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Chaúque BJM, Corção G, Benetti AD, Rott MB. A challenge in washing water with the sun: 24h of SODIS fails to inactivate Acanthamoeba castellanii cysts and internalized Pseudomonas aeruginosa under strong real sun conditions. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:2179-2188. [PMID: 37296325 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00440-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite access to drinking water being a basic human right, the availability of safe drinking water remains a privilege that many do not have and as a result, many lives are lost each year due to waterborne diseases associated with the consumption of biologically unsafe water. To face this situation, different low-cost household drinking water treatment technologies (HDWT) have been developed, and among them is solar disinfection (SODIS). Despite the effectiveness of SODIS and the epidemiological gains being consistently documented in the literature, there is a lack of evidence of the effectiveness of the batch-SODIS process against protozoan cysts as well as their internalized bacteria under real sun conditions. This work evaluated the effectiveness of the batch-SODIS process on the viability of Acanthamoeba castellanii cysts, and internalized Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Dechlorinated tap water contaminated with 5.6 × 103 cysts/L, contained in PET (polyethylene terephthalate) bottles, was exposed for 8 h a day to strong sunlight (531-1083 W/m2 of maximum insolation) for 3 consecutive days. The maximum water temperature inside the reactors ranged from 37 to 50 °C. Cyst viability was assessed by inducing excystment on non-nutrient agar, or in water with heat-inactivated Escherichia coli. After sun exposure for 0, 8, 16 and 24 h, the cysts remained viable and without any perceptible impairment in their ability to excyst. 3 and 5.5 log CFU/mL of P. aeruginosa were detected in water containing untreated and treated cysts, respectively, after 3 days of incubation at 30 °C. The batch-SODIS process is unable to inactivate A. castellanii cysts as well as its internalized bacteria. Although the use of batch SODIS by communities should continue to be encouraged, SODIS-disinfected water should be consumed within 3 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beni Jequicene Mussengue Chaúque
- Laboratory of Protozoology and Microbiological Analyses, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil
- Center of Studies in Science and Technology (NECET), Biology Course, Universidade Rovuma, Niassa Branch, Lichinga, Mozambique
| | - Gertrudes Corção
- Laboratory of Protozoology and Microbiological Analyses, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil
| | | | - Marilise Brittes Rott
- Laboratory of Protozoology and Microbiological Analyses, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos Street, 2600, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil.
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2
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Wang L, Mai Y, Li S, Shu L, Fang J. Efficient inactivation of amoeba spores and their intraspore bacteria by solar/chlorine: Kinetics and mechanisms. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120288. [PMID: 37419027 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Amoebae are widespread in water and serve as environment vectors for pathogens, which may threaten public health. This study evaluated the inactivation of amoeba spores and their intraspore bacteria by solar/chlorine. Dictyostelium discoideum and Burkholderia agricolaris B1qs70 were selected as model amoebae and intraspore bacteria, respectively. Compared to solar irradiation and chlorine, solar/chlorine enhanced the inactivation of amoeba spores and intraspore bacteria, with 5.1 and 5.2-log reduction at 20 min, respectively. The enhancement was similar in real drinking water by solar/chlorine under natural sunlight. However, the spore inactivation decreased to 2.97-log by 20 min solar/chlorine under oxygen-free condition, indicating that ozone played a crucial role in the spore inactivation, as also confirmed by the scavenging test using tert‑butanol to scavenge the ground-state atomic oxygen (O(3P)) as a ozone precursor. Moreover, solar/chlorine induced the shape destruction and structural collapse of amoeba spores by scanning electron microscopy. As for intraspore bacteria, their inactivation was likely ascribed to endogenous reactive oxygen species. As pH increased from 5.0 to 9.0, the inactivation of amoeba spores decreased, whereas that of intraspore bacteria was similar at pH 5.0 and 6.5 during solar/chlorine treatment. This study first reports the efficient inactivation of amoeba spores and their intraspore pathogenic bacteria by solar/chlorine in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Yingwen Mai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Shenzhou Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275 China
| | - Longfei Shu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275 China.
| | - Jingyun Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275 China.
