1
|
Moraru L, Mitranovici MI, Chiorean DM, Moraru R, Caravia L, Tiron AT, Cotoi OS. Adenomyosis and Its Possible Malignancy: A Review of the Literature. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13111883. [PMID: 37296736 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13111883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer arising from adenomyosis is very rare, with transformation occurring in only 1% of cases and in older individuals. Adenomyosis, endometriosis and cancers may share a common pathogenic mechanism that includes hormonal factors, genetic predisposition, growth factors, inflammation, immune system dysregulation, environmental factors and oxidative stress. Endometriosis and adenomyosis both exhibit malignant behaviour. The most common risk factor for malignant transformation is prolonged exposure to oestrogens. The golden standard for diagnosis is histopathology. Colman and Rosenthal emphasised the most important characteristics in adenomyosis-associated cancer. Kumar and Anderson emphasised the importance of demonstrating a transition between benign and malignant endometrial glands in cancer arising from adenomyosis. As it is very rare, it is difficult to standardize treatment. In this manuscript, we try to emphasize some aspects regarding the management strategy, as well as how heterogenous the studies from the literature are in terms of prognosis in both cancers that develop from adenomyosis or those that are only associated with adenomyosis. The pathogenic mechanisms of transformation remain unclear. As these types of cancer are so rare, there is no standardised treatment. A novel target in the diagnosis and treatment of gynaecological malignancies associated with adenomyosis is also being studied for the development of new therapeutic concepts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liviu Moraru
- Department of Anatomy, "George Emil Palade" University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Melinda-Ildiko Mitranovici
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Emergency County Hospital Hunedoara, 14 Victoriei Street, 331057 Hunedoara, Romania
| | - Diana Maria Chiorean
- Department of Pathology, County Clinical Hospital of Targu Mures, 540072 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Raluca Moraru
- Faculty of Medicine, "George Emil Palade" University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Sciences and Technology, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| | - Laura Caravia
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Department of Morphological Sciences, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Andreea Taisia Tiron
- Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ovidiu Simion Cotoi
- Department of Pathology, County Clinical Hospital of Targu Mures, 540072 Targu Mures, Romania
- Department of Pathophysiology, "George Emil Palade" University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science, and Technology of Targu Mures, 38 Gheorghe Marinescu Street, 540142 Targu Mures, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Resveratrol impairs cellular mechanisms associated with the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Reprod Biomed Online 2022; 44:976-990. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2022.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
3
|
Ke J, Ye J, Li M, Zhu Z. The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Endometriosis: A Potential Target. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11111739. [PMID: 34827737 PMCID: PMC8615881 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a condition that is influenced by hormones and involves stroma and glands being found outside the uterus; there are increases in proliferation, invasion, internal bleeding, and fibrosis. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been suggested to be crucial in the progression of invasion. The MMP family includes calcium-dependent zinc-containing endopeptidases, some of which not only affect the process of cell invasion but also participate in other physiological and pathological processes, such as angiogenesis and fibrosis. MMPs act as downstream-targeted molecules and their expression can be regulated by numerous factors such as estrogen, oxidative stress, cytokines, and environmental contaminants. Given their unique roles in endometriosis, MMPs may become effective biomarkers of endometriosis in the future. In the present review, we summarize the current literature on MMPs regarding their classification, function, and potential value for endometriosis, which may contribute to our knowledge of MMPs and MMP-targeted interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junya Ke
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China;
- Department of Integrated Traditional & Western Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Jiangfeng Ye
- Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore;
| | - Mingqing Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China;
- Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine-Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (Z.Z.); Tel./Fax: +86-21-3318-9900-6420 (Z.Z.)
| | - Zhiling Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China;
- Department of Integrated Traditional & Western Medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
- Correspondence: (M.L.); (Z.Z.); Tel./Fax: +86-21-3318-9900-6420 (Z.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nam HK, Jeong SR, Pyo MC, Ha SK, Nam MH, Lee KW. Methylglyoxal-Derived Advanced Glycation End Products (AGE4) Promote Cell Proliferation and Survival in Renal Cell Carcinoma Cells through the RAGE/Akt/ERK Signaling Pathways. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1697-1706. [PMID: 34719646 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are the products formed through a non-enzymatic reaction of reducing sugars with proteins or lipids. There is a potential for toxicity in the case of AGEs produced through glycation with dicarbonyl compounds including methylglyoxal, glyoxal, and 3-deoxyglucosone. The AGEs bind the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) and stimulate the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathway that can increase the production of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In addition, AGE-induced protein kinase B (Akt) signaling can promote cancer cell proliferation and contribute to many diseases such as kidney cancer. In light of the lack of extensive study of the relationship between methylglyoxal-induced AGEs (AGE4) and renal cancer, we studied the proliferous and anti-apoptotic effects of AGE4 on renal cell carcinoma (RCC) in this study. AGE4 treatment was involved in the proliferation and migration of RCC cells in vitro by upregulating proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and MMPs while suppressing apoptotic markers such as Bax and caspase 3. Moreover, Akt and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) were phosphorylated in RCC cells with AGE4 treatment. As a result, this study demonstrated that AGE4-RAGE axis can promote the growth ability of RCC by inducing PCNA, MMPs, and inhibiting apoptosis in RCC via the Akt and ERK signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han-Kyul Nam
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University
| | - So-Ra Jeong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University
| | - Min Cheol Pyo
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University
| | - Sang-Keun Ha
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute
| | - Mi-Hyun Nam
- Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado
| | - Kwang-Won Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Matta K, Koual M, Ploteau S, Coumoul X, Audouze K, Le Bizec B, Antignac JP, Cano-Sancho G. Associations between Exposure to Organochlorine Chemicals and Endometriosis: A Systematic Review of Experimental Studies and Integration of Epidemiological Evidence. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:76003. [PMID: 34310196 PMCID: PMC8312885 DOI: 10.1289/ehp8421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Growing epidemiological evidence suggests that organochlorine chemicals (OCCs), including 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), may play a role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. OBJECTIVES We aimed to systematically review the experimental evidence (in vivo and in vitro) on the associations between exposure to OCCs and endometriosis-related end points. METHODS A systematic review protocol was developed following the National Toxicology Program /Office of Health Assessment and Translation (NTP/OHAT) framework and managed within a web-based interface. In vivo studies designed to evaluate the impact of OCCs on the onset or progression of endometriosis and proliferation of induced endometriotic lesions were eligible. Eligible in vitro studies included single-cell and co-culture models to evaluate the proliferation, migration, and/or invasion of endometrial cells. We applied the search strings to PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus®. A final search was performed on 24 June 2020. Assessment of risk of bias and the level of evidence and integration of preevaluated epidemiological evidence was conducted using NTP/OHAT framework Results: Out of 812 total studies, 39 met the predetermined eligibility criteria (15 in vivo, 23 in vitro, and 1 both). Most studies (n=27) tested TCDD and other dioxin-like chemicals. In vivo evidence supported TCDD's promotion of endometriosis onset and lesion growth. In vitro evidence supported TCDD's promotion of cell migration and invasion, but there was insufficient evidence for cell proliferation. In vitro evidence further supported the roles of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor and matrix metalloproteinases in mediating steroidogenic disruption and inflammatory responses. Estrogen interactions were found across studies and end points. CONCLUSION Based on the integration of a high level of animal evidence with a moderate level of epidemiological evidence, we concluded that TCDD was a known hazard for endometriosis in humans and the conclusion is supported by mechanistic in vitro evidence. Nonetheless, there is need for further research to fill in our gaps in understanding of the relationship between OCCs and their mixtures and endometriosis, beyond the prototypical TCDD. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8421.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Komodo Matta
- Oniris, INRAE, UMR 1329 Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes, France
| | - Meriem Koual
- Université de Paris, T3S, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm) UMR S-1124, Paris, France
- Service de Chirurgie Cancérologique Gynécologique et du Sein, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Ploteau
- Service de gynécologie-obstétrique, Centre d’investigation clinique–Femme Enfant Adolescent, Hôpital Mère Enfant, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Hôtel Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - Xavier Coumoul
- Université de Paris, T3S, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm) UMR S-1124, Paris, France
| | - Karine Audouze
- Université de Paris, T3S, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm) UMR S-1124, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- Oniris, INRAE, UMR 1329 Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Philippe Antignac
- Oniris, INRAE, UMR 1329 Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes, France
| | - German Cano-Sancho
- Oniris, INRAE, UMR 1329 Laboratoire d’Étude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Králíčková M, Vetvicka V, Fiala L, Laganà AS, Garzon S. The Search for Biomarkers in Endometriosis: a Long and Windy Road. Reprod Sci 2021; 29:1667-1673. [PMID: 34159571 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00668-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is a complex and chronic estrogen-dependent disease, affecting a significant proportion of women of reproductive age. Despite the long interest and extensive research, the pathogenesis of the disease is still debated. Although available non-invasive diagnostic methods have adequate accuracy, an invasive approach by laparoscopy is often necessary to obtain histological confirmation. In this scenario, the search for an accurate, reliable, cost-effective, clinically applicable non-invasive biomarker plays a crucial role in a potentially early diagnosis and, in this way, shape the future management of the disease. Considering these elements, the current review aims to summarize the most significant and novel results about biomarkers for the diagnosis and follow-up of women affected by endometriosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milena Králíčková
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Plzen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Luděk Fiala
- Institute of Sexology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Antonio Simone Laganà
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Filippo Del Ponte" Hospital, University of Insubria, Piazza Biroldi 1, 21100, Varese, Italy.
