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Handa K, Yoshimura S, Kageyama M, Iijima T. Development of Novel Methods for QSAR Modeling by Machine Learning Repeatedly: A Case Study on Drug Distribution to Each Tissue. J Chem Inf Model 2024; 64:3662-3669. [PMID: 38639496 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.4c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Artificial intelligence is expected to help identify excellent candidates in drug discovery. However, we face a lack of data, as it is time-consuming and expensive to acquire raw data perfectly for many compounds. Hence, we tried to develop a novel quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) method to predict a parameter more precisely from an incomplete data set via optimizing data handling by making use of predicted explanatory variables. As a case study we focused on the tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp), which is an important parameter for understanding drug distribution in tissues and building the physiologically based pharmacokinetic model and is a representative of small and sparse data sets. In this study, we predicted the Kp values of 119 compounds in nine tissues (adipose, brain, gut, heart, kidney, liver, lung, muscle, and skin), although some of these were not available. To fill the missing values in Kp for each tissue, first we predicted those Kp values by the nonmissing data set using a random forest (RF) model with in vitro parameters (log P, fu, Drug Class, and fi) like a classical prediction by a QSAR model. Next, to predict the tissue-specific Kp values in a test data set, we constructed a second RF model with not only in vitro parameters but also the Kp values of other tissues (i.e., other than target tissues) predicted by the first RF model as explanatory variables. Furthermore, we tested all possible combinations of explanatory variables and selected the model with the highest predictability from the test data set as the final model. The evaluation of Kp prediction accuracy based on the root-mean-square error and R2 value revealed that the proposed models outperformed other machine learning methods such as the conventional RF and message-passing neural networks. Significant improvements were observed in the Kp values of adipose tissue, brain, kidney, liver, and skin. These improvements indicated that the Kp information on other tissues can be used to predict the same for a specific tissue. Additionally, we found a novel relationship between each tissue by evaluating all combinations of explanatory variables. In conclusion, we developed a novel RF model to predict Kp values. We hope that this method will be applied to various problems in the field of experimental biology which often contains missing values in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Handa
- Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Saki Yoshimura
- Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Michiharu Kageyama
- Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iijima
- Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-8512, Japan
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Jordan S, Ryu S, Burchett W, Davis C, Jones R, Zhang S, Zueva L, Chang G, Di L. Comparison of Tumor Binding Across Tumor Types and Cell Lines to Support Free Drug Considerations for Oncology Drug Discovery. J Pharm Sci 2024; 113:826-835. [PMID: 38042346 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Tumor binding is an important parameter to derive unbound tumor concentration to explore pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) relationships for oncology disease targets. Tumor binding was evaluated using eleven matrices, including various commonly used ex vivo human and mouse xenograft and syngeneic tumors, tumor cell lines and liver as a surrogate tissue. The results showed that tumor binding is highly correlated among the different tumors and tumor cell lines except for the mouse melanoma (B16F10) tumor type. Liver fraction unbound (fu) has a good correlation with B16F10 tumor binding. Liver also demonstrates a two-fold equivalency, on average, with binding of other tumor types when a scaling factor is applied. Predictive models were developed for tumor binding, with correlations established with LogD (acids), predicted muscle fu (neutrals) and measured plasma protein binding (bases) to estimate tumor fu when experimental data are not available. Many approaches can be applied to obtain and estimate tumor binding values. One strategy proposed is to use a surrogate tumor tissue, such as mouse xenograft ovarian cancer (OVCAR3) tumor, as a surrogate for tumor binding (except for B16F10) to provide an early assessment of unbound tumor concentrations for development of PK/PD relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Jordan
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, United States
| | - Sangwoo Ryu
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, United States
| | - Woodrow Burchett
- Global Biometrics and Data Management, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, United States
| | - Carl Davis
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Rhys Jones
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Sam Zhang
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, United States
| | - Larisa Zueva
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, United States
| | - George Chang
- Translational Modeling and Simulation, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, United States
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, United States.
