Challenges of nanoparticle albumin bound (nab™) technology: Comparative study of Abraxane® with a newly developed albumin-stabilized itraconazole nanosuspension

Nanoparticle Albumin-Bound Bortezomib: Enhanced Antitumor Efficacy and Tumor Accumulation in Breast Cancer Therapy

Nanoparticle albumin-bound (NAB) formulations are emerging as a viable strategy for the intravenous delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. This study aims to improve the therapeutic profile of Bortezomib (BTZ), addressing its low solubility and significant systemic toxicity through the development of NAB-BTZ nanoparticles. The synthesized nanoparticles exhibited an average size of 296.47 ± 10 nm and a high drug encapsulation efficiency of 75%, and a drug loading of 10%. NAB-BTZ displayed a controlled, pH-sensitive release profile, with 59% release at pH 5.4 (mimicking tumor environments) and 46% at pH 7.4 after 12 h. In vitro assays demonstrated that NAB-BTZ significantly reduced the viability of 4T1 mammary carcinoma cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner, increasing late apoptosis from 6% to 54% after 48 h, compared to 24% for free BTZ. At molecular level, NAB-BTZ induced apoptosis by upregulating p53 and Bax, downregulating Bcl-2, and activating caspases 3 and 7. In vivo tests in a murine 4T1 breast cancer model showed that NAB-BTZ substantially inhibited tumor growth, achieving an average tumor volume of 916 mm3 by day 31 versus 1400 mm3 for free BTZ, leading to an improved survival rate of 100% compared to 83% in the BTZ group. Technetium-99m (99mTc) labeling and SPECT imaging confirmed enhanced targeting capability, showing preferential accumulation of NAB-BTZ in tumor sites compared to free BTZ. These findings suggest that NAB-BTZ not only improves antitumor efficacy but also enhances its safety profile, underscoring its clinical potential in breast cancer therapy.

Albumin nanocomplex of BCL-2/xL inhibitor reduced platelet toxicity and improved anticancer efficacy in myeloproliferative neoplasm and lymphoma

The clinical application of BCL-2/xL inhibitors for cancer treatment is limited by the on-target thrombocytopenia. Although APG-1252 was designed to mitigate this issue, platelet toxicity at higher doses in clinical trials restricts dose escalation for greater efficacy. We have developed albumin nanocomplexes of APG-1252 (Nano-1252) to reduce platelet toxicity while improving drug efficacy through enhancing drug delivery to lymphoid organs. Nano-1252 forms stable nanoparticles due to the strong binding affinity between APG-1252 and albumin, reducing the platelet toxicity threshold by fourfold by limiting premature drug release and conversion to its active forms in circulation. Furthermore, Nano-1252 exhibited preferential accumulation in lymphoid organs, leading to enhanced anticancer efficacy in Mantle Cell Lymphoma (MCL) and Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPNs) mouse models. Our study not only develops a potential formulation to overcome the current translational barrier of APG-1252 but also reveals novel properties of the well-established albumin nanoformulation, thereby expanding its clinical applications.

Carboxysome Shell Protein CcmK2 Assembles into Monodisperse and pH-Reversible Microparticles

Synthetic nano- and microparticles have become essential tools in biotechnology. Protein-based compartments offer distinct advantages over synthetic particles, such as biodegradability and biocompatibility, but their development is still in its infancy. Bacterial microcompartments (BMCs) are protein-based organelles consisting of a protein shell encapsulating an enzymatic core. BMCs are self-assembling, selectively permeable, and modular, making them ideal candidates for the development of protein compartments for biotechnology. Indeed, several groups have engineered BMC shells and individual shell proteins into synthetic nanoreactors and functionalized molecular scaffolds. Expanding the variety of architectures assembled from BMC shell proteins will increase their versatility as building blocks in biotechnology. Here, we developed a method for the in vitro assembly of single-component monodisperse microparticles using only CcmK2, the major hexameric shell protein of the β-carboxysome BMC. We report the controlled assembly of a single type of BMC shell protein into a solid microparticle. High-resolution imaging revealed CcmK2 particles to be assemblies of radially clustered nanotubes. Through biochemical characterization, we determined the conditions for reversible assembly and residues mediating assembly. We found that pH is a key regulator of final particle size and disassembly. Our study situates CcmK2 particles as precisely controlled and self-assembling monodisperse solid protein particles for future applications in biotechnology.