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Olive M, Daraspe J, Genoud C, Kohn T. Uptake without inactivation of human adenovirus type 2 by Tetrahymena pyriformis ciliates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023. [PMID: 37376996 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00116d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Human adenoviruses are ubiquitous contaminants of surface water. Indigenous protists may interact with adenoviruses and contribute to their removal from the water column, though the associated kinetics and mechanisms differ between protist species. In this work, we investigated the interaction of human adenovirus type 2 (HAdV2) with the ciliate Tetrahymena pyriformis. In co-incubation experiments in a freshwater matrix, T. pyriformis was found to efficiently remove HAdV2 from the aqueous phase, with ≥4 log10 removal over 72 hours. Neither sorption onto the ciliate nor secreted compounds contributed to the observed loss of infectious HAdV2. Instead, internalization was shown to be the dominant removal mechanism, resulting in the presence of viral particles inside food vacuoles of T. pyriformis, as visualized by transmission electron microscopy. The fate of HAdV2 once ingested was scrutinized and no evidence of virus digestion was found over the course of 48 hours. This work shows that T. pyriformis can exert a dual role in microbial water quality: while they remove infectious adenovirus from the water column, they can also accumulate infectious viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Olive
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Jean Daraspe
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christel Genoud
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne (UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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4
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Zhang M, Altan-Bonnet N, Shen Y, Shuai D. Waterborne Human Pathogenic Viruses in Complex Microbial Communities: Environmental Implication on Virus Infectivity, Persistence, and Disinfection. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5381-5389. [PMID: 35434991 PMCID: PMC9073700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne human pathogenic viruses challenge global health and economy. Viruses were long believed to transmit among hosts as individual, free particles. However, recent evidence indicates that viruses also transmit in populations, so-called en bloc transmission, by either interacting with coexisting bacteria, free-living amoebas, and other higher organisms through endosymbiosis and surface binding, or by being clustered inside membrane-bound vesicles or simply self-aggregating with themselves. En bloc transmission of viruses and virus-microbiome interactions could enable viruses to enhance their infectivity, increase environmental persistence, and resist inactivation from disinfection. Overlooking this type of transmission and virus-microbiome interactions may underestimate the environmental and public health risks of the viruses. We herein provide a critical perspective on waterborne human pathogenic viruses in complex microbial communities to elucidate the environmental implication of virus-microbiome interactions on virus infectivity, persistence, and disinfection. This perspective also provides insights on advancing disinfection and sanitation guidelines and regulations to protect the public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyang Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Nihal Altan-Bonnet
- Laboratory of Host-Pathogen Dynamics, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Yun Shen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Danmeng Shuai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, United States
- Corresponding Author: Danmeng Shuai, Phone: 202-994-0506, Fax: 202-994-0127, , Website: http://materwatersus.weebly.com
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5
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He Z, Zheng N, Zhang L, Tian Y, Hu Z, Shu L. Efficient inactivation of intracellular bacteria in dormant amoeba spores by FeP. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127996. [PMID: 34902724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne pathogens and related diseases are a severe public health threat worldwide. Recent studies suggest that microbial interactions among infectious agents can significantly disrupt the disinfection processes, and current disinfection methods cannot inactivate intracellular pathogens effectively, posing an emerging threat to the safety of drinking water. This study developed a novel strategy, the FeP/persulfate (PS) system, to effectively inactivate intracellular bacteria within the amoeba spore. We found that the sulfate radical (SO4•-) produced by the FeP/PS system can be quickly converted into hydroxyl radicals (•OH), and •OH can penetrate the amoeba spores and inactivate the bacteria hidden inside amoeba spores. Therefore, this study proposes a novel technique to overcome the protective effects of microbial interactions and provides a new direction to inactivate intracellular pathogens efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen He
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ningchao Zheng
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuehui Tian
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhuofeng Hu
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Longfei Shu
