1
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Maruta H, He H. Rapamycin vs TORin-1 or Gleevec vs Nilotinib: Simple chemical evolution that converts PAK1-blockers to TOR-blockers or vice versa? Drug Discov Ther 2024; 18:134-139. [PMID: 38569833 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2023.01097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Both PAK1 (RAC/CDC42-activating kinase 1) and TOR (Target of Rapamycin) are among the major oncogenic/ageing kinases. However, they play the opposite role in our immune system, namely immune system is suppressed by PAK1, while it requires TOR. Thus, PAK1-blockers, would be more effective for therapy of cancers, than TOR-blockers. Since 2015 when we discovered genetically that PDGF-induced melanogenesis depends on "PAK1", we are able to screening a series of PAK1-blockers as melanogenesis-inhibitors which could eventually promote longevity. Interestingly, rapamycin, the first TOR-inhibitor, promotes melanogenesis, clearly indicating that TOR suppresses melanogenesis. However, a new TOR-inhibitor called TORin-1 no longer suppresses immune system, and blocks melanogenesis in cell culture. These observations strongly indicate that TORin-1 acts as PAK1-blockers, instead of TOR-blockers, in vivo. Thus, it is most likely that melanogenesis in cell culture could enable us to discriminate PAK1-blockers from TORblockers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong He
- Melbourne University Hospital (Austin Health), Melbourne, Australia
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2
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AbdelSamad AL, El-Saadi MT, Gouda AM, AboulMagd AM. Pyrrolizine/indolizine-bearing (un)substituted isoindole moiety: design, synthesis, antiproliferative and MDR reversal activities, and in silico studies. RSC Adv 2023; 13:30753-30770. [PMID: 37869384 PMCID: PMC10587743 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05310e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new series of pyrrolizine/indolizine derivative-bearing (un)substituted isoindole moiety were designed and synthesized. The anticancer potential of the new compounds was evaluated against hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG-2), colorectal carcinoma, colon cancer (HCT-116), and breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines. Compounds 6d and 6o were the most potent derivatives with IC50 values ranging from 6.02 to 13.87 μM against HePG-2, HCT-116, and MCF-7 cell lines. Moreover, methyl analog of the fluoro-substituted indolizine derivative 6m revealed significant antiproliferative activity against HePG-2, HCT-116, and MCF-7 cancer cell lines with IC50 values of 11.97, 28.37, and 19.87 μM, respectively. The most active anticancer analogs, 6d, 6m, and 6o, were inspected for their putative mechanism of action by estimating their epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK 2) inhibitory activities. Thus, compound 6o displayed the most inhibitory activity against EGFR and CDK 2 with IC50 values of 62 and 118 nM, respectively. Additionally, the quantitative real-time PCR analysis for the P-glycoprotein effect of compounds 6d, 6m, and 6o was performed, in which compound 6o illustrated significant down-regulation of P-gp against the HepG-2 cell line by 0.2732 fold. Mechanistic studies for the most active compounds involving the reversal doxorubicin (DOX) effect of compounds 6d, 6m, and 6o were performed, which illustrated cytotoxic activity with IC50 22.27, 3.88, and 8.79 μM, respectively. Moreover, the apoptotic activity of the most active derivative 6o on HCT-116 cancer cells showed accumulation in the G1 and S phases of the cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr L AbdelSamad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University in Beni-Suef (NUB) Beni-Suef 62513 Egypt
| | - Mohammed T El-Saadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef 62514 Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sinai University-Kantra Branch Ismailia Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Gouda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University Beni-Suef 62514 Egypt
| | - Asmaa M AboulMagd
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University in Beni-Suef (NUB) Beni-Suef 62513 Egypt
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3
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Raghav PK, Mann Z, Ahluwalia SK, Rajalingam R. Potential treatments of COVID-19: Drug repurposing and therapeutic interventions. J Pharmacol Sci 2023; 152:1-21. [PMID: 37059487 PMCID: PMC9930377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The infection is caused when Spike-protein (S-protein) present on the surface of SARS-CoV-2 interacts with human cell surface receptor, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This binding facilitates SARS-CoV-2 genome entry into the human cells, which in turn causes infection. Since the beginning of the pandemic, many different therapies have been developed to combat COVID-19, including treatment and prevention. This review is focused on the currently adapted and certain other potential therapies for COVID-19 treatment, which include drug repurposing, vaccines and drug-free therapies. The efficacy of various treatment options is constantly being tested through clinical trials and in vivo studies before they are made medically available to the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar Raghav
- Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | | | - Simran Kaur Ahluwalia
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Sector-125, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raja Rajalingam
- Immunogenetics and Transplantation Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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4
