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Takahashi F, Shimosaka Y, Mori S, Kaneko M, Harayama Y, Kobayashi K, Shoji T, Seto Y, Tatsumi H, Jin J. Development of a Potential-Modulated Electrochemiluminescence Measurement System for Selective and Sensitive Determination of the Controlled Drug Codeine. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2024; 72:271-279. [PMID: 38432909 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c23-00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Codeine is a common analgesic drug that is a pro-drug of morphine. It also has a high risk of abuse as a recreational drug because of its extensive distribution as an OTC drug. Therefore, sensitive and selective screening methods for codeine are crucial in forensic analytical chemistry. To date, a commercial analytical kit has not been developed for dedicated codeine determination, and there is a need for an analytical method to quantify codeine in the field. In the present work, potential modulation was combined with electrochemiluminescence (ECL) for sensitive determination of codeine. The potential modulated technique involved applying a signal to electrodes by superimposing an AC potential on the DC potential. When tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) ([Ru(bpy)3]2+) was used as an ECL emitter, ECL activity was confirmed for codeine. A detailed investigation of the electrochemical reaction mechanism suggested a characteristic ECL reaction mechanism involving electrochemical oxidation of the opioid framework. Besides the usual ECL reaction derived from the amine framework, selective detection of codeine was possible under the measurement conditions, with clear luminescence observed in an acidic solution. The sensitivity of codeine detection by potential modulated-ECL was one order of magnitude higher than that obtained with the conventional potential sweep method. The proposed method was applied to codeine determination in actual prescription medications and OTC drug samples. Codeine was selectively determined from other compounds in medications and showed good linearity with a low detection limit (150 ng mL-1).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuki Shimosaka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University
| | - Shuki Mori
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University
| | - Mayu Kaneko
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University
| | - Yuta Harayama
- Department of Legal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine
| | - Kanya Kobayashi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Shinshu University School of Medicine
| | - Taku Shoji
- Department of Chemical Biology and Applied Chemistry, College of Engineering, Nihon University
| | | | | | - Jiye Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University
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Maji B, Sahoo SJ, Rout V, Barik B, Behera N, Dash P. Highly Sensitive and Selective Nonenzymatic Sensing of Glyphosate Using FTO-Modified MOF-Derived CuCo 2O 4 Nanostructures Intercalated in Protonated-g-C 3N 4 and 3D-Graphene Oxide Sheets. Ind Eng Chem Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c04426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Banalata Maji
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Shital Jyotsna Sahoo
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Vishal Rout
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Bapun Barik
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwang-Ju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Narmada Behera
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Priyabrat Dash
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela 769008, Odisha, India
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Takahashi F, Nitta S, Shimizu R, Shoji T, Tatsumi H, Jin J. Sensitive screening of methamphetamine stimulant using potential-modulated electrochemiluminescence. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1191:339229. [PMID: 35033234 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.339229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Methamphetamine (MA) is one of the most commonly abused recreational stimulants; thus, rapid and sensitive screening methods for MA are of great importance in forensic analytical chemistry. In the present work, potential modulation was combined with electrochemiluminescence (ECL) for the sensitive determination of MA. The potential modulated (PM) technique involved applying a signal to electrodes by superimposing an alternating current potential on the direct current potential. When tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) (Ru(bpy)32+) was used as an ECL emitter, the sensitivity of MA detection by PM-ECL was over 100 times that obtained with in conventional potential sweep mode. The radical on the α-carbon of the amine moiety is thought to play an important role in the ECL reaction mechanism involving amine-containing species. However, in the case of MA-type stimulants, density functional theory calculations suggest that the generated α-carbon radicals induce further intramolecular proton transfer. On the basis of the proposed ECL reaction route, we clarified the conditions under which MA could be selectively detected in the presence of the similar substance methoxyphenamine. The proposed method was applied to MA determination in a spiked human urine sample and showed good linearity with a low detection limit (100 nM, ca. 15 ng mL-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiki Takahashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan.
