Device-detected atrial high rate episodes and the risk of stroke/thrombo-embolism and atrial fibrillation incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Atrial fibrillation burden: Stepping beyond the categorical characterization

Traditional classifications categorize atrial fibrillation (AF) into paroxysmal, persistent, or permanent, but recent advancements in monitoring have revealed AF as a continuous variable, challenging existing paradigms. AF burden, defined basically as the amount of time spent in AF during a monitored period, has emerged as a crucial metric. This review assesses the evolving landscape of AF burden and its measurement methods, diagnostic modalities, and impact on outcomes. Guidelines suggest individualized approaches, combining AF burden with clinical scores (CHA2DS2-VASc), but studies have challenged this. Addressing the impact of AF burden on patients' quality of life before or after ablation is also crucial. Although continuous monitoring technologies offer promising avenues, the field faces challenges, such as defining clinically relevant thresholds. Future research should focus on refining these, designing trials centered around AF burden, and evaluating the efficacy of interventions in reducing AF burden, ultimately paving the way for personalized management strategies.

Detection and management of postoperative atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting or non-cardiac surgery: a survey by the AF-SCREEN International Collaboration

We developed a survey to describe current practice on the detection and management of new-onset postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) occurring after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) or non-cardiac surgery. We e-mailed an online anonymous questionnaire of 17 multiple choice or rank questions to an international network of healthcare professionals. Between June 2023 and June 2024, 158 participants from 25 countries completed the survey. For CABG patients, 62.7% of respondents reported use of telemetry to detect POAF on the ward until discharge, and 40% reported no dedicated methods for monitoring AF recurrences during follow-up. The largest number (46%) reported prescribing oral anticoagulants (OACs) at discharge if patients were at risk according to CHA2DS2-VASc/CHA2DS2-VA scores, and the most common duration of OAC therapy was 3 months to 1 year (43%). For non-cardiac surgery patients, POAF detection methods varied, with 29% using periodic 12-lead ECG and 27% using telemetry followed by periodic ECGs. For monitoring AF recurrence, 33% reported planned cardiology visits with ECG. Regarding OAC prescription during follow-up, 51% reported they prescribe OACs only for patients who are at risk of stroke, and 42% prescribe OACs for an interval of 3 months to 1 year. The most commonly reported barrier to OAC prescription was the lack of randomized controlled trial data. For both CABG and non-cardiac surgery, the reported methods for POAF detection and recurrences monitoring were heterogeneous and prescription patterns for OACs varied greatly. The most frequently reported concern about long-term anticoagulation was lack of randomized data, indicating the urgent need for sound studies that inform daily clinical practice.

The Risk of New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation in Patients With Conduction System Pacing Versus Right Ventricular Pacing: A Meta-Analysis

Background

Prior studies have established the safety and efficacy of conduction system pacing (CSP) in improving echocardiographic parameters and clinical outcomes. This meta-analysis aimed to investigate whether CSP could reduce the occurrence of new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) in comparison to traditional right ventricular pacing (RVP) therapy.

Methods

A literature search was performed in PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library to identify relevant clinical studies comparing CSP with RVP from January 2000 to June 2024. The study outcome was new-onset AF after pacemaker implantation. Estimated risk ratios (RR), odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were evaluated.

Results

Our analysis included 8 observational studies comprising a total of 2033 patients. The results indicated that 20% (406/2033) of study patients experienced new-onset AF, and CSP was associated with a significantly lower risk of new-onset AF when compared with RVP (RR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.36-0.54, p < 0.00001, I2 = 11%; OR: 0.34, 95% CI: 0.27-0.44, p < 0.0001, I2 = 0). In the subgroup analysis, patients with atrioventricular block (AVB) tended to benefit more from CSP than those with sinus node dysfunction (SND) or AVB (p = 0.06 for RR; p = 0.12 for OR). Publication bias was observed and confirmed by the Egger's test (p = 0.0125 for RR and 0.0345 for OR). Trim and fill analysis was performed, and the overall summary effect size (RR: 0.51, 95% CI: 0.40-0.64; OR: 0.40, 95% CI: 0.31-0.52) remained significant after adjusting for publication bias.

Conclusion

CSP could reduce the occurrence of new-onset AF compared with RVP, and this benefit appeared to be more pronounced in patients with AVB than those with SND or AVB. However, large scale randomized controlled trials are needed to validate our findings.

The PROSPERO Registration

Registration number: CRD42024569052; registration date: July 25, 2024; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/view/CRD42024569052.

Effects of population-based screening for atrial fibrillation on quality of life

BACKGROUND

Screening for atrial fibrillation is rising and may worsen or improve quality of life.

METHODS

We assessed quality of life (EQ-5D-5L) data in 6,004 participants with stroke risk factors randomised to usual care (n=4,503) or implantable loop recorder with anticoagulation upon detection of atrial fibrillation (n=1,501). Five domains (mobility, selfcare, usual activities, pain/discomfort, anxiety/depression) each scored from one to five were calculated into individual index scores (worst=-0.76, best=1.00). Changes in the index score and the visual analogue scale score (EQ VAS (0=worst, 100=best)) from baseline to year three were the primary outcomes, which were analysed using linear mixed models. Major problem was defined as a domain score ≥3 and analysed with logistic regression in year three.

RESULTS

Of 6,004 participants, 5,733 (95 %) were alive after three years, and 5,162 (86 %) had complete EQ-5D-5L data. The baseline index score of 5,733 participants was 0.88 ±0.16, which decreased by -0.05 (-0.05; -0.04) in the control vs -0.04 (-0.05; -0.03) in the screening group after three years, and a baseline EQ VAS score of 78.4±16.2, which decreased by -6.06 (-6.54; -5.57) in control vs -5.18 (-5.95; -4.40) in the screening group after three years, with no significant difference between the groups (p=0.063 and p=0.056, respectively). The most frequent problem was major pain/discomfort (1,202 of 5,162 (23.3 %)), and any major problem occurred equally in the groups after three years (OR 0.91 (0.79;1.05)).

CONCLUSION

A population-based, long-term, and continuous screening for atrial fibrillation in high-risk individuals did not translate into increased quality of life.

