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Saleem I, Sheikh A, Khan AY, Ahmed S, Abbas M. Physicochemical properties of ammonium acetate / propionic acid as a novel deep eutectic solvent and its binary mixtures with water in (298.15-353.15) K range. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 313:124144. [PMID: 38508073 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Emergence of deep eutectic solvents as potential replacements for volatile organic solvents has attracted interest of the scientific community in diverse fields of applications. Compared to ionic liquids, which exhibit similarity in many respects with this new class of green solvents, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) show low toxicity, and are easy to prepare from cheap and abundantly available starting materials. Knowledge of physicochemical properties of DESs is a prerequisite for their safe applications in technological fields and to understand the nature of interactions present in these systems. Although physicochemical properties of choline chloride based DESs are widely investigated, similar information on ammonium acetate based DESs is scant. In this work, a novel ammonium acetate/propionic acid deep eutectic solvent (AA/PA DES) is reported which is prepared by mixing ammonium acetate (AA) and propionic acid (PA) in the 1:3 mol ratio and characterized by FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR, TGA and DSC techniques. The density (ρ), sound velocity (u), viscosity (η) and conductivity (κ) of the pure DES and its binary mixtures with water are investigated over the entire composition range and temperatures (298.15-353.15) K. The excess properties, VmE, KSE, Δη, and ΔG*E are calculated and corelated using Redlich-Kister equation (RKE). Temperature dependence of conductivity and viscosity is satisfactorily described by the Vogel - Fulcher - Tamman (VFT) equation rather than Arrhenius equation. The pure DES shows a wide electrochemical potential window ranging from - 1000 mV to + 1000 mV, which coupled with its better solubilizing characteristics, could be exploited for electrochemical work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Saleem
- Department of Chemistry, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Aafia Sheikh
- Department of Chemistry, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan; Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Athar Yaseen Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Safeer Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Quid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Abbas
- Department of Chemistry, Forman Christian College (A Chartered University), Lahore, Pakistan
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2
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Haque MA, Hamilton ST, Feric TG, Park AHA, Dadmun MD. Elucidating the assembly of nanoparticle organic hybrid materials (NOHMs) near an electrode interface with varying potential using neutron reflectivity. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:8521-8532. [PMID: 38592848 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06621e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
A critical concern regarding electrolyte formulation in an electrochemical environment is the impact of the interaction of the multiple components (i.e., supporting electrolyte or additive) with the electrode surface. Recently, liquid-like neat Nanoparticle Organic Hybrid Materials (NOHMs) have been considered as an electrolyte component to improve the transport of redox-active species to the electrode surface. However, the structure and assembly of the NOHMs near the electrode surface is unknown and could significantly impact the electrode-electrolyte interface. Hence, we have investigated the depth profile of polyetheramine (HPE) polymer and NOHM-I-HPE (nanoparticles with ionically bonded HPE polymer) in deuterated water (D2O) in the presence of two different salts (KHCO3 and ZnCl2) near two different electrode surfaces using neutron reflectometry. Moreover, the depth profile of the NOHM-I-HPE near the electrode surface in a potential has also been studied with in situ reflectivity experiments. Our results indicate that a change in the chemical structure/hydrophilicity of the electrode surface does not significantly impact the ordering of HPE polymer or NOHM-I-HPE near the surface. This study also indicates that the NOHM-I-HPE particles form a clear layer near the electrode surface immediately above an adsorbed layer of free polymer on the electrode surface. The addition of salt does not impact the layering of NOHM-I-HPE, though it does alter the conformation of the polymer grafted to the nanoparticle surface and free polymer sequestered near the surface. Finally, the application of negative potential results in an increased amount of free polymer near the electrode surface. Correlating the depth profile of free polymer and NOHM-I-HPE particles with the electrochemical performance indicates that this assembly of free polymer near the electrode surface in NOHM-I-HPE solutions contributes to the higher current density of the system. Therefore, this holistic study offers insight into the importance of the assembly of NOHM-I-HPE electrolyte and free polymer near the electrode surface in an electrochemical milieu on its performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ashraful Haque
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
| | - Sara T Hamilton
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy, The Earth Institute, Columbia University, USA
| | - Tony G Feric
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy, The Earth Institute, Columbia University, USA
| | - Ah-Hyung Alissa Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Lenfest Center for Sustainable Energy, The Earth Institute, Columbia University, USA
| | - Mark D Dadmun
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA.