| | - Simone Garzon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, "Filippo Del Ponte" Hospital, University of Insubria, Piazza Biroldi 1, 21100, Varese, Italy.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, AOUI Verona, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Polyphenols as a Diet Therapy Concept for Endometriosis-Current Opinion and Future Perspectives. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041347. [PMID: 33919512 PMCID: PMC8074087 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis represents an often painful, estrogen-dependent gynecological disorder, defined by the existence of endometrial glands and stroma exterior to the uterine cavity. The disease provides a wide range of symptoms and affects women’s quality of life and reproductive functions. Despite research efforts and extensive investigations, this disease’s pathogenesis and molecular basis remain unclear. Conventional endometriosis treatment implies surgical resection, hormonal therapies, and treatment with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, but their efficacy is currently limited due to many side effects. Therefore, exploring complementary and alternative therapy strategies, minimizing the current treatments’ adverse effects, is needed. Plants are sources of bioactive compounds that demonstrate broad-spectrum health-promoting effects and interact with molecular targets associated with endometriosis, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, invasiveness, inflammation, oxidative stress, and angiogenesis. Anti-endometriotic properties are exhibited mainly by polyphenols, which can exert a potent phytoestrogen effect, modulating estrogen activity. The available evidence derived from preclinical research and several clinical studies indicates that natural biologically active compounds represent promising candidates for developing novel strategies in endometriosis management. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of polyphenols and their properties valuable for natural treatment strategy by interacting with different cellular and molecular targets involved in endometriosis progression.
Collapse
|
8
|
Arablou T, Aryaeian N, Khodaverdi S, Kolahdouz-Mohammadi R, Moradi Z, Rashidi N, Delbandi AA. The effects of resveratrol on the expression of VEGF, TGF-β, and MMP-9 in endometrial stromal cells of women with endometriosis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:6054. [PMID: 33723310 PMCID: PMC7961000 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85512-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Resveratrol is a phytochemical with anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. The present study has evaluated the effect of resveratrol on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) as factors related to endometriosis progression. Thirteen eutopic (EuESCs) and 8 ectopic (EESCs) endometrial stromal cells from women with endometriosis and 11 control endometrial stromal cells (CESCs) were treated with resveratrol (100 µM) for 6, 24 and 48 h. The gene and protein expression levels of VEGF, TGF-β, and MMP-9 were measured using real-time PCR and ELISA methods, respectively. Results showed that the basal gene and protein expression of VEGF and MMP-9 were higher in EESCs compared to EuESCs and CESCs (P < 0.01 to < 0.001 and P < 0.05 to < 0.01 respectively). Also, resveratrol treatment decreased the gene and protein expression of VEGF and MMP-9 in EuESCs, EESCs and CESCs (P < 0.05 to < 0.01 and P < 0.05 to < 0.01 respectively) and gene and protein expression of TGF-β in EESCs and EuESCs (P < 0.05 to < 0.01). The effect of resveratrol in reduction of VEGF gene expression was statistically more noticeable in EESCs compared to EuESCs and CESCs (P < 0.05). According to the findings, resveratrol may ameliorate endometriosis progression through reducing the expression of VEGF, TGF-β, and MMP-9 in endometrial stromal cells (ESCs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Arablou
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Naheed Aryaeian
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sepideh Khodaverdi
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Endometriosis Research Center, Iran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roya Kolahdouz-Mohammadi
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Moradi
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nesa Rashidi
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali-Akbar Delbandi
- grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran ,grid.411746.10000 0004 4911 7066Immunology Research Center, Immunology and Infectious Disease Institute, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zani ACT, Valerio FP, Meola J, da Silva AR, Nogueira AA, Candido-Dos-Reis FJ, Poli-Neto OB, Rosa-E-Silva JC. Impact of Bevacizumab on Experimentally Induced Endometriotic Lesions: Angiogenesis, Invasion, Apoptosis, and Cell Proliferation. Reprod Sci 2020; 27:1943-1950. [PMID: 32542537 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-020-00213-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is responsible for pain symptoms with great impact on the patient's quality of life. Several medication lines have been studied aiming at its definitive treatment. Among them, angiogenesis inhibitor factors may be effective given that angiogenesis has fundamental role in the establishment and growth of endometriotic lesions. In this study, we investigated the influence of bevacizumab, anti-factor drug of endothelial growth (anti-VEGF), used at two different dosages, in experimental endometriosis induced in rats. After the induction of endometriosis lesions in rats, they were divided in 3 groups: control group, no treatment, and two other groups were treated with different dosages of the same medication for 4 weeks. At the end of the treatment, endometriotic lesions were removed and evaluated regarding area of lesions, presence of endometrial tissue in microscopy, positivity for anti-VEGF antibody in immunohistochemistry, and gene expression of Pcna, Mmp9, Tp63, and Vegfa. Bevacizumab acted by reducing the area of lesions in the groups that received medication (p = 0.002) and reducing gene expression to Tp63 in lesions (p = 0.04). There was no significant result in other evaluations. We observed that there was significant reduction of the area of lesions among groups, suggesting that bevacizumab has a positive effect on disease control. The gene expression of Tp63 was significantly lower in the group that received high dose of the drug when compared with the other two groups; therefore, we concluded that bevacizumab acts by reducing cell proliferation and differentiation in lesions, constituting a real option for treating endometriosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Carolina Tagliatti Zani
- Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Passador Valerio
- Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Meola
- Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Ribeiro da Silva
- Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Antonio Alberto Nogueira
- Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Francisco José Candido-Dos-Reis
- Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Omero Benedicto Poli-Neto
- Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Julio Cesar Rosa-E-Silva
- Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ion Channels in The Pathogenesis of Endometriosis: A Cutting-Edge Point of View. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21031114. [PMID: 32046116 PMCID: PMC7037987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21031114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ion channels play a crucial role in many physiological processes. Several subtypes are expressed in the endometrium. Endometriosis is strictly correlated to estrogens and it is evident that expression and functionality of different ion channels are estrogen-dependent, fluctuating between the menstrual phases. However, their relationship with endometriosis is still unclear. OBJECTIVE To summarize the available literature data about the role of ion channels in the etiopathogenesis of endometriosis. METHODS A search on PubMed and Medline databases was performed from inception to November 2019. RESULTS Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), transient receptor potentials (TRPs), aquaporins (AQPs), and chloride channel (ClC)-3 expression and activity were analyzed. CFTR expression changed during the menstrual phases and was enhanced in endometriosis samples; its overexpression promoted endometrial cell proliferation, migration, and invasion throughout nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells-urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (NFκB-uPAR) signaling pathway. No connection between TRPs and the pathogenesis of endometriosis was found. AQP5 activity was estrogen-increased and, through phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase and protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), helped in vivo implantation of ectopic endometrium. In vitro, AQP9 participated in extracellular signal-regulated kinases/p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK/p38 MAPK) pathway and helped migration and invasion stimulating matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 and MMP9. ClC-3 was also overexpressed in ectopic endometrium and upregulated MMP9. CONCLUSION Available evidence suggests a pivotal role of CFTR, AQPs, and ClC-3 in endometriosis etiopathogenesis. However, data obtained are not sufficient to establish a direct role of ion channels in the etiology of the disease. Further studies are needed to clarify this relationship.