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Hu Y, Girdenyté M, Roest L, Liukkonen I, Siskou M, Bällgren F, Hammarlund-Udenaes M, Loryan I. Analysis of the contributing role of drug transport across biological barriers in the development and treatment of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:13. [PMID: 38331886 PMCID: PMC10854123 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-024-00519-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) represents a major unmet medical need that currently has no preventive and/or curative treatment. This is, among others, driven by a poor understanding of the contributive role of drug transport across biological barriers to target-site exposure. METHODS Here, we systematically investigated the transport of 11 small-molecule drugs, both, associated and not with CIPN development, at conventional (dorsal root ganglia, sciatic nerve) and non-conventional (brain, spinal cord, skeletal muscle) CIPN sites. We developed a Combinatory Mapping Approach for CIPN, CMA-CIPN, combining in vivo and in vitro elements. RESULTS Using CMA-CIPN, we determined the unbound tissue-to-plasma concentration ratio (Kp,uu) and the unbound intracellular-to-extracellular concentration ratio (Kp,uu,cell), to quantitatively assess the extent of unbound drug transport across endothelial interfaces and parenchymal cellular barriers of investigated CIPN-sites, respectively, in a rat model. The analysis revealed that unique pharmacokinetic characteristics underly time-dependent accumulation of the CIPN-positive drugs paclitaxel and vincristine at conventional (dorsal root ganglia and sciatic nerve) and non-conventional (skeletal muscle) CIPN sites. Investigated CIPN-positive drugs displayed intracellular accumulation contrary to CIPN-negative drugs nilotinib and methotrexate, which lacked this feature in all investigated tissues. CONCLUSIONS Hence, high unbound drug intracellular and extracellular exposure at target sites, driven by an interplay of drug transport across the endothelial and parenchymal cellular barriers, is a predisposing factor to CIPN development for CIPN-positive drugs. Critical drug-specific features of unbound drug disposition at various CIPN- sites provide invaluable insights into understanding the pharmacological/toxicological effects at the target-sites which will inform new strategies for monitoring and treatment of CIPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Hu
- Translational Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics Group, tPKPD, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
- Current Affiliation: Discovery ADME, Drug Discovery Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV, GmbH & Co KG, 1121, Vienna, Austria
| | - Milda Girdenyté
- Translational Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics Group, tPKPD, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
- Pharmacy and Pharmacology Center, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, M.K. Čiurlionio, Str. 21/27, 03101, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Lieke Roest
- Translational Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics Group, tPKPD, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Iida Liukkonen
- Translational Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics Group, tPKPD, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Siskou
- Translational Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics Group, tPKPD, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Frida Bällgren
- Translational Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics Group, tPKPD, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes
- Translational Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics Group, tPKPD, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Irena Loryan
- Translational Pharmacokinetics-Pharmacodynamics Group, tPKPD, Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, 751 23, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Langthaler K, Jones CR, Brodin B, Bundgaard C. Assessing extent of brain penetration in vivo (K p,uu,brain) in Göttingen minipig using a diverse set of reference drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 190:106554. [PMID: 37543065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
The application of Göttingen minipigs for non-rodent pharmacokinetics (PK) and drug safety testing has seen a dramatic increase in recent years. The aim of this study was to determine the total and unbound brain-to-plasma ratios (Kp,brain and Kp,uu,brain) for a diverse set of reference compounds in female Göttingen minipigs and compare these with Kp,uu,brain values from other species to assess the suitability of Göttingen minipigs as a model for CNS drug safety testing and brain PK in clinical translation. The reference set consisted of 17 compounds with varying physico-chemical properties and included known human P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrates. The results of the study showed, that minipig Kp,brain and Kp,uu,brain values for the tested compounds were in the range 0.03-86 and 0.02-2.4 (n = 3-4) respectively. The Kp,uu,brain values were comparable between minipig and rat for a large proportion of the compounds (71% within 2-fold, n = 17). Comparisons of brain penetration across several species for a subset of reference compounds revealed that minipig values were quite similar to those of rat, dog, monkey and human. The study highlighted that the largest Kp,uu,brain species differences were observed for compounds classified as transporter substrates (e.g. cimetidine, risperidone, Way-100635 and altanserin). In conclusion these brain penetration data add substantially to the available literature on PK and drug disposition for minipigs and support use of Göttingen minipig as a non-rodent drug safety model for CNS drug candidates and as a brain PK model for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Langthaler
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark; CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
| | - Christopher R Jones
- Translational DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark; PKPD Modelling & Simulation, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, 2500 Valby, Denmark.