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3
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Spittle S, Alfurayj I, Hansen BB, Glynn K, Brackett W, Pandian R, Burda C, Sangoro J. Enhanced Dynamics and Charge Transport at the Eutectic Point: A New Paradigm for the Use of Deep Eutectic Solvent Systems. JACS AU 2023; 3:3024-3030. [PMID: 38034979 PMCID: PMC10685424 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are a class of versatile solvents with promise for a wide range of applications, from separation processes to electrochemical energy storage technologies. A fundamental understanding of the correlation among the structure, thermodynamics, and dynamics of these materials necessary for targeted rational design for specific applications is still nascent. Here, we employ differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS), and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy (fs-TAS) to investigate the correlation among thermodynamics, dynamics, and charge transport in mixtures comprising a wide range of compositions of choline chloride (ChCl) and ethylene glycol (EG). Detailed analyses reveal that (i) the eutectic composition of this prototypical DES occurs in the 15-20 mol % ChCl in the EG range rather than the previously assumed 33 mol %, and (ii) both rotational dynamics and charge transport at the eutectic composition are enhanced in this composition range. These findings highlight the fundamental interplay between thermodynamics and dynamics in determining the properties of DESs that are relevant to many applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Spittle
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Ibrahim Alfurayj
- Department
of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Benworth Bryce Hansen
- William
G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Kaylie Glynn
- William
G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - William Brackett
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Rathiesh Pandian
- Department
of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Clemens Burda
- Department
of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Joshua Sangoro
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- William
G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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4
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Murillo-Herrera LM, Aguilar ES, Thielke MW, Jorge Sobrido A. Surface Modification of PAN-Derived Commercial Graphite Felts Using Deep Eutectic Solvents for their Application as Electrodes in All-Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201208. [PMID: 36644964 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
All-vanadium redox flow batteries are promising large-scale energy storage solutions to support intermittent power generation. Commercial graphite felts are among the most used materials as electrodes for these batteries due to their cheap price, high conductivity, and large surface area. However, these materials exhibit poor wettability and electrochemical activity towards vanadium redox reactions, which translates into overpotentials and lower efficiencies. Deep eutectic solvents (DES) are mixtures of Lewis acids and bases that exhibit lower melting points than their original components. Here, a DES composed of choline chloride and urea, and a DES composed of FeCl3 and NH4 Cl have been employed to modify the surface of graphite felts alongside a series of re-carbonization steps. The resulting materials were compared against pristine, thermally activated, and oxidatively activated graphite felts. Our results indicated that the treatments introduced new oxygen and nitrogen functionalities to the carbonaceous surface and increased the surface area, the degree of disorder and defects in the graphitic layers of the fibres. Cyclic voltammetry studies demonstrated higher electrochemical activity towards vanadium redox reactions and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy experiments showed the modified materials exhibited significantly lower charge transfer resistances. When tested in full cell configuration the electrode modified with the urea-based DES exhibited comparable coulombic efficiencies and superior energy storage capacity retention than the thermally oxidized felt used as benchmark, suggesting that the introduction of oxygen- and nitrogen-rich functional groups had a positive effect on the overall electrochemical performance of graphite felts.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mauricio Murillo-Herrera
- Department School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, Bethnal Green, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Eneith S Aguilar
- Department School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, Bethnal Green, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Michael W Thielke
- Department School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, Bethnal Green, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Jorge Sobrido
- Department School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Rd, Bethnal Green, London, E1 4NS, United Kingdom
