform design ray (UD-Ray) was used to select nine mixture ratios (rays) in the mixture system of five nitrobenzene derivatives (NBDs). The representative UD-Ray mixtures can effectively and rationally describe the diversity in the NBD mixture system. The toxicities of the mixtures to Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 were determined by the microplate toxicity analysis (MTA). For each UD-Ray mixture, the concentration addition (CA) model was used to validate whether the mixture toxicity is additive. All of the UD-Ray mixtures of five NBDs are global concentration additive. Afterwards, the CA is employed to predict the toxicities of the external mixtures from three EECR mixture rays with the NOEC, EC30, and EC70 ratios. The predictive toxicities are in good agreement with the experimental toxicities, which testifies to the predictability of the mixture toxicity of the NBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Rui Qu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hai-Ling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Zhou Y, Wang F, Wan J, He J, Li Q, Gao J, Lin Y, Zhang S. Ecotoxicological bioassays of sediment leachates in a river bed flanked by decommissioned pesticide plants in Nantong City, East China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:8541-8550. [PMID: 28191618 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Traditionally, the toxicity of river contaminants is analyzed chemically or physically through river bed sediments. The biotoxicity of polluted sediment leachates has not caught our attention. This study aims to overcome this deficiency through a battery of biotests which were conducted to monitor comprehensive toxicity of sediment leachates for the Yaogang River in East Jiangsu Province of China, which is in close proximity to former pesticide plants. The general physical and chemical parameters of major pollutants were analyzed from river bed sediments collected at five strategic locations. The ecotoxicity analyses undertaken include overall fish (adult zebrafish) acute toxicity, luminescent bacteria (Vibrio fischeri) bioassay, and zebrafish embryo toxicity assay. Compared with the control group, sediment leachates increased the lethality, inhibited the embryos hatching and induced development abnormalities of zebrafish embryos, and inhibited the luminescence of V. fischeri. The results show that sediment leachates may assume various toxic effects, depending on the test organism. This diverse toxicity to aquatic organisms reflects their different sensitivity to sediment leachates. It is found clearly that V. fischeri was the organism which was characterized by the highest sensitivity to the sediment leachates. The complicated toxicity of leachates was not caused by one single factor but by multiple pollutants together. This indicates the need of estimations of sediment leachate not only taking into account chemical detection but also of applying the biotests to the problem. Thus, multigroup bioassays are necessary to realistically evaluate river ecological risks imposed by leachates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China (MEPC), Nanjing, China
| | - Fenghe Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinzhong Wan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China (MEPC), Nanjing, China.
| | - Jian He
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China (MEPC), Nanjing, China
| | - Qun Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China (MEPC), Nanjing, China
| | - Jay Gao
- School of Environment, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yusuo Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China (MEPC), Nanjing, China
| | - Shengtian Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Science, Ministry of Environmental Protection of China (MEPC), Nanjing, China.
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25
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Zheng QF, Yu M, Liu SS, Chen F. Hormesis of some organic solvents on Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 from first binding to the β subunit of luciferase. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06503e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hormesis is a biphasic concentration–response relationship. During the luminescence inhibition test ofVibrio qinghaiensissp.-Q67 (Q67), some organic solvents display the hormesis phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Feng Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment
- Ministry of Education
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
| | - Mo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment
- Ministry of Education
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment
- Ministry of Education
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
| | - Fu Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou
- China
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26
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Quantitative Characterization of the Toxicities of Cd-Ni and Cd-Cr Binary Mixtures Using Combination Index Method. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4158451. [PMID: 28044127 PMCID: PMC5156869 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4158451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Direct equipartition ray design was used to construct Cd-Ni and Cd-Cr binary mixtures. Microplate toxicity analysis was used to evaluate the toxicity of individual substance and the Cd-Ni and Cd-Cr mixtures on Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Selenastrum capricornutum. The interacting toxicity of the mixture was analyzed with concentration addition (CA) model. In addition, combination index method (CI) was proposed and used to quantitatively characterize the toxicity of the binary mixtures of Cd-Ni and Cd-Cr observed in experiment and find the degree of deviation from the predicted outcome of the CA model, that is, the intensity of interacting toxicity. Results indicate that most of the 20 binary mixtures exhibit enhancing and synergistic effect, and only Cd-Cr-R4 and Cd-Cr-R5 mixtures have relatively high antagonistic effects against C. pyrenoidosa. Based on confidence interval, CI can compare the intensities of interaction of the mixtures under varying levels of effect. The characterization methods are applicable for analyzing binary mixture with complex interaction.