| | - Birger Brodin
- CNS Drug Delivery and Barrier Modelling, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 København Ø, Denmark
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Lawrenz M, Svensson M, Kato M, Dingley KH, Chief Elk J, Nie Z, Zou Y, Kaplan Z, Lagiakos HR, Igawa H, Therrien E. A Computational Physics-based Approach to Predict Unbound Brain-to-Plasma Partition Coefficient, K p,uu. J Chem Inf Model 2023. [PMID: 37267072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a critical role in preventing harmful endogenous and exogenous substances from penetrating the brain. Optimal brain penetration of small-molecule central nervous system (CNS) drugs is characterized by a high unbound brain/plasma ratio (Kp,uu). While various medicinal chemistry strategies and in silico models have been reported to improve BBB penetration, they have limited application in predicting Kp,uu directly. We describe a physics-based computational approach, a quantum mechanics (QM)-based energy of solvation (E-sol), to predict Kp,uu. Prospective application of this method in internal CNS drug discovery programs highlights the utility and accuracy of this new method, which showed a categorical accuracy of 79% and an R2 of 0.61 from a linear regression model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Lawrenz
- Schrödinger Inc., San Diego, California 92122, United States
| | - Mats Svensson
- Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Mitsunori Kato
- Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York 10036, United States
| | | | | | - Zhe Nie
- Schrödinger Inc., San Diego, California 92122, United States
| | - Yefen Zou
- Schrödinger Inc., San Diego, California 92122, United States
| | - Zachary Kaplan
- Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York 10036, United States
| | | | - Hideyuki Igawa
- Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York 10036, United States
| | - Eric Therrien
- Schrödinger Inc., New York, New York 10036, United States
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Handa K, Sakamoto S, Kageyama M, Iijima T. Development of a 2D-QSAR Model for Tissue-to-Plasma Partition Coefficient Value with High Accuracy Using Machine Learning Method, Minimum Required Experimental Values, and Physicochemical Descriptors. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2023:10.1007/s13318-023-00832-w. [PMID: 37266860 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-023-00832-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The demand for physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model is increasing currently. New drug application (NDA) of many compounds is submitted with PBPK models for efficient drug development. Tissue-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp) is a key parameter for the PBPK model to describe differential equations. However, it is difficult to obtain the Kp value experimentally because the measurement of drug concentration in the tissue is much harder than that in plasma. OBJECTIVE Instead of experiments, many researchers have sought in silico methods. Today, most of the models for Kp prediction are using in vitro and in vivo parameters as explanatory variables. We thought of physicochemical descriptors that could improve the predictability. Therefore, we aimed to develop the two-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (2D-QSAR) model for Kp using physicochemical descriptors instead of in vivo experimental data as explanatory variables. METHODS We compared our model with the conventional models using 20-fold cross-validation according to the published method (Yun et al. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn 41:1-14, 2014). We used random forest algorithm, which is known to be one of the best predictors for the 2D-QSAR model. Finally, we combined minimum in vitro experimental values and physiochemical descriptors. Thus, the prediction method for Kp value using a few in vitro parameters and physicochemical descriptors was developed; this is a multimodal model. RESULTS Its accuracy was found to be superior to that of the conventional models. Results of this research suggest that multimodality is useful for the 2D-QSAR model [RMSE and % of two-fold error: 0.66 and 42.2% (Berezohkovsky), 0.52 and 52.2% (Rodgers), 0.65 and 34.6% (Schmitt), 0.44 and 61.1% (published model), 0.41 and 62.1% (traditional model), 0.39 and 64.5% (multimodal model)]. CONCLUSION We could develop a 2D-QSAR model for Kp value with the highest accuracy using a few in vitro experimental data and physicochemical descriptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Handa
- Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-Medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo, 191-8512, Japan.
| | - Seishiro Sakamoto
- Pharmaceutical Development Coordination Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, 3-2-1, Kasumigaseki Common Gate West Tower, Kasumigaseki Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-8585, Japan
| | - Michiharu Kageyama
- Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-Medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo, 191-8512, Japan
| | - Takeshi Iijima
- Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-Medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, 4-3-2 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo, 191-8512, Japan
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Ryu S, Tess D, Di L. Addressing the Accuracy of Plasma Protein Binding Measurement for Highly Bound Compounds Using the Dilution Method. AAPS J 2022; 25:7. [PMID: 36471200 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-022-00774-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, regulatory guidelines recommend using 0.01 as the lower limit of plasma fraction unbound (fu) for prediction of drug-drug interactions (DDI) to err on the conservative side. One way to increase experimental fu of highly bound compounds is to dilute the plasma. With the dilution method, a diluted fu, or fu,d, of ≥ 0.01 can be achieved by adjusting the dilution factor. The undiluted fu can be calculated from fu,d and be used for DDI prediction. In this study, the dilution method was evaluated, and the results showed that it gave similar fu values as those determined using the pre-saturation method without plasma dilution. The dilution method enables generation of accurate fu values and alignment with the regulatory recommendation of reportable fu values of ≥ 0.01 for DDI prediction. We recommend using the dilution method to bridge the regulatory recommended fu limit of 0.01 for DDI prediction and the pre-saturation or equivalent methods for definitive plasma protein binding studies. As the pharmaceutical industry continues to generate high quality PPB data, regulatory agencies will gain confidence in the accuracy of fu measurements for highly bound compounds, and the fu lower limit may no longer be needed in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Ryu
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - David Tess
- Modeling and Simulation, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, USA.