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Ghahremani R, Dean W, Sinclair N, Shen X, Starvaggi N, Alfurayj I, Burda C, Pentzer E, Wainright J, Savinell R, Gurkan B. Redox-Active Eutectic Electrolyte with Viologen and Ferrocene Derivatives for Flow Batteries. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:1148-1156. [PMID: 36563037 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nonflammable eutectic solvents show great potential to enhance the concentrations of the redox-active materials and the cell voltages for redox flow batteries (RFBs). Herein, we report a promising redox-active eutectic electrolyte (1.5 M total redox species) with viologen and ferrocene derivatives where both of the redox reactions are reversible with a maximum open-circuit voltage of 1.35 V and an energy density of 15.1 Wh L-1, which is relevant to large-scale energy storage. The charge-discharge (from 75 to 25% state of charge) characteristics in a flow cell (0.15 M negolyte and 0.3 M posolyte) showed that it can be cycled with consistent discharge capacity for 12 h (19 cycles), beyond which pressure-driven crossover between the posolyte and negolyte reservoirs leads to capacity decay. This study points to promising new directions toward eutectic electrolyte development for RFBs where we demonstrate increasing the polarity, functionalizing the redox molecules, and separating redox intermediates to prevent undesired side reactions can make improvements in operating cell voltage, energy density, and cyclability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raziyeh Ghahremani
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio44106, United States
| | - William Dean
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio44106, United States
| | - Nicholas Sinclair
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio44106, United States
| | - Xiaochen Shen
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio44106, United States
| | - Nicholas Starvaggi
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas77840, United States
| | - Ibrahim Alfurayj
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio44106, United States
| | - Clemens Burda
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio44106, United States
| | - Emily Pentzer
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas77840, United States
| | - Jesse Wainright
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio44106, United States
| | - Robert Savinell
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio44106, United States
| | - Burcu Gurkan
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio44106, United States
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6
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Facial construction of high rate Na3V2(PO4)2F3/C microspheres with fluorocarbon layer by deep-eutectic solvent synthesis. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Liu S, Yu D, Chen Y, Shi R, Zhou F, Mu T. High-Resolution Thermogravimetric Analysis Is Required for Evaluating the Thermal Stability of Deep Eutectic Solvents. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuzi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Dongkun Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science, Langfang Normal University, Langfang 065000, Hebei, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Material Science, Langfang Normal University, Langfang 065000, Hebei, China
| | - Ruifen Shi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Fengyi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Tiancheng Mu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Light Conversion Materials and Biophotonics, Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
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8
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Mushtaq M, Butt FW, Akram S, Ashraf R, Ahmed D. Deep Eutectic Liquids as Tailorable Extraction Solvents: A Review of Opportunities and Challenges. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-27. [PMID: 36148704 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2125284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Deep Eutectic Liquids (DELs) fall among the rapidly evolving discoveries of the 21st century, and these liquids are considered as alternative solvents to toxic and volatile organic liquids. Nevertheless, the emerging trend regarding the use of DELs in every field of physical and biological sciences, a lot of ambiguities and misconceptions exist about their formation, mechanism, and efficiencies observed or projected. A review of available technical data makes it obvious that these liquids have the potential to revolutionize the underdeveloped areas of analytical chemistry particularly the extraction/enrichment of analytes. To ensure the green and sustainable use of DELs, the researchers need to have a thorough understanding of DELs, their classification, chemistry, the nature and strength of molecular entanglements, and their tailorable features. Many researchers have declared these liquids recyclable but more attentive trials are needed to develop an authentic and straightforward DELs recycling methodology. The present review covers sound background knowledge and expert opinions about the technical definition of DELs, their classification, formation, recyclability, and tailorable features for their application as extraction solvent/sorbent in analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Mushtaq
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Faizan Waseem Butt
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sumia Akram
- Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Rizwan Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Dildar Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Forman Christian College University Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
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9
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Characteristics of the all-vanadium redox flow battery using ammonium metavanadate electrolyte. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-022-1190-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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10
