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Lawal MM, Sanusi ZK, Govender T, Maguire GE, Honarparvar B, Kruger HG. From Recognition to Reaction Mechanism: An Overview on the Interactions between HIV-1 Protease and its Natural Targets. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:2514-2549. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181113122900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Current investigations on the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease (HIV-1
PR) as a druggable target towards the treatment of AIDS require an update to facilitate further
development of promising inhibitors with improved inhibitory activities. For the past two
decades, up to 100 scholarly reports appeared annually on the inhibition and catalytic mechanism
of HIV-1 PR. A fundamental literature review on the prerequisite of HIV-1 PR action
leading to the release of the infectious virion is absent. Herein, recent advances (both computationally
and experimentally) on the recognition mode and reaction mechanism of HIV-1 PR
involving its natural targets are provided. This review features more than 80 articles from
reputable journals. Recognition of the natural Gag and Gag-Pol cleavage junctions by this
enzyme and its mutant analogs was first addressed. Thereafter, a comprehensive dissect of
the enzymatic mechanism of HIV-1 PR on its natural polypeptide sequences from literature
was put together. In addition, we highlighted ongoing research topics in which in silico
methods could be harnessed to provide deeper insights into the catalytic mechanism of the
HIV-1 protease in the presence of its natural substrates at the molecular level. Understanding
the recognition and catalytic mechanism of HIV-1 PR leading to the release of an infective
virion, which advertently affects the immune system, will assist in designing mechanismbased
inhibitors with improved bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monsurat M. Lawal
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Zainab K. Sanusi
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Glenn E.M. Maguire
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Bahareh Honarparvar
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
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Sanusi ZK, Govender T, Maguire GEM, Maseko SB, Lin J, Kruger HG, Honarparvar B. An insight to the molecular interactions of the FDA approved HIV PR drugs against L38L↑N↑L PR mutant. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2018; 32:459-471. [PMID: 29397520 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-018-0099-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The aspartate protease of the human immune deficiency type-1 virus (HIV-1) has become a crucial antiviral target in which many useful antiretroviral inhibitors have been developed. However, it seems the emergence of new HIV-1 PR mutations enhances drug resistance, hence, the available FDA approved drugs show less activity towards the protease. A mutation and insertion designated L38L↑N↑L PR was recently reported from subtype of C-SA HIV-1. An integrated two-layered ONIOM (QM:MM) method was employed in this study to examine the binding affinities of the nine HIV PR inhibitors against this mutant. The computed binding free energies as well as experimental data revealed a reduced inhibitory activity towards the L38L↑N↑L PR in comparison with subtype C-SA HIV-1 PR. This observation suggests that the insertion and mutations significantly affect the binding affinities or characteristics of the HIV PIs and/or parent PR. The same trend for the computational binding free energies was observed for eight of the nine inhibitors with respect to the experimental binding free energies. The outcome of this study shows that ONIOM method can be used as a reliable computational approach to rationalize lead compounds against specific targets. The nature of the intermolecular interactions in terms of the host-guest hydrogen bond interactions is discussed using the atoms in molecules (AIM) analysis. Natural bond orbital analysis was also used to determine the extent of charge transfer between the QM region of the L38L↑N↑L PR enzyme and FDA approved drugs. AIM analysis showed that the interaction between the QM region of the L38L↑N↑L PR and FDA approved drugs are electrostatic dominant, the bond stability computed from the NBO analysis supports the results from the AIM application. Future studies will focus on the improvement of the computational model by considering explicit water molecules in the active pocket. We believe that this approach has the potential to provide information that will aid in the design of much improved HIV-1 PR antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zainab K Sanusi
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Glenn E M Maguire
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Sibusiso B Maseko
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Johnson Lin
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
| | - Bahareh Honarparvar
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