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Arung ET, Syafrizal, Kusuma IW, Paramita S, Amen Y, Kim YU, Naibaho NM, Ramadhan R, Ariyanta HA, Fatriasari W, Shimizu K. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-acne activities of stingless bee (Tetragonula biroi) propolis. Fitoterapia 2023; 164:105375. [PMID: 36511341 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We collected stingless bee propolis Tetragonula biroi in order to find materials for medicine and cosmetics applications from tropical rainforest resources. Even though this bee has some biological functions including a cancer cell line, hair growth promotion, asthma remedy, α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition, and antiviral action, the investigation on anti-acne has not been reported yet. This study was to focus on propolis Tetragonula biroi extracts and leads us to isolate active compounds for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-acne. We used methanol to obtain the extract from this propolis and assayed it with antioxidants, anti-inflammation, and anti-acne. The extract showed strong activity in antioxidants by DPPH radical scavenging activity (82.31% in 6.25 μg/ml). Via a column chromatography and Reveleris PREP purification system, we isolated 3'-O-methyldiplacone, nymphaeol A, and 5,7,3',4'-tetrahydroxy-6-geranyl flavonol. These compounds showed potential biological activity with IC50 for antioxidant 6.33, 15.49, 17.32 μM; and antiinflammatory 121.54, 121.20, 117.31 μM. The isolated compounds showed anti-acne properties with properties 0.00, 14.11, and 13.78 mm for the inhibition zone (at a concentration of 1 μg/well), respectively. The results indicated that the propolis extract of Tetragonula biroi has the potential to be developed as a cosmetic agent; however, further work needs to be done to clarify its application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enos Tangke Arung
- Laboratory of Forest Product Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia; Research Center for Medicine and Cosmetic from Tropical Rainforest Resources, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia; Research Collaboration Center for Biomass-Based Nano Cosmetics, in Collaboration with Mulawarman University and BRIN, Samarinda, East Kalimantan 75119, Indonesia.
| | - Syafrizal
- Mathematics and Science Faculty, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia
| | - Irawan Wijaya Kusuma
- Laboratory of Forest Product Chemistry, Faculty of Forestry, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia; Research Center for Medicine and Cosmetic from Tropical Rainforest Resources, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia
| | - Swandari Paramita
- Research Center for Medicine and Cosmetic from Tropical Rainforest Resources, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia; Faculty of Medicine, Mulawarman University, Samarinda, Indonesia
| | - Yhiya Amen
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Yong-Ung Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Daegu Haany University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
| | - Netty Maria Naibaho
- Department of Plantation Processing Technology, State Agricultural Polytechnic of Samarinda, Jl. Samratulangi PO Box 75131, Samarinda, Indonesia
| | - Rico Ramadhan
- Division for Exploration and Synthesis of Bioactive Compounds, CoE-University Research Center for Bio-Molecule Engineering, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Harits Atika Ariyanta
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16911, Indonesia; Research Collaboration Center for Biomass-Based Nano Cosmetics, in Collaboration with Mulawarman University and BRIN, Samarinda, East Kalimantan 75119, Indonesia; Department of Pharmacy, University of Gunadarma, Depok, Indonesia
| | - Widya Fatriasari
- Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency, Bogor 16911, Indonesia; Research Collaboration Center for Biomass-Based Nano Cosmetics, in Collaboration with Mulawarman University and BRIN, Samarinda, East Kalimantan 75119, Indonesia
| | - Kuniyoshi Shimizu
- Department of Agro-Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Kyushu University Institute for Asian and Oceanian Studies, Fukuoka, Japan.
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5
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Synthetic transformations of sesquiterpene lactones. Controllable synthesis of 11,13-dihydroisoalantolactone azides and 13-(1,2,3-triazolyl)eudesmanolides based on sesquiterpene lactones. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-03030-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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6
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p21-Activated kinase 1 (PAK1) in aging and longevity: An overview. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 71:101443. [PMID: 34390849 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The p21-activated kinases (PAKs) belong to serine/threonine kinases family, regulated by ∼21 kDa small signaling G proteins RAC1 and CDC42. The mammalian PAK family comprises six members (PAK1-6) that are classified into two groups (I and II) based on their domain architecture and regulatory mechanisms. PAKs are implicated in a wide range of cellular functions. PAK1 has recently attracted increasing attention owing to its involvement in oncogenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis as well as several life-limiting diseases and pathological conditions. In Caenorhabditis elegans, PAK1 functions limit the lifespan under basal conditions by inhibiting forkhead transcription factor DAF-16. Interestingly, PAK depletion extended longevity and attenuated the onset of age-related phenotypes in a premature-aging mouse model and delayed senescence in mammalian fibroblasts. These observations implicate PAKs as not only oncogenic but also aging kinases. Therefore, PAK-targeting genetic and/or pharmacological interventions, particularly PAK1-targeting, could be a viable strategy for developing cancer therapies with relatively no side effects and promoting healthy longevity. This review describes PAK family proteins, their biological functions, and their role in regulating aging and longevity using C. elegans. Moreover, we discuss the effect of small-molecule PAK1 inhibitors on the lifespan and healthspan of C. elegans.