Detection of Atrial Fibrillation in Holter ECG Recordings by ECHOView Images: A Deep Transfer Learning Study

Background/Objectives: The timely and accurate detection of atrial fibrillation (AF) is critical from a clinical perspective. Detecting short or transient AF events is challenging in 24-72 h Holter ECG recordings, especially when symptoms are infrequent. This study aims to explore the potential of deep transfer learning with ImageNet deep neural networks (DNNs) to improve the interpretation of short-term ECHOView images for the presence of AF. Methods: Thirty-second ECHOView images, composed of stacked heartbeat amplitudes, were rescaled to fit the input of 18 pretrained ImageNet DNNs with the top layers modified for binary classification (AF, non-AF). Transfer learning provided both retrained DNNs by training only the top layers (513-2048 trainable parameters) and fine-tuned DNNs by slowly training retrained DNNs (0.38-23.48 M parameters). Results: Transfer learning used 13,536 training and 6624 validation samples from the two leads in the IRIDIA-AF Holter ECG database, evenly split between AF and non-AF cases. The top-ranked DNNs evaluated on 11,400 test samples from independent records are the retrained EfficientNetV2B1 (96.3% accuracy with minimal inter-patient (1%) and inter-lead (0.3%) drops), and fine-tuned EfficientNetV2B1 and DenseNet-121, -169, -201 (97.2-97.6% accuracy with inter-patient (1.4-1.6%) and inter-lead (0.5-1.2%) drops). These models can process shorter ECG episodes with a tolerable accuracy drop of up to 0.6% for 20 s and 4-15% for 10 s. Case studies present the GradCAM heatmaps of retrained EfficientNetV2B1 overlaid on raw ECG and ECHOView images to illustrate model interpretability. Conclusions: In an extended deep transfer learning study, we validate that ImageNet DNNs applied to short-term ECHOView images through retraining and fine-tuning can significantly enhance automated AF diagnoses. GradCAM heatmaps provide meaningful model interpretability, highlighting ECG regions of interest aligned with cardiologist focus.

Non-Anticoagulation Strategies Aimed at Primary Stroke Prevention in Nascent Atrial Fibrillation

At its earliest appearance, atrial fibrillation (AF) is often unnoticed, asymptomatic, and/or merely device-detected. Widespread use of heart-rate monitoring technologies has facilitated such "nascent atrial fibrillation (nAF)" recognition. Consequently, clinicians face a growing number of patients affected by new-onset AF in the absence of a definite indication for anticoagulation due to several counterarguments: (1) a CHA2DS2-VA score ≤ 1 in otherwise apparently healthy subjects; (2) an uncertain embolic/hemorrhagic benefit/risk ratio with anticoagulation; (3) EKG demonstration and confirmation of AF; and (4) existence of a pathogenic mechanism other than atrial hypercoagulability. In this frustrating limitation of pharmacological options, cardiologists may miss a complete comprehension of drugs with proven anti-ictal potential, whose administration may serve both as a bridge strategy toward future anticoagulation and as a consolidative strategy paralleling anticoagulation. This review aims to summarize and elucidate such therapeutic strategies and their preventative mechanisms.

2025 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association

BACKGROUND

The American Heart Association (AHA), in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, nutrition, sleep, and obesity) and health factors (cholesterol, blood pressure, glucose control, and metabolic syndrome) that contribute to cardiovascular health. The AHA Heart Disease and Stroke Statistical Update presents the latest data on a range of major clinical heart and circulatory disease conditions (including stroke, brain health, complications of pregnancy, kidney disease, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, sudden cardiac arrest, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, valvular disease, venous thromboembolism, and peripheral artery disease) and the associated outcomes (including quality of care, procedures, and economic costs).

METHODS

The AHA, through its Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States and globally to provide the most current information available in the annual Statistical Update with review of published literature through the year before writing. The 2025 AHA Statistical Update is the product of a full year's worth of effort in 2024 by dedicated volunteer clinicians and scientists, committed government professionals, and AHA staff members. This year's edition includes a continued focus on health equity across several key domains and enhanced global data that reflect improved methods and incorporation of ≈3000 new data sources since last year's Statistical Update.

RESULTS

Each of the chapters in the Statistical Update focuses on a different topic related to heart disease and stroke statistics.

CONCLUSIONS

The Statistical Update represents a critical resource for the lay public, policymakers, media professionals, clinicians, health care administrators, researchers, health advocates, and others seeking the best available data on these factors and conditions.

Relationship between predictive factors and atrial high-rate episodes in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices

OBJECTIVE

Atrial high-rate episodes (AHRE) are atrial tachyarrhythmia episodes detected by implanted cardiac devices, characterised by an atrial rate exceeding 180-190 beats per minute. Recent studies have linked AHRE to the development of atrial fibrillation (AF) and increased stroke risk, especially when episodes last longer than 5-6 min. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between predictive factors and the occurrence of AHRE in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs).

METHODS

This single-centre, retrospective study included a cohort of 155 consecutive HFrEF patients with CIEDs, but without a diagnosis of AF, enrolled between January 2023 and December 2023. Patients were stratified based on the presence of AHRE detected during device interrogation.

RESULTS

The average age of the patients was 54 ± 14 years, and 83.2% of the study population were male. Patients with AHRE had a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (p = 0.026) and an increased left atrial diameter (p < 0.001) compared to the group without AHRE. Patients with AHRE had elevated levels of creatinine, uric acid, and TSH compared to those without AHRE (p = 0.006, p = 0.021, p = 0.009, respectively). In the univariable logistic regression analysis, LVEF (HR = 0.690, 95% CI = 0.610-0.913, p = 0.013), left atrial diameter (HR = 8.215, 95% CI = 1.557-43.34, p < 0.001), creatinine (HR = 7.369, 95% CI = 1.749-31.05, p = 0.006), uric acid (HR = 1.073, 95% CI = 1.062-1.196, p = 0.020), total cholesterol (HR = 0.989, 95% CI = 0.979-0.999, p = 0.031), and C-reactive protein levels (HR = 1.146, 95% CI = 1.002-1.131, p = 0.047) were identified as independent predictors of AHRE. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, left ventricular ejection fraction (HR = 0.890, 95% CI = 0.795-0.998, p = 0.046), left atrial diameter (HR = 8.215, 95% CI = 1.557-43.34, p < 0.001), and uric acid concentration (HR = 1.650, 95% CI = 1.063-2.561, p = 0.025) were identified as predictors of atrial high-rate events.

CONCLUSION

LVEF, left atrial diameter, and uric acid level were found to be independent predictors of AHRE in patients with HFrEF. Identifying AHRE is crucial for risk stratification and guiding therapeutic decisions to improve patient outcome.

Time to benefit and harm of direct oral anticoagulants in device-detected atrial fibrillation: A pooled analysis of the NOAH-AFNET 6 and ARTESiA trials

BACKGROUND

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) reduce stroke risk in patients with device-detected atrial fibrillation (DD-AFib) but increase major bleeding risk. The time to benefit (TTB) and time to harm (TTH) are not well quantified.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to determine TTB and TTH in DOAC-treated patients with DD-AFib.

METHODS

Studies were identified from PubMed searching until November 2023. The primary efficacy outcome was the time to the first stroke event, and the primary safety outcome was the time to the first major bleeding event. Pooled hazard ratio (HR) and its confidence interval (CI) were calculated through reconstructed patient-level data and study-level data. Weibull model and Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation were applied to determine time to specific absolute risk change thresholds.

