1
|
Sengupta S, Maji L, Das PK, Teli G, Nag M, Khan N, Haque M, Matada GSP. Explanatory review on DDR inhibitors: their biological activity, synthetic route, and structure-activity relationship. Mol Divers 2025:10.1007/s11030-024-11091-5. [PMID: 39883387 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-024-11091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2024] [Accepted: 12/19/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2025]
Abstract
Discoidin domain receptors (DDR) are categorized under tyrosine kinase receptors (RTKs) and play a crucial role in various etiological conditions such as cancer, fibrosis, atherosclerosis, osteoarthritis, and inflammatory diseases. The structural domain rearrangement of DDR1 and DDR2 involved six domains of interest namely N-terminal DS, DS-like, intracellular juxtamembrane, transmembrane juxtamembrane, extracellular juxtamembrane intracellular kinase domain, and the tail portion contains small C-tail linkage. DDR has not been explored to a wide extent to be declared as a prime target for any particular pathological condition. Very few scientific data are available so there is a need to study the receptors and their inhibitors. Still, there did not exist FDA-approved small molecules targeting DDR1 and DDR2 receptors so there is an urgent need to develop potent small molecules. Further, the structural features and ligand specificities encourage the researchers to be fascinated about the DDR and explore them for the mentioned biological conditions. Therefore, in the last few years, researchers have been involved in investigating the potent DDR inhibitors. The current review provides an outlook on the anatomy and physiology of DDR, focusing on the structural features of DDR receptors and the mechanism of signaling pathways. We have also compiled the evolutionary development status of DDR inhibitors according to their chemical classes, biological activity, selectivity, and structure-activity relationship. From biological activity analysis, it was revealed that compounds 64a (selectivity: DDR1) and 103a (selectivity: DDR2) were the most potent candidates with excellent activity with IC50 values of 4.67 and 3.2 nM, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sindhuja Sengupta
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, 560107, Karnataka, India
- NEF College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Nagaon, 782001, India
| | - Lalmohan Maji
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, 560107, Karnataka, India
- Tarifa Memorial Institute of Pharmacy, Murshidabad, West Bengal, 742166, India
| | - Pronoy Kanti Das
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, 560107, Karnataka, India
| | - Ghanshyam Teli
- School of Pharmacy, Sangam University, Atoon, Bhilwara, Rajasthan, 311001, India.
| | - Mrinmoy Nag
- NEF College of Pharmaceutical Education & Research, Nagaon, 782001, India
| | - Nirmalya Khan
- Tarifa Memorial Institute of Pharmacy, Murshidabad, West Bengal, 742166, India
| | - Mridul Haque
- Tarifa Memorial Institute of Pharmacy, Murshidabad, West Bengal, 742166, India
| | - Gurubasavaraja Swamy Purawarga Matada
- Integrated Drug Discovery Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Acharya & BM Reddy College of Pharmacy, Bengaluru, 560107, Karnataka, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Feng G, Yang X, Shuai W, Wang G, Ouyang L. Update on JNK inhibitor patents: 2015 to present. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2024; 34:907-927. [PMID: 39223788 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2024.2400167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) regulates various biological processes through the phosphorylation cascade and is closely associated with numerous diseases, including inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, and neurological disorders. Therefore, JNKs have emerged as potential targets for disease treatment. AREAS COVERED This review compiles the patents and literatures concerning JNK inhibitors through retrieving relevant information from the SciFinder, Google Patents databases, and PubMed from 2015 to the present. It summarizes the structure-activity relationship (SAR) and biological activity profiles of JNK inhibitors, offering valuable perspectives on their potential therapeutic applications. EXPERT OPINION The JNK kinase serves as a novel target for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, pulmonary fibrosis, and other illnesses. A variety of small-molecule inhibitors targeting JNKs have demonstrated promising therapeutic potential in preclinical studies, which act upon JNK kinases via distinct mechanisms, encompassing traditional ATP competitive inhibition, covalent inhibition, and bidentate inhibition. Among them, several JNK inhibitors from PregLem SA, Celegene SA, and Xigen SA have accomplished the early stage of clinical trials, and their results will guide the development and indications of future JNK inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Guan Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and West China second Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and West China second Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mousavi H, Rimaz M, Zeynizadeh B. Practical Three-Component Regioselective Synthesis of Drug-Like 3-Aryl(or heteroaryl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[ h]cinnolines as Potential Non-Covalent Multi-Targeting Inhibitors To Combat Neurodegenerative Diseases. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:1828-1881. [PMID: 38647433 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.4c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are one of the prominent health challenges facing contemporary society, and many efforts have been made to overcome and (or) control it. In this research paper, we described a practical one-pot two-step three-component reaction between 3,4-dihydronaphthalen-1(2H)-one (1), aryl(or heteroaryl)glyoxal monohydrates (2a-h), and hydrazine monohydrate (NH2NH2•H2O) for the regioselective preparation of some 3-aryl(or heteroaryl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]cinnoline derivatives (3a-h). After synthesis and characterization of the mentioned cinnolines (3a-h), the in silico multi-targeting inhibitory properties of these heterocyclic scaffolds have been investigated upon various Homo sapiens-type enzymes, including hMAO-A, hMAO-B, hAChE, hBChE, hBACE-1, hBACE-2, hNQO-1, hNQO-2, hnNOS, hiNOS, hPARP-1, hPARP-2, hLRRK-2(G2019S), hGSK-3β, hp38α MAPK, hJNK-3, hOGA, hNMDA receptor, hnSMase-2, hIDO-1, hCOMT, hLIMK-1, hLIMK-2, hRIPK-1, hUCH-L1, hPARK-7, and hDHODH, which have confirmed their functions and roles in the neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), based on molecular docking studies, and the obtained results were compared with a wide range of approved drugs and well-known (with IC50, EC50, etc.) compounds. In addition, in silico ADMET prediction analysis was performed to examine the prospective drug properties of the synthesized heterocyclic compounds (3a-h). The obtained results from the molecular docking studies and ADMET-related data demonstrated that these series of 3-aryl(or heteroaryl)-5,6-dihydrobenzo[h]cinnolines (3a-h), especially hit ones, can really be turned into the potent core of new drugs for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), and/or due to the having some reactionable locations, they are able to have further organic reactions (such as cross-coupling reactions), and expansion of these compounds (for example, with using other types of aryl(or heteroaryl)glyoxal monohydrates) makes a new avenue for designing novel and efficient drugs for this purpose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Mousavi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran
| | - Mehdi Rimaz
- Department of Chemistry, Payame Noor University, P.O. Box 19395-3697, Tehran 19395-3697, Iran
| | - Behzad Zeynizadeh
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Urmia University, Urmia 5756151818, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Dou X, Huo T, Liu Y, Pang Z, Su L, Zhao X, Peng X, Liu Z, Zhang L, Jiao N. Discovery of novel and selective farnesoid X receptor antagonists through structure-based virtual screening, preliminary structure-activity relationship study, and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 269:116323. [PMID: 38547735 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a bile acids receptor and plays a crucial role in regulating bile acids, lipids, and glucose metabolism. Previous research suggests that inhibiting FXR activation can be beneficial in reducing cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, offering potential treatment options for metabolic syndrome with lipid disorders. Herein, we report p-acetylaminobenzene sulfonate derivatives as a novel scaffold of FXR antagonists by multistage screening. Among these derivatives, compound F44-A13 exhibited a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 1.1 μM. Furthermore, compound F44-A13 demonstrated effective inhibition of FXR activation in cellular assays and exhibited high selectivity over eleven other nuclear receptors. Besides, compound F44-A13 significantly suppressed the regulation of FXR target genes Shp, Besp, and Cyp7a1, while reducing cholesterol levels in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Pharmacological studies conducted on C57BL/6 mice further confirmed that compound F44-A13 had beneficial effects in reducing cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C levels. These findings highlight that F44-A13 is a highly selective FXR antagonist that might serve as a useful molecule for further FXR studies as well as the development of FXR antagonists for the potential treatment of metabolic diseases with lipid disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Tongyu Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yameng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China; Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, Changping District, Beijing, China
| | - Zichen Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Lingyu Su
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xing Peng
- Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, Changping District, Beijing, China; Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Zhenming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Liangren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ning Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China; Changping Laboratory, Yard 28, Science Park Road, Changping District, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bayraktar G, Alptüzün V. Recent Molecular Targets and their Ligands for the Treatment of Alzheimer Disease. Curr Top Med Chem 2024; 24:2447-2464. [PMID: 39171472 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266318722240809050235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a multifaceted neurodegenerative disease. Cholinergic dysfunction, amyloid β toxicity, tauopathies, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation are among the main pathologies of the disease. Ligands targeting more than one pathology, multi-target directed ligands, attract attention in the recent years to tackle Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we aimed to cover different biochemical pathways, that are revealed in recent years for the pathology of the disease, as druggable targets such as cannabinoid receptors, matrix metalloproteinases, histone deacetylase and various kinases including, glycogen synthase kinase-3, mitogen-activated protein kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and their ligands for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease in the hope of providing more realistic insights into the field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gülşah Bayraktar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ege University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Izmir, 35040, Turkey
| | - Vildan Alptüzün