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7
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Shahinozzaman M, Ahmed S, Emran R, Tawata S. Molecular modelling approaches predicted 1,2,3-triazolyl ester of ketorolac (15K) to be a novel allosteric modulator of the oncogenic kinase PAK1. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17471. [PMID: 34471161 PMCID: PMC8410820 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96817-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
P21-activated kinases (PAKs) are serine/threonine protein kinase which have six different isoforms (PAK1-6). Of those, PAK1 is overexpressed in many cancers and considered to be a major chemotherapeutic target. Most of the developed PAK1 inhibitor drugs work as pan-PAK inhibitors and show undesirable toxicity due to having untargeted kinase inhibition activities. Selective PAK1 inhibitors are therefore highly desired and oncogenic drug hunters are trying to develop allosteric PAK1 inhibitors. We previously synthesized 1,2,3-triazolyl ester of ketorolac (15K) through click chemistry technique, which exhibits significant anti-cancer effects via inhibiting PAK1. Based on the selective anticancer effects of 15K against PAK1-dependent cancer cells, we hypothesize that it may act as an allosteric PAK1 inhibitor. In this study, computational analysis was done with 15K to explore its quantum chemical and thermodynamic properties, molecular interactions and binding stability with PAK1, physicochemical properties, ADMET, bioactivities, and druglikeness features. Molecular docking analysis demonstrates 15K as a potent allosteric ligand that strongly binds to a novel allosteric site of PAK1 (binding energy ranges - 8.6 to - 9.2 kcal/mol) and does not target other PAK isoforms; even 15K shows better interactions than another synthesized PAK1 inhibitor. Molecular dynamics simulation clearly supports the stable binding properties of 15K with PAK1 crystal. Density functional theory-based calculations reveal that it can be an active drug with high softness and moderate polarity, and ADMET predictions categorize it as a non-toxic drug as evidenced by in vitro studies with brine shrimp and fibroblast cells. Structure-activity relationship clarifies the role of ester bond and triazol moiety of 15K in establishing novel allosteric interactions. Our results summarize that 15K selectively inhibits PAK1 as an allosteric inhibitor and in turn shows anticancer effects without toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahinozzaman
- PAK Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan.
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - Sinthyia Ahmed
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, The Red-Green Research Center, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashiduzzaman Emran
- Bioscience and Bioinformatics Research Center (BBRC), 5/2, Shehora, Dhaka Road, Mymensingh, 2200, Bangladesh
- Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE), Khamarbari, Farmgate, Dhaka, 1215, Bangladesh
| | - Shinkichi Tawata
- PAK Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa, 903-0213, Japan.
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8
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In Silico Approach Using Free Software to Optimize the Antiproliferative Activity and Predict the Potential Mechanism of Action of Pyrrolizine-Based Schiff Bases. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134002. [PMID: 34209011 PMCID: PMC8271847 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, a simple in silico approach using free software was used with the experimental studies to optimize the antiproliferative activity and predict the potential mechanism of action of pyrrolizine-based Schiff bases. A compound library of 288 Schiff bases was designed based on compound 10, and a pharmacophore search was performed. Structural analysis of the top scoring hits and a docking study were used to select the best derivatives for the synthesis. Chemical synthesis and structural elucidation of compounds 16a–h were discussed. The antiproliferative activity of 16a–h was evaluated against three cancer (MCF7, A2780 and HT29, IC50 = 0.01–40.50 μM) and one normal MRC5 (IC50 = 1.27–24.06 μM) cell lines using the MTT assay. The results revealed the highest antiproliferative activity against MCF7 cells for 16g (IC50 = 0.01 μM) with an exceptionally high selectivity index of (SI = 578). Cell cycle analysis of MCF7 cells treated with compound 16g revealed a cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase. In addition, compound 16g induced a dose-dependent increase in apoptotic events in MCF7 cells compared to the control. In silico target prediction of compound 16g showed six potential targets that could mediate these activities. Molecular docking analysis of compound 16g revealed high binding affinities toward COX-2, MAP P38α, EGFR, and CDK2. The results of the MD simulation revealed low RMSD values and high negative binding free energies for the two complexes formed between compound 16g with EGFR, and CDK2, while COX-2 was in the third order. These results highlighted a great potentiality for 16g to inhibit both CDK2 and EGFR. Taken together, the results mentioned above highlighted compound 16g as a potential anticancer agent.