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8
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Umemori Y, Handa K, Sakamoto S, Kageyama M, Iijima T. QSAR model to predict K p,uu,brain with a small dataset, incorporating predicted values of related parameter. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 33:885-897. [PMID: 36420623 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2022.2149619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The unbound brain-to-plasma concentration ratio (Kp,uu,brain) is a parameter that indicates the extent of central nervous system penetration. Pharmaceutical companies build prediction models because many experiments are required to obtain Kp,uu,brain. However, the lack of data hinders the design of an accurate prediction model. To construct a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model with a small dataset of Kp,uu,brain, we investigated whether the prediction accuracy could be improved by incorporating software-predicted brain penetration-related parameters (BPrPs) as explanatory variables for pharmacokinetic parameter prediction. We collected 88 compounds with experimental Kp,uu,brain from various official publications. Random forest was used as the machine learning model. First, we developed prediction models using only structural descriptors. Second, we verified the predictive accuracy of each model with the predicted values of BPrPs incorporated in various combinations. Third, the Kp,uu,brain of the in-house compounds was predicted and compared with the experimental values. The prediction accuracy was improved using five-fold cross-validation (RMSE = 0.455, r2 = 0.726) by incorporating BPrPs. Additionally, this model was verified using an external in-house dataset. The result suggested that using BPrPs as explanatory variables improve the prediction accuracy of the Kp,uu,brain QSAR model when the available number of datasets is small.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Umemori
- Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino-shi, Japan
| | - K Handa
- Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino-shi, Japan
| | - S Sakamoto
- Pharmaceutical Development Coordination Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Chiyoda-ku, Japan
| | - M Kageyama
- Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino-shi, Japan
| | - T Iijima
- Toxicology & DMPK Research Department, Teijin Institute for Bio-medical Research, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino-shi, Japan
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9
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Bollinger E, Peloquin M, Libera J, Albuquerque B, Pashos E, Shipstone A, Hadjipanayis A, Sun Z, Xing G, Clasquin M, Stansfield JC, Tierney B, Gernhardt S, Siddall CP, Greizer T, Geoly FJ, Vargas SR, Gao LC, Williams G, Marshall M, Rosado A, Steppan C, Filipski KJ, Zhang BB, Miller RA, Roth Flach RJ. BDK inhibition acts as a catabolic switch to mimic fasting and improve metabolism in mice. Mol Metab 2022; 66:101611. [PMID: 36220546 PMCID: PMC9589198 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Branched chain amino acid (BCAA) catabolic defects are implicated to be causal determinates of multiple diseases. This work aimed to better understand how enhancing BCAA catabolism affected metabolic homeostasis as well as the mechanisms underlying these improvements. METHODS The rate limiting step of BCAA catabolism is the irreversible decarboxylation by the branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) enzyme complex, which is post-translationally controlled through phosphorylation by BCKDH kinase (BDK). This study utilized BT2, a small molecule allosteric inhibitor of BDK, in multiple mouse models of metabolic dysfunction and NAFLD including the high fat diet (HFD) model with acute and chronic treatment paradigms, the choline deficient and methionine minimal high fat diet (CDAHFD) model, and the low-density lipoprotein receptor null mouse model (Ldlr-/-). shRNA was additionally used to knock down BDK in liver to elucidate liver-specific effects of BDK inhibition in HFD-fed mice. RESULTS A rapid improvement in insulin sensitivity was observed in HFD-fed and lean mice after BT2 treatment. Resistance to steatosis was assessed in HFD-fed mice, CDAHFD-fed mice, and Ldlr-/- mice. In all cases, BT2 treatment reduced steatosis and/or inflammation. Fasting and refeeding demonstrated a lack of response to feeding-induced changes in plasma metabolites including insulin and beta-hydroxybutyrate and hepatic gene changes in BT2-treated mice. Mechanistically, BT2 treatment acutely altered the expression of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and lipogenesis in liver, and upstream regulator analysis suggested that BT2 treatment activated PPARα. However, BT2 did not directly activate PPARα in vitro. Conversely, shRNA-AAV-mediated knockdown of BDK specifically in liver in vivo did not demonstrate any effects on glycemia, steatosis, or PPARα-mediated gene expression in mice. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that BT2 treatment acutely improves metabolism and liver steatosis in multiple mouse models. While many molecular changes occur in liver in BT2-treated mice, these changes were not observed in mice with AAV-mediated shRNA knockdown of BDK. All together, these data suggest that systemic BDK inhibition is required to improve metabolism and steatosis by prolonging a fasting signature in a paracrine manner. Therefore, BCAA may act as a "fed signal" to promote nutrient storage and reduced systemic BCAA levels as shown in this study via BDK inhibition may act as a "fasting signal" to prolong the catabolic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Bollinger
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Matthew Peloquin
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Jenna Libera
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Bina Albuquerque
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Evanthia Pashos
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Arun Shipstone