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Ege University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Izmir, 35040, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lin Y, Wan JP, Liu Y. Cascade in Situ Iodination, Chromone Annulation, and Cyanation for Site-Selective Synthesis of 2-Cyanochromones. J Org Chem 2023; 88:4017-4023. [PMID: 36862999 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
A facile cascade reaction for the site selective synthesis of 2-cyanochromones is described. By using simple o-hydroxyphenyl enaminones and potassium ferrocyanide trihydrate (K4[Fe(CN)6]3·3H2O) as starting materials and I2/AlCl3 as promoters, the products are furnished via tandem chromone ring formation and C-H cyanation. The in situ formation of 3-iodochromone and a formal 1,2-hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) process account for the unconventional site selectivity. In addition, the synthesis of 2-cyanoquinolin-4-one has been realized by employing corresponding 2-aminophenyl enaminone as substrate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Jie-Ping Wan
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China
| | - Yunyun Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China.,International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Li Z, Zhu G, Liu X, Gao T, Fang F, Dou X, Li Y, Zheng R, Jin H, Zhang L, Liu Z, Zhang L. The structure-based optimization of 3-substituted indolin-2-one derivatives as potent and isoform-selective c-Jun N-terminal kinase 3 (JNK3) inhibitors and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 250:115167. [PMID: 36764123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An indolin-2-(4-thiazolidinone) scaffold was previously shown to be a novel chemotype for JNK3 inhibition. However, more in vivo applications were limited due to the unconfirmed configuration and poor physicochemical properties. Here, the indolin-2-(4-thiazolidinone) scaffold validated the absolute configuration; substituents on the scaffold were optimized. Extensive structure activity relationship (SAR) studies were performed using kinase activity assays, thus leading to potent and highly selective JNK3 inhibitors with neuroprotective activity and good oral bioavailability. One lead compound, A53, was a potent and selective JNK3 inhibitor (IC50 = 78 nM) that had significant inhibition (>80% at 1 μM) to only JNK3 in a 398-kinase panel. A53 had low inhibition against JNK3 and high stability (t1/2(α) = 0.98 h, t1/2(β) = 2.74 h) during oral administration. A modeling study of A53 in human JNK3 showed that the indolin-2-(4-thiazolidinone)-based JNK3 inhibitor with a 5-position-substituted hydrophilic group offered improved kinase inhibition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongtang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Guiwang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaoang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Tongfei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Fan Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaodong Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Yiyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Ruqiu Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Hongwei Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Liangren Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Zhenming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Lihe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100191, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Jun J, Yang S, Lee J, Moon H, Kim J, Jung H, Im D, Oh Y, Jang M, Cho H, Baek J, Kim H, Kang D, Bae H, Tak C, Hwang K, Kwon H, Kim H, Hah JM. Discovery of novel imidazole chemotypes as isoform-selective JNK3 inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 245:114894. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
9
|
Abu Rabah RR, Sebastian A, Vunnam S, Sultan S, Tarazi H, Anbar HS, Shehata MK, Zaraei SO, Elgendy SM, Al Shamma SA, Omar HA, Al-Tel TH, El-Gamal MI. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a new series of pyrazole derivatives: Discovery of potent and selective JNK3 kinase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 69:116894. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
10
|
Qin P, Ran Y, Liu Y, Wei C, Luan X, Niu H, Peng J, Sun J, Wu J. Recent advances of small molecule JNK3 inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Chem 2022; 128:106090. [PMID: 35964505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2022.106090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
C-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is a member of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) family, with three isoforms, JNK1, JNK2 and JNK3. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurological disorder and the most common type of dementia. Two well-established AD pathologies are the deposition of Aβ amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles caused by Tau hyperphosphorylation. JNK3 is involved in forming amyloid Aβ and neurofibrillary tangles, suggesting that JNK3 may represent a target to develop treatments for AD. Therefore, this review will discuss the roles of JNK3 in the pathogenesis and treatment of AD, and the latest progress in the development of JNK3 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengxia Qin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Yingying Ran
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Yujing Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Chao Wei
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Xiaoyi Luan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Haoqian Niu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China