RESULTS

Two trials involving DOACs-NOAH-AFNET 6 (Non-vitamin K antagonist Oral anticoagulants in patients with Atrial High rate episodes) and ARTESiA (Apixaban for the Reduction of Thrombo-Embolism in Patients With Device-Detected Sub-Clinical Atrial Fibrillation)-were identified, which randomized 6548 adults with a mean age of >75 years and a median atrial high-rate episode duration ranging from 1.5 to 2.8 hours. DOACs decreased the risk of stroke (HR 0.67; 95% CI 0.50-0.90) but increased the risk of major bleeding (HR 1.57; 95% CI 1.21-2.04). A TTB of 2.67 years was needed to prevent 1 stroke per 100 DOAC-treated patients, while a TTH of 1.67 years was needed to observe 1 major bleeding.

CONCLUSION

In elderly patients with low durations of DD-AFib, DOACs result in a delayed and restricted stroke-preventive benefit while posing an early-onset bleeding risk. Our findings offer new insights into the risk-benefit profile and provide clinicians an additional dimension to facilitate shared decision-making discussions with patients.

2024 Chinese Expert Consensus Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation in the Elderly, Endorsed by Geriatric Society of Chinese Medical Association (Cardiovascular Group) and Chinese Society of Geriatric Health Medicine (Cardiovascular Branch): Executive Summary

The consensus guidelines of the Geriatric Society of Chinese Medical Association on the management of atrial fibrillation (AF) in the elderly was first published in 2011 and updated in 2016, with endorsement by Chinese Society of Geriatric Health Medicine. Since then, many important studies regarding the screening and treatment in the elderly population have been reported, necessitating this updated expert consensus guideline. The writing committee members comprehensively reviewed updated evidence pertaining to elderly patients with AF, and formulated this 2024 update. The highlighted issues focused on the following: screening for AF, geriatric comprehensive assessment, use of the Atrial fibrillation Better Care (ABC) pathway for the elderly patients, and special clinical settings related to elderly patients with AF. New recommendations addressing smart technology facilitated AF screening, ABC pathway based management, and optimal anticoagulation were developed, with a focus on the elderly.

Systematic review and meta-analysis on the impact on outcomes of device algorithms for minimizing right ventricular pacing

AIMS

Physiological activation of the heart using algorithms to minimize right ventricular pacing (RVPm) may be an effective strategy to reduce adverse events in patients requiring anti-bradycardia therapies. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate current evidence on clinical outcomes for patients treated with RVPm algorithms compared to dual-chamber pacing (DDD).

METHODS AND RESULTS

We conducted a systematic search of the PubMed database. The predefined endpoints were the occurrence of persistent/permanent atrial fibrillation (PerAF), cardiovascular (CV) hospitalization, all-cause death, and adverse symptoms. We also aimed to explore the differential effects of algorithms in studies enrolling a high percentage of atrioventricular block (AVB) patients. Eight studies (7229 patients) were included in the analysis. Compared to DDD pacing, patients using RVPm algorithms showed a lower risk of PerAF [odds ratio (OR) 0.74, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57-0.97] and CV hospitalization (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.61-0.97). No significant difference was found for all-cause death (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.78-1.30) or adverse symptoms (OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.81-1.29). No significant interaction was found between the use of the RVPm strategy and studies enrolling a high percentage of AVB patients. The pooled mean RVP percentage for RVPm algorithms was 7.96% (95% CI 3.13-20.25), as compared with 45.11% (95% CI 26.64-76.38) of DDD pacing.

CONCLUSION

Algorithms for RVPm may be effective in reducing the risk of PerAF and CV hospitalization in patients requiring anti-bradycardia therapies, without an increased risk of adverse symptoms. These results are also consistent for studies enrolling a high percentage of AVB patients.

Contemporary Advances in Cardiac Remote Monitoring: A Comprehensive, Updated Mini-Review

Over the past decade, remote monitoring (RM) has become an increasingly popular way to improve healthcare and health outcomes. Modern cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) are capable of recording an increasing amount of data related to CIED function, arrhythmias, physiological status and hemodynamic parameters, providing in-depth and updated information on patient cardiovascular function. The extensive use of RM for patients with CIED allows for early diagnosis and rapid assessment of relevant issues, both clinical and technical, as well as replacing outpatient follow-up improving overall management without compromise safety. This approach is recommended by current guidelines for all eligible patients affected by different chronic cardiac conditions including either brady- and tachy-arrhythmias and heart failure. Beyond to clinical advantages, RM has demonstrated cost-effectiveness and is associated with elevated levels of patient satisfaction. Future perspectives include improving security, interoperability and diagnostic power as well as to engage patients with digital health technology. This review aims to update existing data concerning clinical outcomes in patients managed with RM in the wide spectrum of cardiac arrhythmias and Hear Failure (HF), disclosing also about safety, effectiveness, patient satisfaction and cost-saving.

Detection of subclinical atrial fibrillation with cardiac implanted electronic devices: What decision making on anticoagulation after the NOAH and ARTESiA trials?

Atrial fibrillation (AF) may be asymptomatic and the extensive monitoring capabilities of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) revealed asymptomatic atrial tachi-arrhythmias of short duration (minutes-hours) occurring in patients with no prior history of AF and without AF detection at a conventional surface ECG. Both the terms "AHRE" (Atrial High-Rate Episodes) and subclinical AF were used in a series of prior studies, that evidenced the association with an increased risk of stroke. Two randomized controlled studies were planned in order to assess the risk-benefit profile of anticoagulation in patients with AHRE/subclinical AF: the NOAH and ARTESiA trials. The results of these two trials (6548 patients enrolled, overall) show that the risk of stroke/systemic embolism associated with AHRE/subclinical AF is in the range of 1-1.2 % per patient-year, but with an important proportion of severe/fatal strokes occurring in non-anticoagulated patients. The apparent discordance between ARTESiA and NOAH results may be approached by considering the related study-level meta-analysis, which highlights a consistent reduction of ischemic stroke with oral anticoagulants vs. aspirin/placebo (relative risk [RR] 0.68, 95 % CI 0.50-0.92). Oral anticoagulation was found to increase major bleeding (RR 1.62, 95 % CI 1.05-2.5), but no difference was found in fatal bleeding (RR 0.79, 95 % CI 0.37-1.69). Additionally, no difference was found in cardiovascular death or all-cause mortality. Taking into account these results, clinical decision-making for patients with AHRE/subclinical AF at risk of stroke, according to CHA2DS2-VASc, can now be evidence-based, considering the benefits and related risks of oral anticoagulants, to be shared with appropriately informed patients.

Comparison between left bundle branch area pacing and right ventricular pacing: ventricular electromechanical synchrony and risk of atrial high-rate episodes

Background

The electromechanical dyssynchrony associated with right ventricular pacing (RVP) has been found to have adverse impact on clinical outcomes. Several studies have shown that left bundle branch area pacing (LBBAP) has superior pacing parameters compared with RVP. We aimed to assess the difference in ventricular electromechanical synchrony and investigate the risk of atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) in patients with LBBAP and RVP.