- Inflammation & Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Angela Hadjipanayis
- Inflammation & Immunology Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Sun
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Gang Xing
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Michelle Clasquin
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | - C. Parker Siddall
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Timothy Greizer
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Frank J. Geoly
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton CT 06340, USA
| | - Sarah R. Vargas
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc, Groton CT 06340, USA
| | - Lily C. Gao
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - George Williams
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Amy Rosado
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | | | | | - Bei B. Zhang
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Russell A. Miller
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA
| | - Rachel J. Roth Flach
- Internal Medicine Research Unit, Pfizer Inc, Cambridge MA 02139, USA,Corresponding author. Pfizer Inc, 1 Portland St, Cambridge MA 02139, USA.
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10
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Zang R, Barth A, Wong H, Marik J, Shen J, Lade J, Grove K, Durk MR, Parrott N, Rudewicz PJ, Zhao S, Wang T, Yan Z, Zhang D. Design and Measurement of Drug Tissue Concentration Asymmetry and Tissue Exposure-Effect (Tissue PK-PD) Evaluation. J Med Chem 2022; 65:8713-8734. [PMID: 35790118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The "free drug hypothesis" assumes that, in the absence of transporters, the steady state free plasma concentrations equal to that at the site of action that elicit pharmacologic effects. While it is important to utilize the free drug hypothesis, exceptions exist that the free plasma exposures, either at Cmax, Ctrough, and Caverage, or at other time points, cannot represent the corresponding free tissue concentrations. This "drug concentration asymmetry" in both total and free form can influence drug disposition and pharmacological effects. In this review, we first discuss options to assess total and free drug concentrations in tissues. Then various drug design strategies to achieve concentration asymmetry are presented. Last, the utilities of tissue concentrations in understanding exposure-effect relationships and translational projections to humans are discussed for several therapeutic areas and modalities. A thorough understanding in plasma and tissue exposures correlation with pharmacologic effects can provide insightful guidance to aid drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Zang
- IDEAYA Biosciences, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Aline Barth
- Global Blood Therapeutics, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Harvey Wong
- The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jan Marik
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 98080, United States
| | - Jie Shen
- AbbVie, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Julie Lade
- Amgen Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kerri Grove
- Novartis, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Matthew R Durk
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 98080, United States
| | - Neil Parrott
- Roche Innovation Centre, Basel CH-4070, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Tao Wang
- Coherus BioSciences, Redwood City, California 94605, United States
| | - Zhengyin Yan
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 98080, United States
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Genentech, South San Francisco, California 98080, United States
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11
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Loryan I, Reichel A, Feng B, Bundgaard C, Shaffer C, Kalvass C, Bednarczyk D, Morrison D, Lesuisse D, Hoppe E, Terstappen GC, Fischer H, Di L, Colclough N, Summerfield S, Buckley ST, Maurer TS, Fridén M. Unbound Brain-to-Plasma Partition Coefficient, K p,uu,brain-a Game Changing Parameter for CNS Drug Discovery and Development. Pharm Res 2022; 39:1321-1341. [PMID: 35411506 PMCID: PMC9246790 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-022-03246-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE More than 15 years have passed since the first description of the unbound brain-to-plasma partition coefficient (Kp,uu,brain) by Prof. Margareta Hammarlund-Udenaes, which was enabled by advancements in experimental methodologies including cerebral microdialysis. Since then, growing knowledge and data continue to support the notion that the unbound (free) concentration of a drug at the site of action, such as the brain, is the driving force for pharmacological responses. Towards this end, Kp,uu,brain is the key parameter to obtain unbound brain concentrations from unbound plasma concentrations. METHODS To understand the importance and impact of the Kp,uu,brain concept in contemporary drug discovery and development, a survey has been conducted amongst major pharmaceutical companies based in Europe and the USA. Here, we present the results from this survey which consisted of 47 questions addressing: 1) Background information of the companies, 2) Implementation, 3) Application areas, 4) Methodology, 5) Impact and 6) Future perspectives. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS From the responses, it is clear that the majority of the companies (93%) has established a common understanding across disciplines of the concept and utility of Kp,uu,brain as compared to other parameters related to brain exposure. Adoption of the Kp,uu,brain concept has been mainly driven by individual scientists advocating its application in the various companies rather than by a top-down approach. Remarkably, 79% of all responders describe the portfolio impact of Kp,uu,brain implementation in their companies as 'game-changing'. Although most companies (74%) consider the current toolbox for Kp,uu,brain assessment and its validation satisfactory for drug discovery and early development, areas of improvement and future research to better understand human brain pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics translation have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irena Loryan
