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Yun K, Jeon H, Lee J, Kho Y, Ji K. Effects of two alternative plasticizers on the growth hormone-related endocrine system, neurodevelopment, and oxidative stress of zebrafish larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122947. [PMID: 37977359 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
In response to the restriction of phthalate plasticizers, acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) and acetyl triethyl citrate (ATEC) have been used in medical devices and food packaging. In the present study, the effects of ATBC and ATEC on the development, behavior, growth hormone (GH)-related endocrine system, neurotransmitters, and oxidative stress of zebrafish embryo or larvae were investigated. After exposure of zebrafish to ATBC and ATEC (0, 0.03, 0.3, 3, 30, and 300 μg/L) for 96 h, developmental toxicity, behavioral changes under light/dark condition, changes in hormones and genes involved in GH/insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) axis, changes in hormone, enzyme, and genes related to neurodevelopment, antioxidant enzymes activities were determined. Larvae exposed to 30 or 300 μg/L ATBC showed significant reductions in body length and moving distance and speed, whereas no significant effects on development and locomotor behavior were observed in larvae exposed to ATEC. The contents of GH and IGF-I were significantly reduced in larvae exposed to 3, 30, and 300 μg/L ATBC. Hormonal changes in fish exposed to ATBC are well supported by regulation of genes related to GH (gh1) and the activity of IGF-I (igf1). In fish exposed to ATBC, reduced acetylcholinesterase activity and down-regulation of genes related to the central nervous system development (ache, gap43, mbpa, and syn21) were observed. ATBC increased the production of reactive oxygen species and the levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. Notably, pre-treatment with the classic antioxidant N-acetylcysteine alleviated ATBC-induced GH-related endocrine disruption and neurotoxicity. Our observations showed that exposure to low levels of ATBC could disturb the regulatory systems of GH/IGFs axis and neurobehavior, ultimately leading to developmental inhibition and hypoactivity, and that increased oxidative stress plays a major role in these toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kijeong Yun
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School at Yongin University, Yongin, 17092, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeri Jeon
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyun Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yongin University, Yongin, 17092, Republic of Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Ji
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School at Yongin University, Yongin, 17092, Republic of Korea; Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, Yongin University, Yongin, 17092, Republic of Korea.
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Zhou Q, Cui J, Liu Y, Gu L, Teng X, Tang Y. EGCG alleviated Mn exposure-caused carp kidney damage via trpm2-NLRP3-TNF-α-JNK pathway: Oxidative stress, inflammation, and tight junction dysfunction. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 134:108582. [PMID: 36754155 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn), an essential trace metal element in organisms. However, with extensive use of Mn in industry and agriculture, Mn becomes a heavy metal pollutant in water. (-)-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), an tea polyphenols, can alleviate metal toxicity. Kidney is an important detoxifying organ, but toxic mechanism of Mn to kidneys is unclear, which needs further research. Carp is an Asian important economical species for fisheries and a biological model for studying environmental toxicology. Thus, we established excess Mn and EGCG-supplemented carp model to explore molecular mechanism of EGCG alleviating Mn-caused carp kidney damage. In this experiment, we set a control group (the Con group), a Mn treatment group (the Mn group, 90 mg/L Mn), a EGCG supplement group (the EG group, 75 mg/kg EGCG), and a combined group (the Mn + EG group, 90 mg/L Mn and 75 mg/kg EGCG). Transcriptome, qRT-PCR, kit, and morphology method results indicated that excess Mn caused oxidative stress, inflammatory damage, and tight junction dysfunction in carp kidneys. Excess Mn-triggered oxidative stress caused tight junction dysfunction via trpm2-NLRP3-TNF-α-JNK pathway and inflammation. EGCG reversed the harm of Mn to fish through the above mechanism. The findings of this study provided the evidence of EGCG-alleviated Mn poisoning and offered new ideas for reducing heavy metal environmental pollution risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, China
| | - Jiawen Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, China
| | - Yuhang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, China
| | - Lepeng Gu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, China
| | - Xiaohua Teng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, China.
| | - You Tang
- Electrical and Information Engineering College, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, China.
