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Bogdanowicz KA, Iwan A, Dysz K, Przybyl W, Marzec M, Cichy K, Świerczek K. Air-Stable and Eco-Friendly Symmetrical Imine with Thiadiazole Moieties in Neutral and Protonated form for Perovskite Photovoltaics. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1909. [PMID: 38673266 PMCID: PMC11052309 DOI: 10.3390/ma17081909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
This paper proposes molecular and supramolecular concepts for potential application in perovskite solar cells. New air-stable symmetrical imine, with thiadiazole moieties PPL2: (5E,6E)-N2,N5-bis(4-(diphenylamino)benzylidene)-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2,5-diamine), as a hole-transporting material was synthesised in a single-step reaction, starting with commercially available and relatively inexpensive reagents, resulting in a reduction in the cost of the final product compared to Spiro-OMeTAD. Moreover, camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) in both enantiomeric forms was used to change the HOMO-LUMO levels and electric properties of the investigated imine-forming complexes. Electric, optical, thermal, and structural studies of the imine and its complexes with CSA were carried out to characterise the new material. Imine and imine/CSA complexes were also characterised in depth by the proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 1H NMR method. The position of nitrogen in the thidiazole ring influences the basicity of donor centres, which results in protonation in the imine bond. Simple devices of ITO/imine (with or without CSA(-) or CSA(+))/Ag/ITO architecture were constructed, and a thermographic camera was used to find the defects in the created devices. Electric behaviour was also studied to demonstrate conductivity properties under the forward current. Finally, the electrical properties of imine and its protonated form with CSA were compared with Spiro-OMeTAD. In general, the analysis of thermal images showed a very similar response of the samples to the applied potential in terms of the homogeneity of the formed organic layer. The TGA analysis showed that the investigated imine exhibits good thermal stability in air and argon atmospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnieszka Iwan
- Military Institute of Engineer Technology, Obornicka 136 Str., 50-961 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.D.); (W.P.)
| | - Karolina Dysz
- Military Institute of Engineer Technology, Obornicka 136 Str., 50-961 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.D.); (W.P.)
| | - Wojciech Przybyl
- Military Institute of Engineer Technology, Obornicka 136 Str., 50-961 Wroclaw, Poland; (K.D.); (W.P.)
| | - Monika Marzec
- Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Prof. S. Lojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Kacper Cichy
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Krakow, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (K.C.); (K.Ś.)
| | - Konrad Świerczek
- Faculty of Energy and Fuels, AGH University of Krakow, Al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland; (K.C.); (K.Ś.)
- AGH Centre of Energy, AGH University of Krakow, Ul. Czarnowiejska 36, 30-054 Krakow, Poland
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Nitschke P, Jarząbek B, Bejan AE, Damaceanu MD. Effect of Protonation on Optical and Electrochemical Properties of Thiophene-Phenylene-Based Schiff Bases with Alkoxy Side Groups. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:8588-8600. [PMID: 34313112 PMCID: PMC8389983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c05390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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Three polyazomethines
and their corresponding model compounds were
protonated with trifluoroacetic acid, and its effect on their optical
(UV–vis absorption and photoluminescence) properties and electrochemical
behavior has been studied, in the context of the presence and elongation
of alkoxy side groups. Moreover, the effect of environment dielectric
constants (i.e., polarity of the solvent) was considered on the doping
process. It has been proven that the presence of alkoxy side groups
is necessary for protonation to occur, while unsubstituted compounds
undergo hydrolysis to constitutive units. Acid doping of imines consisting
of alkoxy side chains has resulted in a distinct bathochromic shift
(>200 nm) of the low-energy absorption band. Even the length of
alkyl
chains has not affected the position of shifted bands; it has been
observed that azomethines with smaller, methoxy side groups undergo
the protonation process much faster than their octyloxy-substituted
analogues, due to the absence of steric hindrance. The electrochemical
studies of these alkoxy-substituted imines have indicated a better
p-type behavior after protonation induced by the capability of the
protonated form to easily oxidize in acetonitrile and to generate
the native molecules. The environmental polarity has also had impact
on the doping process, which took place only in low-polar media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Nitschke
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Skłodowska Str., Zabrze 41-819, Poland
| | - Bożena Jarząbek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Skłodowska Str., Zabrze 41-819, Poland
| | - Andra-Elena Bejan
- Electroactive Polymers and Plasmochemistry Laboratory, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Grigore Ghica Vodă nr. 41A, Iaşi 700487, Romania
| | - Mariana-Dana Damaceanu
- Electroactive Polymers and Plasmochemistry Laboratory, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Grigore Ghica Vodă nr. 41A, Iaşi 700487, Romania