Exploring the effects of paclitaxel-loaded zein nanoparticles on human ovarian carcinoma cells

The development of innovative antitumor formulations that are able to increase the mortality of cancer cells while decreasing the efficacious pharmacological dosage is a fundamental goal of modern oncological research. In this study a paclitaxel (PTX)-nanomedicine was tested on two lines of human high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (hHGS-OC). Zein, a vegetal protein, was employed to obtain nanoparticles containing the lipophilic compound (NanoPTX) characterized by a mean diameter of 160 nm, a narrow size distribution, a negative zeta potential and a prolonged release of the drug over time. NanoPTX was tested on HEY and COV362 cells demonstrating an increase of apoptosis, particularly on the papillary cystadenocarcinoma cells (55.2% p value 0.037 for NanoPTX vs 70.25%, p value 0.08 for PTX) with respect to the free form of the drug. The fluorescent nanosystems were characterized by a significant cell uptake after a few hours of incubation and they promoted a reduction in the intracellular reactive oxygen species. The results need to be validated on different hHGS-OC cells and the real efficacy of the proposed nanomedicine needs to be investigated using in vivo models of ovarian carcinoma.

Polymeric Nanoparticles in Targeted Drug Delivery: Unveiling the Impact of Polymer Characterization and Fabrication

Polymeric nanoparticles (PNPs) represent a groundbreaking advancement in targeted drug delivery, offering significant benefits over conventional systems. This includes their versatility, biocompatibility, and ability to encapsulate diverse therapeutic agents and provide controlled release, improving efficacy while minimizing side effects. The polymers used in PNP formulations are critical, as they influence the nanoparticles' physicochemical properties such as size, shape, surface charge, and drug-loading capacity. Recent developments in polymer chemistry and nanotechnology have led to the creation of smart PNPs that can respond to specific stimuli, enabling precise drug release in targeted environments. This review explores the mechanisms of drug delivery, innovations in polymeric formulations, and the fabrication and characterization techniques that enhance drug delivery systems. Additionally, it discusses challenges and future directions in the field, highlighting the potential for personalized medicine and the role of artificial intelligence in optimizing nanoparticle design. By examining the relationship between polymer characteristics and PNP performance, the review aims to promote innovative therapeutic strategies in modern medicine. Despite the promise of polymer-based drug delivery systems, challenges such as toxicity, stability, scalability, and regulatory compliance must be addressed. Future research should focus on rigorous testing, clear risk communication, and sustainable practices to support clinical translation and commercial viability. Overall, the integration of these elements is crucial for advancing PNPs in therapeutic applications.

Novel HSA-PMEMA Nanomicelles Prepared via Site-Specific In Situ Polymerization-Induced Self-Assembly for Improved Intracellular Delivery of Paclitaxel