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Lee S, Kwon B, Jeong J, Kho Y, Ji K. Thyroid hormone disrupting potentials of benzisothiazolinone in embryo-larval zebrafish and rat pituitary GH3 cell line. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114406. [PMID: 36516622 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Benzisothiazolinone (BIT), one of the most widely used antimicrobial agents in consumer products, has frequently been detected in the water environment. The present study was conducted to determine the adverse effects of BIT on the thyroid neuroendocrine system of zebrafish embryos/larvae. Rat pituitary (GH3) cell line was employed to support the underlying mechanism of thyroid hormone disrupting effects. Significant coagulation and hatching delay were observed in embryos exposed to 30 μg/L of BIT, which in turn remarkably decreased hatchability and larval survival. In BIT-exposed larvae, tshβ, tshr, and trh genes were significantly upregulated along with a decrease in thyroxine and triiodothyronine content, indicating that BIT decreased thyroid hormones and increased thyrotropin-releasing hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone secretion through a feedback circuit. The downregulation of trα and deio2 genes in the zebrafish larvae suggests the inhibition of thyroid hormone receptors and deiodination. Similar to the results in zebrafish, upregulation of tshβ and downregulation of trα, trβ, deio1, and deio2 genes were observed in GH3 cells. Our observations suggest that BIT can decrease the level of thyroid hormones by influencing central regulation, receptor binding, and deiodination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Lee
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School at Yongin University, Yongin 17092, Republic of Korea
| | - Bareum Kwon
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyeok Jeong
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Ji
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School at Yongin University, Yongin 17092, Republic of Korea.
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4
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Özkan-Kotiloğlu S, Arslan P, Akca G, Günal AÇ. Are BPA-free plastics safe for aquatic life? - Fluorene-9-bisphenol induced thyroid-disrupting effects and histopathological alterations in adult zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 260:109419. [PMID: 35902060 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fluorene-9-bisphenol (BPFL) is used as an alternative compound for bisphenol A, an endocrine disruptor compound which is present in various materials including plastic bottles and packaging. Although it is used extensively in products that are labelled BPA-free, its effect on wildlife and humans have not been fully studied. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of BPFL in adult zebrafish. In the preliminary experiments of the study, the median lethal concentration value (LC50) of BPFL was 0.25 mg/L (95 % confidence interval 0.15-0.41) for 96 h. Following exposure to three different sublethal concentrations of BPFL after 96 h and 15 days, T4 hormone levels, expression levels of genes involved in thyroid metabolism and histopathological alterations were assessed. T4 hormone levels were found to be significantly higher in females at the lowest BPFL concentration following 96 h exposure (P < 0.05). Expression levels of trh, tshba and trhrb genes were upregulated following 96 h exposure at 0.025 mg/L concentration and crh was upregulated following 15 days exposure at 0.025 mg/L concentration in female zebrafish (P < 0.05). The most prominent histopathological findings in zebrafish exposed to 0.025 and 0.125 mg/L of BPFL were observed in the gill, liver, kidney and testis tissues. The gill tissues showed some hyperemia, lamellar fusion, hyperplasia, epithelial lifting, and telangiectasis, while passive hyperemia, hydropic degeneration, and necrosis were observed in the liver tissues. The BPFL is highly toxic to zebrafish even in sublethal concentrations according to the molecular and histopathological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Özkan-Kotiloğlu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Art, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey.
| | - Pınar Arslan
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Çankırı Karatekin University, Çankırı, Turkey
| | - Gülçin Akca
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aysel Çağlan Günal
- Department of Biology Education, Faculty of Gazi Education, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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Song JH, Ahn J, Park MY, Park J, Lee YM, Myong JP, Koo JW, Lee J. Health Effects Associated With Humidifier Disinfectant Use: A Systematic Review for Exploration. J Korean Med Sci 2022; 37:e257. [PMID: 35996934 PMCID: PMC9424740 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been 10 years since the outbreak of lung disease caused by humidifier disinfectants in Korea, but the health effects have not yet been summarized. Therefore, this study aims to systematically examine the health effects of humidifier disinfectants that have been discovered so far. METHODS All literature with humidifier disinfectants and their representative components as the main words were collected based on the web, including PubMed, Research Information Sharing Service, and government publication reports. A total of 902 studies were searched, of which 196 were selected. They were divided into four groups: published human studies (group 1), published animal and cytotoxicology studies (group 2), technical reports (group 3), and gray literature (group 4). RESULTS Out of the 196 studies, 97 (49.5%) were published in peer-reviewed journals as original research. Group 1 consisted of 49 articles (50.5%), while group 2 consisted of 48 articles (49.5%). Overall, respiratory diseases such as humidifier disinfectant associated lung injury, interstitial lung disease, and asthma have a clear correlation, but other effects such as liver, heart, thymus, thyroid, fetal growth, metabolic abnormalities, and eyes are observed in toxicological experimental studies, but have not yet been identified in epidemiologic studies. CONCLUSION The current level of evidence does not completely rule out the effects of humidifier disinfectants on extrapulmonary disease. Based on the toxicological evidence so far, it is required to monitor the population of humidifier disinfectant exposure continuously to see if similar damage occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hun Song
