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Mooradian AD, Haas MJ. Cardioprotective antihyperglycemic drugs ameliorate endoplasmic reticulum stress. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C89-C94. [PMID: 38009197 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00470.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
Cellular stress, notably oxidative, inflammatory, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, is implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease such as diabetes, hypercholesterolemia, saturated fat consumption, hypertension, and cigarette smoking cause ER stress whereas currently known cardioprotective drugs with diverse pharmacodynamics share a common pleiotropic effect of reducing ER stress. Selective targeting of oxidative stress with known antioxidative vitamins has been ineffective in reducing cardiovascular risk. This "antioxidant paradox" is partially attributed to the unexpected aggravation of ER stress by the antioxidative agents used. In contrast, some of the contemporary antihyperglycemic drugs inhibit both oxidative stress and ER stress in human coronary artery endothelial cells. Unlike sulfonylureas, meglitinides, α glucosidase inhibitors, and thiazolidinediones, metformin, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists, and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors are the only antihyperglycemic drugs that reduce ER stress caused by pharmacological agents (tunicamycin) or hyperglycemic conditions. Clinical trials with selective ER stress modifiers are needed to test the suitability of ER stress as a therapeutic target for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshag D Mooradian
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida Jacksonville College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, United States
| | - Michael J Haas
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Florida Jacksonville College of Medicine, Jacksonville, Florida, United States
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Wen W, Zheng H, Li W, Huang G, Chen P, Zhu X, Cao Y, Li J, Huang X, Huang Y. Transcription factor EB: A potential integrated network regulator in metabolic-associated cardiac injury. Metabolism 2023; 147:155662. [PMID: 37517793 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
With the worldwide pandemic of metabolic diseases, such as obesity, diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cardiometabolic disease (CMD) has become a significant cause of death in humans. However, the pathophysiology of metabolic-associated cardiac injury is complex and not completely clear, and it is important to explore new strategies and targets for the treatment of CMD. A series of pathophysiological disturbances caused by metabolic disorders, such as insulin resistance (IR), hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), autophagy dysfunction, calcium homeostasis imbalance, and endothelial dysfunction, may be related to the incidence and development of CMD. Transcription Factor EB (TFEB), as a transcription factor, has been extensively studied for its role in regulating lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy. Recently, the regulatory role of TFEB in other biological processes, including the regulation of glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, etc. has been gradually revealed. In this review, we will focus on the relationship between TFEB and IR, lipid metabolism, endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, inflammation, ERS, calcium homeostasis, autophagy, and mitochondrial quality control (MQC) and the potential regulatory mechanisms among them, to provide a comprehensive summary for TFEB as a potential new therapeutic target for CMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixing Wen
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), NO. 1 Jiazi Road, Lunjiao, Shunde District, Foshan City, Guangdong 528308, China; Medical Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), NO. 1 Jiazi Road, Lunjiao, Shunde District, Foshan City, Guangdong 528308, China
| | - Haoxiao Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), NO. 1 Jiazi Road, Lunjiao, Shunde District, Foshan City, Guangdong 528308, China; Medical Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), NO. 1 Jiazi Road, Lunjiao, Shunde District, Foshan City, Guangdong 528308, China.
| | - Weiwen Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), NO. 1 Jiazi Road, Lunjiao, Shunde District, Foshan City, Guangdong 528308, China; Medical Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), NO. 1 Jiazi Road, Lunjiao, Shunde District, Foshan City, Guangdong 528308, China
| | - Guolin Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), NO. 1 Jiazi Road, Lunjiao, Shunde District, Foshan City, Guangdong 528308, China; Medical Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), NO. 1 Jiazi Road, Lunjiao, Shunde District, Foshan City, Guangdong 528308, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), NO. 1 Jiazi Road, Lunjiao, Shunde District, Foshan City, Guangdong 528308, China; Medical Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), NO. 1 Jiazi Road, Lunjiao, Shunde District, Foshan City, Guangdong 528308, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), NO. 1 Jiazi Road, Lunjiao, Shunde District, Foshan City, Guangdong 528308, China; Medical Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), NO. 1 Jiazi Road, Lunjiao, Shunde District, Foshan City, Guangdong 528308, China.