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Kapewangolo P, Kandawa-Schulz M, Meyer D. Anti-HIV Activity of Ocimum labiatum Extract and Isolated Pheophytin-a. Molecules 2017; 22:E1763. [PMID: 29113139 PMCID: PMC6150305 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ocimum plants are traditionally used to manage HIV/AIDS in various African countries. The effects of Ocimum labiatum extract on HIV-1 protease (PR) and reverse transcriptase (RT) is presented here along with characterization of an identified bioactive compound, achieved through ¹H- and 13C-NMR. The extract's effect on HIV-1 replication was assessed by HIV-1 p24 antigen capture. Cytotoxicity of samples was evaluated using tetrazolium dyes and real-time cell electronic sensing (RT-CES). Ocimum labiatum inhibited HIV-1 PR with an IC50 value of 49.8 ± 0.4 μg/mL and presented weak inhibition (21%) against HIV-1 RT. The extract also reduced HIV-1 replication in U1 cells at a non-cytotoxic concentration (25 μg/mL). The CC50 value of the extract in U1 cells was 42.0 ± 0.13 μg/mL. The HIV-1 PR inhibiting fraction was purified using prep-HPLC and yielded a chlorophyll derivative, pheophytin-a (phy-a). Phy-a inhibited HIV-1 PR with an IC50 value of 44.4 ± 1.5 μg/mL (51 ± 1.7 μM). The low cytotoxicity of phy-a in TZM-bl cells was detected by RT-CES and the CC50 value in U1 cells was 51.3 ± 1.0 μg/mL (58.9 ± 1.2 μM). This study provides the first in vitro evidence of anti-HIV activity of O. labiatum and isolated phy-a, supporting further investigation of O. labiatum for lead compounds against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petrina Kapewangolo
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Namibia, P/Bag 13301, Windhoek 9000, Namibia.
| | - Martha Kandawa-Schulz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Namibia, P/Bag 13301, Windhoek 9000, Namibia.
| | - Debra Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa.
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa.
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Ghosh AK, Osswald HL, Prato G. Recent Progress in the Development of HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors for the Treatment of HIV/AIDS. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5172-208. [PMID: 26799988 PMCID: PMC5598487 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 274] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
HIV-1 protease inhibitors continue to play an important role in the treatment of HIV/AIDS, transforming this deadly ailment into a more manageable chronic infection. Over the years, intensive research has led to a variety of approved protease inhibitors for the treatment of HIV/AIDS. In this review, we outline current drug design and medicinal chemistry efforts toward the development of next-generation protease inhibitors beyond the currently approved drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K. Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Heather L. Osswald
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Gary Prato
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907
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Lockhat HA, Silva JRA, Alves CN, Govender T, Lameira J, Maguire GEM, Sayed Y, Kruger HG. Binding Free Energy Calculations of Nine FDA-approved Protease Inhibitors Against HIV-1 Subtype C I36T↑T Containing 100 Amino Acids Per Monomer. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 87:487-98. [PMID: 26613568 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In this work, have investigated the binding affinities of nine FDA-approved protease inhibitor drugs against a new HIV-1 subtype C mutated protease, I36T↑T. Without an X-ray crystal structure, homology modelling was used to generate a three-dimensional model of the protease. This and the inhibitor models were employed to generate the inhibitor/I36T↑T complexes, with the relative positions of the inhibitors being superimposed and aligned using the X-ray crystal structures of the inhibitors/HIV-1 subtype B complexes as a reference. Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out on the complexes to calculate the average binding free energies for each inhibitor using the molecular mechanics generalized Born surface area (MM-GBSA) method. When compared to the binding free energies of the HIV-1 subtype B and subtype C proteases (calculated previously by our group using the same method), it was clear that the I36T↑T proteases mutations and insertion had a significant negative effect on the binding energies of the non-pepditic inhibitors nelfinavir, darunavir and tipranavir. On the other hand, ritonavir, amprenavir and indinavir show improved calculated binding energies in comparison with the corresponding data for wild-type C-SA protease. The computational model used in this study can be used to investigate new mutations of the HIV protease and help in establishing effective HIV drug regimes and may also aid in future protease drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husain A Lockhat
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - José R A Silva
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, CP 11101, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Cláudio N Alves
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, CP 11101, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Jerônimo Lameira
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, CP 11101, Belém, PA, 66075-110, Brazil
| | - Glenn E M Maguire
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa.,School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
| | - Yasien Sayed
