1
|
Improving global gross primary productivity estimation by fusing multi-source data products. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09153. [PMID: 35345404 PMCID: PMC8956891 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A reliable estimate of the gross primary productivity (GPP) of terrestrial vegetation is essential for both making decisions to address global climate change and understanding the global carbon balance. The lack of consistency in global terrestrial GPP estimates across various products leads to great uncertainty. In this study, we improve the quantification of global gross primary productivity by integrating multiple source GPP products without using any prior knowledge through the Bayesian-based Three-Cornered Hat (BTCH) method to generate a new weighted GPP data set. The fusion results demonstrate the superiority of weighted GPP, which greatly reduces the random error of individual datasets and fully takes advantage of the characteristics of multi-source data products. The weighted dataset can largely reproduce the interannual variation of regional GPP. Overall, the merging scheme based on the BTCH method can effectively generate a new GPP dataset that integrates information from multiple products and provides new ideas for GPP estimation on a global scale.
Collapse
|
2
|
Fisher JB, Sikka M, Block GL, Schwalm CR, Parazoo NC, Kolus HR, Sok M, Wang A, Gagne‐Landmann A, Lawal S, Guillaume A, Poletti A, Schaefer KM, El Masri B, Levy PE, Wei Y, Dietze MC, Huntzinger DN. The Terrestrial Biosphere Model Farm. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2022; 14:e2021MS002676. [PMID: 35860620 PMCID: PMC9285607 DOI: 10.1029/2021ms002676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Model Intercomparison Projects (MIPs) are fundamental to our understanding of how the land surface responds to changes in climate. However, MIPs are challenging to conduct, requiring the organization of multiple, decentralized modeling teams throughout the world running common protocols. We explored centralizing these models on a single supercomputing system. We ran nine offline terrestrial biosphere models through the Terrestrial Biosphere Model Farm: CABLE, CENTURY, HyLand, ISAM, JULES, LPJ-GUESS, ORCHIDEE, SiB-3, and SiB-CASA. All models were wrapped in a software framework driven with common forcing data, spin-up, and run protocols specified by the Multi-scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP) for years 1901-2100. We ran more than a dozen model experiments. We identify three major benefits and three major challenges. The benefits include: (a) processing multiple models through a MIP is relatively straightforward, (b) MIP protocols are run consistently across models, which may reduce some model output variability, and (c) unique multimodel experiments can provide novel output for analysis. The challenges are: (a) technological demand is large, particularly for data and output storage and transfer; (b) model versions lag those from the core model development teams; and (c) there is still a need for intellectual input from the core model development teams for insight into model results. A merger with the open-source, cloud-based Predictive Ecosystem Analyzer (PEcAn) ecoinformatics system may be a path forward to overcoming these challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua B. Fisher
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
- Schmid College of Science and TechnologyChapman UniversityOrangeCAUSA
| | - Munish Sikka
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Gary L. Block
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | | | | | - Hannah R. Kolus
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Malen Sok
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Audrey Wang
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | | | - Shakirudeen Lawal
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | | | - Alyssa Poletti
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Kevin M. Schaefer
- National Snow and Ice Data CenterCooperative Institute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of ColoradoBoulderCOUSA
| | - Bassil El Masri
- Department of Earth and Environmental SciencesMurray State UniversityMurrayKYUSA
| | | | - Yaxing Wei
- Environmental Sciences DivisionOak Ridge National LaboratoryClimate Change Science InstituteOak RidgeTNUSA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Ye A. Would the obtainable gross primary productivity (GPP) products stand up? A critical assessment of 45 global GPP products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:146965. [PMID: 33866164 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gross primary productivity (GPP) is a vital variable of the global carbon cycle, but the quantification of global GPP is subject to significant uncertainty due to the lack of direct observations at a global scale. Here, we evaluated and compared 45 GPP products in terms of their applicability to different vegetation types at various spatiotemporal scales. The results show that 44 GPP products and obsGPP (Model Tree Ensemble GPP derived from observations and named obsGPP) have similar global patterns with correlation coefficients greater than 0.8 except for NGT, where GOSIF, RS, and BESS are prominent. GPP products have the greatest variation in Suriname, with a mean 75th and 25th percentile difference value of 0.4748 (normalized), and we recommend RS, SDGVM and LPJ-wsl as they provide GPP estimates close to the average GPP. In terms of seasonal estimations, considerable disagreement occurs among the GPP products in winter, with a range from 118.76 to 314.95 gC/m2/season, among which JULES has the closest GPP value to the average GPP estimation. For studies concerning vegetation types preference is given to the LUE average GPP. The 45 GPP products are more consistent on grasslands but, have