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Chaúque BJM, Rott MB. The role of free-living amoebae in the persistence of viruses in the era of severe acute respiratory syndrome 2, should we be concerned? Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2022; 55:e0045. [PMID: 35674555 PMCID: PMC9176723 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0045-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Efficient nested-PCR-based method development for detection and genotype identification of Acanthamoeba from a small volume of aquatic environmental sample. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21740. [PMID: 34741041 PMCID: PMC8571327 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00968-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acanthamoeba spp. are opportunistic human pathogens that cause granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and keratitis, and their accurate detection and enumeration in environmental samples is a challenge. In addition, information regarding the genotyping of Acanthamoeba spp. using various PCR methods is equally critical. Therefore, considering the diverse niches of habitats, it is necessary to develop an even more efficient genotyping method for Acanthamoeba spp. detection. This study improved the sensitivity of detection to avoid underestimation of Acanthamoeba spp. occurrence in aquatic environmental samples, and to accurately define the pathogenic risk by developing an efficient PCR method. In this study, a new nested genotyping method was established and compared with various PCR-based methods using in silico, lab, and empirical tests. The in silico test showed that many PCR-based methods could not successfully align specific genotypes of Acanthamoeba, except for the newly designed nested PCR and real-time PCR method. Furthermore, 52 water samples from rivers, reservoirs, and a river basin in Taiwan were analysed by six different PCR methods and compared for genotyping and detection efficiency of Acanthamoeba. The newly developed nested-PCR-based method of genotyping was found to be significantly sensitive as it could effectively detect the occurrence of Acanthamoeba spp., which was underestimated by the JDP-PCR method. Additionally, the present results are consistent with previous studies indicating that the high prevalence of Acanthamoeba in the aquatic environment of Taiwan is attributed to the commonly found T4 genotype. Ultimately, we report the development of a small volume procedure, which is a combination of recent genotyping PCR and conventional real-time PCR for enumeration of aquatic Acanthamoeba and acquirement of biologically meaningful genotyping information. We anticipate that the newly developed detection method will contribute to the precise estimation, evaluation, and reduction of the contamination risk of pathogenic Acanthamoeba spp., which is regularly found in the water resources utilised for domestic purposes.
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Folkins MA, Dey R, Ashbolt NJ. Interactions between Human Reovirus and Free-Living Amoebae: Implications for Enteric Virus Disinfection and Aquatic Persistence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10201-10206. [PMID: 32644781 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Free-living amoebae (FLA) are ubiquitous protozoa in aquatic/soil habitats and known to resist various disinfection methods commonly used in drinking and wastewater treatment plants. Reoviruses are emerging as useful infectious enteric virus indicators of wastewater treatment efficacy. The possible enhanced protection FLA may provide reoviruses, however, has not been previously described. Using an infectious clinical reovirus isolate in coculture with three FLA, namely, Vermamoeba vermiformis, Acanthamoeba polyphaga, and Willaertia magna, we followed reovirus persistence (by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR)) and infectivity (TCID50). Virions present in samples persisted over the experimental time period, with most virions remaining infectious. Surprisingly, electron microscopy revealed virions accumulated within the nucleus of amoebae. The current work appears to be the first report of reovirus being internalized within FLA and remaining infectious, providing a previously unreported environmental reservoir and potential mode of dissemination. FLA also appeared to be providing some logs in protection to internalized viruses during UV irradiation, which if not accounted for when determining UV dosage needed for sufficient disinfection may result in unintentional release of pathogens into surrounding water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Folkins
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Rafik Dey
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Ashbolt
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E1, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Alberta, 11405-87 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1C9, Canada
- Alberta Precision Laboratories (APL), Alberta Health Services, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J2, Canada
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9