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Zhu XW, Ge HL, Cao YB. Mixture cytotoxicity assessment of ionic liquids and heavy metals in MCF-7 cells using mixtox. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 163:544-551. [PMID: 27567154 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are widely used as extractants for heavy metals. However, the effect of mixtures of ILs and heavy metals is rarely understood. In this study, we tested the cytotoxicity of four ILs, four heavy metals and their mixtures on human MCF-7 cells in 96-well microplates. The toxicity of single compounds in MCF-7 cells ranges from 3.07 × 10(-6) M for Cu(II) to 2.20 × 10(-3) M for 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate. The toxicity of heavy metals in MCF-7 is generally higher than the toxicity of ILs. A uniform experimental design was used to simulate environmentally realistic mixtures. Two classical reference models (concentration addition and independent action) were used to predict their mixture. The experiments to evaluate the toxicity of the mixture revealed antagonism among four ILs and four heavy metals in MCF-7 cells. Pearson correlation analysis showed that Ni(II) and 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride are positively correlated with the extent of antagonism, while 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate showed a negative correlation. Data analysis was conducted in the R package mixtox, which integrates features such as curve fitting, experimental design, and mixture toxicity prediction. The international community of toxicologists is welcome to use this package and provide feedback as suggestions and comments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Wei Zhu
- College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
| | - Hui-Lin Ge
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, Hainan, China
| | - Yu-Bin Cao
- College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
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28
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Liu SS, Li K, Li T, Qu R. Comments on "The synergistic toxicity of the multi chemical mixtures: Implications for risk assessment in the terrestrial environment". ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:396-398. [PMID: 27307032 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Shen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 20009, China.
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tong Li
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 20009, China
| | - Rui Qu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 20009, China
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29
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Yu Z, Zhang J. Time-dependent effects of [apyr]BF(4) and key contributors to their mixture stimulation on Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 at apical and biochemical levels. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 312:114-122. [PMID: 27017397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Earlier reports studied the time-dependent effects of imidazolium-based ionic liquids ([amim]X) in the aspect of biochemical explanation and that of key contributor in mixture effects. Presently, the effects of N-alkylpyridinium-based ILs ([apyr]BF4) were studied combining the above two aspects, i.e., the time-dependent effects of [bpyr]BF4, [hpyr]BF4 and [opyr]BF4 on luminescence and biochemical indicators in Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67, and those of the mixtures. In individual results, the inhibition on luminescence increased over concentrations and the side chain length, showing concentration- and side chain-dependence. Moreover, the inhibition of [apyr]BF4 decreased from 0.25 to 24h, showing a time-dependence. Notably, [hpyr]BF4 stimulated the luminescence at 24h. The biochemical effects, including inhibition and stimulation, were well correlated to those on luminescence. In mixture results, the inhibition on luminescence was lower than the predicted effects by concentration addition model which was based on individual results. Moreover, the mixture stimulation on luminescence was significantly higher than individual ones, and the mixture stimulation on biochemical indicators was even greater than that on luminescence. In mixture effects, [bpyr]BF4 was the positive contributor, and [hpyr]BF4 was the negative contributor. Similarities and differences between [amim]X and [apyr]BF4 indicated underlying mechanisms of the commonly observed hormetic effects of ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZhenYang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, PR China.