Background/Objectives: Paclitaxel (PTX) is a potent anticancer drug that is poorly soluble in water. To enhance its delivery efficiency in aqueous environments, amphiphilic polymer micelles are often used as nanocarriers for PTX in clinical settings. However, the hydrophilic polymer segments on the surface of these micelles may possess potential immunogenicity, posing risks in clinical applications. To address this issue, nanomicelles based on human serum albumin (HSA)-hydrophobic polymer conjugates constructed via site-specific in situ polymerization-induced self-assembly (SI-PISA) are considered a promising alternative. The HSA shell not only ensures good biocompatibility but also enhances cellular uptake because of endogenous albumin trafficking pathways. Moreover, compared to traditional methods of creating protein-hydrophobic polymer conjugates, SI-PISA demonstrates higher reaction efficiency and better preservation of protein functionality. Methods: We synthesized HSA-PMEMA nanomicelles via SI-PISA using HSA and methoxyethyl methacrylate (MEMA)-a novel hydrophobic monomer with a well-defined and stable chemical structure. The protein activity and the PTX intracellular delivery efficiency of HSA-PMEMA nanomicelles were evaluated. Results: The CD spectra of HSA and HSA-PMEMA exhibited similar shapes, and the relative esterase-like activity of HSA-PMEMA was 94% that of unmodified HSA. Flow cytometry results showed that Cy7 fluorescence intensity in cells treated with HSA-PMEMA-Cy7 was approximately 1.35 times that in cells treated with HSA-Cy7; meanwhile, HPLC results indicated that, under the same conditions, the PTX loading per unit protein mass on HSA-PMEMA was approximately 1.43 times that of HSA. These collectively contributed to a 1.78-fold overall PTX intracellular delivery efficiency of HSA-PMEMA compared to that of HSA. Conclusions: In comparison with HSA, HSA-PMEMA nanomicelles exhibit improved cellular uptake and higher loading efficiency for PTX, effectively promoting the intracellular delivery of PTX. Tremendous potential lies in these micelles for developing safer and more efficient next-generation PTX formulations for tumor treatment.

Nanocrystals for Intravenous Drug Delivery: Composition Development, Preparation Methods and Applications in Oncology

Intravenous routes of drug delivery are widely used in clinical practice due to the advantages of fast onset of action and avoidance of first-pass effect. Still, it is difficult to develop poorly water-soluble drugs for intravenous administration. In recent years, the application of nanocrystal technology has become more and more widespread, mainly involving reducing the particle size to the nanoparticle size range and improving its physicochemical properties to enhance the bioavailability of drugs. Intravenous nanocrystals (INCs) can show unique advantages in the vasculature, with their high drug loading capacity, low toxicity, and overcoming low solubility, which makes them a new solution in tumor therapy. In addition, INCs are mainly suspended in aqueous/oil phase media, which makes them easy to inject. Therefore, INCs may serve as a novel strategy to address poor water solubility, low bioavailability, and associated toxicity. This review contains the compositional development of INCs, and preparation methods, and provides some insights into their application in oncology.

Advances in controlled release drug delivery systems based on nanomaterials in lung cancer therapy: A review

Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors, with the highest morbidity and mortality rates. Currently, significant progress has been made in the treatment of lung cancer, which has effectively improved the overall prognosis of patients, but there are still many problems, such as tumor recurrence, drug resistance, and serious complications. With the rapid development of nanotechnology in the field of medicine, it breaks through the inherent limitations of traditional cancer treatments and shows great potential in tumor treatment. To address the drawbacks of traditional therapeutic means, nanodrug delivery systems can release drugs under specific conditions, thus realizing tumor-targeted drug delivery, which improves the antitumor effect of drugs. In this paper, we review the current treatments for lung cancer and further discuss the advantages and common carriers of nanodrug delivery systems. We also summarize the latest research progress of nanotargeted drug delivery systems in the field of lung cancer therapy, discuss the problems faced in their clinical translation, and look forward to future development opportunities and directions.