Collapse
|
11
|
Boretto M, Maenhoudt N, Luo X, Hennes A, Boeckx B, Bui B, Heremans R, Perneel L, Kobayashi H, Van Zundert I, Brems H, Cox B, Ferrante M, Uji-I H, Koh KP, D'Hooghe T, Vanhie A, Vergote I, Meuleman C, Tomassetti C, Lambrechts D, Vriens J, Timmerman D, Vankelecom H. Patient-derived organoids from endometrial disease capture clinical heterogeneity and are amenable to drug screening. Nat Cell Biol 2019; 21:1041-1051. [PMID: 31371824 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-019-0360-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial disorders represent a major gynaecological burden. Current research models fail to recapitulate the nature and heterogeneity of these diseases, thereby hampering scientific and clinical progress. Here we developed long-term expandable organoids from a broad spectrum of endometrial pathologies. Organoids from endometriosis show disease-associated traits and cancer-linked mutations. Endometrial cancer-derived organoids accurately capture cancer subtypes, replicate the mutational landscape of the tumours and display patient-specific drug responses. Organoids were also established from precancerous pathologies encompassing endometrial hyperplasia and Lynch syndrome, and inherited gene mutations were maintained. Endometrial disease organoids reproduced the original lesion when transplanted in vivo. In summary, we developed multiple organoid models that capture endometrial disease diversity and will provide powerful research models and drug screening and discovery tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Boretto
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Cluster, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Nina Maenhoudt
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Cluster, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xinlong Luo
- Stem Cell Institute Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Aurélie Hennes
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bram Boeckx
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bich Bui
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Cluster, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Woman and Baby Division, Reproductive Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben Heremans
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Cluster, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Woman and Child Cluster, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals Leuven (UZ Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa Perneel
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Cluster, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hiroto Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Cluster, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Anatomy and Structural Science, Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata University, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Indra Van Zundert
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hilde Brems
- Laboratory for Neurofibromatosis Research, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Benoit Cox
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Cluster, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Ferrante
- Unit of Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, Department of Chronic Diseases, Metabolism and Ageing, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hiroshi Uji-I
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kian Peng Koh
- Stem Cell Institute Leuven, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas D'Hooghe
- Woman and Child Cluster, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arne Vanhie
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven University Fertility Center (LUFC), UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ignace Vergote
- Woman and Child Cluster, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals Leuven (UZ Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christel Meuleman
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven University Fertility Center (LUFC), UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Carla Tomassetti
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven University Fertility Center (LUFC), UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Center for Cancer Biology, VIB, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory for Translational Genetics, Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joris Vriens
- Laboratory of Endometrium, Endometriosis and Reproductive Medicine, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk Timmerman
- Woman and Child Cluster, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospitals Leuven (UZ Leuven), Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hugo Vankelecom
- Laboratory of Tissue Plasticity in Health and Disease, Stem Cell and Developmental Biology Cluster, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Role of B-Cell Translocation Gene 1 in the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133372. [PMID: 31324015 PMCID: PMC6651142 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogen affects endometrial cellular proliferation by regulating the expression of the c-myc gene. B-cell translocation gene 1 (BTG1), a translocation partner of the c-myc, is a tumor suppressor gene that promotes apoptosis and negatively regulates cellular proliferation and cell-to-cell adhesion. The aim of this study was to determine the role of BTG1 in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. BTG1 mRNA and protein expression was evaluated in eutopic and ectopic endometrium of 30 patients with endometriosis (endometriosis group), and in eutopic endometrium of 22 patients without endometriosis (control group). The effect of BTG1 downregulation on cellular migration, proliferation, and apoptosis was evaluated using transfection of primarily cultured human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) with BTG1 siRNA. BTG1 mRNA expression level of eutopic and ectopic endometrium of endometriosis group were significantly lower than that of the eutopic endometrium of the control group. Migration and wound healing assays revealed that BTG1 downregulation resulted in a significant increase in migration potential of HESCs, characterized by increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and MMP9. Downregulation of BTG1 in HESCs significantly reduced Caspase 3 expression, indicating a decrease in apoptotic potential. In conclusion, our data suggest that downregulation of BTG1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.