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9
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Liang T, Sun X, Li W, Hou G, Gao F. 1,2,3-Triazole-Containing Compounds as Anti-Lung Cancer Agents: Current Developments, Mechanisms of Action, and Structure-Activity Relationship. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:661173. [PMID: 34177578 PMCID: PMC8226129 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.661173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the most common malignancy and leads to around one-quarter of all cancer deaths. Great advances have been achieved in the treatment of lung cancer with novel anticancer agents and improved technology. However, morbidity and mortality rates remain extremely high, calling for an urgent need to develop novel anti-lung cancer agents. 1,2,3-Triazole could be readily interact with diverse enzymes and receptors in organisms through weak interaction. 1,2,3-Triazole can not only be acted as a linker to tether different pharmacophores but also serve as a pharmacophore. This review aims to summarize the recent advances in 1,2,3-triazole-containing compounds with anti-lung cancer potential, and their structure-activity relationship (SAR) together with mechanisms of action is also discussed to pave the way for the further rational development of novel anti-lung cancer candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Biomedical Isotope Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xiangyang Sun
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Wenhong Li
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Guihua Hou
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Biomedical Isotope Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Biomedical Isotope Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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10
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Hassanzadeh P. The significance of bioengineered nanoplatforms against SARS-CoV-2: From detection to genome editing. Life Sci 2021; 274:119289. [PMID: 33676931 PMCID: PMC7930743 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 outbreak can impose serious negative impacts on the infrastructures of societies including the healthcare systems. Despite the increasing research efforts, false positive or negative results that may be associated with serologic or even RT-PCR tests, inappropriate or variable immune response, and high rates of mutations in coronavirus may negatively affect virus detection process and effectiveness of the vaccines or drugs in development. Nanotechnology-based research attempts via developing state-of-the-art techniques such as nanomechatronics ones and advanced materials including the sensors for detecting the pathogen loads at very low concentrations or site-specific delivery of therapeutics, and real-time protections against the pandemic outbreaks by nanorobots can provide outstanding biomedical breakthroughs. Considering the unique characteristics of pathogens particularly the newly-emerged ones and avoiding the exaggerated optimism or simplistic views on the prophylactic and therapeutic approaches including the one-size-fits-all ones or presenting multiple medications that may be associated with synergistic toxicities rather than enhanced efficiencies might pave the way towards the development of more appropriate treatment strategies with reduced safety concerns. This paper highlights the significance of nanoplatforms against the viral disorders and their capabilities of genome editing that may facilitate taking more appropriate measures against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parichehr Hassanzadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran.
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11
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Hassanzadeh P. Nanotheranostics against COVID-19: From multivalent to immune-targeted materials. J Control Release 2020; 328:112-126. [PMID: 32882269 PMCID: PMC7457914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Destructive impacts of COVID-19 pandemic worldwide necessitates taking more appropriate measures for mitigating virus spread and development of the effective theranostic agents. In general, high heterogeneity of viruses is a major challenging issue towards the development of effective antiviral agents. Regarding the coronavirus, its high mutation rates can negatively affect virus detection process or the efficiency of drugs and vaccines in development or induce drug resistance. Bioengineered nanomaterials with suitable physicochemical characteristics for site-specific therapeutic delivery, highly-sensitive nanobiosensors for detection of very low virus concentration, and real-time protections using the nanorobots can provide roadmaps towards the imminent breakthroughs in theranostics of a variety of diseases including the COVID-19. Besides revolutionizing the classical disinfection procedures, state-of-the-art nanotechnology-based approaches enable providing the analytical tools for accelerated monitoring of coronavirus and associated biomarkers or drug delivery towards the pulmonary system or other affected organs. Multivalent nanomaterials capable of interaction with multivalent pathogens including the viruses could be suitable candidates for viral detection and prevention of further infections. Besides the inactivation or destruction of the virus, functionalized nanoparticles capable of modulating patient's immune response might be of great significance for attenuating the exaggerated inflammatory reactions or development of the effective nanovaccines and medications against the virus pandemics including the COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parichehr Hassanzadeh
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 13169-43551, Iran.
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12
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Uddin M, Mustafa F, Rizvi TA, Loney T, Al Suwaidi H, Al-Marzouqi AHH, Kamal Eldin A, Alsabeeha N, Adrian TE, Stefanini C, Nowotny N, Alsheikh-Ali A, Senok AC. SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19: Viral Genomics, Epidemiology, Vaccines, and Therapeutic Interventions. Viruses 2020; 12:E526. [PMID: 32397688 PMCID: PMC7290442 DOI: 10.3390/v12050526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is due to infection caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus that impacts the lower respiratory tract. The spectrum of symptoms ranges from asymptomatic infections to mild respiratory symptoms to the lethal form of COVID-19 which is associated with severe pneumonia, acute respiratory distress, and fatality. To address this global crisis, up-to-date information on viral genomics and transcriptomics is crucial for understanding the origins and global dispersion of the virus, providing insights into viral pathogenicity, transmission, and epidemiology, and enabling strategies for therapeutic interventions, drug discovery, and vaccine development. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive overview of COVID-19 epidemiology, genomic etiology, findings from recent transcriptomic map analysis, viral-human protein interactions, molecular diagnostics, and the current status of vaccine and novel therapeutic intervention development. Moreover, we provide an extensive list of resources that will help the scientific community access numerous types of databases related to SARS-CoV-2 OMICs and approaches to therapeutics related to COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Uddin
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE; (M.U.); (T.L.); (H.A.S.); (T.E.A.); (N.N.)