Advancing Therapeutic Strategies with Polymeric Drug Conjugates for Nucleic Acid Delivery and Treatment

The effective clinical translation of messenger RNA (mRNA), small interfering RNA (siRNA), and microRNA (miRNA) for therapeutic purposes hinges on the development of efficient delivery systems. Key challenges include their susceptibility to degradation, limited cellular uptake, and inefficient intracellular release. Polymeric drug conjugates (PDCs) offer a promising solution, combining the benefits of polymeric carriers and therapeutic agents for targeted delivery and treatment. This comprehensive review explores the clinical translation of nucleic acid therapeutics, focusing on polymeric drug conjugates. It investigates how these conjugates address delivery obstacles, enhance systemic circulation, reduce immunogenicity, and provide controlled release, improving safety profiles. The review delves into the conjugation strategies, preparation methods, and various classes of PDCs, as well as strategic design, highlighting their role in nucleic acid delivery. Applications of PDCs in treating diseases such as cancer, immune disorders, and fibrosis are also discussed. Despite significant advancements, challenges in clinical adoption persist. The review concludes with insights into future directions for this transformative technology, underscoring the potential of PDCs to advance nucleic acid-based therapies and combat infectious diseases significantly.

Quality by design empowered preparation of itraconazole albumin nanoparticles for prostate cancer

The current advent explores the potential of itraconazole (ITR) in prostate cancer (PCa), by its incorporation into albumin nanoparticles (NP). ITR as a repurposed moiety has displayed tremendous potential in various cancers. However, poor aqueous solubility poses hurdles towards its clinical translation. Amorphisation of ITR was observed post-incorporation within NP matrix which could prevent its precipitation in aqueous media. ITR NP was developed using quality by design and multivariate analysis and evaluated for cellular uptake, cell proliferation inhibition and the mechanism of PCa cell inhibition. Time and concentration-dependent serum stability and hemolytic potential revealed safety of ITR NP. Morphological changes and nuclear staining studies revealed the efficacy of ITR and ITR NP in promoting growth inhibition of PC-3 cells. Superior qualitative and quantitative uptake, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial impairment for ITR NP in comparison with ITR and control group was observed. Cell cycle study revealed remarkable G2/M phase inhibition in PC-3 cells. ITR NP demonstrated superior anticancer potential in 3D tumoroids mimicking the micro-metastatic lesions compared to control and ITR. Hence, ITR NP can be a favorable alternative therapeutic alternative in PCa.

A Novel Self-Assembled Paclitaxel Nanodispersion Facilitates Rapid In-Vitro/In-Vivo Dissociation and Protein Binding

The study aims to prepare and characterize a novel paclitaxel (PtX) preconcentrate formulation using polymer and lipid excipients that forms nanodispersion upon dilution. The goal was to understand the mechanism of nanodispersion formation and its properties. The water-insoluble PtX was dissolved in organic solvents containing ethanol, polyethylene glycol (PEG400), povidone (PVP), caprylic acid (CA), and sodium cholesterol sulfate (CS). This formulation was diluted in 5% w/v dextrose medium to form PtX nanodispersion, which was assessed for particle size, stability, in-vitro/in-vivo dissociation and protein binding. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Small Angle Neutron Scattering (SANS), and Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations were used to analyse the structure of the nanoparticles. The formulation was a clear, slightly yellow solution. The PtX nanodispersion displays particle size of ~ 100 nm with a zeta potential of -25, and the pH of 4.0. It displayed nearly spherical coacervate nanoparticles with a sponge-like structure, lacking internal structure order as revealed by TEM and SANS. MD simulations confirmed self-assembly of PtX and excipients forming nanoparticles. In vitro dissociation studies in simulated plasma demonstrated rapid dissociation of nanodispersion, releasing free PtX that immediately binds to plasma proteins. In vivo studies in rabbits corroborated these findings, showing rapid dissolution. The results present a novel formulation design that forms sponge-like coacervate nanoparticle due to complimentary interactions of the excipients that otherwise are unable to self-assemble under similar conditions of dilution. This alternative formulation solves the limitations of currently marketed PtX products and can provide its effective delivery in clinical settings.