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Bo Feng
- DMPK, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Boston, Massachusetts, 02210, USA
| | | | - Christopher Shaffer
- External Innovation, Research & Development, Biogen Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cory Kalvass
- DMPK-BA, AbbVie, Inc., North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dallas Bednarczyk
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Edmund Hoppe
- DMPK, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | | | - Holger Fischer
- Translational PK/PD and Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Scott Summerfield
- Bioanalysis Immunogenicity and Biomarkers, GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, SG1 2NY, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Tristan S Maurer
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Markus Fridén
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Box 580, Uppsala, Sweden
- Inhalation Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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12
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Martin MT, Koza-Taylor P, Di L, Watt ED, Keefer C, Smaltz D, Cook J, Jackson JP. Early Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) Risk Screening: "Free", as good as it gets. Toxicol Sci 2022; 188:208-218. [PMID: 35639956 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfac054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
For all the promise of and need for clinical drug-induced liver injury (DILI) risk screening systems, demonstrating the predictive value of these systems versus readily available physicochemical properties and inherent dosing information has not been thoroughly evaluated. Therefore, we utilized a systematic approach to evaluate the predictive value of in vitro safety assays including Bile Salt Export Pump (BSEP) transporter inhibition and cytotoxicity in HepG2 and transformed human liver epithelial (THLE) along with physicochemical properties. We also evaluated the predictive value of in vitro ADME assays including hepatic partition coefficient (Kp) and its unbound counterpart since they provide insight on hepatic accumulation potential. The datasets comprised of 569 marketed drugs with FDA DILIrank annotation (Most vs Less/None), dose and physicochemical information, 384 drugs with Kp and plasma protein binding data, and 279 drugs with safety assay data. For each dataset and combination of input parameters, we developed random forest machine learning models and measured model performance using the receiver operator characteristic area-under-the-curve (ROC AUC). The median ROC AUC across the various data and parameters sets ranged from 0.67 to 0.77 with little evidence of additive predictivity when including safety or ADME assay data. Subsequent machine learning models consistently demonstrated daily dose, fraction sp3 or ionization, and cLogP/D inputs produced the best, simplest model for predicting clinical DILI risk with an ROC AUC of 0.75. This systematic framework should be used for future assay predictive value assessments and highlights the need for continued improvements to clinical DILI risk annotation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Li Di
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Eric D Watt
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Christopher Keefer
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Daniel Smaltz
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Jon Cook
- Drug Safety Research & Development
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13
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Kell DB. The Transporter-Mediated Cellular Uptake and Efflux of Pharmaceutical Drugs and Biotechnology Products: How and Why Phospholipid Bilayer Transport Is Negligible in Real Biomembranes. Molecules 2021; 26:5629. [PMID: 34577099 PMCID: PMC8470029 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, my colleagues and I have come to realise that the likelihood of pharmaceutical drugs being able to diffuse through whatever unhindered phospholipid bilayer may exist in intact biological membranes in vivo is vanishingly low. This is because (i) most real biomembranes are mostly protein, not lipid, (ii) unlike purely lipid bilayers that can form transient aqueous channels, the high concentrations of proteins serve to stop such activity, (iii) natural evolution long ago selected against transport methods that just let any undesirable products enter a cell, (iv) transporters have now been identified for all kinds of molecules (even water) that were once thought not to require them, (v) many experiments show a massive variation in the uptake of drugs between different cells, tissues, and organisms, that cannot be explained if lipid bilayer transport is significant or if efflux were the only differentiator, and (vi) many experiments that manipulate the expression level of individual transporters as an independent variable demonstrate their role in drug and nutrient uptake (including in cytotoxicity or adverse drug reactions). This makes such transporters valuable both as a means of targeting drugs (not least anti-infectives) to selected cells or tissues and also as drug targets. The same considerations apply to the exploitation of substrate uptake and product efflux transporters in biotechnology. We are also beginning to recognise that transporters are more promiscuous, and antiporter activity is much more widespread, than had been realised, and that such processes are adaptive (i.e., were selected by natural evolution). The purpose of the present review is to summarise the above, and to rehearse and update readers on recent developments. These developments lead us to retain and indeed to strengthen our contention that for transmembrane pharmaceutical drug transport "phospholipid bilayer transport is negligible".