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Uniform design ray in the assessment of combined toxicities of multi-component mixtures. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-015-0925-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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31
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Qin LT, Wu J, Mo LY, Zeng HH, Liang YP. Linear regression model for predicting interactive mixture toxicity of pesticide and ionic liquid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:12759-12768. [PMID: 25929456 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4584-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The nature of most environmental contaminants comes from chemical mixtures rather than from individual chemicals. Most of the existed mixture models are only valid for non-interactive mixture toxicity. Therefore, we built two simple linear regression-based concentration addition (LCA) and independent action (LIA) models that aim to predict the combined toxicities of the interactive mixture. The LCA model was built between the negative log-transformation of experimental and expected effect concentrations of concentration addition (CA), while the LIA model was developed between the negative log-transformation of experimental and expected effect concentrations of independent action (IA). Twenty-four mixtures of pesticide and ionic liquid were used to evaluate the predictive abilities of LCA and LIA models. The models correlated well with the observed responses of the 24 binary mixtures. The values of the coefficient of determination (R (2)) and leave-one-out (LOO) cross-validated correlation coefficient (Q(2)) for LCA and LIA models are larger than 0.99, which indicates high predictive powers of the models. The results showed that the developed LCA and LIA models allow for accurately predicting the mixture toxicities of synergism, additive effect, and antagonism. The proposed LCA and LIA models may serve as a useful tool in ecotoxicological assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Tang Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, People's Republic of China
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32
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Wang N, Wang XC, Ma X. Characteristics of concentration-inhibition curves of individual chemicals and applicability of the concentration addition model for mixture toxicity prediction. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 113:176-182. [PMID: 25499050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The concentration addition (CA) model has been widely applied to predict mixture toxicity. However, its applicability is difficult to evaluate due to the complexity of interactions among substances. Considering that the concentration-response curve (CRC) of each component of the mixture is closely related to the prediction of mixture toxicity, mathematical treatments were used to derive a characteristic index kECx (k was the slope of the tangent line of a CRC at concentration ECx). The implication is that the CA model would be applicable for predicting the mixture toxicity only when chemical components have similar kECx in the whole or part of the concentration range. For five selected chemicals whose toxicity was detected using luminescent bacteria, sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) showed much higher kECx values than the others and its existence in the binary mixtures brought about overestimation of the mixture toxicity with the CA model. The higher the mass ratio of SDBS in a multi-mixture was, the more the toxicity prediction deviated from measurements. By applying the method proposed in this study to analyze some published data, it is confirmed that some components having significantly different kECx values from the other components could explain the large deviation of the mixture toxicity predicted by the CA model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Wang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055 China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055 China.
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055 China
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33
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Zhang J, Liu SS, Dong XQ, Chen M. Predictability of the time-dependent toxicities of aminoglycoside antibiotic mixtures to Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra21248k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The combined toxicities of all binary mixtures constructed by four aminoglycoside (AG) antibiotics are concentration additive, which has nothing to do with exposure time, mixture ratio, and concentration level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui Province
- College of Environment and Energy Engineering
- Anhui Jianzhu University
- Hefei 230601
- P. R. China
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment
- Ministry of Education
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Tongji University
- Shanghai 200092
| | - Xin-Qi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui Province
