Effect of calcining oxygen pressure gradient on properties of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 cathode materials for lithium ion batteries

Improving the Cycle Stability of LiNiO2 through Al3+ Doping and LiAlO2 Coating

In this study, we addressed the poor cycling and rate performance of LiNiO2, a material with ultrahigh nickel content considered a strong contender for high-energy-density lithium-ion battery cathodes. We introduced nano-Al2O3 during the lithiation process to achieve dual modified material through bulk phase element doping and in situ LiAlO2 coating. Comparison revealed notable improvements in the modified materials. In particular, LiNi0.99Al0.01O2 maintained a capacity retention rate of 73.1% after 300 cycles in a long-cycle test at 0.5C current density, outperforming the undoped material. In rate performance tests, the doped samples consistently exhibited higher discharge-specific capacities than that of the undoped counterpart. Notably, at a high current density of 5C, LiNi0.99Al0.01O2 exhibited a discharge-specific capacity of 101.75 mAh g-1. The results indicate that an appropriate amount of Al doping can effectively stabilize the layered structure of the cathode material and delay the irreversible phase transition from H2 to H3. Further, Al doping facilitates the formation of a LiAlO2 coating on the surface of the particles. This coating acts as a fast-ion conductor, enhancing the transport of lithium ions and reducing the erosion of the active material by the electrolyte.

Revealing the effect of Nb5+ on the electrochemical performance of nickel-rich layered LiNi0.83Co0.11Mn0.06O2 oxide cathode for lithium-ion batteries

The layered Nb⁵⁺-doped LiNi_0.83Co_0.11Mn_0.06O₂ (NCM) oxide cathode materials are successfully synthesized through introducing Nb₂O₅ into the precursor Ni_0.83Co_0.11Mn_0.06(OH)₂ during the lithiation process. The results refined by GSAS software present that the Nb⁵⁺-doped samples possess the perfect crystal structure with broader Li⁺ diffusion pathways. Moreover, the morphology characterized by scanning electron microscope displays the compact secondary particles packed by smaller primary particles under the effect of Nb⁵⁺. The excellent electrochemical properties are also acquired from the Nb⁵⁺-doped samples, in which the optimal rate performance and cycling stability are performed for NCM-1.0 when up to 1.0 mol % of Nb₂O₅ (based on the precursor) is added. Benefited from the introduction of Nb⁵⁺, the cell assembled with the NCM-1.0 electrode retains higher capacity retention of 86.6 % at 1.0 C and 25 °C, and 71.7 % at 1.0 C and 60 °C after 200cycles. Moreover, it also delivers higher discharge specific capacity of 154.6 mAh g^-1 at 5.0 C. Therefore, the Nb⁵⁺-doping strategy may open an effective route for optimizing nickel-rich oxide cathode materials, which is worth popularizing for the enhancement of the electrochemical performance of nickel-rich cathodes for lithium-ion batteries.

Effects of Oxygen Pressurization on Li+/Ni2+ Cation Mixing and the Oxygen Vacancies of LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 Cathode Materials

Ni-rich cathode materials are a low-cost and high-energy density solution for high-power lithium-ion batteries. However, Li⁺/Ni²⁺ cation mixing and oxygen vacancies are inevitably formed during the high-temperature calcination process, resulting in a poor crystal structure that adversely affects the electrochemical performance. In this work, the LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ cathode material with a regular crystal structure was prepared through oxygen pressurization during lithiation-calcination, which effectively solved the problems caused by the high calcination temperature, such as oxygen loss and a reduction of Ni³⁺. The co-effect of oxygen pressure and calcination temperature on the properties of Ni-rich materials was systematically explored. Oxygen pressurization increased the redox conversion temperature, thus promoting the oxidation of Ni²⁺ and reducing Li⁺/Ni²⁺ cation mixing. Moreover, due to the strong oxidizing environment provided by the elevated calcination temperature and oxygen pressurization, the LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ material synthesized under 0.4 MPa oxygen pressure and a calcination temperature of 775 °C exhibited few oxygen vacancies, which in turn suppressed the formation of microcracks during the electrochemical cycling. An additional feature of the LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ material was the small specific surface area of the particles, which reduced both the contact area with the electrolyte and side reactions. As a result, the LiNi_0.8Co_0.15Al_0.05O₂ material exhibited remarkable electrochemical performance, with an initial discharge capacity of 191.6 mA h·g^-1 at 0.1 C and a capacity retention of 94.5% at 0.2 C after 100 cycles.