Collapse
|
13
|
Fan HW, Ni Q, Fan YN, Ma ZX, Li YB. C-type lectin domain family 5, member A (CLEC5A, MDL-1) promotes brain glioblastoma tumorigenesis by regulating PI3K/Akt signalling. Cell Prolif 2019; 52:e12584. [PMID: 30834619 PMCID: PMC6536598 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Glioblastoma is the most common malignant glioma of all brain tumours. It is difficult to treat because of its poor response to chemotherapy and radiotherapy and high recurrence rate after treatment. The aetiology of glioblastoma is a result of disorders of multiple factors. Depending on cell signal transduction, these glioblastoma-associated factors lead to cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Therefore, investigation of the potential factors which involved in the development of glioblastoma could provide a new target for the treatment of glioblastoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analysed the transcript expression of CLEC5A in glioblastoma by accessing The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). qRT-PCR was performed to detect the RNA expression of genes in cells and tissues, and Western blot was used to measure the protein levels (Cyclin D1, Bcl-2, BAX, PCNA, MMP2, MMP9, Akt and Akt phosphorylation) in tissues and cells. Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, cycle and apoptosis were measured by CCK-8, transwell and flow cytometry assays, respectively. Ki67 level and lung metastasis were determined by immunochemistry and H&E staining. RESULTS In this study, we found that CLEC5A was highly upregulated in glioblastoma compared to normal brain tissues, which had an opposite relation with the overall patient survival. Downregulation of CLEC5A could inhibit cell proliferation, migration and invasion via promoting apoptosis and G1 arrest. In contrast, overexpression of CLEC5A stimulated cell proliferation, migration and invasion. In addition, we found that CLEC5A level was positively correlated with Akt phosphorylation level. Akt inhibitor or agonist could reverse the modulation effects of CLEC5A in glioblastoma. Moreover, In vivo results suggested that inhibition of CLEC5A significantly reduced tumour size, weight, cell proliferation ability and lung metastasis via inhibition of phosphorylation Akt. CONCLUSION Both in vitro and in vivo evidences supported that CLEC5A was involved in glioblastoma pathogenesis via regulation of PI3K/Akt pathway. Thus, CLEC5A might serve as a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of glioblastoma in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Wei Fan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Lab, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qi Ni
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Lab, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ya-Ni Fan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Lab, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi-Xiang Ma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology Lab, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying-Bin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zajkowska M, Gacuta E, Kozłowska S, Lubowicka E, Głażewska EK, Chrostek L, Szmitkowski M, Pawłowski P, Zbucka-Krętowska M, Ławicki S. Diagnostic power of VEGF, MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in patients with breast cancer. A multivariate statistical analysis with ROC curve. Adv Med Sci 2019; 64:1-8. [PMID: 30227310 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vascular endothelial growth factor is an important factor in promoting angiogenesis in malignant processes, matrix metalloproteinase-9 in the degradation of extracellular matrix, which enhances metastasis, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 is its inhibitor. The aim of this study was to investigate the diagnostic power of these parameters in comparison to CA15-3 in breast cancer patients and in relation to the control group. MATERIALS/METHODS The study included 120 breast cancer patients, 60 patients with benign breast tumors and 60 healthy women. Plasma levels of tested parameters were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, CA15-3 by chemiluminescent microparticle immuno assay. RESULTS Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 showed the highest value of sensitivity in breast cancer group (86.25%) and, more importantly, highest value in breast cancer stage I (85%). Vascular endothelial growth factor also showed high sensitivity (stage I and II-75%, III-85%, IV-70% and 76.25% in total breast cancer group) and the highest specificity (85%) from all tested parameters. It was also the only parameter which had statistically significant area under curve in all stages. In the total breast cancer group all tested parameters showed statistically significant area under curve, but the maximum range was obtained for combination: 'vascular endothelial growth factor + CA15-3'. Vascular endothelial growth factor seems to be the best candidate for diagnosing breast cancer stage I and for differentiating between breast cancer and non-carcinoma cases. CONCLUSIONS The combined analysis of tested parameters and CA15-3 resulted in an increase in sensitivity and area under curve values, which provides hope for developing new panel of biomarkers that may be used in diagnosing breast cancer in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Zajkowska
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Ewa Gacuta
- Department of Perinatology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sylwia Kozłowska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics, Public Health Care Hospital, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Emilia Lubowicka
- Department of Esthetic Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Edyta K Głażewska
- Department of Esthetic Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Lech Chrostek
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Maciej Szmitkowski
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Przemysław Pawłowski
- Department of Medical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Monika Zbucka-Krętowska
- Department of Department of Re-productivness and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Sławomir Ławicki
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Montenegro ML, Bonocher CM, Meola J, Portella RL, Ribeiro-Silva A, Brunaldi MO, Ferriani RA, Rosa-e-Silva JC. Effect of Physical Exercise on Endometriosis Experimentally Induced in Rats. Reprod Sci 2018; 26:785-793. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719118799205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Endometriosis is characterized by the growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. The prevalence of endometriosis among women experiencing pain, infertility, or both is as high as 35% to 50%. The most common symptoms of endometriosis are dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, chronic pelvic pain, and infertility. Evidence has suggested that endometriosis symptoms result from a local inflammatory peritoneal reaction caused by ectopic endometrial implants that undergo cyclic bleeding. On the other hand, regular physical exercise seems to have protective effects against diseases that involve inflammatory processes such as type 2 diabetes and colon and breast cancer. On this basis, it is possible that the practice of physical exercise may have beneficial effects on endometriosis. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the possible anti-inflammatory effect of physical exercise on endometriosis experimentally induced in rats. Study Design: Seventy female Wistar rats were divided into 7groups of 10 animals each. Animals performed light exercise (swimming once a week), moderate exercise (swimming 3 times a week), and intense exercise (swimming 5 times a week) before or after endometriosis induction. Results: At the end of the experimental protocol, a reduction in the size of endometriotic lesions was observed after physical exercise regardless of its frequency, with a greater reduction in the groups practicing moderate and intense activity; an increase in FAS levels and a decrease in matrix metalloproteinases 9 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)levels was also observed. The immunohistochemistry results did not lead to conclusive results. As expected, oxidative stress was reduced in all groups. These results show that the practice of physical exercise could be beneficial, at least in part, for the treatment of endometriosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Lourdes Montenegro
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila M. Bonocher
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Meola
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael L. Portella
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Ribeiro-Silva
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariangela O. Brunaldi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rui Alberto Ferriani
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julio Cesar Rosa-e-Silva
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu C, Li Y, Hu S, Chen Y, Gao L, Liu D, Guo H, Yang Y. Clinical significance of matrix metalloproteinase-2 in endometrial cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e10994. [PMID: 30024495 PMCID: PMC6086493 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000010994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), a member of the zinc-dependent metalloproteinase gene family, plays a vital role in cancer invasion, metastasis, and progression. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to explore the clinical significance of MMP-2 expression in endometrial cancer. METHODS PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases were systematically searched up to September 30, 2017, supplemented by manual searches of bibliographies. Two reviewers independently identified articles, extracted data, assessed quality, and cross-checked the results. Meta-analysis was conducted to explore the difference in the positive rate of MMP-2 expression between patients with endometrial cancer and those with endometriosis or normal endometrium, and to investigate the associations of MMP-2 expression with clinicopathologic characteristics of patients with endometrial cancer. Weighted mean differences and risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated for continuous and dichotomous variables, respectively. RESULTS Totally 20 studies were selected for this systematic review and meta-analysis. Compared with those with endometriosis or normal endometria, the positive rate of MMP-2 expression is significantly higher in patients with endometrial cancer (RR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.78-3.00, P < .01). MMP-2 expression was significantly associated with Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stage (RR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.09-1.31, P < .01), histologic grade (RR = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.01-1.19, P = .02), lymph node metastasis (RR = 1.32, 95% CI: 1.15-1.51, P < .01), and myometrial invasion (RR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.12-1.38, P < .01). CONCLUSION The results showed that MMP-2 was expressed in high percentage of endometrial cancer and its expression may be associated closely with clinical stage, and tumor invasion and metastasis, indicating that MMP-2 overexpression may serve as a predictive factor for poor prognosis of endometrial cancer.