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B. Kell
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK;
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
- Mellizyme Biotechnology Ltd., IC1, Liverpool Science Park, Mount Pleasant, Liverpool L3 5TF, UK
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14
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Di L. An update on the importance of plasma protein binding in drug discovery and development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1453-1465. [PMID: 34403271 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1961741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Plasma protein binding (PPB) remains a controversial topic in drug discovery and development. Fraction unbound (fu) is a critical parameter that needs to be measured accurately, because it has significant impacts on the predictions of drug-drug interactions (DDI), estimations of therapeutic indices (TI), and developments of PK/PD relationships. However, it is generally not advisable to change PPB through structural modifications, because PPB on its own has little relevance for in vivo efficacy.Areas covered: PPB fundamentals are discussed including the three main classes of drug binding proteins (i.e., albumin, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, and lipoproteins) and their physicochemical properties, in vivo half-life, and synthesis rate. State-of-the-art methodologies for PPB are highlighted. Applications of PPB in drug discovery and development are presented.Expert opinion: PPB is an old topic in pharmacokinetics, but there are still many misconceptions. Improving the accuracy of PPB for highly bound compounds is an ongoing effort in the field with high priority. As the field continues to generate high quality data, the regulatory agencies will increase their confidence in our ability to accurately measure PPB of highly bound compounds, and experimental fu values below 0.01 will more likely be used for DDI predictions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, US
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15
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Di L, Riccardi K, Tess D. Evolving approaches on measurements and applications of intracellular free drug concentration and Kp uu in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:733-746. [PMID: 34058926 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1935866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Intracellular-free drug concentration (Cu,cell) and unbound partition coefficient (Kpuu) are two important parameters to develop pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationships, predict drug-drug interaction potentials and estimate therapeutic indices.Area covered: Methods on measurements of Cu,cell, Kpuu, partition coefficient (Kp) and fraction unbound of cells (fuc) are discussed. Advantages and limitations of several fuc methods are reviewed. Applications highlighted here are bridging the potency gaps between biochemical and cell-based assays, in vitro hepatocyte assay to predict in vivo liver-to-plasma Kpuu, the role of Kpuu in prediction of hepatic clearance for enzyme- and transporter-mediated mechanisms using extended clearance equation, and structural attributes governing tissue Kpuu.Expert opinion: Cu,cell and Kpuu are of growing applications in drug discovery. Methods for measurements of these properties continue to evolve in order to achieve higher precision/accuracy and obtain more detailed information at the subcellular levels. Future directions of the field include the development of in vitro and in silico models to predict tissue Kpuu, direct measurement of free drug concentration in subcellular organelles, and further investigations into the critical elements governing cell and tissue Kpuu. Significant innovation is needed to advance this complex, but highly impactful and exciting area of science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA
| | - Keith Riccardi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA.,Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA
| | - David Tess
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT, USA.,Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA
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16
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Ciulli A, Hamann L, Jahnke W, Kalgutkar AS, Magauer T, Ritter T, Steadman V, Williams SD, Winter G, Hoegenauer K, Krawinkler KH, Stepan AF. The 2 nd Alpine Winter Conference on Medicinal and Synthetic Chemistry. ChemMedChem 2021; 16:2417-2423. [PMID: 34114371 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The second biannual Alpine Winter Conference on Medicinal and Synthetic Chemistry (short: Alpine Winter Conference) took place January 19-23, 2020, in St. Anton in western Austria. There were roughly 180 attendees from around the globe, making this mid-sized conference particularly conducive to networking and exchanging ideas over the course of four and a half days. This report summarizes the key events and presentations given by researchers working in both industry and academia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Ciulli
- Biological Chemistry & Drug Discovery, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Lawrence Hamann
- Drug Discovery Sciences, Takeda Pharmaceuticals, 30 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Wolfgang Jahnke
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer, Inc., 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Thomas Magauer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, Innrain 80-82, L02.012, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Max-Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Muelheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | | | | | - Georg Winter
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine (CeMM), Austrian Academy of Sciences, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | - Antonia F Stepan
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
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17