Development of a screening platform for the formulation of poorly water-soluble drugs as albumin-stabilized nanosuspensions using nab™ technology

The nanoparticle albumin bound™ (nab™) technology generally offers great potential for the formulation of poorly water-soluble drugs as albumin-stabilized nanosuspensions for intravenous use while avoiding solubilizers and cross-linking agents. The nab™ technology is a three-step process consisting of emulsification, high-pressure homogenization and solvent evaporation. Within this work, a screening approach was developed to predict whether active pharmaceutical ingredients are suitable for nab™ formulations. A design of experiments approach was used to investigate the effects of ultrasonic homogenization on an albumin-stabilized itraconazole nanosuspension. Based on this, a screening platform was developed, and subsequently evaluated and applied to a selection of poorly water-soluble drugs. The screening process to produce albumin-stabilized nanosuspensions consists of two process steps: Ultrasonic treatment, which combined emulsification and homogenization, followed by solvent evaporation. The results of the screening process were fully transferable to the standard three-step process of nab™ technology. In addition, based on drug screening, drug properties were highlighted that are important for the development of nab™ formulations. All in all, the nab™ technology is a promising but not universal formulation platform for poorly water-soluble drugs. Nevertheless, for some poorly soluble drugs it offers a valuable approach for the formulation of nanosuspensions for intravenous use.

Breaking barriers: The potential of nanosystems in antituberculosis therapy

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, continues to pose a significant threat to global health. The resilience of TB is amplified by a myriad of physical, biological, and biopharmaceutical barriers that challenge conventional therapeutic approaches. This review navigates the intricate landscape of TB treatment, from the stealth of latent infections and the strength of granuloma formations to the daunting specters of drug resistance and altered gene expression. Amidst these challenges, traditional therapies often fail, contending with inconsistent bioavailability, prolonged treatment regimens, and socioeconomic burdens. Nanoscale Drug Delivery Systems (NDDSs) emerge as a promising beacon, ready to overcome these barriers, offering better drug targeting and improved patient adherence. Through a critical approach, we evaluate a spectrum of nanosystems and their efficacy against MTB both in vitro and in vivo. This review advocates for the intensification of research in NDDSs, heralding their potential to reshape the contours of global TB treatment strategies.

Albumin Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery Systems

Nanoparticle-based systems are extensively investigated for drug delivery. Among others, with superior biocompatibility and enhanced targeting capacity, albumin appears to be a promising carrier for drug delivery. Albumin nanoparticles are highly favored in many disease therapies, as they have the proper chemical groups for modification, cell-binding sites for cell adhesion, and affinity to protein drugs for nanocomplex generation. Herein, this review summarizes the recent fabrication techniques, modification strategies, and application of albumin nanoparticles. We first discuss various albumin nanoparticle fabrication methods, from both pros and cons. Then, we provide a comprehensive introduction to the modification section, including organic albumin nanoparticles, metal albumin nanoparticles, inorganic albumin nanoparticles, and albumin nanoparticle-based hybrids. We finally bring further perspectives on albumin nanoparticles used for various critical diseases.

Pillar[5]arene/albumin biosupramolecular systems for simultaneous native protein preservation and encapsulation of a water-soluble substrate

The growing resistance of pathogens, bacteria, viruses, and fungi to a number of drugs has encouraged researchers to use natural and synthetic biomimetic systems to overcome this challenge. Multicomponent systems are an attractive approach for drug design and multitarget therapy. In this study, we report the assembly of a three-component (pillar[5]arene, bovine serum albumin, and methyl orange) biosupramolecular system as a potential drug delivery system. We estimated the cytotoxic activity and transfection ability of pillar[5]arene derivatives and investigated the effect of the nature of macrocycle functions (L-phenylalanine, glycine, L-alanine) on the native conformation of serum albumin in a three-component system. NMR, UV-vis, fluorescence, CD spectroscopy, DLS, and molecular docking studies were performed in order to confirm the structure and possible pillar[5]arene/bovine serum albumin/methyl orange interactions occurring during the association process. Results indicate that pillar[5]arene with L-phenylalanine fragments retains the native form of BSA to the maximum extent and forms more stable associates.