Collapse
|
17
|
Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Tissue Inhibitors in Blood Serum of Patients with Endometrial Cancer: Clinical and Morphological Correlations. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 165:75-79. [PMID: 29796809 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
In patients with endometrial cancer (N=94), endometrial polyps (N=28), endometrial hyperplasia (N=25), and healthy women (N=77), the serum contents of MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 were measured by ELISA. Both carcinoma and benign neoplasms were accompanied by significant elevation of MMP-7 and TIMP-2 in blood serum. The greatest elevation (in comparison with the control) was observed for MMP-7, although serum concentration of this marker was practically identical in patients with carcinoma and benign tumors. In contrast, the levels of MMP-2 and TIMP-1 were lower in cancer patients in comparison with the control; in these patients, the levels of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 were also lower than the corresponding levels in patients with polyps and endometrial hyperplasia. There were no significant correlations between the levels of examined markers with tumor metastasizing, its histological structure, and differentiation degree of endometrial cancer. No differences were observed between examined serological markers in patients with polyps and endometrial hyperplasia of various severities. The examined MMPs and TIMPs cannot be advanced as potential diagnostic markers of endometrial cancer, but they can be used to monitor and prognosticate the disease and to assess effectiveness of the targeted therapy.
Collapse
|
18
|
Liu L, Chen L, Jiang C, Guo J, Xie Y, Kang L, Cheng Z. Berberine inhibits the LPS-induced proliferation and inflammatory response of stromal cells of adenomyosis tissues mediated by the LPS/TLR4 signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:6125-6130. [PMID: 29285168 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous study by our group has demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces adenomyosis through stimulating inflammatory cell proliferation and invasive growth of stromal cells via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of berberine (BBR) on LPS-induced ectopic endometrial stromal cells (EESCs) isolated from patients with adenomyosis. The viability of EESCs treated with LPS or LPS plus BBR was detected by a cell counting kit-8 assay, and the cell cycle distribution and apoptosis were evaluated by flow cytometry. The effect of BBR on the expression of key molecules of inflammatory proliferation and invasive growth of LPS-induced EESCs was also evaluated. BBR significantly inhibited the LPS-induced proliferation of EESCs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. BBR induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase and enhanced apoptosis of LPS-induced EESCs. Furthermore, BBR inhibited the expression of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, transforming growth factor-β, epithelial growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor and matrix metalloproteinase 2 in LPS-induced EESCs. To the best of our knowledge, the present study was the first to demonstrate that BBR has a protective effect on ameliorating the LPS-induced progression of adenomyosis. This result may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for the clinical treatment of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, P.R. China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, P.R. China
| | - Caixia Jiang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, P.R. China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, P.R. China
| | - Yan Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, P.R. China
| | - Le Kang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, P.R. China
| | - Zhongping Cheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yangpu Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200090, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chen ZZ, Gong X. Effect of Hua Yu Xiao Zheng decoction on the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin-2 in rats with endometriosis. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:5743-5750. [PMID: 29285116 PMCID: PMC5740754 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to investigate the effects of a traditional Chinese medicine, Hua Yu Xiao Zheng (HYXZ) decoction, on surgically induced endometriosis in a rat model and to determine the possible underlying regulatory mechanisms. A total of 108 female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into the control group (n=12) and endometriosis group (EM group; n=96), in which endometriosis was surgically induced in model rats by autotransplantation of endometrial tissues and 72 rats survived. After 3 weeks, the EM model rats were randomly divided into four subgroups (n=18), including the untreated model group, and three groups administered 7, 14 or 21 g/kg HYXZ decoction. Following 28 days of treatment, the associated proteins and genes of ectopic endometrial tissues were analyzed using immunohistochemistry, western blotting and quantitative polymerase chain reaction to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Compared with the model group, the size of the endometriotic implants decreased significantly in the HYXZ-treated groups. Furthermore, the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) were significantly decreased in HYXZ-treated groups compared with the model group. These results indicate that HYXZ affected the inhibition of angiogenesis and decreased the endometriotic implant volumes and histopathological scores. The effectiveness of HYXZ may be partially attributed to the decrease of VEGF and Ang-2 expression levels in the ectopic endometrium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Zhen Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, P.R. China
| | - Xin Gong
- Department of Gynecology, Dong Fang Hospital of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mahecha AM, Wang H. The influence of vascular endothelial growth factor-A and matrix metalloproteinase-2 and -9 in angiogenesis, metastasis, and prognosis of endometrial cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 10:4617-4624. [PMID: 29033580 PMCID: PMC5614795 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s132558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis (the growth of new blood vessels) is essential in most of the body’s physiological processes, such as in the normal functioning of the endometrium during and after the menstrual cycle. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) are the mostly expressed angiogenic factors, especially, during the process of endometrial degeneration and remodeling. In carcinogenesis, tumor hypoxia-induced factors, through the process of “angiogenic switch”, stimulate the production of angiogenic factors, particularly VEGF and MMP. Subsequently, these angiogenic factors are associated with degradation, differentiation, proliferation, and migration of vascular endothelial cells, enhancing the formation of new blood vessels to supply the tumor with oxygen and nutrients. This process is equally significant for tumor development and metastasis. Hence, like in other cancers, the overexpression of MMP and VEGF in endometrial cancer (EC) seems to play a significant role in its tumorigenesis and metastasis. This research will discuss the influence of MMP and VEGF on angiogenesis, metastasis, and the prognosis of EC as well as the clinical importance of the factors in the diagnosis of EC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Mahecha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wu RF, Huang ZX, Ran J, Dai SJ, Lin DC, Ng TW, Chen QX, Chen QH. Lipoxin A 4 Suppresses Estrogen-Induced Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition via ALXR-Dependent Manner in Endometriosis. Reprod Sci 2017; 25:566-578. [PMID: 28691579 DOI: 10.1177/1933719117718271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is essential for embryogenesis, fibrosis, and tumor metastasis. Aberrant EMT phenomenon has been reported in endometriotic tissues of patients with endometriosis (EM). In this study, we further investigated the molecular mechanism of which lipoxin A4 (LXA4) suppresses estrogen (E2)-induced EMT in EM. STUDY DESIGN The EMT markers were analyzed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot in eutopic endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) or investigated by immunohistochemistry and qRT-PCR in endometriotic lesion of EM mice. The invasion and migration under different treatments were assessed by transwell assays with or without Matrigel. The messenger RNA (mRNA) and activities of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 were determined by qRT-PCR and gelatin zymography, respectively. Luciferase reporter assay was used to measure the activity of zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1(ZEB1) promoter. The level of E2 in endometriotic tissues was assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS In eutopic EECs, stimulatory effects of E2 on EMT progress, migration, and invasion were all diminished by LXA4. Lipoxin A4 reduced E2-induced ZEB1 promoter activity. Lipoxin A4 also attenuated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase induced by E2. Co-incubation with Boc-2 rather than DMF antagonized the influence of LXA4. Animal experiments showed that LXA4 inhibited the EMT progress, MMP expression, and proteinase activities of endometriotic lesion in an LXA4 receptor (ALXR) manner, which suppressed the progression of EM. ZEB1 mRNA expression was upregulated and well correlated with E2 level in human endometrium. CONCLUSION Lipoxin A4 suppresses E2-induced EMT via ALXR-dependent manner in eutopic EECs, which reveals a novel biological effect of LXA4 in EM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Feng Wu
- 1 Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China.,2 State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,3 Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhi-Xiong Huang
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,3 Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jing Ran
- 1 Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Song-Juan Dai
- 1 Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Dian-Chao Lin
- 1 Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Tai-Wei Ng
- 1 Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Xi Chen
- 2 State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,3 Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qiong-Hua Chen
- 1 Reproductive Medical Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kolahdouz Mohammadi R, Arablou T. Resveratrol and endometriosis: In vitro and animal studies and underlying mechanisms (Review). Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:220-228. [PMID: 28458160 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is characterized by the existence of endometrial tissue and stroma exterior to the uterus. Despite the high prevalence, the etiology of endometriosis remains elusive. The search for the most promising compounds for treatment of endometriosis has led to the identification of resveratrol. Resveratrol, a plant-derived polyphenolic phytoalexin, demonstrates broad-spectrum health beneficial effects, including anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic and antioxidant. Because of these properties and its wide distribution in plants, resveratrol is proposed as a great potential to treat endometriosis. In animal models of endometriosis, resveratrol supplementation has displayed beneficial results as it decreased the number and volume of endometrial implants, suppressed proliferation, vascularization, inflammation, cell survival and increased apoptosis. On the other hand, resveratrol treatment in-vitro studies, reduced invasiveness of endometriotic stromal cells (ESCs) and suppressed their inflammatory responses. In this review, we will summarize the recent studies in in-vitro and animal studies on resveratrol and endometriosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roya Kolahdouz Mohammadi