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Pilla Reddy V, Fretland AJ, Zhou D, Sharma S, Chen B, Vishwanathan K, McGinnity DF, Xu Y, Ware JA. Mechanistic physiology-based pharmacokinetic modeling to elucidate vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy following treatment with novel kinase inhibitors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2021; 88:451-464. [PMID: 34080039 PMCID: PMC8316236 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-021-04302-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Limited information is available regarding the drug–drug interaction (DDI) potential of molecular targeted agents and rituximab plus cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin (hydroxydaunorubicin), vincristine (Oncovin), and prednisone (R-CHOP) therapy. The addition of the Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib to R-CHOP therapy results in increased toxicity versus R-CHOP alone, including higher incidence of peripheral neuropathy. Vincristine is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1); drugs that inhibit P-gp could potentially cause increased toxicity when co-administered with vincristine through DDI. While the combination of the BTK inhibitor acalabrutinib and R-CHOP is being explored clinically, the DDI potential between these therapies is unknown. Methods A human mechanistic physiology-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of vincristine following intravenous dosing was developed to predict potential DDI interactions with combination therapy. In vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion and in vivo clinical PK parameters informed PBPK model development, which was verified by comparing simulated vincristine concentrations with observed clinical data. Results While simulations suggested no DDI between vincristine and ibrutinib or acalabrutinib in plasma, simulated vincristine exposure in muscle tissue was increased in the presence of ibrutinib but not acalabrutinib. Extrapolation of the vincristine mechanistic PBPK model to other P-gp substrates further suggested DDI risk when ibrutinib (area under the concentration–time curve [AUC] ratio: 1.8), but not acalabrutinib (AUC ratio: 0.92), was given orally with venetoclax or digoxin. Conclusion Overall, these data suggest low DDI risk between acalabrutinib and P-gp substrates with negligible increase in the potential risk of vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy when acalabrutinib is added to R-CHOP therapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00280-021-04302-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Pilla Reddy
- Early Oncology, Oncology Research & Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK. .,Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals Research & Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Adrian J Fretland
- Early Oncology, Oncology Research & Development, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Diansong Zhou
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals Research & Development, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shringi Sharma
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Buyun Chen
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Karthick Vishwanathan
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, Biopharmaceuticals Research & Development, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dermot F McGinnity
- Early Oncology, Oncology Research & Development, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Yan Xu
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca , South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph A Ware
- Quantitative Clinical Pharmacology, AstraZeneca , South San Francisco, CA, USA
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18
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Determination of Fraction Unbound and Unbound Partition Coefficient to Estimate Intracellular Free Drug Concentration. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1250-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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19
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Mathew S, Tess D, Burchett W, Chang G, Woody N, Keefer C, Orozco C, Lin J, Jordan S, Yamazaki S, Jones R, Di L. Evaluation of Prediction Accuracy for Volume of Distribution in Rat and Human Using In Vitro, In Vivo, PBPK and QSAR Methods. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:1799-1823. [PMID: 33338491 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Volume of distribution at steady state (Vss) is an important pharmacokinetic parameter of a drug candidate. In this study, Vss prediction accuracy was evaluated by using: (1) seven methods for rat with 56 compounds, (2) four methods for human with 1276 compounds, and (3) four in vivo methods and three Kp (partition coefficient) scalar methods from scaling of three preclinical species with 125 compounds. The results showed that the global QSAR models outperformed the PBPK methods. Tissue fraction unbound (fu,t) method with adipose and muscle also provided high Vss prediction accuracy. Overall, the high performing methods for human Vss prediction are the global QSAR models, Øie-Tozer and equivalency methods from scaling of preclinical species, as well as PBPK methods with Kp scalar from preclinical species. Certain input parameter ranges rendered PBPK models inaccurate due to mass balance issues. These were addressed using appropriate theoretical limit checks. Prediction accuracy of tissue Kp were also examined. The fu,t method predicted Kp values more accurately than the PBPK methods for adipose, heart and muscle. All the methods overpredicted brain Kp and underpredicted liver Kp due to transporter effects. Successful Vss prediction involves strategic integration of in silico, in vitro and in vivo approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Mathew
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David Tess
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Woodrow Burchett
- Early Clinical Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - George Chang
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Nathaniel Woody
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Christopher Keefer
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Christine Orozco
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Jian Lin
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Samantha Jordan
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Shinji Yamazaki
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Rhys Jones
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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20
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Riccardi K, Ryu S, Tess D, Li R, Luo L, Johnson N, Jordan S, Patel R, Di L. Comparison of Fraction Unbound Between Liver Homogenate and Hepatocytes at 4°C. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:91. [DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00476-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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