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Hadj-Kali MK, Salleh MZM, Wazeer I, Alhadid A, Mulyono S. Separation of Benzene and Cyclohexane Using Eutectic Solvents with Aromatic Structure. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134041. [PMID: 35807287 PMCID: PMC9268653 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The separation of benzene and cyclohexane is a challenging process in the petrochemical industry, mainly because of their close boiling points. Extractive separation of the benzene-cyclohexane mixture has been shown to be feasible, but it is important to find solvents with good extractive performance. In this work, 23 eutectic solvents (ESs) containing aromatic components were screened using the predictive COSMO-RS and their respective performance was compared with other solvents. The screening results were validated with experimental work in which the liquid–liquid equilibria of the three preselected ESs were studied with benzene and cyclohexane at 298.5 K and 101.325 kPa, with benzene concentrations in the feed ranging from 10 to 60 wt%. The performance of the ESs studied was compared with organic solvents, ionic liquids, and other ESs reported in the literature. This work demonstrates the potential for improved extractive separation of the benzene-cyclohexane mixture by using ESs with aromatic moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed K. Hadj-Kali
- Chemical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; (I.W.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.K.H.-K.); (M.Z.M.S.)
| | - M. Zulhaziman M. Salleh
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (M.K.H.-K.); (M.Z.M.S.)
| | - Irfan Wazeer
- Chemical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; (I.W.); (S.M.)
| | - Ahmad Alhadid
- Biothermodynamics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany;
| | - Sarwono Mulyono
- Chemical Engineering Department, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia; (I.W.); (S.M.)
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Shayestehpour O, Zahn S. Ion Correlation in Choline Chloride-Urea Deep Eutectic Solvent (Reline) from Polarizable Molecular Dynamics Simulations. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:3439-3449. [PMID: 35500254 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c10671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) emerged as highly tunable and environmentally friendly alternatives to common ionic liquids and organic solvents. In this work, a polarizable model based on the CHARMM Drude polarizable force field is developed for a 1:2 ratio mixture of choline chloride/urea (reline) DES. To successfully reproduce the structure of the liquid as compared to first-principles molecular dynamics simulations, a damping factor was introduced to correct the observed over-binding between the chloride and the hydrogen bonding site of choline. Investigated radial distributions reveal the formation of hydrogen bonds between all the constituents of reline and similar interactions for chloride and urea's oxygen atoms, which could contribute to the melting point depression of the mixture. Predicted dynamic properties from our polarizable force field are in good agreement with experiments, showing significant improvements over nonpolarizable models. Similar to some ionic liquids, an oscillatory behavior in the velocity autocorrelation function of the anion is visible, which can be interpreted as a rattling motion of the lighter anion surrounded by the heavier cations. The obtained results for ionic conductivity of reline show some degree of correlated ion motion in this DES. However, a joint diffusion of ion pairs cannot be observed during the simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Shayestehpour
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Zahn
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Cheng R, Sun P, Su H, Yang W, Leung P, Xu Q. Effect of exerted magnetic field on the performance of non-aqueous iron-vanadium redox flow battery with deep eutectic solvent (DES) electrolyte. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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13
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14
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Sun P, Lu P, Xu J, Ma Q, Zhang W, Shah AA, Su H, Yang W, Xu Q. The influence and control of ultrasonic on the transport and electrochemical properties of redox couple ions in deep eutectic solvent (DES) for redox flow battery application. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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15
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16