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Highway, 1449614535, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Arablou
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Hemmat Highway, 1449614535, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang H, Liu J, Fan Y, Guo Q, Ge L, Yu N, Zheng X, Dou Y, Zheng S. Associations between various possible promoter polymorphisms of MMPs genes and endometriosis risk: a meta-analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2016; 205:174-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
24
|
Silveira CGT, Marschner G, Canny GO, Klocke S, Hunold P, Köster F, Ahrens T, Rody A, Hornung D. Disrupting Y-Box-Binding Protein 1 Function Using OSU-03012 Prevents Endometriosis Progression in In Vitro and In Vivo Models. Reprod Sci 2016; 24:67-76. [PMID: 27217374 DOI: 10.1177/1933719116649695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to test the ability of OSU-03012 (2-amino-N-[4-[5-phenanthren-2-yl-3-(trifluoromethyl)pyrazol-1-yl]phenyl]acetamide), a novel and potent celecoxib-derivative, to impair endometriosis progression in in vitro and in vivo models based on its ability to indirectly block Y-box-binding protein 1 (YB-1) function. 12Z human endometriotic epithelial cells and sexually mature female C57BL/6J mice were treated with OSU-03012. Cellular proliferation was quantified by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazoliumbromid assay. Expression of YB-1 and phosphorylated YB-1 in 12Z cells and endometriotic lesions was evaluated by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The IHC for proliferating cell nuclear antigen was performed. OSU-03012 treatment resulted in decreased YB-1 and its phosphorylated form in both in vitro and in vivo models. Endometriotic lesion size was significantly reduced in OSU-03012-treated mice (27.6 ± 4.0 mm3) compared to those from the control group (50.5 ± 6.9 mm3, P < .0001). A significant reduction in endometriotic epithelial cell proliferation was observed in endometriotic lesions exposed to OSU-03012 treatment ( P = .0346). In conclusion, targeting YB-1 via OSU-03012 showed a potent antiproliferative effect on endometriotic epithelial cells in vitro and in a mouse model of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cássia G T Silveira
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Gabriele Marschner
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Silke Klocke
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Peter Hunold
- 3 Clinic for Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Frank Köster
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Thorben Ahrens
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Achim Rody
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Daniela Hornung
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,4 Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Diakonissenkrankenhaus Karlsruhe Rüppurr, Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Enhanced cyclooxygenase-2 expression levels and metalloproteinase 2 and 9 activation by Hexachlorobenzene in human endometrial stromal cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 109:91-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
26
|
Guan YT, Huang YQ, Wu JB, Deng ZQ, Wang Y, Lai ZY, Wang HB, Sun XX, Zhu YL, Du MM, Zhu LY, Chen LX, Wang LW. Overexpression of chloride channel-3 is associated with the increased migration and invasion ability of ectopic endometrial cells from patients with endometriosis. Hum Reprod 2016; 31:986-98. [PMID: 26965430 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dew034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is chloride channel-3 (ClC-3) involved in regulating the biological behavior of endometrial stromal cells (ESCs)? SUMMARY ANSWER ClC-3 promotes endometriotic cell migration and invasion. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY ClC-3 plays a significant role in the migration and invasion of various kinds of cells. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION An ITALIC! in vitro investigation of the effect of ClC-3 on the migration and invasion of ectopic ESCs from patients with endometriosis. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS The ectopic and eutopic endometrial samples from 43 female patients with endometriosis and the endometrial samples from 39 non-endometriotic female patients were collected. Primary cells from these samples were isolated and cultured. Real-time RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and western blot were used to detect the expression of ClC-3 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9). Small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology was employed to knock down ClC-3 expression. The migration and invasion ability of ESCs was measured by the transwell assay with uncoated or Matrigel-coated membranes. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE The expression of ClC-3 mRNA and proteins was significantly up-regulated in the ectopic tissues from endometriotic patients, while that in the eutopic endometrial tissues of the same patients did not significantly differ from that in non-endometriotic patients. The migration and invasion ability and MMP-9 expression was increased in the ESCs from ectopic endometrial tissues. The knockdown of ClC-3 expression by ClC-3 siRNA inhibited ESC migration and invasion and attenuated the expression of MMP-9. ClC-3 expression level was well-correlated to the clinical characteristics and symptoms of endometriosis patients, including infertility, dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, dyspareunia and diameter of endometriosis lesion. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION Further studies are needed to examine the regulatory mechanism of estrogen on ClC-3 expression of ESCs. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS ClC-3 is involved in the migration and invasion processes of ESCs and can regulate MMP-9 expression. Up-regulation of ClC-3 expression may contribute to endometriosis development by regulating MMP-9 expression. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81173064, 81272223, 81273539), the Ministry of Education of China (20124401110009), the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province (S2011010001589) and the Science and Technology Programs of Guangdong (2013B051000059), Guangzhou (2013J500015) and Dongguan (2011108102006). The authors have no conflict of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-tao Guan
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-qing Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-bao Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhi-qin Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhou-yi Lai
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hai-bo Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiao-xue Sun
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ya-li Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao-miao Du
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lin-yan Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Li-xin Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-wei Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China Department of Physiology, Medical College, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Ławicki S, Zajkowska M, Głażewska EK, Będkowska GE, Szmitkowski M. Plasma levels and diagnostic utility of VEGF, MMP-9, and TIMP-1 in the diagnosis of patients with breast cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:911-9. [PMID: 26966379 PMCID: PMC4771393 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s99959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), matrix metalloproteinase-9, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 may play a role in the pathogenesis of cancer disease. We investigated their levels and utility in comparison to cancer antigen (CA) 15-3 in patients with breast cancer (BC) and in relation to the control groups. The study included 100 women with BC, 50 patients with benign breast tumor, and 50 healthy women. The plasma levels of the tested parameters were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while CA 15-3 with chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. The results demonstrated significant differences in the concentration of the tested parameters and CA 15-3 between groups of patients with BC and healthy patients or patients with benign breast tumor. The plasma levels of VEGF and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 were significantly higher in advanced tumor stages. The tested parameters were comparable to CA 15-3 values of the diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, the predictive values of positive and negative test results, and the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve. The combined use of the tested parameters with CA 15-3 resulted in the increase in sensitivity, negative predictive value, and area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve, especially in the combination of VEGF with tumor marker (84%, 73%, 0.888, respectively). These findings suggest the usefulness of the tested parameters in the diagnosis of BC. VEGF, especially in combination with CA 15-3, showed the highest usefulness in the diagnosis of early BC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sławomir Ławicki
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Monika Zajkowska
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Grażyna Ewa Będkowska
- Department of Hematological Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Maciej Szmitkowski
- Department of Biochemical Diagnostics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Huang Y, Shen L, Cai A, Xiao J. Effect of warming Yang and removing blood stasis method on matrix metalloproteinases / tissue inhibitor metalloproteinases levels secreted by cultured endometrial cells from patients with endometriosis. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2015; 35:571-6. [PMID: 26591688 DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(15)30141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of Chinese medicines using the warming Yang and removing blood stasis method on levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)/tissue inhibitor metalloproteinases (TIMPs) secreted by cultured endometrial cells from patients with endometriosis. METHODS Ectopic and eutopic endometrial cells obtaind from 15 endometriosis patients were cultured in vitro, and divided randomly into five groups: high dose; moderate dose; low dose; nemestran; blank control. The three dose groups were treated with a decoction prepared according to the principle of warming Yang and removing blood stasis; nemestran and 0.9% NaCl were administered to the nemestran group and balnk control group, respectively. Eutopic endometrial cells obtaind from 10 hysteromyoma patients were cultured in vitro, as the normal control group, 0.9% NaCl were administered to the normal control group. Cell culture supernatants were collected and levels of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) and tissue inhibitor metalloproteinase-2 (TIMP-2) detected by enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS Compared with the normal control group, levels of MMP-1, MMP-2, and MMP-9 in eutopic and ectopic endometrium cell supernatants in the blank control group were increased, whereas levels of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were decreased (P < 0.05). Compared with the blank control group, levels of MMP-1 and MMP-2 in ectopic and eutopic endometrium cell supernatants cultured in low-dose, middle-dose, and high-dose groups were decreased, whereas levels of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were increased significantly (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION The warming Yang and removing blood stasis method affects expression of MMPs and TIMPs.