- Protein Structure-Function Research Unit, School of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of the Witwatersrand, Wits, 2050, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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Honarparvar B, Pawar SA, Alves CN, Lameira J, Maguire GE, Silva JRA, Govender T, Kruger HG. Pentacycloundecane lactam vs lactone norstatine type protease HIV inhibitors: binding energy calculations and DFT study. J Biomed Sci 2015; 22:15. [PMID: 25889635 PMCID: PMC4387594 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-015-0115-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Novel pentacycloundecane (PCU)-lactone-CO-EAIS peptide inhibitors were designed, synthesized, and evaluated against wild-type C-South African (C-SA) HIV-1 protease. Three compounds are reported herein, two of which displayed IC50 values of less than 1.00 μM. A comparative MM-PB(GB)SA binding free energy of solvation values of PCU-lactam and lactone models and their enantiomers as well as the PCU-lactam-NH-EAIS and lactone-CO-EAIS peptide inhibitors and their corresponding diastereomers complexed with South African HIV protease (C-SA) was performed. This will enable us to rationalize the considerable difference between inhibitory concentration (IC50) of PCU-lactam-NH-EAIS and PCU-lactone-CO-EAIS peptides. Results The PCU-lactam model exhibited more negative calculated binding free energies of solvation than the PCU-lactone model. The same trend was observed for the PCU-peptide inhibitors, which correspond to the experimental activities for the PCU-lactam-NH-EAIS peptide (IC50 = 0.076 μM) and the PCU-lactone-CO-EAIS peptide inhibitors (IC50 = 0.850 μM). Furthermore, a density functional theory (DFT) study on the natural atomic charges of the nitrogen and oxygen atoms of the three PCU-lactam, PCU-lactim and PCU-lactone models were performed using natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. Electrostatic potential maps were also used to visualize the electron density around electron-rich regions. The asymmetry parameter (η) and quadrupole coupling constant (χ) values of the nitrogen and oxygen nuclei of the model compounds were calculated at the same level of theory. Electronic molecular properties including polarizability and electric dipole moments were also calculated and compared. The Gibbs theoretical free solvation energies of solvation (∆Gsolv) were also considered. Conclusions A general trend is observed that the lactam species appears to have a larger negative charge distribution around the heteroatoms, larger quadrupole constant, dipole moment and better solvation energy, in comparison to the PCU-lactone model. It can be argued that these characteristics will ensure better eletronic interaction between the lactam and the receptor, corresponding to the observed HIV protease activities in terms of experimental IC50 data. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12929-015-0115-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Honarparvar
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa.
| | - Sachin A Pawar
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa.
| | - Cláudio Nahum Alves
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, CP 11101, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - Jerônimo Lameira
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, CP 11101, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - Glenn Em Maguire
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa.
| | - José Rogério A Silva
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, CP 11101, 66075-110, Belém, PA, Brazil.
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa.
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa.
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Crisma M, De Zotti M, Formaggio F, Peggion C, Moretto A, Toniolo C. Handedness preference and switching of peptide helices. Part II: Helices based on noncodedα-amino acids. J Pept Sci 2015; 21:148-77. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta De Zotti
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Fernando Formaggio
- ICB; Padova Unit; CNR Padova Italy
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Moretto
- ICB; Padova Unit; CNR Padova Italy
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; Padova Italy
| | - Claudio Toniolo
- ICB; Padova Unit; CNR Padova Italy
- Department of Chemistry; University of Padova; Padova Italy
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8
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Ahmed SM, Maguire GEM, Kruger HG, Govender T. The impact of active site mutations of South African HIV PR on drug resistance: Insight from molecular dynamics simulations, binding free energy and per-residue footprints. Chem Biol Drug Des 2015; 83:472-81. [PMID: 24267738 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dynamics simulations and binding free energy calculations were used to provide an understanding of the impact of active site drug-resistant mutations of the South African HIV protease subtype C (C-SA HIV PR), V82A and V82F/I84V on drug resistance. Unique per-residue interaction energy 'footprints' were developed to map the overall drug-binding profiles for the wild type and mutants. Results confirmed that these mutations altered the overall binding landscape of the amino acid residues not only in the active site region but also in the flaps as well. Four FDA-approved drugs were investigated in this study; these include ritonavir (RTV), saquinavir (SQV), indinavir (IDV), and nelfinavir (NFV). Computational results compared against experimental findings were found to be complementary. Against the V82F/I84V variant, saquinavir, indinavir, and nelfinavir lose remarkable entropic contributions relative to both wild-type and V82A C-SA HIV PRs. The per-residue energy 'footprints' and the analysis of ligand-receptor interactions for the drug complexes with the wild type and mutants have also highlighted the nature of drug interactions. The data presented in this study will prove useful in the design of more potent inhibitors effective against drug-resistant HIV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaimaa M Ahmed