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Nolte O, Volodin IA, Stolze C, Hager MD, Schubert US. Trust is good, control is better: a review on monitoring and characterization techniques for flow battery electrolytes. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:1866-1925. [PMID: 34846470 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01632b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flow batteries (FBs) currently are one of the most promising large-scale energy storage technologies for energy grids with a large share of renewable electricity generation. Among the main technological challenges for the economic operation of a large-scale battery technology is its calendar lifetime, which ideally has to cover a few decades without significant loss of performance. This requirement can only be met if the key parameters representing the performance losses of the system are continuously monitored and optimized during the operation. Nearly all performance parameters of a FB are related to the two electrolytes as the electrochemical storage media and we therefore focus on them in this review. We first survey the literature on the available characterization methods for the key FB electrolyte parameters. Based on these, we comprehensively review the currently available approaches for assessing the most important electrolyte state variables: the state-of-charge (SOC) and the state-of-health (SOH). We furthermore discuss how monitoring and operation strategies are commonly implemented as online tools to optimize the electrolyte performance and recover lost battery capacity as well as how their automation is realized via battery management systems (BMSs). Our key findings on the current state of this research field are finally highlighted and the potential for further progress is identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Nolte
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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17
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Cao X, Wang S, Xue X. A Zn-Ce Redox Flow Battery with Ethaline Deep Eutectic Solvent. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:1747-1755. [PMID: 33547738 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Compared with conventional aqueous and ionic liquid electrolytes, deep eutectic solvent (DES) are considered as electrolyte for redox flow batteries because they have a wider electrochemical window and relatively low price. In this study, CeIV /CeIII and ZnII /Zn redox couples are used as the positive and negative active materials, respectively, in an electrolyte consisting of choline chloride ethylene glycol (ethaline). The structure of CeIII in the positive electrolyte is inferred through spectrum detection. CeIV /CeIII and ZnII /Zn redox couples show a stable potential difference of 2.2 V (vs. Ag) through cyclic voltammetry. The charge and discharge performance of battery was tested at different current densities. In addition, battery performance was evaluated at different temperatures and concentrations of cerium in the electrolyte. Consequently, at a current density of 0.5 mA cm-2 at room temperature and using 1.0 m CeIII , the battery performance reaches the best coulombic efficiency of 84 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhou Cao
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P. R. China
| | - Song Wang
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P. R. China
| | - Xiangxin Xue
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, P. R. China
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18
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Hansen BB, Spittle S, Chen B, Poe D, Zhang Y, Klein JM, Horton A, Adhikari L, Zelovich T, Doherty BW, Gurkan B, Maginn EJ, Ragauskas A, Dadmun M, Zawodzinski TA, Baker GA, Tuckerman ME, Savinell RF, Sangoro JR. Deep Eutectic Solvents: A Review of Fundamentals and Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 121:1232-1285. [PMID: 33315380 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 702] [Impact Index Per Article: 175.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) are an emerging class of mixtures characterized by significant depressions in melting points compared to those of the neat constituent components. These materials are promising for applications as inexpensive "designer" solvents exhibiting a host of tunable physicochemical properties. A detailed review of the current literature reveals the lack of predictive understanding of the microscopic mechanisms that govern the structure-property relationships in this class of solvents. Complex hydrogen bonding is postulated as the root cause of their melting point depressions and physicochemical properties; to understand these hydrogen bonded networks, it is imperative to study these systems as dynamic entities using both simulations and experiments. This review emphasizes recent research efforts in order to elucidate the next steps needed to develop a fundamental framework needed for a deeper understanding of DESs. It covers recent developments in DES research, frames outstanding scientific questions, and identifies promising research thrusts aligned with the advancement of the field toward predictive models and fundamental understanding of these solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benworth B Hansen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996-2200, United States
| | - Stephanie Spittle
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996-2200, United States
| | - Brian Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Derrick Poe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Klein
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Alexandre Horton
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996-2200, United States
| | - Laxmi Adhikari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Tamar Zelovich
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Brian W Doherty
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Burcu Gurkan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Edward J Maginn
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Arthur Ragauskas
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996-2200, United States
| | - Mark Dadmun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916, United States
| | - Thomas A Zawodzinski
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996-2200, United States