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joonho Ahn
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Young Park
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Park
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yu Min Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Severance Hospital, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jun-Pyo Myong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Wan Koo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jongin Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
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Kim H, Ji K. Effects of tetramethyl bisphenol F on thyroid and growth hormone-related endocrine systems in zebrafish larvae. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 237:113516. [PMID: 35483140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Trimethyl bisphenol F (TMBPF) has recently been used as a bisphenol A substitute in polymer coatings for metal cans containing beverages or food. This study investigated whether TMBPF disrupts the endocrine system associated with thyroid hormones and growth hormones employing zebrafish embryos and larvae. After 14 days of exposure, body weight was significantly reduced when zebrafish were exposed to a TMBPF concentration greater than 50 μg/L. The triiodothyronine levels were significantly increased, while growth hormone levels were significantly decreased in larvae exposed to 5 μg/L TMBPF. The transcription of genes associated with thyroid hormone production (trα, tpo, tg, and nis), deiodination (deio2), growth hormone production (gh1, ghrh, and ghra), and insulin-like growth factor (igf2a, igf2b, igf2r, igfbp1a, igfbp1b, igfbp2a, igfbp2b, and igfbp5a) was significantly upregulated, whereas the transcription of genes association with thyrotropin-releasing hormone (trh and trhr1) was significantly downregulated. These results suggest that hyperthyroidism, decrease in growth hormone, and regulation of genes involved in the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid and growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor might be responsible for the observed growth inhibition in larvae exposed to TMBPF. The bioaccumulation of TMBPF and its effects on the endocrine system after chronic exposure requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunggyu Kim
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School at Yongin University, Yongin 17092, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Ji
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School at Yongin University, Yongin 17092, Republic of Korea.
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Ren Z, Yu Y, Ramesh M, Li B, Poopal RK. Assessment of eco-toxic effects of commonly used water disinfectant on zebrafish (Danio rerio) swimming behaviour and recovery responses: an early-warning biomarker approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:41849-41862. [PMID: 35098459 PMCID: PMC8801285 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Eco-toxicity profiles for commonly used disinfectants were lacking. Available traditional toxicity techniques have some limitations (assessments and ethical issues). Behaviour toxicology is a promising research area towards early warning and non-invasive approaches. We studied the potential eco-toxic effects of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on the swimming behaviour of zebrafish. Zebrafish were exposed to different concentrations (Treatment I, Treatment II, Treatment III, and Treatment IV) of NaOCl for 360 h. Recovery study (144 h) was conducted for NaOCl treatment groups. The swimming behaviour of zebrafish was quantified efficiently using an online monitoring system (OMS). OMS dataset was processed for determination of behavioural differences by MATLAB and SPSS. Compared to the control group, the swimming strength of zebrafish under NaOCl treatments declined significantly (p < 0.001). Avoidance behaviour has occurred on zebrafish under NaOCl exposure periods. Furthermore, NaOCl toxicity also adjusted circadian rhythms on zebrafish. Zebrafish swimming strength was significantly (p < 0.001) improved under-recovery periods. Moreover, normal diurnal patterns have occurred. NaOCl could cause behavioural abnormalities in non-target organisms. Continuous exposure to common disinfectants could cause external and internal stress on non-target organisms, resulting in behavioural changes and circadian rhythm adjustments. Continuous changes in behavioural and circadian rhythms might reduce organisms' fitness and adaptation capacity. This study highlights (1) the importance of computer-based toxicity assessments, and (2) swimming behaviour is an early warning biomarker for eco-toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongming Ren
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China
| | - Yaxin Yu
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China
| | - Mathan Ramesh
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, TamilNadu, India
| | - Bin Li
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China.
| | - Rama-Krishnan Poopal
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250358, China.