Methods

We consecutively identified 40 patients with atrioventricular block and no prior atrial fibrillation. They were divided according to the ventricular pacing sites: the LBBAP group and the RVP group (including the right ventricular apical pacing (RVA) group and the right side ventricular septal pacing (RVS) group). Evaluation of ventricular electromechanical synchrony was implemented using electrocardiogram and two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D-STE). AHRE was defined as event with an atrial frequency of ≥176 bpm lasting for ≥6 min recorded by pacemakers during follow-up.

Results

The paced QRS duration of the LBBAP group was significantly shorter than that of the other two groups: LBBAP 113.56 ± 9.66 ms vs. RVA 164.73 ± 14.49 ms, p < 0.001; LBBAP 113.56 ± 9.66 ms vs. RVS 148.23 ± 17.3 ms, p < 0.001. The LBBAP group showed shorter maximum difference (TDmax), and standard deviation (SD) of the time to peak systolic strain among the 18 left ventricular segments, and time of septal-to-posterior wall motion delay (SPWMD) compared with the RVA group (TDmax, 87.56 ± 56.01 ms vs. 189.85 ± 91.88 ms, p = 0.001; SD, 25.40 ± 14.61 ms vs. 67.13 ± 27.40 ms, p < 0.001; SPWMD, 28.75 ± 21.89 ms vs. 99.09 ± 46.56 ms, p < 0.001) and the RVS group (TDmax, 87.56 ± 56.01 ms vs. 156.46 ± 55.54 ms, p = 0.003; SD, 25.40 ± 14.61 ms vs. 49.02 ± 17.85 ms, p = 0.001; SPWMD, 28.75 ± 21.89 ms vs. 91.54 ± 26.67 ms, p < 0.001). The interventricular mechanical delay (IVMD) was shorter in the LBBAP group compared with the RVA group (-5.38 ± 9.31 ms vs. 44.82 ± 16.42 ms, p < 0.001) and the RVS group (-5.38 ± 9.31 ms vs. 25.31 ± 21.36 ms, p < 0.001). Comparing the RVA group and the RVS group, the paced QRS duration and IVMD were significantly shorter in the RVS group (QRS duration, 164.73 ± 14.49 ms vs. 148.23 ± 17.3 ms, p = 0.02; IVMD, 44.82 ± 16.42 ms vs. 25.31 ± 21.36 ms, p = 0.022). During follow-up, 2/16 (12.5%) LBBAP patients, 4/11 (36.4%) RVA patients, and 8/13 (61.5%) RVS patients had recorded novel AHREs. LBBAP was proven to be independently associated with decreased risk of AHREs than RVP (log-rank p = 0.043).

Conclusion

LBBAP generates narrower paced QRS and better intro-left ventricular and biventricular contraction synchronization compared with traditional RVP. LBBAP was associated with a decreased risk of AHREs compared with RVP.

2024 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association

BACKGROUND

The American Heart Association (AHA), in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, nutrition, sleep, and obesity) and health factors (cholesterol, blood pressure, glucose control, and metabolic syndrome) that contribute to cardiovascular health. The AHA Heart Disease and Stroke Statistical Update presents the latest data on a range of major clinical heart and circulatory disease conditions (including stroke, brain health, complications of pregnancy, kidney disease, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, sudden cardiac arrest, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, valvular disease, venous thromboembolism, and peripheral artery disease) and the associated outcomes (including quality of care, procedures, and economic costs).

METHODS

The AHA, through its Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States and globally to provide the most current information available in the annual Statistical Update with review of published literature through the year before writing. The 2024 AHA Statistical Update is the product of a full year's worth of effort in 2023 by dedicated volunteer clinicians and scientists, committed government professionals, and AHA staff members. The AHA strives to further understand and help heal health problems inflicted by structural racism, a public health crisis that can significantly damage physical and mental health and perpetuate disparities in access to health care, education, income, housing, and several other factors vital to healthy lives. This year's edition includes additional global data, as well as data on the monitoring and benefits of cardiovascular health in the population, with an enhanced focus on health equity across several key domains.

RESULTS

Each of the chapters in the Statistical Update focuses on a different topic related to heart disease and stroke statistics.

CONCLUSIONS

The Statistical Update represents a critical resource for the lay public, policymakers, media professionals, clinicians, health care administrators, researchers, health advocates, and others seeking the best available data on these factors and conditions.

2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines

AIM

The "2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation" provides recommendations to guide clinicians in the treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation.

METHODS

A comprehensive literature search was conducted from May 12, 2022, to November 3, 2022, encompassing studies, reviews, and other evidence conducted on human subjects that were published in English from PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and other selected databases relevant to this guideline. Additional relevant studies, published through November 2022, during the guideline writing process, were also considered by the writing committee and added to the evidence tables, where appropriate.

STRUCTURE

Atrial fibrillation is the most sustained common arrhythmia, and its incidence and prevalence are increasing in the United States and globally. Recommendations from the "2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation" and the "2019 AHA/ACC/HRS Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation" have been updated with new evidence to guide clinicians. In addition, new recommendations addressing atrial fibrillation and thromboembolic risk assessment, anticoagulation, left atrial appendage occlusion, atrial fibrillation catheter or surgical ablation, and risk factor modification and atrial fibrillation prevention have been developed.

2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines

AIM

The "2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation" provides recommendations to guide clinicians in the treatment of patients with atrial fibrillation.

METHODS

A comprehensive literature search was conducted from May 12, 2022, to November 3, 2022, encompassing studies, reviews, and other evidence conducted on human subjects that were published in English from PubMed, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, and other selected databases relevant to this guideline. Additional relevant studies, published through November 2022, during the guideline writing process, were also considered by the writing committee and added to the evidence tables, where appropriate.

STRUCTURE

Atrial fibrillation is the most sustained common arrhythmia, and its incidence and prevalence are increasing in the United States and globally. Recommendations from the "2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation" and the "2019 AHA/ACC/HRS Focused Update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation" have been updated with new evidence to guide clinicians. In addition, new recommendations addressing atrial fibrillation and thromboembolic risk assessment, anticoagulation, left atrial appendage occlusion, atrial fibrillation catheter or surgical ablation, and risk factor modification and atrial fibrillation prevention have been developed.

Anticoagulation in Patients with Atrial High-rate Episodes Detected by Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices

Atrial high-rate episodes (AHRE) are atrial tachyarrhythmias that are identified by the use of continuous rhythm monitoring devices such as pacemakers, defibrillators, or implantable cardiac monitors. Nevertheless, the therapeutic implications of these rhythm disturbances remain uncertain. The presence of AHRE is associated with an increased risk of stroke as compared to patients who do not exhibit AHRE. The utilisation of oral anticoagulation has the ability to mitigate the likelihood of stroke occurrence in patients with AHRE. However, it is important to note that this treatment approach is also linked to a severe bleeding rate of approximately 2% per year. The stroke rate among individuals diagnosed with AHRE appears to be comparatively lower when compared to patients diagnosed with atrial fibrillation. The efficacy and safety of anticoagulation in patients with AHRE have yet to be definitively established. Further research is required to provide a comprehensive understanding of the effectiveness and safety of oral anticoagulation in individuals with AHRE.