| | - Gary A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri-Columbia, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Mark E Tuckerman
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Robert F Savinell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Joshua R Sangoro
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996-2200, United States
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19
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Peng J, Cantillo NM, Nelms KM, Roberts LS, Goenaga G, Imel A, Barth BA, Dadmun M, Heroux L, Hayes DG, Zawodzinski T. Electron Transfer in Microemulsion-Based Electrolytes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:40213-40219. [PMID: 32805803 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of flowing electrochemical reactors, for example, in redox flow batteries and in various electrosynthesis processes, is increasing. This technology has the potential to be of central significance in the increased deployment of renewable electricity for carbon-neutral processes. A key element of optimizing efficiency of electrochemical reactors is the combination of high solution conductivity and reagent solubility. Here, we show a substantial rate of charge transfer for an electrochemical reaction occurring in a microemulsion containing electroactive material is loaded inside the nonpolar (toluene) subphase of the microemulsion. The measured rate constant translates to an exchange current density comparable to that in redox flow batteries. The rate could be controlled by the surfactant, which maintains partitioning of reactants and products by forming an interfacial region with ions in the aqueous phase in close proximity. The hypothesized mechanism is evocative of membrane-bound enzymatic reactions. Achieving sufficient rates of electrochemical reaction is the product of an effort designed to establish a reaction condition that meets the requirements of electrochemical reactors using microemulsions to realize a separation of conducting and reactive elements of the solution, opening a door to the broad use of microemulsions to effect controlled electrochemical reactions as steps in more complex processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Peng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Nelly M Cantillo
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - K McKensie Nelms
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Lacey S Roberts
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Gabriel Goenaga
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Adam Imel
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Brian Andrew Barth
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Mark Dadmun
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Luke Heroux
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Douglas G Hayes
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Thomas Zawodzinski
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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20
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Ma Q, Zhao L, Xu J, Su H, Zhang W, Yang W, Xu Q. Pore-scale investigation of reactive transfer process in a deep eutectic solvent (DES) electrolyte-based vanadium-iron redox flow battery. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Cheng R, Xu J, Wang X, Ma Q, Su H, Yang W, Xu Q. Electrochemical Characteristics and Transport Properties of V(II)/V(III) Redox Couple in a Deep Eutectic Solvent: Magnetic Field Effect. Front Chem 2020; 8:619. [PMID: 32793558 PMCID: PMC7385322 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with conventional aqueous electrolytes, deep eutectic solvent (DES) has a wider electrochemical stability window, simple preparation, potential biodegradability, and lower cost, leading to its utilization as electrolyte for non-aqueous redox flow batteries (RFB). However, the large viscosity and inferior transport properties hinder the wide spread of DES electrolyte. To circumvent these issues, various additives as well as external fields can be applied separately or synergistically. This work reports a study on the inclusion of a DC magnetic field to the glycol-based DES electrolyte of a RFB. The effects of magnetic field on the physical and electrochemical characteristics of the electrolyte and the active redox couple on mass transfer are studied by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The experimental results show that the viscosity of the vanadium DES electrolyte decreases and the conductivity increases after adding a magnetic field. With the intensity of the added magnetic field increases, the oxidation and reduction peak current densities of the vanadium DES electrolyte keep increasing. Under the magnetic field intensity of 605 mT, the oxidation peak current density and the reduction peak current density increases 41.56 and 30.74%, respectively, compared with those of no added magnetic field. The ohmic resistance and electrochemical reaction resistance of the vanadium DES electrolyte are reduced when adding the magnetic field, reaching to 40.55 and 43.28%, respectively, with a magnetic field intensity of 605 mT. This study shows an effective yet simple way to improve the physical and electrochemical properties of DES electrolyte, which owns the potential to be widely applied in non-aqueous redox flow batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Cheng
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Juncai Xu
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xinyang Wang
- School of Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Qiang Ma