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Effect of Acute Exposure to the Ionic Liquid 1-Methyl-3-octylimidazolium Chloride on the Embryonic Development and Larval Thyroid System of Zebrafish. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12111353. [PMID: 35681818 PMCID: PMC9179473 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of acute exposure to the ionic liquid 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium chloride on the embryonic development and larval thyroid system of zebrafish. The results showed that the fish embryonic development, thyroid hormone level, and expression of HPTs-related genes were altered, suggesting that the ionic liquid [C8mim]Cl might pose an aquatic environmental threat to fish. Abstract Previous studies have shown that ILs can induce toxicity in animals, plants, and cells. However, the effect of imidazolium-based ILs on the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid (HPT) axis of fish remains unknown. The present study aimed to evaluate the acute effect of [C8mim]Cl on the embryonic development and thyroid-controlled internal secretion system of zebrafish by determining the thyroid hormone level and the expression of HPT-related genes. The results obtained for embryonic developmental toxicity showed the survival rate, heart beats, and body length of fish had decreased 96 h after exposure to [C8mim]Cl, but the hatching rate had increased by the 48 h time point. The transcription levels of HTP-related genes showed that the genes dio3, tg, ttr, tsh, trhrα, trhrβ, trhr2, and tpo were up-regulated, while the expression levels of dio1, trh, tshr, and nis were significantly suppressed. Furthermore, we found that exposure to [C8mim]Cl induced an alteration in the levels of thyroid hormones that increased the T3 but decreased the T4 content. In conclusion, our study indicated that acute exposure to [C8mim]Cl altered the expression of HTP-related genes and disturbed the thyroid hormone level, suggesting that the ionic liquid [C8mim]Cl might pose an aquatic environmental threat to fish.
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Lee S, Lee JS, Kho Y, Ji K. Effects of methylisothiazolinone and octylisothiazolinone on development and thyroid endocrine system in zebrafish larvae. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127994. [PMID: 34915294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Methylisothiazolinone (MIT) and octylisothiazolinone (OIT) are used as preservatives and biocides to prevent product decay or deterioration. In the present study, developmental toxicity and the effect on the thyroid endocrine system were investigated in zebrafish embryos exposed to MIT and OIT for 96 h. Coagulation was significantly increased when zebrafish embryos were exposed to a concentration of 300 μg/L MIT and ≥ 0.3 μg/L OIT, resulting in a significant decrease in hatchability and larvae survival. The body length in zebrafish larvae exposed to 30 μg/L OIT was significantly shorter than that of the control group. The whole-body levels of triiodothyronine and thyroxine were significantly decreased in larvae exposed to MIT and OIT. Significant upregulation of crh, trh, tshβ, and tshr genes and downregulation of trαa, tg, ttr, and deio2 genes were observed in fish exposed to two isothiazolinones. The expression of dre-miR-193b and dre-miR-499 was significantly increased in zebrafish larvae exposed to MIT and OIT, indicating that epigenetic deregulation of miRNAs modulated genes involved in thyroid hormone regulation. OIT has a higher magnitude of toxicity than MIT, corresponding to the observed changes in thyroid hormones and developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujin Lee
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School at Yongin University, Yongin 17092, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Su Lee
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13135, Republic of Korea; National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Republic of Korea
| | - Younglim Kho
- Department of Health, Environment and Safety, Eulji University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi 13135, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Ji
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School at Yongin University, Yongin 17092, Republic of Korea.