- College of Environment and Energy Engineering
- Anhui Jianzhu University
- Hefei 230601
- P. R. China
| | - Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Wastewater Resource of Anhui Province
- College of Environment and Energy Engineering
- Anhui Jianzhu University
- Hefei 230601
- P. R. China
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Liu L, Liu SS, Yu M, Chen F. Application of the combination index integrated with confidence intervals to study the toxicological interactions of antibiotics and pesticides in Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2015; 39:447-56. [PMID: 25589171 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
It is necessary to explore the effect of confidence intervals on the combination index (CI) so that rationally evaluate the toxicological interaction (synergism or antagonism) which is dependent on the concentration ratio, the mixture concentration and the exposure time. To effectively detect the toxicological interaction taking place in mixtures, we combined the CI with the observation-based confidence intervals (OCI) which can characterize the uncertainty in toxicity test and in data fitting. In time scale, the short-term (15min) and long-term (12h) toxicities of three chemicals (imidacloprid (IMI), pirimicarb (PIR) and streptomycin sulfate (STR)) and their binary mixtures on Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 were determined by the microplate toxicity analysis (MTA). The mixtures of IMI, PIR and STR have additive actions all but four IMI-PIR rays (R2-R5) at the effect levels above about 30-40% whose long-term toxicological interaction are synergism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Mo Yu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Fu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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Larsson M, Giesy JP, Engwall M. AhR-mediated activities of polycyclic aromatic compound (PAC) mixtures are predictable by the concept of concentration addition. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 73:94-103. [PMID: 25108069 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessments of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are complicated because these compounds exist in the environment as complex mixtures of hundreds of individual PAHs and other related polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs). In this study, the hypothesis that concentration addition (CA) can be used to predict the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-mediated activity of PACs in mixtures containing various combinations of PACs was tested. AhR-mediated activities of 18 mixtures composed of two to 23 PACs, which included PAHs, azaarenes and oxygenated PAHs, were examined by the use of the AhR-based H4IIE-luc bioassay. Since greater AhR-mediated activities have been observed in soils contaminated by PAHs, investigations were done to test whether soil extract matrix or the presence of non-effect PACs might affect responses of the H4IIE-luc bioassay. Our results showed that AhR-mediated activities of mixtures of PACs could be predicted by the use of concentration addition. Additive activities of PACs in multi component mixtures along with the insignificant effect of the soil matrix support the use of concentration addition in mass balance calculations and AhR-based bioassays in risk assessment of environmental samples. However, independent action (IA) could not be used to predict the activity of mixtures of PACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Larsson
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicological Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Zoology and Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Biology and Chemistry, State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Magnus Engwall
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
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Zhang J, Liu SS, Zhu XW. Benefits from hazards: mixture hormesis induced by [emim]Cl despite its individual inhibitions. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 112:420-426. [PMID: 25048935 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The threshold model based on monotonic concentration-response curves (CRCs) is unsuitable to assess the risk of chemicals with non-monotonic CRCs. The non-monotonic CRCs of mixtures may relate to the characteristics of some individual component. To reveal the cause of the mixtures resulting in the non-monotonic CRCs, we used the microplate toxicity analysis to determine the toxicity effects of six 1-alkyl-3-methyl-imidazolium ([amim]X) salts and their mixtures on Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 (Q67). It was shown that the CRCs of six [amim]X salts are monotonic S-shaped while those of the senary mixtures designed by the uniform design ray (UD-ray) are all non-monotonic. The mixtures were further split into two ternary mixtures, one containing 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium ([emim]X) salts (noted as UTE) and the other one containing 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium ([bmim]X) salts (noted as UTB). It was found that the CRCs of UTE mixtures are all non-monotonically J-shaped, while only one (UTB-R3) among UTB mixtures has a little stimulating effect and the CRCs of the other three mixtures (UTB-R1, UTB-R2 and UTB-R4) are monotonic. The CRCs of the binary mixtures designed by the direct equipartition ray design (EquRay) procedure were further examined. The CRCs of the mixtures containing [emim]Cl are non-monotonic J-shaped while those of the mixtures without [emim]Cl are still monotonic. Thus, it can conclude that it is [emim]Cl that causes the non-monotonic CRCs in [amim]X mixtures, even though the CRC of individual [emim]Cl is monotonic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314001, PR China