Long duration of atrial high-rate episode is more favorable in predicting ischemic stroke than high CHA2 DS2 -VASc score

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to explore the roles of duration and burden of atrial high-rate episode (AHRE) on ischemic stroke in patients with pacemaker implantation.

METHODS

Patients with pacemaker implantation for bradycardia from 2013 to 2017 were consecutively enrolled. Data such as gender, age, combined diseases, type of AF, left atrial size, left ventricular size, left ventricular ejection fraction, CHA2 DS2 -VASc score, and anticoagulants were collected. The burden and duration of AHRE based on different interval partition were also recorded in detail to evaluate the impacts on ischemic stroke. Cox regression analysis with time-dependent covariates was conducted.

RESULTS

A total of 220 patients with AHRE were enrolled. The average follow-up time was 48.42 ± 17.20 months. Univariate regression analysis showed that diabetes (p = .024), high CHA2 DS2 -VASc score (≥ 2) (p = .021), long mean AHRE burden (p = .011), long maximal AHRE burden (p = .015), long AHRE duration lasting≥48 h (p = .001) or 24 h (p = .001) or 12 h (p = .005) were prone to ischemic stroke. Further multivariate regression analysis showed that long duration of AHRE (≥48 h) (HR 10.77; 95% CI 3.22-55.12; p = .030) were significantly correlated with stroke in patients with paroxysmal AF. There was no significant correlation between the type of AF and stroke (p = .927).

CONCLUSION

The longer duration of AHRE (≥48 h) was more favorable in predicting ischemic stroke than high CHA2 DS2 -VASc score (≥2).

Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation in Acute Ischemic Stroke in the Setting of Reperfusion Therapy: Insights and Strategies for Optimized Care

Reperfusion therapy in the form of intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) and endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) has revolutionised the field of stroke medicine. Atrial fibrillation (AF) patients constitute a major portion of the overall stroke population; however, the prevalence of AF amongst acute ischemic stroke (AIS) patients receiving reperfusion therapy remains unclear. Limitations in our understanding of prevalence in this group of patients are exacerbated by difficulties in appropriately diagnosing AF. Additionally, the benefits of reperfusion therapy are not consistent across all subgroups of AIS patients. More specifically, AIS patients with AF often tend to have poor prognoses despite treatment relative to those without AF. This article aims to present an overview of the diagnostic and therapeutic management of AF and how it mediates outcomes following stroke, most specifically in AIS patients treated with reperfusion therapy. We provide unique insights into AF prevalence and outcomes that could allow healthcare professionals to optimise the treatment and prognosis for AIS patients with AF. Specific indications on acute neurovascular management and secondary stroke prevention in AIS patients with AF are also discussed.

Atrial cardiomyopathy: An entity of emerging interest in the clinical setting

Since 1995, the concept of atrial cardiomyopathy (ACM) has been associated with myocardial fibrosis. Despite a consensus document in 2016, ACM's definition primarily relies on histopathological findings. The focus on diagnostic criteria for ACM is driven by the potential link to thromboembolic events even independently on atrial fibrillation (AF). The complexity of the mutual relationships between ACM and AF makes difficult any assessment of the thromboembolic risk associated to ACM per se. ACM's thrombogenicity is a multifaceted clinical phenomenon involving electrical, functional, and structural modifications. Factors such as cardiovascular risk factors (e.g., hypertension), common cardiac comorbidities (e.g., heart failure), and extracardiac conditions (e.g., neuromuscular disorders) can promote atrial derangement, triggering atrial fibrillation (AF) and increasing the risk of thromboembolic events. Several diagnostic methods are available to detect the key features of ACM, including electrical changes assessed by surface and intracavitary ECG, and structural and functional alterations evaluated through echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). These methods can be complemented by electro-anatomical mapping (EAM) to enhance the accuracy of myocardial tissue characterization and assessment of atrial fibrosis. Although certain clinical conditions (e.g., atrial high-rate episodes, AHREs; embolic stroke of undetermined source, ESUS) often exhibit atrial alterations in their thromboembolic presentations, recent randomized trials have failed to demonstrate the benefits of oral anticoagulation in patients with ACM without AF. However, ACM constitutes the substrate for the development of AF, as proposed in the AF European guidelines under the 4S-AF scheme. This review emphasizes the lack of a diagnostic gold standard and the need for clinical criteria for ACM, aiming to better understand the potential therapeutic implications of atrial structural and functional derangements, even in the absence of clinical evidence of AF.

Oral Anticoagulation in Patients With Atrial High-Rate Episodes: Focus on Clinical Implications

Background Although previous studies showed that atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) are associated with a higher risk of developing incident atrial fibrillation (AF) and thromboembolic events, their clinical significance is still unclear. The purpose of this study was to define whether there is any clinical impact on the occurrence of ischemic and hemorrhagic events in patients with AHREs and initiation of oral anticoagulation (OAC). Methodology Patients with AHREs who had received cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs, i.e., dual-chamber pacemaker [PM] or implantable cardioverter defibrillator [ICD]) were included in the study. OAC initiation was decided by the assistant doctor. Patients who received OACs comprised the OAC group, while patients who were not referred for OAC initiation were included in the control group. The primary endpoint was the time to the event of the occurrence of thromboembolic events (thromboembolic event-free survival). Results A total of 154 individuals (77 in each group) were enrolled in the study, with a mean age of 72.5 years. The mean follow-up period for the OAC group was 19.1 months and for the control group, 18.9 months (P = 0.9). Thromboembolic events were noticed only in seven patients. Six of them were in the control group, and only one in the OAC group (P = 0.05). Major bleeding events were noticed in five patients, one of whom was in the control group and the rest in the OAC group (P = 0.17). Conclusions OAC therapy in patients with AHREs was not associated with a significant difference in the risk of thromboembolic and bleeding events. Baseline patient characteristics and AHRE duration may be useful to intensify the monitoring and management of patients with AHREs. Bleeding events may be indicators of cancer in patients with AHREs receiving OACs.