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Ismail NS, Olive M, Fernandez-Cassi X, Bachmann V, Kohn T. Viral Transfer and Inactivation through Zooplankton Trophic Interactions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9418-9426. [PMID: 32662638 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne viruses are responsible for numerous diseases and are abundant in aquatic systems. Understanding the fate of viruses in natural systems has important implications for human health. This research quantifies the uptake of the bacteriophage T4 and the enteric virus echovirus 11 when exposed to the filter feeders Tetrahymena pyriformis and Daphnia magna, and also examines the potential of viral transfer due to trophic interactions. Experiments co-incubating each species with the viruses over 72-96 h showed up to a 4 log virus removal for T. pyriformis, while direct viral uptake by D. magna was not observed. However, viral uptake by D. magna occurred indirectly by viral transfer from prey to predator, through D. magna feeding on virus-loaded T. pyriformis. This prey-predator interaction resulted in a 1 log additional virus removal compared to removal by T. pyriformis alone. Incomplete viral inactivation by D. magna was observed through recovery of infective viruses from the daphnid tissue. This research furthers our understanding of the impacts of zooplankton filter feeding on viral inactivation and shows the potential for viral transfer through the food chain. The viral-zooplankton interactions observed in these studies indicate that zooplankton may improve water quality through viral uptake or may serve as vectors for infection by accumulating viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niveen S Ismail
- Picker Engineering Program, Smith College, Northampton, Massachusetts 01063, United States
| | - Margot Olive
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Fernandez-Cassi
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Bachmann
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tamar Kohn
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Waldman P, Lucas FS, Varrault G, Moulin L, Wurtzer S. Hydrophobic Organic Matter Promotes Coxsackievirus B5 Stabilization and Protection from Heat. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2020; 12:118-129. [PMID: 31912415 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-019-09418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In urban rivers, many of which are used for drinking water production, viruses encounter a range of particulate, colloidal, and dissolved organic and inorganic compounds. To date, the impact of environmental organic matter on virus persistence in the environment has received little attention. In the present study, fresh water was fractioned to separate particulate natural organic matter from dissolved forms. Each fraction was tested for its ability to promote coxsackievirus B5 resistance to heat inactivation. Our results demonstrate that, at natural concentrations, environmental waters contain particulate or dissolved compounds that are able to protect viruses from heat. We also show that hydrophobic compounds promote an efficient protection against heat inactivation. This study suggests that local conditions encountered by viruses in the environment could greatly impact their persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Waldman
- Laboratoire Eau Environnement Et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU, UMR MA 102), Faculté des Sciences Et Technologie, Université Paris-Est, 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - F S Lucas
- Laboratoire Eau Environnement Et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU, UMR MA 102), Faculté des Sciences Et Technologie, Université Paris-Est, 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - G Varrault
- Laboratoire Eau Environnement Et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU, UMR MA 102), Faculté des Sciences Et Technologie, Université Paris-Est, 61 Avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94000, Créteil, France
| | - L Moulin
- Eau de Paris, DRDQE, 33 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 94200, Ivry sur Seine, France.
| | - S Wurtzer
- Eau de Paris, DRDQE, 33 Avenue Jean Jaurès, 94200, Ivry sur Seine, France
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Verani M, Federigi I, Donzelli G, Cioni L, Carducci A. Human adenoviruses as waterborne index pathogens and their use for Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:1469-1475. [PMID: 30360276 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The current microbial water quality standards are based on the monitoring of fecal indicator organisms, which are mainly bacterial indicators (i.e., Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci), however epidemiological data indicate that viruses are important etiological agents of waterborne illnesses. Among waterborne viruses, human adenovirus can be considered as an index pathogen, owing to its abundance in sewage and persistence in the environment, as well as its potential infectivity. In this study, data on human adenoviruses from different water matrices (the entrance and exit of a water treatment plant, rivers and seawaters) were analyzed, in parallel with traditional fecal bacterial indicators and somatic coliphages. The results showed a 64% frequency of positive adenovirus samples, decreasing from the sewage system (100% at the entrance and 94% at the exit) to rivers (92% and 72% for different rivers) and seawater (21%). Adenovirus concentrations showed a significant correlation with somatic coliphages in one river and seawater, thus supporting the recent inclusion of coliphages as viral indicators in water safety guidelines. The data collected were used to estimate adenovirus to indicator ratios, which could be used as input in Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Verani
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 37, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Ileana Federigi
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 37, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Donzelli
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 37, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Cioni
- Scuola Normale Superiore, P.zza dei Cavalieri, 7, 56126 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Annalaura Carducci
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Environmental Virology, Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via S. Zeno 37, 56127 Pisa, Italy.