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Xiang-Wei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong 266109, PR China
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37
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Zhang J, Liu SS, Xiao QF, Huang XH, Chen Q. Identifying the component responsible for antagonism within ionic liquid mixtures using the up-to-down procedure integrated with a uniform design ray method. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 107:16-21. [PMID: 24905692 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Various chemicals in the environment always exist as mixtures. Toxicity interaction within mixtures may pose potential hazards and risks to the environmental safety and human health. Recent studies showed that toxicity interaction by ionic liquid (IL) mixtures can be related to a certain component. To identify the component, we developed a novel procedure integrating an up-to-down process with the uniform design-based ray method (UDUD) and applied it into an IL mixture system of four 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ILs (simply [bmim]X) where X=Cl(-), Br(-), CH3OSO3(-) and CH3(CH2)7OSO3(-). It was shown that two mixture rays in the quaternary system exhibited significant antagonistic interaction. In this paper, the UDUD was first employed to design four ternary mixture systems. The microplate toxicity analysis was used to determine the toxicities of various mixtures to a freshwater photobacterium Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67. The concentration addition was taken as an additive reference to assess the toxicity interactions taking place in mixtures. The results revealed that some ternary mixture rays including [bmim]CH3(CH2)7OSO3 display antagonism while the ternary rays without [bmim]CH3(CH2)7OSO3 exhibit additivity. On these grounds, we again designed all binary mixtures containing [bmim]CH3(CH2)7OSO3, determined their toxicities and assessed toxicity interaction. The results showed that three binary mixture systems produce antagonism. Thus, it may be concluded that [bmim]CH3(CH2)7OSO3 is indeed a key component inducing mixture antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Qian-Fen Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xian-Huai Huang
- College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
| | - Qiong Chen
- College of Environment and Energy Engineering, Anhui Jianzhu University, Hefei 230601, PR China
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38
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Yu M, Liu S, Wang M, Chen F, Tang H. Mixture Toxicities of Three Pesticides Having Different Time-Toxicity Profiles. CHINESE J CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201400133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Ge HL, Liu SS, Su BX, Zhu XW. Two-stage prediction of the effects of imidazolium and pyridinium ionic liquid mixtures on luciferase. Molecules 2014; 19:6877-90. [PMID: 24858273 PMCID: PMC6270941 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19056877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The predicted toxicity of mixtures of imidazolium and pyridinium ionic liquids (ILs) in the ratios of their EC50, EC10, and NOEC (no observed effect concentration) were compared to the observed toxicity of these mixtures on luciferase. The toxicities of EC50 ratio mixture can be effectively predicted by two-stage prediction (TSP) method, but were overestimated by the concentration addition (CA) model and underestimated by the independent action (IA) model. The toxicities of EC10 ratio mixtures can be basically predicted by TSP and CA, but were underestimated by IA. The toxicities of NOEC ratio mixtures can be predicted by TSP and CA in a certain concentration range, but were underestimated by IA. Our results support the use of TSP as a default approach for predicting the combined effect of different types of ILs at the molecular level. In addition, mixtures of ILs mixed at NOEC and EC10 could cause significant effects of 64.1% and 97.7%, respectively. Therefore, we should pay high attention to the combined effects in mixture risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Lin Ge
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Bing-Xia Su
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Xiang-Wei Zhu
- College of Resource and Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.