| | - Jingde Wu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cheng C, Liu M, Gao X, Wu D, Pu M, Ma J, Quinn RJ, Xiao Z, Liu Z. Identifying New Ligands for JNK3 by Fluorescence Thermal Shift Assays and Native Mass Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:13925-13931. [PMID: 35559183 PMCID: PMC9088906 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) are evolutionary highly conserved serine/threonine kinases. Numerous findings suggest that JNK3 is involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, so the inhibition of JNK3 may be a potential therapeutic intervention. The identification of novel compounds with promising pharmacological properties still represents a challenge. Fluorescence thermal shift screening of a chemically diversified lead-like scaffold library of 2024 pure compounds led to the initial identification of seven JNK3 binding hits, which were classified into four scaffold groups according to their chemical structures. Native mass spectrometry validated the interaction of 4 out of the 7 hits with JNK3. Binding geometries and interactions of the top 2 hits were evaluated by docking into a JNK3 crystal structure. Hit 5 had a K d of 21 μM with JNK3 suggested scaffold 5-(phenylamino)-1H-1,2,3-triazole-4-carboxamide as a novel and selective JNK3 binder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chongyun Cheng
- National
Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute
of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Griffith
Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
- Monash
Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash
University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- Griffith
Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Xiaoqin Gao
- State
Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical
Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Dong Wu
- iHuman
Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Mengchen Pu
- National
Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute
of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jun Ma
- Griffith
Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Ronald J. Quinn
- Griffith
Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Zhicheng Xiao
- Monash
Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash
University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Kunming
Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650031, China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- National
Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute
of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- iHuman
Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Kunming
Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan 650031, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhu Y, Shuai W, Zhao M, Pan X, Pei J, Wu Y, Bu F, Wang A, Ouyang L, Wang G. Unraveling the Design and Discovery of c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase Inhibitors and Their Therapeutic Potential in Human Diseases. J Med Chem 2022; 65:3758-3775. [PMID: 35200035 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), members of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family, are encoded by three genes: jnk1, jnk2, and jnk3. JNKs are involved in the pathogenesis and development of many diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, inflammation, and cancers. Therefore, JNKs have become important therapeutic targets. Many JNK inhibitors have been discovered, and some have been introduced into clinical trials. However, the study of isoform-selective JNK inhibitors is still a challenging task. To further develop novel JNK inhibitors with clinical value, a comprehensive understanding of JNKs and their corresponding inhibitors is required. In this Perspective, we introduced the JNK signaling pathways and reviewed different chemical types of JNK inhibitors, focusing on their structure-activity relationships and biological activities. The challenges and strategies for the development of JNK inhibitors are also discussed. It is hoped that this Perspective will provide valuable references for the development of novel selective JNK inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Zhu
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wen Shuai
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoli Pan
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Junping Pei
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yongya Wu
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Faqian Bu
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Aoxue Wang
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jiang X, Wu K, Bai R, Zhang P, Zhang Y. Functionalized quinoxalinones as privileged structures with broad-ranging pharmacological activities. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 229:114085. [PMID: 34998058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Quinoxalinones are a class of heterocyclic compounds which attract extensive attention owing to their potential in the field of organic synthesis and medicinal chemistry. During the past few decades, many new synthetic strategies toward the functionalization of quinoxalinone based scaffolds have been witnessed. Regrettably, there are only a few reports on the pharmacological activities of quinoxalinone scaffolds from a medicinal chemistry perspective. Therefore, herein we intend to outline the applications of multifunctional quinoxalinones as privileged structures possessing various biological activities, including anticancer, neuroprotective, antibacterial, antiviral, antiparasitic, anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, anti-cardiovascular, anti-diabetes, antioxidation, etc. We hope that this review will facilitate the development of quinoxalinone derivatives in medicinal chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Jiang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China; College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Kaiyu Wu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China
| | - Renren Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China; Key Laboratory of Elemene Class Anti-Cancer Chinese Medicines, Engineering Laboratory of Development and Application of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Collaborative Innovation Center of Traditional Chinese Medicines of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China.