Atrial fibrillation and stroke prevention: 25 years of research at EP Europace journal

Stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) is one pillar of the management of this common arrhythmia. Substantial advances in the epidemiology and associated pathophysiology underlying AF-related stroke and thrombo-embolism are evident. Furthermore, the introduction of the non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (also called direct oral anticoagulants) has clearly changed our approach to stroke prevention in AF, such that the default should be to offer oral anticoagulation for stroke prevention, unless the patient is at low risk. A strategy of early rhythm control is also beneficial in reducing strokes in selected patients with recent onset AF, when compared to rate control. Cardiovascular risk factor management, with optimization of comorbidities and attention to lifestyle factors, and the patient's psychological morbidity are also essential. Finally, in selected patients with absolute contraindications to long-term oral anticoagulation, left atrial appendage occlusion or exclusion may be considered. The aim of this state-of-the-art review article is to provide an overview of the current status of AF-related stroke and prevention strategies. A holistic or integrated care approach to AF management is recommended to minimize the risk of stroke in patients with AF, based on the evidence-based Atrial fibrillation Better Care (ABC) pathway, as follows: A: Avoid stroke with Anticoagulation; B: Better patient-centred, symptom-directed decisions on rate or rhythm control; C: Cardiovascular risk factor and comorbidity optimization, including lifestyle changes.

Insertable cardiac monitoring results in higher rates of atrial fibrillation diagnosis and oral anticoagulation prescription after ischaemic stroke

AIMS

After an ischaemic stroke, atrial fibrillation (AF) detection allows for improved secondary prevention strategies. This study aimed to compare AF detection and oral anticoagulant (OAC) initiation in patients with an insertable cardiac monitor (ICM) vs. external cardiac monitor (ECM) after ischaemic stroke.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Medicare Fee-for-Service (FFS) insurance claims and Abbott Labs device registration data were used to identify patients hospitalized with an ischaemic stroke in 2017-2019 who received an ICM or ECM within 3 months. Patients with continuous Medicare FFS insurance and prescription drug enrolment in the prior year were included. Patients with prior AF, atrial flutter, cardiac devices, or OAC were excluded. Insertable cardiac monitor and ECM patients were propensity score matched 1:4 on demographics, comorbidities, and stroke hospitalization characteristics. The outcomes of interest were AF detection and OAC initiation evaluated with Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazard regression analyses. A total of 5702 Medicare beneficiaries (ICM, n = 444; ECM, n = 5258) met inclusion criteria. The matched cohort consisted of 2210 Medicare beneficiaries (ICM, n = 442; ECM, n = 1768) with 53% female, mean age 75 years, and mean CHA₂DS₂-VASc score 4.6 (1.6). Insertable cardiac monitor use was associated with a higher probability of AF detection [(hazard ratio (HR) 2.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) (2.31, 3.59)] and OAC initiation [HR 2.91, CI (2.28, 3.72)] compared to patients monitored only with ECM.

CONCLUSION

Patients with an ischaemic stroke monitored with an ICM were almost three times more likely to be diagnosed with AF and to be prescribed OAC compared to patients who received ECM only.

Performance of a multi-sensor implantable defibrillator algorithm for heart failure monitoring in the presence of atrial fibrillation

AIMS

The HeartLogic Index combines data from multiple implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) sensors and has been shown to accurately stratify patients at risk of heart failure (HF) events. We evaluated and compared the performance of this algorithm during sinus rhythm and during long-lasting atrial fibrillation (AF).

METHODS AND RESULTS

HeartLogic was activated in 568 ICD patients from 26 centres. We found periods of ≥30 consecutive days with an atrial high-rate episode (AHRE) burden <1 h/day and periods with an AHRE burden ≥20 h/day. We then identified patients who met both criteria during the follow-up (AHRE group, n = 53), to allow pairwise comparison of periods. For control purposes, we identified patients with an AHRE burden <1 h throughout their follow-up and implemented 2:1 propensity score matching vs. the AHRE group (matched non-AHRE group, n = 106). In the AHRE group, the rate of alerts was 1.2 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.0-1.5]/patient-year during periods with an AHRE burden <1 h/day and 2.0 (95% CI: 1.5-2.6)/patient-year during periods with an AHRE-burden ≥20 h/day (P = 0.004). The rate of HF hospitalizations was 0.34 (95% CI: 0.15-0.69)/patient-year during IN-alert periods and 0.06 (95% CI: 0.02-0.14)/patient-year during OUT-of-alert periods (P < 0.001). The IN/OUT-of-alert state incidence rate ratio of HF hospitalizations was 8.59 (95% CI: 1.67-55.31) during periods with an AHRE burden <1 h/day and 2.70 (95% CI: 1.01-28.33) during periods with an AHRE burden ≥20 h/day. In the matched non-AHRE group, the rate of HF hospitalizations was 0.29 (95% CI: 0.12-0.60)/patient-year during IN-alert periods and 0.04 (95% CI: 0.02-0.08)/patient-year during OUT-of-alert periods (P < 0.001). The incidence rate ratio was 7.11 (95% CI: 2.19-22.44).

CONCLUSION

Patients received more alerts during periods of AF. The ability of the algorithm to identify increased risk of HF events was confirmed during AF, despite a lower IN/OUT-of-alert incidence rate ratio in comparison with non-AF periods and non-AF patients.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION

http://clinicaltrials.gov/Identifier: NCT02275637.

Single-lead VDD pacing: a literature review on short-term and long-term performance

INTRODUCTION

VDD pacing system was introduced more than 30 years ago. Its use is considered by the 2021 European Society of Cardiology guidelines on cardiac pacing as a potential alternative to dual chambers system for patients with atrioventricular block and normal sinus node function.

AREAS COVERED

In this article, we performed a narrative review of current literature in order to identify the strengths and weaknesses of this pacing system. VDD system allows the maintenance of AV synchronous pacing and its hemodynamic advantages. Some disadvantages may be related to the non-negligible incidence of atrial undersensing and the possible subsequent need for upgrade to DDD system. On the other hand, shorter implantation time and lower complications rate may be advantages.

EXPERT OPINION

In the modern pacing era, VDD pacing system struggles to find its own space. However, it may still be considered as a valuable alternative to a dual-chamber pacemaker for selected patients, in specific clinical scenarios.

Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2023 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association

BACKGROUND

The American Heart Association, in conjunction with the National Institutes of Health, annually reports the most up-to-date statistics related to heart disease, stroke, and cardiovascular risk factors, including core health behaviors (smoking, physical activity, diet, and weight) and health factors (cholesterol, blood pressure, and glucose control) that contribute to cardiovascular health. The Statistical Update presents the latest data on a range of major clinical heart and circulatory disease conditions (including stroke, congenital heart disease, rhythm disorders, subclinical atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, heart failure, valvular disease, venous disease, and peripheral artery disease) and the associated outcomes (including quality of care, procedures, and economic costs).

METHODS

The American Heart Association, through its Epidemiology and Prevention Statistics Committee, continuously monitors and evaluates sources of data on heart disease and stroke in the United States to provide the most current information available in the annual Statistical Update with review of published literature through the year before writing. The 2023 Statistical Update is the product of a full year's worth of effort in 2022 by dedicated volunteer clinicians and scientists, committed government professionals, and American Heart Association staff members. The American Heart Association strives to further understand and help heal health problems inflicted by structural racism, a public health crisis that can significantly damage physical and mental health and perpetuate disparities in access to health care, education, income, housing, and several other factors vital to healthy lives. This year's edition includes additional COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) publications, as well as data on the monitoring and benefits of cardiovascular health in the population, with an enhanced focus on health equity across several key domains.