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40
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Ge HL, Liu SS, Su BX, Qin LT. Predicting synergistic toxicity of heavy metals and ionic liquids on photobacterium Q67. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 268:77-83. [PMID: 24468529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 12/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Results from three mathematical approaches to predict the toxicity of uniform design mixtures of four heavy metals (HMs) including Cd(II), Ni(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) and six ionic liquids (ILs) were compared to the observed toxicity of these mixtures on Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67. Single toxicity analysis indicated that the ILs had greater toxicity than the HMs. Combined toxicities of HMs and ILs were found to be synergistic. The combined toxicities were underestimated by concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA) models. However, the mixture toxicities were effectively predicted by the integrated CA with IA based on multiple linear regression model (ICIM). We propose that ICIM model can serve as a useful tool for predicting the toxicity of interactive mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Lin Ge
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Bing-Xia Su
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Tropical Fruits and Vegetables, Analysis and Testing Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Li-Tang Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China
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Ma XY, Wang XC, Ngo HH, Guo W, Wu MN, Wang N. Bioassay based luminescent bacteria: interferences, improvements, and applications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 468-469:1-11. [PMID: 23999158 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to the merits of being time-saving, cost effective and simple operation, the luminescent bacteria toxicity assay (LBTA) has been widely used for environmental pollution monitoring. Based on numerous studies since 2007, this critical review aims to give an overview on the mechanisms, developments and applications of LBTA. Firstly, based on the introduction of the mechanisms of LBTA, this review shows the interferences from the characteristics of testing samples (such as inorganic nutrients, color, turbidity) and summarizes the improvements on pretreatment method, test methods and test systems in recent years. Regarding the factors that affect the toxicity prediction of single chemicals, the correlation between the toxicity index expressed as median effective concentration (EC50) and characters (such as Kow, the alkyl chain length, the anion and the cation) of known chemicals, especially the emerging ionic liquids (ILs), were given an in-depth discussion. The models for predicting the joint effect of mixtures to luminescent bacteria were also presented. For the factors that affect the toxicity of actual waters, the correlation of toxicity of actual samples to luminescent bacteria and their conventional indexes were discussed. Comparing the sensitivity of the LBTA with other bioassays could indicate the feasibility of the LBTA applied on specific samples. The summary on the application of LBTA to environmental samples has been made to find the future research direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Y Ma
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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Determination of Six Organophosphorus Pesticides in Water by Single-Drop Microextraction Coupled with GC-NPD. Chromatographia 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-013-2609-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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43
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Ma XY, Wang XC, Hao Ngo H, Guo W, Wu MN, Wang N. Reverse osmosis pretreatment method for toxicity assessment of domestic wastewater using Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 97:248-254. [PMID: 23988093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Luminescent bacterial test is a fast and sensitive method for acute toxicity assessment of water and wastewater. In this study, an improved toxicity testing method was developed using the freshwater luminescent bacteria Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 that involved pretreatment of water samples with reverse osmosis (RO) to eliminate the interferences caused by nutrients in concentrated samples and to improve the reliability and sensitivity of the analysis. Because water samples contain low concentrations of several target toxic substances, rapid acute toxicity testing method that is commonly employed does not achieve enough sensitivity. The proposed RO pretreatment could effectively enrich organic and inorganic substances in water samples to enable a more effective and sensitive toxicity evaluation. The kinetic characteristics of toxicity of raw sewage and secondary effluent were evaluated based on the relative luminescence unit (RLU) curves and time-concentration-effect surfaces. It was observed that when the exposure time was prolonged to 8-h or longer, the bacteria reached the logarithmic growth stage. Hence, the stimulating effects of the coexisting ions (such as Na(+), K(+), NO3(-)) in the concentrated samples could be well eliminated. A 10-h exposure time in proposed Q67 test was found to quantitatively evaluate the toxicity of the organic and inorganic pollutants in the RO-concentrated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Y Ma
- Key Lab of Northwest Water Resources, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