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Farah Mustafa
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE; (F.M.); (A.H.H.A.-M.)
| | - Tahir A. Rizvi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE;
| | - Tom Loney
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE; (M.U.); (T.L.); (H.A.S.); (T.E.A.); (N.N.)
| | - Hanan Al Suwaidi
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE; (M.U.); (T.L.); (H.A.S.); (T.E.A.); (N.N.)
| | - Ahmed H. Hassan Al-Marzouqi
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE; (F.M.); (A.H.H.A.-M.)
| | - Afaf Kamal Eldin
- Department of Food, Nutrition and Health, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE;
| | | | - Thomas E. Adrian
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE; (M.U.); (T.L.); (H.A.S.); (T.E.A.); (N.N.)
| | - Cesare Stefanini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE;
| | - Norbert Nowotny
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE; (M.U.); (T.L.); (H.A.S.); (T.E.A.); (N.N.)
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-Borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alawi Alsheikh-Ali
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE; (M.U.); (T.L.); (H.A.S.); (T.E.A.); (N.N.)
| | - Abiola C. Senok
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE; (M.U.); (T.L.); (H.A.S.); (T.E.A.); (N.N.)
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13
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Maruta H, Kittaka A. Chemical evolution for taming the 'pathogenic kinase' PAK1. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:959-964. [PMID: 32348877 PMCID: PMC7194552 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PAK1 is the major ‘pathogenic’ kinase. Several potent PAK1 blockers developed are introduced for treatment of a wide variety of PAK1-dependent diseases including cancers and pandemic COVID-19 infection.
To celebrate the 25th anniversary of the cloning of the first mammalian p21-activated kinases (PAKs) (RAC/CDC42-activated kinases) by Ed Manser, the first international PAK symposium was held in NYC in October 2019. Among six distinct PAKs in mammals, PAK1 is the major ‘pathogenic kinase’, the abnormal activation of which is responsible for a wide variety of diseases and disorders including cancers, ageing processes and infectious and inflammatory diseases such as pandemic coronaviral infection. Recently, for a clinical application, a few potent (highly cell-permeable and water-soluble) PAK1 blockers have been developed from natural or synthetic PAK1 blockers (triptolide, vitamin D3 and ketorolac) via a series of ‘chemical evolutions’ that boost pharmacological activities >500 times.
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Maruta H, He H. PAK1-blockers: Potential Therapeutics against COVID-19. MEDICINE IN DRUG DISCOVERY 2020; 6:100039. [PMID: 32313880 PMCID: PMC7166201 DOI: 10.1016/j.medidd.2020.100039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PAK1 (RAC/CDC42-activated kinase 1) is the major “pathogenic” kinase whose abnormal activation causes a wide variety of diseases/disorders including cancers, inflammation, malaria and pandemic viral infection including influenza, HIV and COVID-19. Since Louis Pasteur who developed a vaccine against rabies in 1885, in general a series of “specific” vaccines have been used for treatment of viral infection, mainly because the majority of pre-existing antibiotics are either anti-bacterial or anti-fungal, thereby being ineffective against viruses in general. However, it takes 12–18 months till the effective vaccine becomes available. Until then ventilator (O2 supplier) would be the most common tool for saving the life of COVID-19 patients. Thus, as alternative potentially more direct “broad-spectrum” signalling mechanism–based COVID-19 therapeutics, several natural and synthetic PAK1-blockers such as propolis, melatonin, ciclesonide, hydroxy chloroquine (HQ), ivermection, and ketorolac, which are readily available in the market, are introduced here. PAK1 is the major “pathogenic “kinase essential for infection of many viruses including COVID-19. Several PAK1-blockers such as propolis, melatonin, anti-malaria drugs, ivermectin, cicloresonide and ketorolac are readily available in the market. PAK1-blockers, interfering with the pathogenic process as well as promoting immune system, could serve as potential therapeutic agents against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong He
- University of Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
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Ethyl benzoate bearing pyrrolizine/indolizine moieties: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activities. Bioorg Chem 2020; 94:103371. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Shahinozzaman M, Ishii T, Halim MA, Hossain MA, Islam MT, Tawata S. Cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory resorcinol and alkylbenzoquinone derivatives from the leaves of Ardisia sieboldii. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 74:303-311. [PMID: 31437126 DOI: 10.1515/znc-2019-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Medicinal plants belonging to the genus Ardisia are traditionally used to cure various human diseases including inflammation and cancer. This study aimed to purify and characterize cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory compounds from Ardisia sieboldii leaves. Bioassay-guided chromatographic analyses yielded three compounds, 2-methyl-5-(8Z-heptadecenyl) resorcinol (1), 5-(8Z-heptadecenyl) resorcinol (2), and ardisiaquinone A (3), whereas liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry chemical profiling revealed the presence of diverse resorcinol and alkylbenzoquinone derivatives in cytotoxic 70% methanol extracts. Chemical structures of 1-3 were confirmed by spectroscopic methods including 1H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), 13C NMR, and electrospray ionisation-mass spectrometry. Compounds 1 and 2 were purified from A. sieboldii for the first time, and all three compounds showed cytotoxicity against a panel of cancer cell lines and brine shrimps in a dose-response manner. Among them, compound 2 exhibited the highest cytotoxicity on cancer cells (IC50 values of 8.8-25.7 μM) as well as on brine shrimps (IC50 value of 5.1 μM). Compounds 1-3 exhibited anti-inflammatory effects through inhibiting protein denaturation (IC50 values of 5.8-9.6 μM), cyclooxygenase-2 activity (IC50 values of 34.5-60.1 μM), and nitrite formation in RAW 264.7 cells. Cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activities of 1-3 demonstrated in this study deserve further investigation for considering their suitability as candidates or leads to develop anticancer and anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shahinozzaman
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.,PAK Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ishii
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
| | - Mohammad A Halim
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, The Red-Green Research Centre, Dhaka 1219, Bangladesh.,Department of Physical Sciences, University of Arkansas-Fort Smith, Fort Smith, AR 72913, USA
| | - Md Amzad Hossain
- Subtropical Field Science Center, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Md Tofazzal Islam
- Department of Biotechnology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Shinkichi Tawata
- PAK Research Center, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan.,Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Senbaru 1, Nishihara-cho, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
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Hennig R, Albawardi A, Almarzooqi S, Haneefa S, Imbaraj E, Zaaba NE, Nemmar A, Subramanya S, Maruta H, Adrian TE. 1,2,3-Triazolyl ester of ketorolac (15K), a potent PAK1 blocker, inhibits both growth and metastasis of orthotopic human pancreatic cancer xenografts in mice. Drug Discov Ther 2019; 13:248-255. [PMID: 31656252 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2019.01068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
More than 90% of human pancreatic cancers carry the oncogenic mutant of Ki-RAS and their growth depends on its downstream kinase PAK1, mainly because PAK1 blocks the apoptosis of cancer cells selectively. We developed a highly cell-permeable PAK1-blocker called 15K from an old pain-killer (ketorolac), that is shown here to inhibit the growth of three pancreatic cancer cell lines with IC50 values ranging 41-88 nM in vitro. The anti-cancer effect of 15K was further investigated in an orthotopic xenograft model with gemcitabine (GEM)-resistant human pancreatic cancer cell lines (AsPC-1 and BxPC-3) expressing luciferase in athymic mice. During 4 weeks, 15K blocks total burden (growth) of both AsPC-1 and BxPC-3 tumors (measured as radians/sec) with the IC50 below daily dose of 0.1 mg/kg, i.p. In a similar manner 15K reduced both their invasion and metastases as well, while it had no effect on either body weight or hematological parameters even at 5 mg/kg/day. To the best of our knowledge, 15K is so far the most potent among synthetic PAK1-blockers in vivo, and could be potentially useful for therapy of GEM-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Hennig
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Freudenstadt University Hospital, Freudenstadt, Germany
| | - Alia Albawardi
- Department of Pathology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Saeeda Almarzooqi
- Department of Pathology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Shoja Haneefa
- Department of Physiology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Edward Imbaraj
- Department of Physiology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Nur Elena Zaaba
- Department of Physiology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Abderrahim Nemmar
- Department of Physiology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | | | | | - Thomas E Adrian
- Department of Physiology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE.,Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, UAE
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Xu Z, Zhao SJ, Liu Y. 1,2,3-Triazole-containing hybrids as potential anticancer agents: Current developments, action mechanisms and structure-activity relationships. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 183:111700. [PMID: 31546197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Anticancer agents are critical for the cancer treatment, but side effects and the drug resistance associated with the currently used anticancer agents create an urgent need to explore novel drugs with low side effects and high efficacy. 1,2,3-Triazole is privileged building block in the discovery of new anticancer agents, and some of its derivatives have already been applied in clinics or under clinical trials for fighting against cancers. Hybrid molecules occupy an important position in cancer control, and hybridization of 1,2,3-triazole framework with other anticancer pharmacophores may provide valuable therapeutic intervention for the treatment of cancer, especially drug-resistant cancer. This review emphasizes the recent advances in 1,2,3-triazole-containing hybrids with anticancer potential, covering articles published between 2015 and 2019, and the structure-activity relationships, together with mechanisms of action are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Xu
- Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, 550025, PR China.
| | - Shi-Jia Zhao
- Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China.