Collapse
|
29
|
Kong W, Lv N, Wysham WZ, Roque DR, Zhang T, Jiao S, Song D, Chen J, Bae-Jump VL, Zhou C. Knockdown of hTERT and Treatment with BIBR1532 Inhibit Cell Proliferation and Invasion in Endometrial Cancer Cells. J Cancer 2015; 6:1337-45. [PMID: 26640594 PMCID: PMC4643090 DOI: 10.7150/jca.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase activity and expression of the catalytic protein hTERT are associated with cell proliferation and advanced stage in endometrial cancer. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of inhibition of hTERT by siRNA and BIBR1532 on cell growth, apoptosis and invasion in endometrial cancer cells. Knockdown of hTERT or treatment of the cells with BIBR1532 decreased telomerase activity, inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and reduced cell invasion in Ishikawa and ECC-1 cells. Either hTERT siRNA or BIBR1532 in combination with paclitaxel promoted a synergistic inhibitory effect on cell growth through induction of Annexin V expression and a remarkable reduction in cell invasion through reduction of protein expression of MMP9, MMP2, and MMP3. Increased telomerase activity and hTERT protein expression by transfections enhanced the protein expression of MMPs and increased the cell invasion ability. BIBR1532 significantly antagonized cell invasion induced by increased hTERT expression. These findings suggest that telomerase and hTERT facilitate cell invasion via MMP family in human endometrial cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Kong
- 1. Department of Gynecological Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University. Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Nenan Lv
- 1. Department of Gynecological Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University. Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Weiya Z Wysham
- 2. Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Dario R Roque
- 2. Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Tongqing Zhang
- 1. Department of Gynecological Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University. Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Simeng Jiao
- 1. Department of Gynecological Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University. Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Dan Song
- 1. Department of Gynecological Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University. Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jiao Chen
- 1. Department of Gynecological Oncology, Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University. Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Victoria L Bae-Jump
- 2. Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America. ; 3. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Chunxiao Zhou
- 2. Division of Gynecological Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America. ; 3. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ahmad SF, Akoum A, Horne AW. Selective modulation of the prostaglandin F2α pathway markedly impacts on endometriosis progression in a xenograft mouse model. Mol Hum Reprod 2015; 21:905-16. [PMID: 26472819 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gav056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY HYPOTHESIS Selective activation or blockade of the prostaglandin (PG) F2α receptor (FP receptor) affects ectopic endometrial tissue growth and endometriosis development. STUDY FINDING FP receptor antagonists might represent a promising approach for the treatment of peritoneal endometriosis. WHAT IS KNOW ALREADY Eutopic and ectopic endometrium from women with endometriosis exhibit higher expression of key enzymes involved in the PGF2α biosynthetic pathway. It has also been shown that the PGF2α-FP receptor interaction induces angiogenesis in human endometrial adenocarcinoma. STUDY DESIGN, SAMPLES/MATERIALS, METHODS For this study, a mouse model of endometriosis was developed by inoculating human endometrial biopsies into the peritoneal cavity of nude mouse (n = 15). Mice were treated with AL8810 (FP receptor antagonist), Fluprostenol (FP receptor agonist) or PBS. Endometriosis-like lesions were collected and analysed for set of markers for angiogenesis, tissue remodelling, apoptosis, cell proliferation and capillary formation using qPCR and immunohistochemistry. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE We found that selective inhibition of the FP receptor with a specific antagonist, AL8810, led to a significant decline in the number (P < 0.01) and size of endometriosis-like lesions (P < 0.001), down-regulated the expression of key mediators of tissue remodelling (MMP9, P < 0.05) and angiogenesis (VEGF, P < 0.01) and up-regulated the pro-apoptotic factor (Bax, P < 0.01) as compared with controls. Immunohistochemical analyses further showed a marked decrease in cell proliferation and capillary formation in endometrial implants from AL8810-treated mice, as determined by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and von Willebrand factor (vWF) immunostaining, respectively. Moreover, Fluprostenol, a selective FP receptor agonist, showed the opposite effects. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION We carried out this study in nude mice, which have low levels of endogenous estrogens which may affect the lesion growth. Caution is required when interpreting these results to women. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS This study extends the role of PG signalling in endometriosis pathogenesis and points towards the possible relevance of selective FP receptor antagonism as a targeted treatment for endometriosis. LARGE SCALE DATA Not Applicable. STUDY FUNDING AND COMPETING INTERESTS This work was supported by grant MOP-123259 to the late Dr Ali Akoum from the Canadian Institutes for Health Research. The authors have no conflict of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Syed Furquan Ahmad
- Laboratoire d'Endocrinologie de la Reproduction, Centre de recherche, CHU de Québec-HSFA, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Ali Akoum
- Laboratoire d'Endocrinologie de la Reproduction, Centre de recherche, CHU de Québec-HSFA, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrew W Horne
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chen Q, Gao Q, Chen K, Wang Y, Chen L, Li XU. Curcumin suppresses migration and invasion of human endometrial carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:1297-1302. [PMID: 26622667 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Curcumin, a widely used Chinese herbal medicine, has historically been used in anti-cancer therapies. However, the anti-metastatic effect and molecular mechanism of curcumin in endometrial carcinoma (EC) are still poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to detect the anti-metastatic effects of curcumin and the associated mechanism(s) in EC. Based on assays carried out in EC cell lines, it was observed that curcumin inhibited EC cell migration and invasion in vitro. Furthermore, following treatment with curcumin for 24 h, there was a decrease in the expression levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and -9 as well as proteinase activity in EC cells. Moreover, curcumin treatment significantly decreased the levels of the phosphorylated form of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. MEK1 overexpression partially blocked the anti-metastatic effects of curcumin. Combined treatment with ERK inhibitor U0126 and curcumin resulted in a synergistic reduction in MMP-2/-9 expression; the invasive capabilities of HEC-1B cells were also inhibited. In conclusion, curcumin inhibits tumor cell migration and invasion by reducing the expression and activity of MMP-2/9 via the suppression of the ERK signaling pathway, suggesting that curcumin is a potential therapeutic agent for EC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Qing Gao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Kunlun Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yidong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - X U Li
- Center for Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jiao L, Qi X, Lu G, Zhang Q, Zhang C, Gao J. Effect of traditional Chinese medicine (Xiaochaihu Tang) on the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in rats with endometriosis. Exp Ther Med 2013; 6:1385-1389. [PMID: 24255667 PMCID: PMC3829759 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the effect of a traditional Chinese medicine (Xiaochaihu Tang, XCHT) on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 in rats with endometriosis (EMs). A total of 48 specific-pathogen-free (SPF) female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into control (n=8) and EMs (n=40) groups. The EMs model was established using a surgical procedure. At 21 days, the rats with EMs were screened and divided into four subgroups (n=8): the model control, low-dose (7.5 g/kg) XCHT-treated, high-dose (15 g/kg) XCHT-treated and gestrinone-treated (0.5 mg/kg) groups. Following 21 days of treatment, the rats were sacrificed. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blotting were used to examine the mRNA and protein levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the endometrium. The expression levels of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were significantly increased in the rats with EMs compared with those in normal rats. Moreover, XCHT was able to significantly inhibit the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 compared with that in the model control group. In conclusion, XCHT was able to decrease the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the ectopic endometrium. The present results may provide a potential theoretical basis for the therapy of EMs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luyang Jiao