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Liu SS, Wang CL, Zhang J, Zhu XW, Li WY. Combined toxicity of pesticide mixtures on green algae and photobacteria. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 95:98-103. [PMID: 23816361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Different organisms have diverse responses to the same chemicals or mixtures. In this paper, we selected the green algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa (C. pyrenoidosa) and photobacteria Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 (V. qinghaiensis) as target organisms and determined the toxicities of six pesticides, including three herbicides (simetryn, bromacil and hexazinone), two fungicides (dodine and metalaxyl) and one insecticide (propoxur), and their mixtures by using the microplate toxicity analysis. The toxicities of three herbicides to C. pyrenoidosa are much higher than those to V. qinghaiensis, and the toxicities of metalaxyl and propoxur to V. qinghaiensis are higher than those to C. pyrenoidosa, while the toxicity of dodine to C. pyrenoidosa is similar to those to V. qinghaiensis. Using the concentration addition as an additive reference model, the binary pesticide mixtures exhibited different toxicity interactions, i.e., displayed antagonism to C. pyrenoidosa but synergism to V. qinghaiensis. However, the toxicities of the multi-component mixtures of more than two components are additive and can be predicted by the concentration addition model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Shen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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45
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Zhang J, Liu SS, Yu ZY, Liu HL, Zhang J. The time-dependent hormetic effects of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride and their mixtures on Vibrio qinghaiensis sp. -Q67. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2013; 258-259:70-76. [PMID: 23721728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 12/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The hormetic effects of ionic liquids (ILs) were paid more ecological attentions. However, the time-dependent hormetic effects of ILs and their mixtures remained to be studied. In this paper, the time-dependent toxicities of five single ILs, 1-ethyl-, 1-butyl-, 1-hexyl-, 1-octyl-, and 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chlorides (named as [C2mim]Cl, [C4mim]Cl, [C6mim]Cl, [C8mim]Cl, and [C12mim]Cl, respectively), and their five-component mixtures to Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 were determined at five exposure time points. For single ILs, [C2mim]Cl displayed significant hormetic effects at 2, 4, 8, and 12h; and [C4mim]Cl exhibited significant hormetic effects at 4, 8 and 12h; while [C6mim]Cl, [C8mim]Cl and [C12mim]Cl have not significant hormetic effects. At the same time point, the longer the side chain is, the larger the inhibition at high concentration is, and the less the stimulation at low concentration is. Meanwhile, the maximum stimulation effects were found between 4 and 8h. All six IL mixtures designed by uniform design ray showed significant hormetic effects at 8 and 12h. By means of the variable selection and modeling method based on the prediction (VSMP), it was found that the higher the concentration of [C2mim]Cl is, the stronger the mixture hormetic effect is and the higher the concentration of [C12mim]Cl is, the weaker the hormetic effect is.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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Chen J, Jiang Y, Xu C, Yu L, Sun D, Xu L, Hu F, Li H. Comparison of two mathematical prediction models in assessing the toxicity of heavy metal mixtures to the feeding of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2013; 94:73-79. [PMID: 23721856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The combined toxicity of four heavy metals (copper, zinc, cadmium and chromium) to the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans was determined by using feeding as an endpoint. Six equivalent-effect concentration ratio (EECR) mixtures and six uniform design concentration ratio (UDCR) mixtures were designed to fully explore the combined toxicities of these heavy metals. Observed toxicities were compared with predictions calculated by two basic models, concentration addition (CA) and independent action (IA). All the concentration-response relationships of the mixtures can be well characterized and described by the Weibull function. CA provided a relatively better prediction for the mix-toxicity of the four heavy metals, which share a similar mode of action on the feeding of C. elegans, although the prediction calculated by IA was also reliable, from the viewpoint of model prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Chen
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, China
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Li W, Wang J, Hu YZ. Photodegradation of fleroxacin injection: II. Kinetics and toxicological evaluation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2013; 14:578-84. [PMID: 23463261 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-013-9942-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodegradation kinetics of fleroxacin were investigated in different injections. Five commercial formulations were analyzed before and after irradiation by determining residual volumes of fleroxacin with high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), and different decomposition functions and models were obtained. Concentration levels of fleroxacin in injections caused the differences in photodegradation kinetics instead of ingredients. Influences of different pH values and presence of NaCl on photodegradation of fleroxacin were observed. Low pH value decreased the efficacy of photolysis and enhanced photostability of fleroxacin injections. Tentative structure of a new degradation product afforded was proposed. An acute toxicity assay using the bioluminescent bacterium Q67 was performed for fleroxacin injections after exposure to light. The research proved that fleroxacin was more photolabile in dilute injection, and acute toxicity of dilute injection increased more rapidly than that of concentrated injection during irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Antibiotics, Anhui Institute for Food and Drug Control, Hefei 230051, China.