RESULTS

Each of the chapters in the Statistical Update focuses on a different topic related to heart disease and stroke statistics.

CONCLUSIONS

The Statistical Update represents a critical resource for the lay public, policymakers, media professionals, clinicians, health care administrators, researchers, health advocates, and others seeking the best available data on these factors and conditions.

Factors Associated with Progression of Atrial Fibrillation and Impact on All-Cause Mortality in a Cohort of European Patients

BACKGROUND

Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) may often progress towards more sustained forms of the arrhythmia, but further research is needed on the factors associated with this clinical course.

METHODS

We analyzed patients enrolled in a prospective cohort study of AF patients. Patients with paroxysmal AF at baseline or first-detected AF (with successful cardioversion) were included. According to rhythm status at 1 year, patients were stratified into: (i) No AF progression and (ii) AF progression. All-cause death was the primary outcome.

RESULTS

A total of 2688 patients were included (median age 67 years, interquartile range 60-75, females 44.7%). At 1-year of follow-up, 2094 (77.9%) patients showed no AF progression, while 594 (22.1%) developed persistent or permanent AF. On multivariable logistic regression analysis, no physical activity (odds ratio [OR] 1.35, 95% CI 1.02-1.78), valvular heart disease (OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.23-2.15), left atrial diameter (OR 1.03, 95% CI 1.01-1.05), or left ventricular ejection fraction (OR 0.98, 95% CI 0.97-1.00) were independently associated with AF progression at 1 year. After the assessment at 1 year, the patients were followed for an extended follow-up of 371 days, and those with AF progression were independently associated with a higher risk for all-cause death (adjusted hazard ratio 1.77, 95% CI 1.09-2.89) compared to no-AF-progression patients.

CONCLUSIONS

In a contemporary cohort of AF patients, a substantial proportion of patients presenting with paroxysmal or first-detected AF showed progression of the AF pattern within 1 year, and clinical factors related to cardiac remodeling were associated with progression. AF progression was associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality.

Epidemiology of subclinical atrial fibrillation in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices: A systematic review and meta-regression

BACKGROUND

In recent years, attention to subclinical atrial fibrillation (SCAF), defined as the presence of atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs), in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), has gained much interest as a determinant of clinical AF and stroke risk. We aim to perform a systematic review and meta-regression of the available scientific evidence regarding the epidemiology of SCAF in patients receiving CIEDs.

METHODS

PubMed and EMBASE were searched for all studies documenting the prevalence of AHREs in patients (n=100 or more, <50% with history of AF) with CIEDs from inception to 20th August 2021, screened by two independent blind reviewers. This study was registered in PROSPERO: CRD42019106994.

RESULTS

Among the 2614 results initially retrieved, 54 studies were included, with a total of 72,784 patients. Meta-analysis of included studies showed a pooled prevalence of SCAF of 28.1% (95%CI: 24.3-32.1%), with high heterogeneity between studies (I²=98%). A multivariable meta-regression was able to explain significant proportion of heterogeneity (R²=61.9%, p<0.001), with age and follow-up time non-linearly, directly and independently associated with occurrence of SCAF. Older age, higher CHA₂DS₂-VASc score, history of AF, hypertension, CHF, and stroke/TIA were all associated with SCAF occurrence.

CONCLUSIONS

In this systematic review and meta-regression analysis, SCAF was frequent among CIED recipients and was non-linearly associated with age and follow-up time. Older age, higher thromboembolic risk, and several cardiovascular comorbidities were associated with presence of SCAF.

Cardiac variables associated with atrial fibrillation occurrence and mortality in octogenarians implanted with dual chamber permanent pacemakers

BACKGROUND

There is a dearth of data on the predictors of atrial fibrillation (AF) and the association between AF and long-term mortality in octogenarians with dual-chamber permanent pacemakers (PPM). We investigate the occurrence of AF and whether it is associated with overall mortality among octogenarians with dual-chamber PPM implants.

METHODS

Three hundred and fifty-four patients with PPM implants were divided into two groups based on their long-term survival status. Baseline characteristics, laboratory variables, and echocardiographic variables were then compared between the groups, and independent predictors of the long-term incidence of AF and mortality were determined.

RESULTS

Multivariable Cox regression analysis performed after adjusting for the parameters in univariable analysis revealed that diabetes, urea levels, albumin levels, paced QRS duration, and the frequency of atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) were independently associated with a long-term risk of AF in octogenarians after having dual chamber PPMs implanted. The left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, left atrial (LA) anteroposterior diameter, and AHRE + AF (HR 1.498, 95%CI 1.003-2.237, p = 0.048) were independent risk factors for the long-term mortality in octogenarians receiving dual-chamber PPMs implants.

CONCLUSION

The occurrence of AF following dual-chamber PPM implantation is a significant prognostic factor in octogenarian patients.

The search for a gold standard to clinically diagnose and monitor atrial cardiomyopathy

Tufano A, Lancellotti P. "Atrial cardiomyopathy: Pathophysiology and clinical implications". Eur J Intern Med. 2022 Mar 11:S0953-6205(22)00097-8. doi: 10.1016/j.ejim.2022.03.007. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35288030.

Chronic Kidney Disease with Mild and Mild to Moderate Reduction in Renal Function and Long-Term Recurrences of Atrial Fibrillation after Pulmonary Vein Cryoballoon Ablation

The aim of this research was to evaluate if patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and mild or mild to moderate depression of renal function have an increased risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrences after cryoballoon (CB) ablation. We performed a retrospective analysis of AF patients undergoing pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) by CB. The cohort was divided according to the KDIGO CKD-EPI classification into a (1) normal, (2) mildly decreased, or (3) mild to moderate reduction in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Freedom from AF recurrences was the primary endpoint. A total of 1971 patients were included (60 ± 10 years, 29.0% females, 73.6% paroxysmal AF) in the study. Acute success and complication rates were 99.2% and 3.7%, respectively, with no significant differences among the three groups. After a follow-up of 24 months, AF recurrences were higher in the mildly and mild to moderate CKD groups compared to the normal kidney function group (23.4% vs. 28.3% vs. 33.5%, p < 0.05). Mild to moderate CKD was an independent predictor of AF recurrences after the blanking period (hazard ratio:1.38, 95% CI 1.02−1.86, p = 0.037). In conclusion, a multicenter analysis of AF patients treated with cryoablation revealed mild to moderate reductions in renal functions were associated with a higher risk of AF recurrences. Conversely, the procedural success and complication rates were similar in patients with normal, mildly reduced, or mild to moderate reduction in eGFR.