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Atanasova ND, Dey R, Scott C, Li Q, Pang XL, Ashbolt NJ. Persistence of infectious Enterovirus within free-living amoebae - A novel waterborne risk pathway? WATER RESEARCH 2018; 144:204-214. [PMID: 30031365 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Free-living amoebae (FLA) are phagocytic protozoa found in natural and engineered water systems. They can form disinfectant-resistant cysts, which can harbor various human pathogenic bacteria, therefore providing them with a means of environmental persistence and dispersion through water distribution and other engineered water systems. The association of FLA with human viruses has been raised, but the limited data on the persistence of infectious virions within amoebae leaves this aspect unresolved. Enteroviruses can cause a wide range of illness and replicate in human respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, both of which could be exposed through contact with contaminated waters if virus detection and removal are compromised by virion internalization in free-living protozoa. This is especially problematic for high-risk contaminants, such as coxsackieviruses, representative members of the Enterovirus genus that are likely infectious at low doses and cause a variety of symptoms to a vulnerable portion of the population (particularly infants). To investigate Enterovirus persistence within free-living amoebae we co-cultured an infectious clinical coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5) isolate, with the commonly reported tap water amoeba Vermamoeba vermiformis, after which we tracked virus localization and persistence in co-culture over time through a combination of advanced imaging, molecular and cell culture assays. Our results clearly demonstrate that infectious CVB5 can persist in all life stages of the amoebae without causing any visible injury to them. We also demonstrated that the amoeba generated vesicles containing virions that were expelled into the bulk liquid surroundings, a finding previously described for FLA-bacteria interactions, but not for FLA and human pathogenic viruses. Therefore, our findings suggest that the ability of CVB5 to persist in V. vermiformis could be a novel waterborne risk pathway for the persistence and dispersion of infectious human enteric viruses through water systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki D Atanasova
- Dept. Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 6-020 Katz Group Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Rafik Dey
- Dept. Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 6-020 Katz Group Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada; School of Public Health, Room 3-57D, South Academic Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G7, Canada University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Candis Scott
- School of Public Health, Room 3-57D, South Academic Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G7, Canada University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Qiaozhi Li
- School of Public Health, Room 3-57D, South Academic Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G7, Canada University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Xiao-Li Pang
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J2, Canada
| | - Nicholas J Ashbolt
- Dept. Medical Microbiology and Immunology, 6-020 Katz Group Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2E1, Canada; School of Public Health, Room 3-57D, South Academic Building, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G7, Canada University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2J2, Canada.