| | - Saki Nitta
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Ryo Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Taku Shoji
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Hirosuke Tatsumi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
| | - Jiye Jin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Shinshu University, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, Nagano, Japan
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Rivera EC, Summerscales RL, Tadi Uppala PP, Kwon HJ. Electrochemiluminescence Mechanisms Investigated with Smartphone-Based Sensor Data Modeling, Parameter Estimation and Sensitivity Analysis. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:854-863. [PMID: 32832344 PMCID: PMC7435146 DOI: 10.1002/open.202000165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study introduces a unified framework combining a mechanistic model with a genetic algorithm (GA) for the parameter estimation of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) kinetics of the Ru(bpy)32+/TPrA system occurring in a smartphone-based sensor. The framework allows a straightforward solution for simultaneous estimation of multiple parameters which can be, otherwise, time-consuming and lead to non-convergence. Model parameters are estimated by achieving a high correlation between the model prediction and the measured ECL intensity from the ECL sensor. The developed model is used to perform a sensitivity analysis (SA), which provides quantitative effects of the model parameters on the concentrations of chemical species involved in the system. The results demonstrate that the GA-based parameter estimation and the SA approaches are effective in analyzing the kinetics of the ECL mechanism. Therefore, these approaches can be incorporated as analysis tools in the ECL kinetics study with practical application in the calibration of mechanistic models for any required sensing condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elmer Ccopa Rivera
- Department of EngineeringAndrews University8450 E Campus Circle DriveBerrien SpringsMI 49104USA
| | - Rodney L. Summerscales
- Department of ComputingAndrews University4185 E. Campus Circle DriveBerrien SpringsMI 49103USA
| | - Padma P. Tadi Uppala
- School of Population Health, Nutrition & WellnessAndrews University8475 University BoulevardBerrien SpringsMI 49104USA
| | - Hyun J. Kwon
- Department of EngineeringAndrews University8450 E Campus Circle DriveBerrien SpringsMI 49104USA
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Enhanced electrochemiluminescence by ZnO nanowires for taurine determination. Talanta 2019; 204:63-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Silver-based metal-organic gels as novel coreactant for enhancing electrochemiluminescence and its biosensing potential. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 134:29-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.03.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Danis AS, Potts KP, Perry SC, Mauzeroll J. Combined Spectroelectrochemical and Simulated Insights into the Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Coreactant Mechanism. Anal Chem 2018; 90:7377-7382. [PMID: 29756773 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew S. Danis
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal H3A 0B8, Quebec Canada
| | - Karlie P. Potts
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal H3A 0B8, Quebec Canada
| | - Samuel C. Perry
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal H3A 0B8, Quebec Canada
| | - Janine Mauzeroll
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 801 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal H3A 0B8, Quebec Canada
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Yuan Y, Zhang L, Wang H, Chai Y, Yuan R. Self-enhanced PEI-Ru(II) complex with polyamino acid as booster to construct ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence immunosensor for carcinoembryonic antigen detection. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1001:112-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Electrochemiluminescence and voltammetry of tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium (II) with amphetamine-type stimulants as coreactants: an application to the discrimination of methamphetamine. Forensic Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-017-0388-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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10
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Matsuoka M, Jin J. Application of Electrochemiluminescence for the Evaluation of the Antioxidant Capacity of Some Phenolic Compounds Against Superoxide Anion Radicals. ANAL SCI 2016; 31:629-34. [PMID: 26165285 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.31.629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper for the first time reports on novel and non-enzymatic method for studying the free radical-scavenging properties of phenolic compounds against superoxide anion radicals (O2·(-)) by using the cathodic electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of lucigenin (Luc(2+)). The ECL of Luc(2+) at a glassy carbon (GC) electrode is observed in an aeration electrolytic solution (pH 7), which is believed to be due to the reaction of a one-electron reduced form of Luc(2+) (i.e. a radical cation, Luc·(+)) with in situ electrogenerated O2·(-). The ECL intensity is dependent on the concentration of dissolved oxygen, and is suppressed dramatically by superoxide dismutase (SOD), a typical O2·(-) scavenger. Since the coexisting hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has no influence on the cathodic ECL of Luc(2+), it is thus suggested that the ECL signal specifically reflected the O2·(-) concentration level generated at the electrode surface. When phenolic compounds were added into the solution, this resulted in the inhibition of ECL signals due to the elimination of O2·(-). The ECL inhibition rate measured at each concentration was compared against the SOD equivalent (U mL(-1)), and the relative antioxidant efficiency, Kao (U mmol(-1) equivalent SOD), was used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of some phenolic compounds, including flavonoids, in this study. Structurally different water-soluble phenols were compared, and those compounds containing to catechol skeletal structure are found to present the higher antioxidant capacity.