| | - Yue Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), NO. 1 Jiazi Road, Lunjiao, Shunde District, Foshan City, Guangdong 528308, China; Medical Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), NO. 1 Jiazi Road, Lunjiao, Shunde District, Foshan City, Guangdong 528308, China
| | - Jiahuan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), NO. 1 Jiazi Road, Lunjiao, Shunde District, Foshan City, Guangdong 528308, China; Medical Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), NO. 1 Jiazi Road, Lunjiao, Shunde District, Foshan City, Guangdong 528308, China
| | - Xiaohui Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), NO. 1 Jiazi Road, Lunjiao, Shunde District, Foshan City, Guangdong 528308, China; Medical Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), NO. 1 Jiazi Road, Lunjiao, Shunde District, Foshan City, Guangdong 528308, China
| | - Yuli Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), NO. 1 Jiazi Road, Lunjiao, Shunde District, Foshan City, Guangdong 528308, China; The George Institute for Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Function and Microcirculation Research, Guangzhou, China; Medical Research Center, Shunde Hospital, Southern Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Shunde), NO. 1 Jiazi Road, Lunjiao, Shunde District, Foshan City, Guangdong 528308, China.
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Alalawi S, Albalawi F, Ramji DP. The Role of Punicalagin and Its Metabolites in Atherosclerosis and Risk Factors Associated with the Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108476. [PMID: 37239823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Although current therapies, such as statins, have led to a marked reduction in morbidity and mortality from ACVD, they are associated with considerable residual risk for the disease together with various adverse side effects. Natural compounds are generally well-tolerated; a major recent goal has been to harness their full potential in the prevention and treatment of ACVD, either alone or together with existing pharmacotherapies. Punicalagin (PC) is the main polyphenol present in pomegranates and pomegranate juice and demonstrates many beneficial actions, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-atherogenic properties. The objective of this review is to inform on our current understanding of the pathogenesis of ACVD and the potential mechanisms underlying the beneficial actions of PC and its metabolites in the disease, including the attenuation of dyslipidemia, oxidative stress, endothelial cell dysfunction, foam cell formation, and inflammation mediated by cytokines and immune cells together with the regulation of proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. Some of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of PC and its metabolites are due to their strong radical-scavenging activities. PC and its metabolites also inhibit the risk factors of atherosclerosis, including hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, inflammation, hypertension, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Despite the promising findings that have emerged from numerous in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies, deeper mechanistic insights and large clinical trials are required to harness the full potential of PC and its metabolites in the prevention and treatment of ACVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Alalawi
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Faizah Albalawi
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Dipak P Ramji
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
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Chen CH, Hsia CC, Hu PA, Yeh CH, Chen CT, Peng CL, Wang CH, Lee TS. Bromelain Ameliorates Atherosclerosis by Activating the TFEB-Mediated Autophagy and Antioxidant Pathways. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:72. [PMID: 36670934 PMCID: PMC9855131 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Bromelain, a cysteine protease found in pineapple, has beneficial effects in the treatment of inflammatory diseases; however, its effects in cardiovascular pathophysiology are not fully understood. We investigated the effect of bromelain on atherosclerosis and its regulatory mechanisms in hyperlipidemia and atheroprone apolipoprotein E-null (apoe-/-) mice. Bromelain was orally administered to 16-week-old male apoe-/- mice for four weeks. Daily bromelain administration decreased hyperlipidemia and aortic inflammation, leading to atherosclerosis retardation in apoe-/- mice. Moreover, hepatic lipid accumulation was decreased by the promotion of cholesteryl ester hydrolysis and autophagy through the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/transcription factor EB (TFEB)-mediated upregulation of autophagy- and antioxidant-related proteins. Moreover, bromelain decreased oxidative stress by increasing the antioxidant capacity and protein expression of antioxidant proteins while downregulating the protein expression of NADPH oxidases and decreasing the production of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, AMPK/TFEB signaling may be crucial in bromelain-mediated anti-hyperlipidemia, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects, effecting the amelioration of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hui Chen
- Graduate Institute and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chung Hsia
- Department of Isotope Application, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan 32546, Taiwan
| | - Po-An Hu
- Graduate Institute and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsin Yeh
- Department of Isotope Application, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan 32546, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Tang Chen
- Department of Isotope Application, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan 32546, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Liang Peng
- Department of Isotope Application, Institute of Nuclear Energy Research, Taoyuan 32546, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsien Wang
- Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Shyuan Lee
- Graduate Institute and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
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