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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9
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Mashamba-Thompson T, Soliman MES. Insight into the binding theme of CA-074Me to cathepsin B: molecular dynamics simulations and scaffold hopping to identify potential analogues as anti-neurodegenerative diseases. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-1145-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Recent patents and emerging therapeutics for HIV infections: a focus on protease inhibitors. Pharm Pat Anal 2014; 2:513-38. [PMID: 24237127 DOI: 10.4155/ppa.13.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The inclusion of protease inhibitors (PIs) in highly active antiretroviral therapy has significantly improved clinical outcomes in HIV-1-infected patients. To date, PIs are considered to be the most important therapeutic agents for the treatment of HIV infections. Despite high anti-HIV-1 potency, poor oral bioavailability of PIs has been a major concern. For achieving therapeutic concentrations, large doses of PIs are administered, which results in unacceptable systemic toxicities. Such severe and long-term toxicities necessitate the development of safer and potentially promising PIs. Recently, considerable attention has been paid to the development of newer compounds capable of inhibiting wild-type and resistant HIV-1 protease. Some of these PIs have displayed potent HIV-1 protease inhibitory activity. In this review, we have made an attempt to provide an overview on clinically approved and newly developing PIs, and related recent patents in the development of novel PIs.
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11
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Wałęsa R, Broda MA. Solvent effects on the conformational preferences of model peptoids. MP2 study. J Pept Sci 2014; 20:203-11. [PMID: 24520015 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The influence of aqueous environment on the main-chain conformation (ω0 , ϕ, and ψ dihedral angles) of two model peptoids: N-acetyl-N-methylglycine N'-methylamide (Ac-N(Me)-Gly-NHMe) (1) and N-acetyl-N-methylglycine N',N'-dimethylamide (Ac-N(Me)-Gly-NMe₂) (2) was investigated by MP2/6-311++G(d,p) method. The Ramachandran maps of both studied molecules with cis and trans configuration of the N-terminal amide bond in the gas phase and in water environment were obtained and all energy minima localized. The polarizable continuum model was applied to estimate the solvation effect on conformation. Energy minima of the Ac-N(Me)-Gly-NHMe and Ac-N(Me)-Gly-NMe₂ have been analyzed in terms of the possible hydrogen bonds and C = O dipole attraction. To validate the theoretical results obtained, conformations of the similar structures gathered in the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre were analyzed. Obtained results indicate that aqueous environment in model peptoids 1 and 2 favors the conformation F (ϕ and ψ = -70º, 180º), and additionally significantly increases the percentage of structures with cis configuration of N-terminal amide bond in studied compounds.
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12
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Identification of irreversible protein splicing inhibitors as potential anti-TB drugs: insight from hybrid non-covalent/covalent docking virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulations. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0822-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Honarparvar B, Govender T, Maguire GEM, Soliman MES, Kruger HG. Integrated Approach to Structure-Based Enzymatic Drug Design: Molecular Modeling, Spectroscopy, and Experimental Bioactivity. Chem Rev 2013; 114:493-537. [DOI: 10.1021/cr300314q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Honarparvar
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and ‡School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and ‡School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Glenn E. M. Maguire
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and ‡School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud E. S. Soliman
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and ‡School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Kruger
- Catalysis
and Peptide Research Unit and ‡School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
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14
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Camps P, Gómez T, Monasterolo C. An Entry to Functionalized 2,8-Ethanonoradamantane Derivatives. J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/jo302398c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pelayo Camps
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat
Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia and Institut de Biomedicina
(IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal
643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tània Gómez
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat
Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia and Institut de Biomedicina
(IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal
643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudio Monasterolo
- Laboratori de Química Farmacèutica (Unitat
Associada al CSIC), Facultat de Farmàcia and Institut de Biomedicina
(IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal
643, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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