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An D, Chen Z, Zheng J, Chen S, Wang L, Su W. Polyoxomatelate functionalized tris(2,2-bipyridyl)dichlororuthenium(II) as the probe for electrochemiluminescence sensing of histamine. Food Chem 2016; 194:966-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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12
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Gross AJ, Marken F. ITO-ITO Dual-Plate Microgap Electrodes: E and EC′ Generator-Collector Processes. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201400554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Kong D, Huang X, Lin B, Jiang J, Li Q, Wei Q, Chi Y, Chen G. Determination of tiopronin based on the enhancement of Ru(bpy) 3 2+ co-reactant electrochemiluminescence. Talanta 2015; 134:524-529. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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14
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Ni X, Li T, Song Q. The electrochemiluminescence of an iridium complex induced by hydroxide and ethoxide ions in organic solvents. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Martínez Gil P, Laguarda-Miro N, Camino JS, Peris RM. Glyphosate detection with ammonium nitrate and humic acids as potential interfering substances by pulsed voltammetry technique. Talanta 2013; 115:702-5. [PMID: 24054650 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Pulsed voltammetry has been used to detect and quantify glyphosate on buffered water in presence of ammonium nitrate and humic substances. Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide active ingredient in the world. It is a non-selective broad spectrum herbicide but some of its health and environmental effects are still being discussed. Nowadays, glyphosate pollution in water is being monitored but quantification techniques are slow and expensive. Glyphosate wastes are often detected in countryside water bodies where organic substances and fertilizers (commonly based on ammonium nitrate) may also be present. Glyphosate also forms complexes with humic acids so these compounds have also been taken into consideration. The objective of this research is to study the interference of these common pollutants in glyphosate measurements by pulsed voltammetry. The statistical treatment of the voltammetric data obtained lets us discriminate glyphosate from the other studied compounds and a mathematical model has been built to quantify glyphosate concentrations in a buffer despite the presence of humic substances and ammonium nitrate. In this model, the coefficient of determination (R(2)) is 0.977 and the RMSEP value is 2.96 × 10(-5) so the model is considered statistically valid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Martínez Gil
- Instituto Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universitat Politècnica de València, Cami de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Bataller R, Campos I, Laguarda-Miro N, Alcañiz M, Soto J, Martínez-Máñez R, Gil L, García-Breijo E, Ibáñez-Civera J. Glyphosate detection by means of a voltammetric electronic tongue and discrimination of potential interferents. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2012; 12:17553-68. [PMID: 23250277 PMCID: PMC3571853 DOI: 10.3390/s121217553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new electronic tongue to monitor the presence of glyphosate (a non-selective systemic herbicide) has been developed. It is based on pulse voltammetry and consists in an array of three working electrodes (Pt, Co and Cu) encapsulated on a methacrylate cylinder. The electrochemical response of the sensing array was characteristic of the presence of glyphosate in buffered water (phosphate buffer 0.1 mol · dm-3, pH 6.7). Rotating disc electrode (RDE) studies were carried out with Pt, Co and Cu electrodes in water at room temperature and at pH 6.7 using 0.1 mol · dm-3 of phosphate as a buffer. In the presence of glyphosate, the corrosion current of the Cu and Co electrodes increased significantly, probably due to the formation of Cu2+ or Co2+ complexes. The pulse array waveform for the voltammetric tongue was designed by taking into account some of the redox processes observed in the electrochemical studies. The PCA statistical analysis required four dimensions to explain 95% of variance. Moreover, a two-dimensional representation of the two principal components differentiated the water mixtures containing glyphosate. Furthermore, the PLS statistical analyses allowed the creation of a model to correlate the electrochemical response of the electrodes with glyphosate concentrations, even in the presence of potential interferents such as humic acids and Ca2+. The system offers a PLS prediction model for glyphosate detection with values of 098, -2.3 × 10-5 and 0.94 for the slope, the intercept and the regression coefficient, respectively, which is in agreement with the good fit between the predicted and measured concentrations. The results suggest the feasibility of this system to help develop electronic tongues for glyphosate detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Román Bataller
- Centro de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Unidad Mixta Universidad Politécnica de Valencia–Universidad de Valencia de Valéncia, Camino de Vera s/n, E-46022 Valencia, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Inmaculada Campos
- Centro de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Unidad Mixta Universidad Politécnica de Valencia–Universidad de Valencia de Valéncia, Camino de Vera s/n, E-46022 Valencia, Spain; E-Mail:
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, E-46022 Valencia, Spain; E-Mails: (I.C.); (J.S.); (R.M.M.)