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Nitschke P, Jarząbek B, Vasylieva M, Godzierz M, Janeczek H, Musioł M, Domiński A. The Effect of Alkyl Substitution of Novel Imines on Their Supramolecular Organization, towards Photovoltaic Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13071043. [PMID: 33810519 PMCID: PMC8036393 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Three novel conjugated polyazomethines have been obtained by polycondensation of diamines consisting of the diimine system, with either 2,5-bis(octyloxy)terephthalaldehyde or 9-(2-ethylhexyl)carbazole-3,6-dicarboxaldehyde. Partial replacement of bulky solubilizing substituents with the smaller side groups has allowed to investigate the effect of supramolecular organization. All obtained compounds have been subsequently identified using the NMR and FTIR spectroscopies and characterized by the thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, cyclic voltammetry, UV–Vis spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Investigated polymers have shown a good thermal stability and high glass transition temperatures. X-ray measurements have proven that partial replacement of octyloxy side chains with smaller methoxy groups induced a better planarization of macromolecule. Such modification has tuned the LUMO level of this molecule and caused a bathochromic shift of the lowest energy absorption band. On the contrary, imines consisting of N-ethylhexyl substituted carbazole units have not been so clearly affected by alkyl chain length modification. Photovoltaic activity of imines (acting as a donor) in bulk-heterojunction systems has been observed for almost all studied compounds, blended with the fullerene derivative (PCBM) in various weight ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Nitschke
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Skłodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (P.N.); (M.V.); (M.G.); (H.J.); (M.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Bożena Jarząbek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Skłodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (P.N.); (M.V.); (M.G.); (H.J.); (M.M.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marharyta Vasylieva
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Skłodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (P.N.); (M.V.); (M.G.); (H.J.); (M.M.); (A.D.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, 9 Strzody Str., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Marcin Godzierz
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Skłodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (P.N.); (M.V.); (M.G.); (H.J.); (M.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Henryk Janeczek
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Skłodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (P.N.); (M.V.); (M.G.); (H.J.); (M.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Marta Musioł
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Skłodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (P.N.); (M.V.); (M.G.); (H.J.); (M.M.); (A.D.)
| | - Adrian Domiński
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Curie-Skłodowska Str., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland; (P.N.); (M.V.); (M.G.); (H.J.); (M.M.); (A.D.)
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Alexandre RAF, de Oliveira OV, dos Santos JD. Theoretical studies of new PCPDTBT derivatives as possible electron donor on polymer solar cells. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bogdanowicz KA, Augustowski D, Dziedzic J, Kwaśnicki P, Malej W, Iwan A. Preparation and Characterization of Novel Polymer-Based Gel Electrolyte for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) and poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) or poly(dimethylsiloxane) bis(3-aminopropyl) Copolymers. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13122721. [PMID: 32549288 PMCID: PMC7344722 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polymer gel electrolytes based on poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) and poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) (PAB) or poly(dimethylsiloxane) bis(3-aminopropyl)-terminated (PDES-bAP) copolymers were prepared and investigated in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Selected optical and electrochemical properties of all compositions with various ratio from 9:1 to 6:4 were investigated towards DSSC applications. The highest value of power conversion efficiency equal to 5.07% was found for DSSCs containing a PVDF-HPF:PAB (9:1) gel electrolyte. Compositions of electrolytes were additionally tested by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The influence of the ratio and type of polymers used as an additive to PVDF-HPF on absorption wavelengths, energy gap, and Highest Occupied Molecular Orbital (HOMO) and Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbital (LUMO) levels were investigated. Individual components of DSSCs, such as the TiO2 layer and platinum nanoparticles, were imaged by scanning electron microscope. Finally, a DSSC module with six electrically separated solar cells with a 7 × 80 mm2 active area was constructed based on gel electrolytes and tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Artur Bogdanowicz
- Military Institute of Engineer Technology, Obornicka 136 Str., 50-961 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: (K.A.B.); (A.I.)
| | - Dariusz Augustowski
- Research & Development Centre for Photovoltaics, ML System S.A. Zaczernie 190G, 36-062 Zaczernie, Poland; (D.A.); (J.D.); (P.K.)
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Applied Computer Science, Jagiellonian University, Łojasiewicza 11, 30-348 Kraków, Poland
| | - Justyna Dziedzic
- Research & Development Centre for Photovoltaics, ML System S.A. Zaczernie 190G, 36-062 Zaczernie, Poland; (D.A.); (J.D.); (P.K.)
| | - Paweł Kwaśnicki
- Research & Development Centre for Photovoltaics, ML System S.A. Zaczernie 190G, 36-062 Zaczernie, Poland; (D.A.); (J.D.); (P.K.)