obvious differences for savannas. All GPP products have their own specific spatiotemporal scales, such as global or national scales or different seasons and different vegetation types (forest, grasslands, etc.). This study provides guidelines for selecting GPP products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yahai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Aizhong Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wei Y, Shrestha R, Pal S, Gerken T, Feng S, McNelis J, Singh D, Thornton MM, Boyer AG, Shook MA, Chen G, Baier BC, Barkley ZR, Barrick JD, Bennett JR, Browell EV, Campbell JF, Campbell LJ, Choi Y, Collins J, Dobler J, Eckl M, Fiehn A, Fried A, Digangi JP, Barton‐Grimley R, Halliday H, Klausner T, Kooi S, Kostinek J, Lauvaux T, Lin B, McGill MJ, Meadows B, Miles NL, Nehrir AR, Nowak JB, Obland M, O’Dell C, Fao RMP, Richardson SJ, Richter D, Roiger A, Sweeney C, Walega J, Weibring P, Williams CA, Yang MM, Zhou Y, Davis KJ. Atmospheric Carbon and Transport - America (ACT-America) Data Sets: Description, Management, and Delivery. EARTH AND SPACE SCIENCE (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2021; 8:e2020EA001634. [PMID: 34435081 PMCID: PMC8365738 DOI: 10.1029/2020ea001634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The ACT-America project is a NASA Earth Venture Suborbital-2 mission designed to study the transport and fluxes of greenhouse gases. The open and freely available ACT-America data sets provide airborne in situ measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide, methane, trace gases, aerosols, clouds, and meteorological properties, airborne remote sensing measurements of aerosol backscatter, atmospheric boundary layer height and columnar content of atmospheric carbon dioxide, tower-based measurements, and modeled atmospheric mole fractions and regional carbon fluxes of greenhouse gases over the Central and Eastern United States. We conducted 121 research flights during five campaigns in four seasons during 2016-2019 over three regions of the US (Mid-Atlantic, Midwest and South) using two NASA research aircraft (B-200 and C-130). We performed three flight patterns (fair weather, frontal crossings, and OCO-2 underflights) and collected more than 1,140 h of airborne measurements via level-leg flights in the atmospheric boundary layer, lower, and upper free troposphere and vertical profiles spanning these altitudes. We also merged various airborne in situ measurements onto a common standard sampling interval, which brings coherence to the data, creates geolocated data products, and makes it much easier for the users to perform holistic analysis of the ACT-America data products. Here, we report on detailed information of data sets collected, the workflow for data sets including storage and processing of the quality controlled and quality assured harmonized observations, and their archival and formatting for users. Finally, we provide some important information on the dissemination of data products including metadata and highlights of applications of ACT-America data sets.
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun Y, Qu F, Zhu X, Sun B, Wang G, Yin H, Wan T, Song X, Chen Q. Non-linear responses of net ecosystem productivity to gradient warming in a paddy field in Northeast China. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9327. [PMID: 32607282 PMCID: PMC7315621 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Global warming has a known impact on ecosystems but there is a lack of understanding about its impact on ecosystem processes. Net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and its components play a key part in the global carbon cycle. Analysing the impact of global warming on NEP will improve our understanding of how warming affects ecosystems. In our study, conducted in 2018, five warming treatments were manipulated (0 W, 500 W, 1000 W, 1500 W, and 3000 W) using three repetitions of far infrared open warming over a paddy field in Northeast China. NEP and its two related components, gross primary productivity (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (ER), were measured using the static chamber-infrared gas analyser method to explore the effects of different warming magnitudes on NEP. Results showed that measurement dates, warming treatments, and their interactions significantly affected NEP, ER, and GPP. Warming significantly increased NEP and its components but they showed a non-linear response to different warming magnitudes. The maximum increases in NEP and its components occurred at 1500 W warming. NEP is closely related to its components and the non-linear response of NEP may have primarily resulted from that of GPP. Gradient warming non-linearly increased GPP in the paddy field studied in Northeast China, resulting in the non-linear response of NEP. This study provides a basis for predicting the responses of carbon cycles in future climate events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Sun
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Fuyao Qu
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xianjin Zhu
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Bei Sun
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Guojiao Wang
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hong Yin
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Tao Wan
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaowen Song
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Qian Chen
- College of Agronomy, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ge R, He H, Ren X, Zhang L, Yu G, Smallman TL, Zhou T, Yu SY, Luo Y, Xie Z, Wang S, Wang H, Zhou G, Zhang Q, Wang A, Fan Z, Zhang Y, Shen W, Yin H, Lin L. Underestimated ecosystem carbon turnover time and sequestration under the steady state assumption: A perspective from long-term data assimilation. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2019; 25:938-953. [PMID: 30552830 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