The Differential Prognostic Impact of Long-Duration Atrial High-Rate Episodes Detected by Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices between Patients with and without a History of Atrial Fibrillation

Long-duration atrial high-rate episodes (AHREs) monitored using cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) can predict long-term major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs). This study aimed to compare the impact of long-duration AHRE on MACE development between patients with and without a history of atrial fibrillation (AF). This single-center observational study included 132 CIED-implanted patients with AHREs detected via remote monitoring. The population was dichotomized into groups: with (n = 69) and without (n = 63) AF. In each group, cumulative incidences of MACEs comprising all-cause deaths, heart failure hospitalizations, strokes, and acute coronary syndromes were compared between patients with AHRE durations of ≥24 h and <24 h. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify predictors of MACEs among patients without AF. MACE incidence was significantly higher in patients with AHRE ≥24 h than in those with <24 h in the group without AF (92% vs. 30%, p = 0.005). MACE incidence did not significantly differ between AHRE ≥24 h and <24 h in the group with AF (54% vs. 26%, p = 0.44). After a multivariate adjustment, AHRE duration of ≥24 h emerged as the only independent predictor of MACEs among patients without AF (p = 0.03). In conclusion, a long-duration AHRE was prognostic in patients without a history of AF but not in patients with a history of AHREs.

How should I treat patients with subclinical atrial fibrillation and atrial high-rate episodes? Current evidence and clinical importance

Long-term and continuous ECG monitoring using cardiac implantable electronic devices and insertable cardiac monitors has improved the capability of detecting subclinical atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial high-rate episodes. Previous studies demonstrated a high prevalence (more than 20%) in patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices or insertable cardiac monitors. Subclinical AF and atrial high-rate episodes are often suspected as the cause of prior or potential future ischemic stroke. However, the clinical significance is still uncertain, and the evidence is limited. This review aims to present and discuss the current evidence on the clinical impact of subclinical AF and atrial high-rate episodes. It focuses particularly on the association between the duration of the episodes and major clinical outcomes like thromboembolic events. As subclinical AF and atrial high-rate episodes are presumed to be associated with ischemic strokes, detection will be particularly important in patients with cryptogenic stroke and in high-risk patients for thromboembolism. In this context, it is also interesting whether there is a temporal relationship between the detection of subclinical AF and atrial high-rate episodes and the occurrence of thromboembolic events. In addition, the review will examine the question whether there is a need for a therapy with oral anticoagulation.

Atrial High-Rate Episodes Detected by Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices: Dynamic Changes in Episodes and Predictors of Incident Atrial Fibrillation

Simple Summary

Atrial high rate episodes (AHRE) detected by cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) may be associated with a risk of progression towards long-lasting episodes (≥24 h) and clinical atrial fibrillation (AF). Identification of this subset of patients is key to promptly starting oral anticoagulant therapy and possibly avoiding stroke and systemic thromboembolism. In the present study, we describe the clinical characteristics of 104 retrospectively enrolled patients with AHRE episodes lasting 5 min–23 h 59 min, no AF at 12-lead ECG, and no history of prior clinical AF. Moreover, we define predictors of the composite outcome of clinical AF and/or AHRE episodes lasting ≥24 h. Over a median follow-up of 24.3 (10.6–40.3) months, 31/104 (29.8%) patients experienced the composite outcome. Baseline CHA₂DS₂-VASc score and the longest AHRE episode at enrollment lasting 12 h–23 h 59 min were independently associated with the composite outcome and with incident clinical AF as well. To conclude, in patients with AHRE, the incidence of clinical AF or AHRE episodes lasting ≥24 h is high. Baseline patients’ characteristics (CHA₂DS₂-VASc score) and AHRE duration may help to intensify monitoring and decision-making, being independently associated with clinical AF in a two-year follow-up.

Abstract

Background. Atrial high rate episodes (AHRE) detected by cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) may be associated with a risk of progression towards long-lasting episodes (≥24 h) and clinical atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods. Consecutive CIED patients presenting AHRE (with confirmation of an arrhythmia lasting 5 min–23 h 59 min, atrial rate ≥175/min, with no AF at 12-lead ECG and no prior clinical AF) were retrospectively enrolled. The aims of this study were to describe patients’ characteristics and the incidence of adverse events, and second, to identify potential predictors of the composite outcome of clinical AF and/or AHRE episodes lasting ≥24 h. Results. 104/107 (97.2%) patients (median age 79.7 (74.0–84.2), 33.7% female) had available follow-up data. Over a median follow-up of 24.3 (10.6–40.3) months, 31/104 (29.8%) patients experienced the composite outcome of clinical AF or AHRE episodes lasting ≥24 h. Baseline CHA₂DS₂-VASc score and the longest AHRE episode at enrollment lasting 12 h–23 h 59 min were independently associated with the composite outcome (Hazard ratio (HR); 95% CI: 1.40; 1.07–1.83 and HR: 8.15; 95% CI 2.32–28.65, respectively). Baseline CHA₂DS₂-VASc score and the longest AHRE episode at enrollment lasting 12 h–23 h 59 min were the only independent predictors of incident clinical AF (HR: 1.45; 95% CI 1.06–2.00 and HR: 4.25; 95% CI 1.05–17.20, respectively). Conclusions. In patients with AHRE, the incidence of clinical AF or AHRE episodes lasting ≥24 h is high in a two-year follow-up. Baseline patients’ characteristics (CHA₂DS₂-VASc score) and AHRE duration may help to intensify monitoring and decision-making, being independently associated with clinical AF at follow-up.

Comparing Outcomes in Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 81,462 Patients

BACKGROUND

In atrial fibrillation (AF) patients, the presence of symptoms can guide the decision between rate or rhythm control therapy, but it is still unclear if AF-related outcomes are determined by symptomatic status of their clinical presentation.

METHODS

We performed a systematic review and metanalysis following the PRISMA recommendations on available studies that compared asymptomatic to symptomatic AF reporting data on all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death, and thromboembolic events (TEs). We included studies with a total number of patients enrolled equal to or greater than 200, with a minimum follow-up period of six months.

RESULTS

From the initial 5476 results retrieved after duplicates' removal, a total of 10 studies were selected. Overall, 81,462 patients were included, of which 21,007 (26%) were asymptomatic, while 60,455 (74%) were symptomatic. No differences were found between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients regarding the risks of all-cause death (odds ratio (OR) 1.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.81-1.32), and cardiovascular death (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.54-1.39). No differences between symptomatic and asymptomatic groups were evident for stroke (OR 1.22, 95% CI 0.77-1.93) and stroke/TE (OR 1.06, 95% CI 0.86-1.31) risks.

CONCLUSIONS

Mortality and stroke/TE events in AF patients were unrelated to symptomatic status of their clinical presentation. Adoption of management strategies in AF patients should not be based on symptomatic clinical status.