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Maisonneuve E, Cateau E, Leveque N, Kaaki S, Beby-Defaux A, Rodier MH. Acanthamoeba castellanii is not be an adequate model to study human adenovirus interactions with macrophagic cells. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178629. [PMID: 28591183 PMCID: PMC5462383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Free living amoebae (FLA) including Acanthamoeba castellanii, are protozoa that feed on different microorganisms including viruses. These microorganisms show remarkable similarities with macrophages in cellular structures, physiology or ability to phagocyte preys, and some authors have therefore wondered whether Acanthamoeba and macrophages are evolutionary related. It has been considered that this amoeba may be an in vitro model to investigate relationships between pathogens and macrophagic cells. So, we intended in this study to compare the interactions between a human adenovirus strain and A. castellanii or THP-1 macrophagic cells. The results of molecular and microscopy techniques following co-cultures experiments have shown that the presence of the adenovirus decreased the viability of macrophages, while it has no effect on amoebic viability. On another hand, the viral replication occurred only in macrophages. These results showed that this amoebal model is not relevant to explore the relationships between adenoviruses and macrophages in in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Maisonneuve
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Microbiologie de l’Eau, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Estelle Cateau
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Microbiologie de l’Eau, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Laboratoire de parasitologie et mycologie médicale, CHU La Milètrie, Poitiers, France
| | - Nicolas Leveque
- Laboratoire de virologie et mycobactériologie, CHU La Milètrie, Poitiers, France
- Laboratoire Inflammation, Tissus Epithéliaux et Cytokines, EA 4331, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Sihem Kaaki
- Unité de pathologie ultrastructurale et expérimentale, Laboratoire d’anatomie et cytologie pathologiques, CHU la Milètrie, Poitiers, France
| | - Agnès Beby-Defaux
- Laboratoire de virologie et mycobactériologie, CHU La Milètrie, Poitiers, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Rodier
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Microbiologie de l’Eau, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- Laboratoire de parasitologie et mycologie médicale, CHU La Milètrie, Poitiers, France
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Yousuf FA, Siddiqui R, Khan NA. Presence of rotavirus and free-living amoebae in the water supplies of Karachi, Pakistan. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2017; 59:e32. [PMID: 28591260 PMCID: PMC5459539 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201759032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus and pathogenic free-living amoebae are causative agents of important health problems, especially for developing countries like Pakistan where the population has limited access to clean water supplies. Here, we evaluated the prevalence of rotavirus and free-living amoebae (Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, Naegleria fowleri) in drinking water supplies of Karachi, Pakistan. Six water filtration plants that supply drinking water to the population of Karachi were investigated. Additionally, drinking water samples from households were analyzed for the presence of rotavirus and free-living amoebae. Rotavirus was present in 35% of the water samples collected from water filtration plants; however, domestic tap water samples had a prevalence of only 5%. Out of 20 water samples from filtration plants, 13 (65%) were positive for Acanthamoeba spp., and one (5%) was positive for B. mandrillaris. Out of 20 drinking water samples collected from different areas of Karachi, 35% were positive for Acanthamoeba spp. Rotavirus was detected in 5% of the drinking water samples tested. Overall, these findings showed for the first time the presence of rotavirus, in addition to pathogenic free-living amoebae in drinking water supplies of Karachi that could be an important public health risk for the affected population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruqaiyyah Siddiqui
- Sunway University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Biological Sciences, Malaysia
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Sunway University, Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Biological Sciences, Malaysia
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Viruses of parasites as actors in the parasite-host relationship: A "ménage à trois". Acta Trop 2017; 166:126-132. [PMID: 27876650 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The complex parasite-host relationship involves multiple mechanisms. Moreover, parasites infected by viruses modify this relationship adding more complexity to the system that now comprises three partners. Viruses infecting parasites were described several decades ago. However, until recently little was known about the viruses involved and their impact on the resulting disease caused to the hosts. To clarify this situation, we have concentrated on parasitic diseases caused to humans and on how virus-infected parasites could alter the symptoms inflicted on the human host. It is clear that the effect caused to the human host depends on the virus and on the parasite it has infected. Consequently, the review is divided as follows: Viruses with a possible effect on the virulence of the parasite. This section reviews pertinent articles showing that infection of parasites by viruses might increase the detrimental effect of the tandem virus-parasite on the human host (hypervirulence) or decrease virulence of the parasite (hypovirulence). Parasites as vectors affecting the transmission of viruses. In some cases, the virus-infected parasite might facilitate the transfer of the virus to the human host. Parasites harboring viruses with unidentified effects on their host. In spite of recently renewed interest in parasites in connection with their viruses, there still remains a number of cases in which the effect of the virus of a given parasite on the human host remains ambiguous. The triangular relationship between the virus, the parasite and the host, and the modulation of the pathogenicity and virulence of the parasites by viruses should be taken into account in the rationale of fighting against parasites.
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