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, PR China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro & Nano Materials Interface Science, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Feng Y, Park H, Ryu JC, Yoon SOK. N-Aromatic-Substituted Indazole Derivatives as Brain-Penetrant and Orally Bioavailable JNK3 Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1546-1552. [PMID: 34676036 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An indazole/aza-indazole scaffold was developed as a novel chemotype for JNK3 inhibition. Extensive structure activity relationship (SAR) studies utilizing various in vitro and in vivo assays led to potent and highly selective JNK3 inhibitors with good oral bioavailability and high brain penetration. One lead compound, 29, was a potent and selective JNK3 inhibitor (IC50 = 0.005 μM) that had significant inhibition (>80% at 1 μM) to only JNK3 and JNK2 in a panel profiling of 374 wild-type kinases, had high potency in functional cell-based assays, had high stability in the human liver microsome (t 1/2 = 92 min), and was orally bioavailable and brain penetrant (brain/plasma ratio: 56%). The cocrystal structure of 29 in human JNK3 at a 2.1 Å resolution showed that indazole or aza-indazole-based JNK3 inhibitors demonstrated a type I kinase inhibition/binding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangbo Feng
- Reaction Biology Corporation, One Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida 33136, United States
| | - HaJeung Park
- Crystallography Core Facility, Scripps Research, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Jae Cheon Ryu
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sung OK Yoon
- Department of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Elkamhawy A, Lu Q, Nada H, Woo J, Quan G, Lee K. The Journey of DDR1 and DDR2 Kinase Inhibitors as Rising Stars in the Fight Against Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126535. [PMID: 34207360 PMCID: PMC8235339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Discoidin domain receptor (DDR) is a collagen-activated receptor tyrosine kinase that plays critical roles in regulating essential cellular processes such as morphogenesis, differentiation, proliferation, adhesion, migration, invasion, and matrix remodeling. As a result, DDR dysregulation has been attributed to a variety of human cancer disorders, for instance, non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), ovarian cancer, glioblastoma, and breast cancer, in addition to some inflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. Since the target identification in the early 1990s to date, a lot of efforts have been devoted to the development of DDR inhibitors. From a medicinal chemistry perspective, we attempted to reveal the progress in the development of the most promising DDR1 and DDR2 small molecule inhibitors covering their design approaches, structure-activity relationship (SAR), biological activity, and selectivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elkamhawy
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea or (A.E.); (Q.L.); (H.N.); (J.W.); (G.Q.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Qili Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea or (A.E.); (Q.L.); (H.N.); (J.W.); (G.Q.)
| | - Hossam Nada
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea or (A.E.); (Q.L.); (H.N.); (J.W.); (G.Q.)
| | - Jiyu Woo
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea or (A.E.); (Q.L.); (H.N.); (J.W.); (G.Q.)
| | - Guofeng Quan
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea or (A.E.); (Q.L.); (H.N.); (J.W.); (G.Q.)
| | - Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Goyang 10326, Korea or (A.E.); (Q.L.); (H.N.); (J.W.); (G.Q.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Garg R, Kumariya S, Katekar R, Verma S, Goand UK, Gayen JR. JNK signaling pathway in metabolic disorders: An emerging therapeutic target. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 901:174079. [PMID: 33812885 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic Syndrome is a multifactorial disease associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disorders, type 2 diabetes mellitus, fatty liver disease, etc. Various stress stimuli such as reactive oxygen species, endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, increased cytokines, or free fatty acids are known to aggravate progressive development of hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Although the exact mechanism contributing to altered metabolism is unclear. Evidence suggests stress kinase role to be a crucial one in metabolic syndrome. Stress kinase, c-jun N-terminal kinase activation (JNK) is involved in various metabolic manifestations including obesity, insulin resistance, fatty liver disease as well as cardiometabolic disorders. It emerged as a foremost mediator in regulating metabolism in the liver, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue as well as pancreatic β cells. It has three isoforms each having a unique and tissue-specific role in altered metabolism. Current findings based on genetic manipulation or chemical inhibition studies identified JNK isoforms to play a central role in the regulation of whole-body metabolism, suggesting it to be a novel therapeutic target. Hence, it is imperative to elucidate its role in metabolic syndrome onset and progression. The purpose of this review is to elucidate in vitro and in vivo implications of JNK signaling along with the therapeutic strategy to inhibit specific isoform. Since metabolic syndrome is an array of diseases and complex pathway, carefully examining each tissue will be important for specific treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richa Garg
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sanjana Kumariya
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Roshan Katekar
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Saurabh Verma
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Umesh K Goand
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Jiaur R Gayen
- Pharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India; Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Jankipuram Extension, Lucknow, 226031, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang J, Zhang C, Ye XQ, Du W, Zeng S, Xu JH, Yin H. An efficient and practical aerobic oxidation of benzylic methylenes by recyclable N-hydroxyimide. RSC Adv 2021; 11:3003-3011. [PMID: 35424255 PMCID: PMC8693865 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10475b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient and practical benzylic aerobic oxidation catalyzed by cheap and simple N-hydroxyimide organocatalyst has been achieved with high yields and broad substrate scope. The organocatalyst used can be recycled and reused by simple workup and only minute amount (1 mol% in most cases) of simple iron salt is used as promoter. Phenyl substrates with mild and strong electron-withdrawing group could also be oxygenated in high yields as well as other benzylic methylenes. Influence of substituents, gram-scale application, catalysts decay and general mechanism of this methodology has also been discussed. An efficient and practical benzylic aerobic oxidation catalyzed by cheap and simple N-hydroxyimide organocatalyst has been achieved with high yields and broad substrate scope.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- School of Pharmacy
- Hangzhou Medical College
- Hangzhou 310053
- China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science
- Zhejiang University of Technology
- Hangzhou 310000
- China
| | - Xiao-Qing Ye
- School of Pharmacy
- Hangzhou Medical College
- Hangzhou 310053
- China
| | - Wenting Du
- School of Pharmacy
- Hangzhou Medical College
- Hangzhou 310053
- China
| | - Shenxin Zeng
- School of Pharmacy
- Hangzhou Medical College
- Hangzhou 310053
- China
| | - Jian-Hong Xu
- School of Pharmacy
- Hangzhou Medical College
- Hangzhou 310053
- China
| | - Hong Yin
- School of Pharmacy
- Hangzhou Medical College
- Hangzhou 310053
- China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Feng Y, Park H, Bauer L, Ryu JC, Yoon SOK. Thiophene-Pyrazolourea Derivatives as Potent, Orally Bioavailable, and Isoform-Selective JNK3 Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 12:24-29. [PMID: 33488960 PMCID: PMC7812606 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Potent JNK3 isoform selective inhibitors were developed from a thiophenyl-pyrazolourea scaffold. Through structure activity relationship (SAR) studies utilizing enzymatic and cell-based assays, and in vitro and in vivo drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic (DMPK) studies, potent and highly selective JNK3 inhibitors with oral bioavailability and brain penetrant capability were developed. Inhibitor 17 was a potent and isoform selective JNK3 inhibitor (IC50 = 35 nM), had significant inhibition to only JNK3 in a panel profiling of 374 wild-type kinases, had high potency in functional cell-based assays, had high stability in human liver microsome (t 1/2 = 66 min) and a clean CYP-450 inhibition profile, and was orally bioavailable and brain penetrant. Moreover, cocrystal structures of compounds 17 and 27 in human JNK3 were solved at 1.84 Å, which showed that these JNK3 isoform selective inhibitors bound to the ATP pocket, had interactions in both hydrophobic pocket-I and hydrophobic pocket-II.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangbo Feng
- Reaction
Biology Corporation, One Great Valley Parkway, Malvern, Pennsylvania 19355, United States,
| | - HaJeung Park
- Crystallography
Core Facility, Scripps Florida, TSRI, 130 Scripps Way, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United
States
| | - Luke Bauer
- Department
of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jae Cheon Ryu
- Department
of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Sung OK Yoon
- Department
of Biological Chemistry & Pharmacology, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States,
| |
Collapse
|