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nano medicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicolas Laguarda-Miro
- Centro de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Unidad Mixta Universidad Politécnica de Valencia–Universidad de Valencia de Valéncia, Camino de Vera s/n, E-46022 Valencia, Spain; E-Mail:
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Nuclear, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera, s/n, E-46022 Valencia, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Miguel Alcañiz
- Centro de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Unidad Mixta Universidad Politécnica de Valencia–Universidad de Valencia de Valéncia, Camino de Vera s/n, E-46022 Valencia, Spain; E-Mail:
- Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. Camino de Vera, s/n, E-46022 Valencia, Spain; E-Mails: (M.A.); (L.G.); (E.G.B.); (J.I.C.)
| | - Juan Soto
- Centro de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Unidad Mixta Universidad Politécnica de Valencia–Universidad de Valencia de Valéncia, Camino de Vera s/n, E-46022 Valencia, Spain; E-Mail:
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, E-46022 Valencia, Spain; E-Mails: (I.C.); (J.S.); (R.M.M.)
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Centro de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Unidad Mixta Universidad Politécnica de Valencia–Universidad de Valencia de Valéncia, Camino de Vera s/n, E-46022 Valencia, Spain; E-Mail:
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Camino de Vera s/n, E-46022 Valencia, Spain; E-Mails: (I.C.); (J.S.); (R.M.M.)
- CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nano medicina (CIBER-BBN), Bellaterra, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luís Gil
- Centro de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Unidad Mixta Universidad Politécnica de Valencia–Universidad de Valencia de Valéncia, Camino de Vera s/n, E-46022 Valencia, Spain; E-Mail:
- Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. Camino de Vera, s/n, E-46022 Valencia, Spain; E-Mails: (M.A.); (L.G.); (E.G.B.); (J.I.C.)
| | - Eduardo García-Breijo
- Centro de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Unidad Mixta Universidad Politécnica de Valencia–Universidad de Valencia de Valéncia, Camino de Vera s/n, E-46022 Valencia, Spain; E-Mail:
- Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. Camino de Vera, s/n, E-46022 Valencia, Spain; E-Mails: (M.A.); (L.G.); (E.G.B.); (J.I.C.)
| | - Javier Ibáñez-Civera
- Centro de Reconocimiento Molecular y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM), Unidad Mixta Universidad Politécnica de Valencia–Universidad de Valencia de Valéncia, Camino de Vera s/n, E-46022 Valencia, Spain; E-Mail:
- Departamento de Ingeniería Electrónica. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. Camino de Vera, s/n, E-46022 Valencia, Spain; E-Mails: (M.A.); (L.G.); (E.G.B.); (J.I.C.)
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Zhang B, Shi S, Shi W, Sun Z, Kong X, Wei M, Duan X. Assembly of ruthenium(II) complex/layered double hydroxide ultrathin film and its application as an ultrasensitive electrochemiluminescence sensor. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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18
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Denuault G. The Contribution of Microelectrodes to Electroanalytical Chemistry: From Reaction Mechanisms and Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy to Ocean Sensors. Isr J Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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