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Kaushik CP, Sangwan J, Luxmi R, Kumar K, Pahwa A. Synthetic Routes for 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles: A Review. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666190514074146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic compounds like 1,2,3-triazoles serve as a key scaffolds among organic compounds having diverse applications in the field of drug discovery, bioconjugation, material science, liquid crystals, pharmaceutical chemistry and solid phase organic synthesis. Various drugs containing 1,2,3-triazole ring which are commonly available in market includes Rufinamide, Cefatrizine, Tazobactam etc., Stability to acidic/basic hydrolysis along with significant dipole moment support triazole moiety for appreciable participation in hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole interactions with biological targets. Huisgen 1,3-dipolar azide-alkyne cycloaddition culminate into a mixture of 1,4 and 1,5- disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. In 2001, Sharpless and Meldal came across with a copper(I) catalyzed regioselective synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles by cycloaddition between azides and terminal alkynes. This azide-alkyne cycloaddition has been labelled as a one of the important key click reaction. Click synthesis describes chemical reactions that are simple to perform, gives high selectivity, wide in scope, fast reaction rate and high yields. Click reactions are not single specific reaction, but serve as a pathway for construction of simple to complex molecules from a variety of starting materials. In the last few decades, 1,2,3-triazoles attracted attention of researchers all over the world because of their broad spectrum of biological activities. Keeping in view the biological importance of 1,2,3-triazole, in this review we focus on the various synthetic routes for the syntheisis of 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles. This review involves various synthetic protocols which involves copper and non-copper catalysts, different solvents as well as substrates. It will boost synthetic chemists to explore new pathway for the development of newer biologically active 1,2,3-triazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chander P. Kaushik
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana-125001, India
| | - Jyoti Sangwan
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana-125001, India
| | - Raj Luxmi
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana-125001, India
| | - Krishan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana-125001, India
| | - Ashima Pahwa
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology, Hisar, Haryana-125001, India
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Dual Actions of Ketorolac in Metastatic Ovarian Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081049. [PMID: 31344967 PMCID: PMC6721416 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoreductive surgery and chemotherapy are cornerstones of ovarian cancer treatment, yet disease recurrence remains a significant clinical issue. Surgery can release cancer cells into the circulation, suppress anti-tumor immunity, and induce inflammatory responses that support the growth of residual disease. Intervention within the peri-operative window is an under-explored opportunity to mitigate these consequences of surgery and influence the course of metastatic disease to improve patient outcomes. One drug associated with improved survival in cancer patients is ketorolac. Ketorolac is a chiral molecule administered as a 1:1 racemic mixture of the S- and R-enantiomers. The S-enantiomer is considered the active component for its FDA indication in pain management with selective activity against cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes. The R-enantiomer has a previously unrecognized activity as an inhibitor of Rac1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate) and Cdc42 (cell division control protein 42) GTPases. Therefore, ketorolac differs from other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by functioning as two distinct pharmacologic entities due to the independent actions of each enantiomer. In this review, we summarize evidence supporting the benefits of ketorolac administration for ovarian cancer patients. We also discuss how simultaneous inhibition of these two distinct classes of targets, COX enzymes and Rac1/Cdc42, by S-ketorolac and R-ketorolac respectively, could each contribute to anti-cancer activity.
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Gao W, He J, Xiao F, Yang R. Synthesis of Propargyl‐Terminated Polybutadiene and Properties of Polytriazole Elastomers. PROPELLANTS EXPLOSIVES PYROTECHNICS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/prep.201800345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Gao
- School of Materials, School of Materials Beijing Institute of Technology 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Jiyu He
- School of Materials, School of Materials Beijing Institute of Technology 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Fei Xiao
- School of Materials, School of Materials Beijing Institute of Technology 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District Beijing 100081 P. R. China
| | - Rongjie Yang
- School of Materials, School of Materials Beijing Institute of Technology 5 South Zhongguancun Street, Haidian District Beijing 100081 P. R. China
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Mahboubi Rabbani SMI, Zarghi A. Selective COX-2 inhibitors as anticancer agents: a patent review (2014-2018). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2019; 29:407-427. [PMID: 31132889 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2019.1623880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION COX-2 is a key enzyme in the process of prostaglandins (PGs) synthesis. The products of this enzyme could play a major role as the mediators of the inflammatory response and some other medical states such as cancer. The design and synthesis of novel selective COX-2 inhibitors have always been attractive to researchers. This review discusses the structures of novel COX-2 inhibitors synthesized during the last five years and describes their efficacy as anticancer agents. AREAS COVERED It is well established that COX-2 is overexpressed in many different cancers and treatment with selective COX-2 inhibitors could relieve their symptoms and limit their adverse sequences. EXPERT OPINION The diversity of selective COX-2 inhibitors is mainly related to the types of scaffolds. Monocyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, and acyclic scaffolds with different pharmacological effects and toxicological profiles could be found in the family of selective COX-2 inhibitors. The great interest of the researchers in this field is due to the importance of selective COX-2 inhibitors as a relatively safe and effective set of compounds which could present different properties such as antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, antiplatelet, anti-Alzheimer's disease, anti-Parkinson's disease, and anticancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Afshin Zarghi
- a Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Diabetic, and Anti-Alzheimer's Effects of Prenylated Flavonoids from Okinawa Propolis: An Investigation by Experimental and Computational Studies. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23102479. [PMID: 30262742 PMCID: PMC6222853 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23102479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Okinawa propolis (OP) and its major ingredients were reported to have anti-cancer effects and lifespan-extending effects on Caenorhabditis elegans through inactivation of the oncogenic kinase, p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1). Herein, five prenylated flavonoids from OP, nymphaeol-A (NA), nymphaeol-B (NB), nymphaeol-C (NC), isonymphaeol-B (INB), and 3'-geranyl-naringenin (GN), were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-Alzheimer's effects using in vitro techniques. They showed significant anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of albumin denaturation (half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 0.26⁻1.02 µM), nitrite accumulation (IC50 values of 2.4⁻7.0 µM), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity (IC50 values of 11.74⁻24.03 µM). They also strongly suppressed in vitro α-glucosidase enzyme activity with IC50 values of 3.77⁻5.66 µM. However, only INB and NA inhibited acetylcholinesterase significantly compared to the standard drug donepezil, with IC50 values of 7.23 and 7.77 µM, respectively. Molecular docking results indicated that OP compounds have good binding affinity to the α-glucosidase and acetylcholinesterase proteins, making non-bonded interactions with their active residues and surrounding allosteric residues. In addition, none of the compounds violated Lipinski's rule of five and showed notable toxicity parameters. Density functional theory (DFT)-based global reactivity descriptors demonstrated their high reactive nature along with the kinetic stability. In conclusion, this combined study suggests that OP components might be beneficial in the treatment of inflammation, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and Alzheimer's disease.