It is critical to accurately estimate carbon (C) turnover time as it dominates the uncertainty in ecosystem C sinks and their response to future climate change. In the absence of direct observations of ecosystem C losses, C turnover times are commonly estimated under the steady state assumption (SSA), which has been applied across a large range of temporal and spatial scales including many at which the validity of the assumption is likely to be violated. However, the errors associated with improperly applying SSA to estimate C turnover time and its covariance with climate as well as ecosystem C sequestrations have yet to be fully quantified. Here, we developed a novel model-data fusion framework and systematically analyzed the SSA-induced biases using time-series data collected from 10 permanent forest plots in the eastern China monsoon region. The results showed that (a) the SSA significantly underestimated mean turnover times (MTTs) by 29%, thereby leading to a 4.83-fold underestimation of the net ecosystem productivity (NEP) in these forest ecosystems, a major C sink globally; (b) the SSA-induced bias in MTT and NEP correlates negatively with forest age, which provides a significant caveat for applying the SSA to young-aged ecosystems; and (c) the sensitivity of MTT to temperature and precipitation was 22% and 42% lower, respectively, under the SSA. Thus, under the expected climate change, spatiotemporal changes in MTT are likely to be underestimated, thereby resulting in large errors in the variability of predicted global NEP. With the development of observation technology and the accumulation of spatiotemporal data, we suggest estimating MTTs at the disequilibrium state via long-term data assimilation, thereby effectively reducing the uncertainty in ecosystem C sequestration estimations and providing a better understanding of regional or global C cycle dynamics and C-climate feedback.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ge
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Honglin He
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Ren
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guirui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - T Luke Smallman
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Shi-Yong Yu
- Large Lakes Observatory, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, Minnesota
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society (Ecoss) and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona
| | - Zongqiang Xie
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Silong Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Huimin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Guoyi Zhou
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qibin Zhang
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Anzhi Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Zexin Fan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| | - Weijun Shen
- South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huajun Yin
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
| | - Luxiang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Forest Ecology, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Mengla, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Interactive Effects of Vegetation Type and Topographic Position on Nitrogen Availability and Loss in a Temperate Montane Ecosystem. Ecosystems 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10021-016-0094-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
8
|
An analysis of global terrestrial carbon, water and energy dynamics using the carbon–nitrogen coupled CLASS-CTEMN+ model. Ecol Modell 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
9
|
Huang S, Bartlett P, Arain MA. Assessing nitrogen controls on carbon, water and energy exchanges in major plant functional types across North America using a carbon and nitrogen coupled ecosystem model. Ecol Modell 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
10
|
Aquatic carbon cycling in the conterminous United States and implications for terrestrial carbon accounting. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 113:58-63. [PMID: 26699473 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1512651112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Inland water ecosystems dynamically process, transport, and sequester carbon. However, the transport of carbon through aquatic environments has not been quantitatively integrated in the context of terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we present the first integrated assessment, to our knowledge, of freshwater carbon fluxes for the conterminous United States, where 106 (range: 71-149) teragrams of carbon per year (TgC⋅y(-1)) is exported downstream or emitted to the atmosphere and sedimentation stores 21 (range: 9-65) TgC⋅y(-1) in lakes and reservoirs. We show that there is significant regional variation in aquatic carbon flux, but verify that emission across stream and river surfaces represents the dominant flux at 69 (range: 36-110) TgC⋅y(-1) or 65% of the total aquatic carbon flux for the conterminous United States. Comparing our results with the output of a suite of terrestrial biosphere models (TBMs), we suggest that within the current modeling framework, calculations of net ecosystem production (NEP) defined as terrestrial only may be overestimated by as much as 27%. However, the internal production and mineralization of carbon in freshwaters remain to be quantified and would reduce the effect of including aquatic carbon fluxes within calculations of terrestrial NEP. Reconciliation of carbon mass-flux interactions between terrestrial and aquatic carbon sources and sinks will require significant additional research and modeling capacity.
Collapse
|