- Department of Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan 453100, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yang JL, Lin JH, Weng SW, Chen JC, Yang JS, Amagaya S, Funayana S, Wood WG, Kuo CL, Chung JG. Crude extract of Euphorbia formosana inhibits the migration and invasion of DU145 human prostate cancer cells: The role of matrix metalloproteinase-2/9 inhibition via the MAPK signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2013; 7:1403-8. [PMID: 23525212 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a common worldwide health problem in males with a poor prognosis due in part to tumor invasion and migration. The crude extract of Euphorbia formosana (CEEF) has been used for the treatment of numerous diseases, however, its effects on the migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells have yet to be examined. In the present study, we investigated the effects of CEEF on the migration and invasion of DU145 human prostate cancer cells in vitro. The wound healing assay and the Matrigel-uncoated migration assay were used to examine the migration of cancer cells. Western blotting was used to examine the levels of proteins associated with migration and invasion, and gelatin zymography was used to examine the secretion levels of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 (MMP‑2/9) from DU145 cells following exposure to CEEF. The results indicated that CEEF suppressed the migration and invasion of DU145 prostate cancer cells and that these effects are exerted in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. CEEF inhibited the ERK1/2, p38, JNK, SOS1, PKC, PI3K and MMP-2/9 protein expression in DU145 cells. The results demonstrated that CEEF suppressed the migration and invasion of DU145 cells through inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway resulting in the inhibition of MMP-2/9 in DU145 human prostate cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiun-Long Yang
- Department of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chinese Medicine Resources, China Medical University, and Department ofChinese Medicine, Taichung Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Delahanty RJ, Xiang YB, Spurdle A, Beeghly-Fadiel A, Long J, Thompson D, Tomlinson I, Yu H, Lambrechts D, Dörk T, Goodman MT, Zheng Y, Salvesen HB, Bao PP, Amant F, Beckmann MW, Coenegrachts L, Coosemans A, Dubrowinskaja N, Dunning A, Runnebaum IB, Easton D, Ekici AB, Fasching PA, Halle MK, Hein A, Howarth K, Gorman M, Kaydarova D, Krakstad C, Lose F, Lu L, Lurie G, O’Mara T, Matsuno RK, Pharoah P, Risch H, Corssen M, Trovik J, Turmanov N, Wen W, Lu W, Cai Q, Zheng W, Shu XO. Polymorphisms in inflammation pathway genes and endometrial cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2013; 22:216-23. [PMID: 23221126 PMCID: PMC3677562 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-12-0903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Experimental and epidemiologic evidence have suggested that chronic inflammation may play a critical role in endometrial carcinogenesis. METHODS To investigate this hypothesis, a two-stage study was carried out to evaluate single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in inflammatory pathway genes in association with endometrial cancer risk. In stage I, 64 candidate pathway genes were identified and 4,542 directly genotyped or imputed SNPs were analyzed among 832 endometrial cancer cases and 2,049 controls, using data from the Shanghai Endometrial Cancer Genetics Study. Linkage disequilibrium of stage I SNPs significantly associated with endometrial cancer (P < 0.05) indicated that the majority of associations could be linked to one of 24 distinct loci. One SNP from each of the 24 loci was then selected for follow-up genotyping. Of these, 21 SNPs were successfully designed and genotyped in stage II, which consisted of 10 additional studies including 6,604 endometrial cancer cases and 8,511 controls. RESULTS Five of the 21 SNPs had significant allelic odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) as follows: FABP1, 0.92 (0.85-0.99); CXCL3, 1.16 (1.05-1.29); IL6, 1.08 (1.00-1.17); MSR1, 0.90 (0.82-0.98); and MMP9, 0.91 (0.87-0.97). Two of these polymorphisms were independently significant in the replication sample (rs352038 in CXCL3 and rs3918249 in MMP9). The association for the MMP9 polymorphism remained significant after Bonferroni correction and showed a significant association with endometrial cancer in both Asian- and European-ancestry samples. CONCLUSIONS These findings lend support to the hypothesis that genetic polymorphisms in genes involved in the inflammatory pathway may contribute to genetic susceptibility to endometrial cancer. Impact statement: This study adds to the growing evidence that inflammation plays an important role in endometrial carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J. Delahanty
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Yong-Bing Xiang
- Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - Amanda Spurdle
- Division of Genetics and Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane Queensland, Australia
| | - Alicia Beeghly-Fadiel
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jirong Long
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Deborah Thompson
- Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian Tomlinson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Herbert Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Diether Lambrechts
- Division Gynaecological Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thilo Dörk
- Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marc T. Goodman
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Ying Zheng
- Shanghai Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Helga B. Salvesen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Ping-Ping Bao
- Shanghai Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Frederic Amant
- Division Gynaecological Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthias W. Beckmann
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lieve Coenegrachts
- Division Gynaecological Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Coosemans
- Division Gynaecological Oncology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Alison Dunning
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Douglas Easton
- Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, UK
| | - Arif B. Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter A. Fasching
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mari K. Halle
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Alexander Hein
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Comprehensive Cancer Center Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kimberly Howarth
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maggie Gorman
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics and NIHR Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Dylyara Kaydarova
- Almaty Oncology Center, State Oncology Institute, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Camilla Krakstad
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Felicity Lose
- Division of Genetics and Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane Queensland, Australia
| | - Lingeng Lu
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Galina Lurie
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Tracy O’Mara
- Division of Genetics and Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane Queensland, Australia
- Cancer Program, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane Queensland, Australia
| | - Rayna K. Matsuno
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Paul Pharoah
- Department of Oncology, Strangeways Research Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Worts Causeway, Cambridge, UK
| | - Harvey Risch
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Madeleine Corssen
- Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jone Trovik
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5021 Bergen, Norway
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Nurzhan Turmanov
- Gynaecology Research Unit, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wanqing Wen
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wei Lu
- Shanghai Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiuyin Cai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Xiao-Ou Shu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Medicine and Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| |
Collapse
|