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Nguyen BC, Kim SA, Won SM, Park SK, Uto Y, Maruta H. 1,2,3-Triazolyl ester of ketorolac (15K): Boosting both heat-endurance and lifespan of C. elegans by down-regulating PAK1 at nM levels. Drug Discov Ther 2018; 12:92-96. [DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2018.01018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Rational Design of Nucleoside-Bile Acid Conjugates Incorporating a Triazole Moiety for Anticancer Evaluation and SAR Exploration. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101710. [PMID: 29023408 PMCID: PMC6151511 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herein we report a study on the synthesis and biological evaluation of a library of nucleoside-bile acid conjugates prepared by combining 2′-deoxyadenosine, 2′-deoxyguanosine, 2′-deoxyuridine as well as adenosine and guanosine derivatives with cheno-, urso-, nor-cheno-, nor-urso- and taurourso-desoxycholic acid derivatives by means of the click reaction. The new nucleoside-bile acid conjugates incorporating a triazole moiety were tested in vitro against leukemic K562 and HCT116 colon carcinoma, as well as on normal fibroblast cells. Six compounds displayed interesting anti-proliferative activity against the selected cancer lines and no cytotoxic effects against normal fibroblasts. A possible structure activity relationship was also investigated.
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From bench (laboratory) to bed (hospital/home): How to explore effective natural and synthetic PAK1-blockers/longevity-promoters for cancer therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 142:229-243. [PMID: 28814374 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PAK family kinases are RAC/CDC42-activated kinases that were first found in a soil amoeba 4 decades ago, and 2 decades later, were discovered in mammals as well. Since then at least 6 members of this family have been identified in mammals. One of them called PAK1 has been best studied so far, mainly because it is essential not only for malignant cell growth and metastasis, but also for many other diseases/disorders such as diabetes (type 2), AD (Alzheimer's disease), hypertension, and a variety of inflammatory or infectious diseases, which definitely shorten our lifespan. Moreover, PAK1-deficient mutant of C. elegans lives longer than the wild-type by 60%, clearly indicating that PAK1 is not only an oncogenic but also ageing kinase. Thus, in theory, both anti-oncogenic and longevity-promoting activities are among the "intrinsic" properties or criteria of "clinically useful" PAK1-blockers. There are a variety of PAK1-blocking natural products such as propolis and curcumin which indeed extend the healthy lifespan of small animals such as C. elegans by inducing the autophagy. Recently, we managed to synthesize a series of potent water-soluble and highly cell-permeable triazolyl esters of COOH-bearing PAK1-blockers such as Ketorolac, ARC (artepillin C) and CA (caffeic acid) via "Click Chemistry" that boosts their anti-cancer activity over 500-fold, mainly by increasing their cell-permeability, and one of them called 15K indeed extends the lifespan of C. elegans. In this mini-review we shall discuss both synthetic and natural PAK1-blockers, some of which would be potentially useful for cancer therapy with least side effect (rather promoting the longevity as well).
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Takahashi H, Nguyen BCQ, Uto Y, Shahinozzaman M, Tawata S, Maruta H. 1,2,3-Triazolyl esterization of PAK1-blocking propolis ingredients, artepillin C (ARC) and caffeic acid (CA), for boosting their anti-cancer/anti-PAK1 activities along with cell-permeability. Drug Discov Ther 2017; 11:104-109. [DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2017.01009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Ahn MR, Bae JY, Jeong DH, Takahashi H, Uto Y, Maruta H. Both triazolyl ester of ketorolac (15K) and YM155 inhibit the embryonic angiogenesis in ovo (fertilized eggs) via their common PAK1-survivin/VEGF signaling pathway. Drug Discov Ther 2017; 11:300-306. [DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2017.01058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mok-Ryeon Ahn
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University
| | - Ji-Yeon Bae
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University
| | - Da-Hye Jeong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Dong-A University
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