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Liang J, Yang X, Liu QS, Sun Z, Ren Z, Wang X, Zhang Q, Ren X, Liu X, Zhou Q, Jiang G. Assessment of Thyroid Endocrine Disruption Effects of Parabens Using In Vivo, In Vitro, and In Silico Approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:460-469. [PMID: 34930008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The extensive applications of parabens in foods, drugs, and cosmetics cause inevitable exposure to humans. Revealing the developmental toxicity of parabens is of utmost importance regarding their safety evaluation. In this study, the effects of four commonly used parabens, including methyl paraben (20 ∼ 200 μM), ethyl paraben (20 ∼ 100 μM), propyl paraben (5 ∼ 20 μM), and butyl paraben (BuP, 2 ∼ 10 μM), were investigated on the early development of zebrafish embryos and larvae. The underlying mechanisms were explored from the aspect of their disturbance in the thyroid endocrine system using in vivo, in vitro, and in silico assays. Paraben exposure caused deleterious effects on the early development of zebrafish, with BuP displaying the highest toxicity among all, resulting in the exposure concentration-related mortality, decreased hatching rate, reduced body length, lowered heart rate, and the incidence of malformation. Further investigation showed that paraben exposure reduced thyroid hormone levels and disturbed the transcriptional expressions of the target genes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Molecular docking analysis combined with in vitro GH3 cell proliferation assay testified that all test parabens exhibited thyroid receptor agonistic activities. The findings confirmed the developmental toxicity of the test parabens and their thyroid endocrine disruption effects, providing substantial evidence on the safety control of paraben-based preservatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiefeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
| | - Qian S Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
| | - Zhendong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310000, P. R. China
| | - Zhihua Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Ren
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, P. R. China
| | - Xiuchang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qunfang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, P. R. China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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Assessment of agonistic and antagonistic properties of humidifier disinfectants to the estrogenic and androgenic receptors by transactivation assay. Toxicol Res 2021; 38:99-109. [PMID: 35070945 PMCID: PMC8748560 DOI: 10.1007/s43188-021-00111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Before being recalled and banned from the Korean market, humidifier disinfectants (HDs) were added to the humidifier water tank to prevent microbial growth. The known HDs active ingredients included the are oligo(2-(2-ethoxy)ethoxyethyl guanidine (PGH), polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG), a mixture of methylisothiazolinone (MIT) and chloromethylisothiazolinone (CMIT), didecyldimethyl ammonium chloride (DDAC), Sodium dichloroisocyanurate (NaDCC), and alkyldimethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (BAC). Previous epidemiological studies have suggested that PHMG induces fatal lung disease in pregnant, post-partum women, and young children. In an animal study, a mixture of DDAC and BAC exhibited decreased fertility and fecundity; increased time to first litter, longer pregnancy intervals, fewer pups per litter, and fewer pregnancies. In this study, endocrine-disrupting effects of HDs were investigated using estrogen receptor (ER) and androgen receptor (AR) transactivation assay based on OECD Test guidelines. Unexpectedly, unlike the previously reported reproductive toxicity data, in the present study, HDs did not show ER and AR transcriptional activation agonist and/or antagonist effects. However, it is difficult to conclude that HDs has no endocrine disruption effects, and further research on the effects of HDs mixtures, and in vivo tests including Uterotrophic bioassay and Hershberger bioassay would be necessary.
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Chatterjee N, Lee H, Kim J, Kim D, Lee S, Choi J. Critical window of exposure of CMIT/MIT with respect to developmental effects on zebrafish embryos: Multi-level endpoint and proteomics analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115784. [PMID: 33120346 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Systemic toxicity, particularly, developmental defects of humidifier disinfectant chemicals that have caused lung injuries in Korean children, remains to be elucidated. This study evaluated the mechanisms of the adverse effects of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one/2methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT/MIT), one of the main biocides of the Korean tragedy, and identify the most susceptible developmental stage when exposed in early life. To this end, the study was designed to analyze several endpoints (morphology, heart rate, behavior, global DNA methylation, gene expressions of DNA methyl-transferases (dnmts) and protein profiling) in exposed zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos at various developmental stages. The results showed that CMIT/MIT exposure causes bent tail, pericardial edema, altered heart rates, global DNA hypermethylation and significant alterations in the locomotion behavior. Consistent with the morphological and physiological endpoints, proteomics profiling with bioinformatics analysis suggested that the suppression of cardiac muscle contractions and energy metabolism (oxidative phosphorylation) were possible pivotal underlying mechanisms of the CMIT/MIT mediated adverse effects. Briefly, multi-level endpoint analysis indicated the most susceptible window of exposure to be ≤ 6 hpf followed by ≤ 48 hpf for CMIT/MIT. These results could potentially be translated to a risk assessment of the developmental exposure effects to the humidifier disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita Chatterjee
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunho Lee
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwan Kim
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Doeun Kim
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangkyu Lee
- BK21 Plus KNU Multi-Omics Based Creative Drug Research Team, College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Choi
- School of Environmental Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea.