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Huaneng Su
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Weiwei Yang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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22
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Evaluation of a Non-Aqueous Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Using a Deep Eutectic Solvent and Graphene-Modified Carbon Electrodes via Electrophoretic Deposition. BATTERIES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/batteries6030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Common issues aqueous-based vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) face include low cell voltage due to water electrolysis side reactions and highly corrosive and environmentally unfriendly electrolytes (3 to 5 M sulfuric acid). Therefore, this investigation looks into the comparison of a highly conductive ionic liquid with a well-studied deep eutectic solvent (DES) as electrolytes for non-aqueous VRFBs. The latter solvent gives 50% higher efficiency and capacity utilization than the former. These figures of merit increase by 10% when nitrogen-doped graphene (N-G)-modified carbon papers, via a one-step binder-free electrophoretic deposition process, are used as electrodes. X-ray computed tomography confirms the enhancement of electrochemical surface area of the carbon electrodes due to N-G while electrochemical impedance spectra show the effect of its higher conductivity on improving RFB performance. Finally, potential strategies for the scaling-up of DES-based VRFBs using a simple economical model are also briefly discussed. From this study, it is deduced that more investigations on applying DESs as non-aqueous electrolytes to replace the commonly used acetonitrile may be a positive step forward because DESs are not only cheaper but also safer to handle, far less toxic, non-flammable, and less volatile than acetonitrile.
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Gao L, Zhang X, Zhao X, Tao S, Lu J. Solar-charging Aqueous Redox Flow Battery with Optimal Redox Couple Combination. CHEM LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.190905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linning Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, P. Box 98, Beisanhuan East Road 15, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaorang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, P. Box 98, Beisanhuan East Road 15, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoya Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, P. Box 98, Beisanhuan East Road 15, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, P. Box 98, Beisanhuan East Road 15, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, P. Box 98, Beisanhuan East Road 15, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, P. Box 98, Beisanhuan East Road 15, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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Ogawa H, Mori H. Lithium salt/amide-based deep eutectic electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries: electrochemical, thermal and computational study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:8853-8863. [PMID: 32285884 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01255f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have recently attracted significant attention as inexpensive materials with similar characteristics to ionic liquids. For practical applications of DESs in electrochemical devices such as lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the manipulation of the melting point and electrochemical stability is important as they are important parameters that determine device performance. In this study, we investigated a family of Li-salt/amide-based electrolytes (DEEs) comprised of five amide derivatives (urea, acetamide, N,N'-dimethylpropyleneurea, 2-imidazolidinone and tetramethylurea) and two representative Li-salts (LiCl and LiTFSI), in terms of thermal and electrochemical properties. To verify the effect of the coordination state on the melting point, the coordination state between lithium salt and amide was calculated by a molecular dynamics simulation using four representative DEEs. Regarding electrochemical stability, the HOMO and LUMO were calculated by density functional theory and the correlation with the experimental result of cyclic voltammetry was verified. Hydrogen bonding donor (HBD)-free DEEs comprised of amides without any N-H bonds (e.g. 1,1,3,3-tetramethylurea and 1,3-dimethyl-2-imidazoline) were found to be superior to those containing HBDs derived from amides having N-H bonds (e.g. urea, acetamide and 2-imidazolidinone), in terms of reduction stability. Among various DEEs evaluated in this study, the DEE derived from LiTFSI : 1,1,3,3-tetramethylurea = 1 : 5 mol% was the best electrolyte in terms of melting point, electrochemical stability and ionic conductivity. The results of this study provide important guidelines for designing DESs as LIB electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Ogawa
- Advanced Technology Research & Development Center, Research & Innovation Promotion Headquarters, Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd., Wadai 48, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki Prefecture 300-4247, Japan and Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa City, Yamagata Prefecture 992-8510, Japan.
| | - Hideharu Mori
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, 4-3-16, Jonan, Yonezawa City, Yamagata Prefecture 992-8510, Japan.
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