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Zhang J, Liu SS, Yu ZY, Zhang J. Time-dependent hormetic effects of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide on Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67: luminescence, redox reactants and antioxidases. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:462-467. [PMID: 23273740 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2012] [Revised: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The green credentials of ionic liquids (ILs) are being challenged due to the increasing evidence of their toxicity. The hormetic effects further raised their ecological concern. However, it remained poorly studied on the time-dependent changes of the hormetic effects and the mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the time-dependent hormetic effects of four 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([amim]Br), including 1-ethyl ([emim]Br), -butyl ([bmim]Br), -hexyl ([hmim]Br) and -octyl ([omim]Br), on the luminescence of Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67. The results showed that [amim]Br with shorter side chains, [emim]Br and [bmim]Br, caused obvious hormetic time-dependent toxicities. The effective concentration (EC) values for the hormetic effects of [emim]Br and [bmim]Br increased with time. [amim]Br with longer side chains, [hmim]Br and [omim]Br, produced sigmoid concentration-dependent inhibitions on the luminescence, and the EC50 values almost unchanged. To illustrate the mechanism, we subsequently examined the responses of redox reactants and antioxidases. [emim]Br and [bmim]Br significantly induced FMN (flavin mononucleotide), NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), SOD (superoxide dismutase) and CAT (catalase), and the inductions increased with time, which is similar to the time-dependent changes of their hormetic effects on Q67. Meanwhile, [hmim]Br and [omim]Br did not cause significant effects on the redox reactants and antioxidases. In conclusion, the hormetic effects of [amim]Br on the luminescence, redox reactants and antioxidases showed the dependence on both exposure time and side chains. Our findings provided insights into the time-dependent biological process of the hormetic effects of [emim]Br and [bmim]Br on the photobacterium and its biochemical indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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Abstract
The inhibition toxicities of four ionic liquids and four heavy metal compounds to MCF-7 human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 (Q67) were determined using MTS assay and microplate toxicity analysis, respectively. The resulting concentration-response data was modeled by using sigmoidal models (Weibull and Logit). Results showed that all concentration -response relationships could be effectively described by the Weibull or Logit function. The toxicities of ILs to both MCF-7 and Q67 have the alkyl chain effect character. However, the toxicity order of four heavy metal compounds to MCF-7 and Q67 were different. Compared with Q67, MCF-7 is more sensitive to heavy metal compounds and less sensitive to ILs
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Zhang J, Liu SS, Zhang J, Qin LT, Deng HP. Two novel indices for quantitatively characterizing the toxicity interaction between ionic liquid and carbamate pesticides. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 239-240:102-109. [PMID: 22999018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Compound contamination and toxicity interaction demand the development of models that have an insight into the combined toxicity of chemicals. Two novel mixture toxicity indices, concentration addition index (CAI) and effect addition index (EAI), were developed to quantitatively characterize the toxicity interaction within four binary mixture systems containing carbamate pesticides and 1-benzyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (IL). To examine the applicability of CAI and EAI, we compared the indices with the other indices such as the sum of toxic unit (STU), model deviation ratio (MDR), and effect residual ratio (ERR) and isobologram approach. The results showed that CAI and EAI could more clearly and effectively characterize the toxicity interaction within IL-pesticide mixtures than the other four methods. According to CAI and EAI, IL-aldicarb, IL-baygon and IL-methomyl mixture systems displayed clear antagonism at relatively low effect regions, while IL-pirimicarb mixture systems basically exhibited additive action. The most interesting observation is that all five indices (CAI, EAI, MDR, ERR, and STU) are well correlated with the concentration ratio of IL in the mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
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