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Ha Y, Koo Y, Park SK, Kim GE, Oh HB, Kim HR, Kwon JH. Liposome leakage and increased cellular permeability induced by guanidine-based oligomers: effects of liposome composition on liposome leakage and human lung epithelial barrier permeability. RSC Adv 2021; 11:32000-32011. [PMID: 35495488 PMCID: PMC9042049 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05478c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, liposome leakage using different liposome compositions and increased cellular permeability of human lung monolayer models induced by PHMG and PHMB were investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonjeong Ha
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Yerim Koo
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Kyung Park
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ga-Eun Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, 13-13 Hayang-ro, Hayang-eup, Gyeongsan 38430, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Bin Oh
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, 35 Baekbeom-ro, Mapo-gu, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Ryong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, 13-13 Hayang-ro, Hayang-eup, Gyeongsan 38430, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
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Ha Y, Kwon JH. Effects of lipid membrane composition on the distribution of biocidal guanidine oligomer with solid supported lipid membranes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:22343-22351. [PMID: 35514581 PMCID: PMC9054620 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03108a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) is a cationic antimicrobial oligomer that has been used prevalently over the past few decades. However, due to the lack of inhalation toxicity assessment of PHMG, it has caused severe health damage, including fatal lung fibrosis, after being used as one of the major active ingredients of humidifier disinfectants in Korea. Because the first step of the entry of PHMG into airway is its association with cell membranes, the distribution of PHMG between lipid membranes and water is very important to know the depositional flux in the respiratory systems and related toxic mechanisms. We developed a quantitative method to determine the distribution constant (Klipw) of PHMG between solid supported lipid membranes and water and evaluated the effects of lipid membrane compositions on the Klipw of PHMG. PHMG accumulated into anionic lipid membranes rapidly compared to into cationic or zwitterionic lipid membranes, suggesting fast adsorption of PHMG onto anionic lipid head groups. Klipw values with anionic/zwitterionic lipid mixtures were higher than Klipw values with anionic lipids only, potentially due to the later phase separation after preferential interaction between PHMG and anionic lipids in lipid mixtures. In addition, Klipw values increased with increasing single acyl chain lipid content in unsaturated lipids and decreasing cholesterol content. These results imply that changes in lipid spontaneous curvature and lipid bilayer packing density also affect the membrane distribution of PHMG. This study experimentally determined the Klipw of PHMG and assessed the effects of lipid membrane composition on Klipw values.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeonjeong Ha
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University 145 Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea +82 2 3290 3041
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University 145 Anam-ro Seongbuk-gu Seoul 02841 Republic of Korea +82 2 3290 3041
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Song J, Eghan K, Lee S, Park JS, Yoon S, Pimtong W, Kim WK. A Phenotypic and Genotypic Evaluation of Developmental Toxicity of Polyhexamethylene Guanidine Phosphate Using Zebrafish Embryo/Larvae. TOXICS 2020; 8:E33. [PMID: 32370250 PMCID: PMC7355787 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8020033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyhexamethylene guanidine-phosphate (PHMG-P), a guanidine-based cationic antimicrobial polymer, is an effective antimicrobial biocide, potent even at low concentrations. Due to its resilient bactericidal properties, it has been used extensively in consumer products. It was safely used until its use in humidifiers led to a catastrophic event in South Korea. Epidemiological studies have linked the use of PHMG-P as a humidifier disinfectant to pulmonary fibrosis. However, little is known about its harmful impacts other than pulmonary fibrosis. Thus, we applied a zebrafish embryo/larvae model to evaluate developmental and cardiotoxic effects and transcriptome changes using RNA-sequencing. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/L of PHMG-P from 3 h to 96 h post fertilization. 2 mg/L of PHMG-P resulted in total mortality and an LC50 value at 96 h was determined at 1.18 mg/L. Significant developmental changes were not observed but the heart rate of zebrafish larvae was significantly altered. In transcriptome analysis, immune and inflammatory responses were significantly affected similarly to those in epidemiological studies. Our qPCR analysis (Itgb1b, TNC, Arg1, Arg2, IL-1β, Serpine-1, and Ptgs2b) also confirmed this following a 96 h exposure to 0.4 mg/L of PHMG-P. Based on our results, PHMG-P might induce lethal and cardiotoxic effects in zebrafish, and crucial transcriptome changes were linked to immune and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongah Song
- Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jeongeup 56212, Korea;
| | - Kojo Eghan
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (K.E.); (S.L.); (J.-S.P.); (S.Y.)
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Sangwoo Lee
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (K.E.); (S.L.); (J.-S.P.); (S.Y.)
| | - Jong-Su Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (K.E.); (S.L.); (J.-S.P.); (S.Y.)
| | - Seokjoo Yoon
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (K.E.); (S.L.); (J.-S.P.); (S.Y.)
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Wittaya Pimtong
- Nano Environmental and Health Safety Research Team, National Nanotechnology Center, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand;
| | - Woo-Keun Kim
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Korea; (K.E.); (S.L.); (J.-S.P.); (S.Y.)
- Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
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