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Physicochemical Basis of Environmental Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering in Stalowa Wola, John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, Kwiatkowskiego 3A, 37-450 Stalowa Wola, Poland
| | - Wacław Malej
- Military Institute of Engineer Technology, Obornicka 136 Str., 50-961 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Iwan
- Military Institute of Engineer Technology, Obornicka 136 Str., 50-961 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: (K.A.B.); (A.I.)
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Electrochemical and optical studies of new symmetrical and unsymmetrical imines with thiazole and thiophene moieties. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kang L, Liu H, Fu S, Li X, Li N, Wu J, Wang X, Zhang X, Li J. Updatable colorful display of vector hologram in azo–poly(9‐vinylcarbazole)–TiO
2
nanocomposite films. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Kang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Material ResearchKey Laboratory of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 People's Republic of China
| | - Hongfang Liu
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Material ResearchKey Laboratory of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 People's Republic of China
| | - Shencheng Fu
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Material ResearchKey Laboratory of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Li
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Material ResearchKey Laboratory of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 People's Republic of China
| | | | - Jiarui Wu
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Material ResearchKey Laboratory of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 People's Republic of China
| | - Xinnong Wang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Material ResearchKey Laboratory of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 People's Republic of China
| | - Xintong Zhang
- Center for Advanced Optoelectronic Functional Material ResearchKey Laboratory of UV‐Emitting Materials and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Normal University Changchun 130024 People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhuan Li
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Physics EducationNortheast Normal University Changchun 130024 People's Republic of China
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8
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A bifunctional triphenylamine-based electrochromic polymer with excellent self-healing performance. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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9
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Ciesielski A, Skowronski L, Górecka E, Kierdaszuk J, Szoplik T. Growth model and structure evolution of Ag layers deposited on Ge films. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:66-76. [PMID: 29441252 PMCID: PMC5789383 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the crystallinity and optical parameters of silver layers of 10-35 nm thickness as a function 2-10 nm thick Ge wetting films deposited on SiO2 substrates. X-ray reflectometry (XRR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements proved that segregation of germanium into the surface of the silver film is a result of the gradient growth of silver crystals. The free energy of Ge atoms is reduced by their migration from boundaries of larger grains at the Ag/SiO2 interface to boundaries of smaller grains near the Ag surface. Annealing at different temperatures and various durations allowed for a controlled distribution of crystal dimensions, thus influencing the segregation rate. Furthermore, using ellipsometric and optical transmission measurements we determined the time-dependent evolution of the film structure. If stored under ambient conditions for the first week after deposition, the changes in the transmission spectra are smaller than the measurement accuracy. Over the course of the following three weeks, the segregation-induced effects result in considerably modified transmission spectra. Two months after deposition, the slope of the silver layer density profile derived from the XRR spectra was found to be inverted due to the completed segregation process, and the optical transmission spectra increased uniformly due to the roughened surfaces, corrosion of silver and ongoing recrystallization. The Raman spectra of the Ge wetted Ag films were measured immediately after deposition and ten days later and demonstrated that the Ge atoms at the Ag grain boundaries form clusters of a few atoms where the Ge-Ge bonds are still present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Ciesielski
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Pasteura 5 str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Skowronski
- UTP University of Science and Technology, Institute of Mathematics and Physics, Kaliskiego 7 Str. 85-796 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Ewa Górecka
- University of Warsaw, Department of Chemistry, Pasteura 1 str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Kierdaszuk
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Pasteura 5 str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Szoplik
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Physics, Pasteura 5 str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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Structural engineering of poly-(methacrylate) bearing push-pull type pendants oxindole-phenothiazine with tetrazole anchoring acceptor for efficient organic photovoltaic cells. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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High efficient and stabilized photovoltaics via morphology manipulating in active layer by rod-coil block copolymers comprising different hydrophilic to hydrophobic dielectric blocks. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Filapek M, Matussek M, Szlapa A, Kula S, Pająk M. The influence of experimental conditions and intermolecular interaction on the band gap determination. Case study of perylene diimide and carbazole-fluorene derivatives. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhang Y, Kong L, Liu X, Wang C, Zhao J. Two New Bithiophenes Derivatives Multielectrochromic Copolymer Based on Triphenylamine Unit and Their Application for Electrochromic Devices. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology; Liaocheng University; Liaocheng 252059 P. R. China
| | - Lingqian Kong
- Dongchang College; Liaocheng University; Liaocheng 252059 P. R. China
| | - Xuezhong Liu
- Liaocheng People's Hospital; Liaocheng 252000 P. R. China
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology; Liaocheng University; Liaocheng 252059 P. R. China
| | - Jinsheng Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Chemical Energy Storage and Novel Cell Technology; Liaocheng University; Liaocheng 252059 P. R. China
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Influence of ZnO:Al, MoO3 and PEDOT:PSS on efficiency in standard and inverted polymer solar cells based on polyazomethine and poly(3-hexylthiophene). Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.01.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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