Structural design of high-performance Ni-rich LiNi0.83Co0.11Mn0.06O2 cathode materials enhanced by Mg2+ doping and Li3PO4 coating for lithium ion battery

Li₃PO₄ coating Li_0.98Mg_0.01Ni_0.83Co_0.11Mn_0.06O₂ (NCM83-MP) composite powders are successfully synthesized by first doping Mg²⁺ into LiNi_0.83Co_0.11Mn_0.06O₂ by co-calcination processes and followed by H₃PO₄ modifying the obtained Li_0.98Mg_0.01Ni_0.83Co_0.11Mn_0.06O₂ composite powders by sol-gel methods. Related physicochemical characterization results demonstrate that Mg²⁺ doping can significantly enlarge the lattice space along the c-axis to 14.1431 Å and lower the Li/Ni mixing degree to 1.58 %, and H₃PO₄ modifying can effectively reduce the residual lithium content and generate a homogeneous Li₃PO₄ covering with a thickness of about 11.7 nm on the surface of the composite particles. Furthermore, the battery performance tests indicate that the coin cells assembled with NCM83-MP can exhibit excellent cycling performance, in which the distinguished discharge specific capacity of 157.4 mAh g^-1 at 2.0 C at 25 °C after 200 cycles and 154.6 mAh g^-1 at 2.0 C at 60 °C after 100cycles are amazingly retained, respectively. Additionally, the electrode can present a smaller gap of redox peaks of 0.10 V and a lower resistance value of 193.8 Ω compared to the ones of 0.49 V and 451.8 Ω of NCM83-0 after cycles. Those enhanced electrochemical properties are mainly ascribed to the synergetic effect of Mg²⁺ doping and H₃PO₄ modifying, which can not only stabilize the lattice structure but also provide fast transfer channels to facilitate Li ions migrating. Therefore, the proposed strategy may excavate new ideas to the further investigation of high-performance Ni-rich cathode materials for lithium ion battery.

Tailored Design of Electrochemically Degradable Anthraquinone Functionality toward Organic Cathodes

In efforts to design organic cathode materials for rechargeable batteries, a fundamental understanding of the redox properties of diverse non-carbon-based functionalities incorporated into 9,10-anthraquinone is lacking despite their potential impact. Herein, a preliminary investigation of the potential of anthraquinones with halogenated nitrogen-based functionalities reveals that the Li-triggered structural collapse observed in the early stage of discharging can be ascribed to the preference toward the strong Lewis acid-base interaction of N-Li-X (X = F or Cl) over the repulsive interaction of the electron-rich N-X bond. A further study of three solutions (i.e., substitution of NX₂ with (i) BX₂, (ii) NH₂, and (iii) BH₂) to the structural decomposition issue highlights four conclusive remarks. First, the replacement of N and/or X with electron-deficient atom(s), such as B and/or H, relieves the repulsive force on the N-X bond without the assistance of Li, and thus, no structural decomposition occurs. Second, the incorporation of BH₂ is verified to be the most beneficial for improving the theoretical performance. Third, all the redox properties are better correlated with electron affinity and solvation energy than the electronegativity of functionality, implying that these key parameters cooperatively contribute to the electrochemical redox potential; additionally, solvation energy plays a crucial role in determining cathodic deactivation. Fourth, the improvement to the Li storage capability of anthraquinone using the third solution can primarily be ascribed to solvation energy remaining at a negative value even after the binding of more Li atoms than the other derivatives.

Direct recovery of degraded LiCoO2 cathode material from spent lithium-ion batteries: Efficient impurity removal toward practical applications

Regenerating cathode material from spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) permits an effective approach to resolve resource shortage and environmental pollution in the increasing battery industry. Directly renovating the spent cathode materials is a promising way, but it is still challenging to efficiently remove all of the complex impurities (such as binder, carbon black, graphite and current collectors) without destroying the material structure in the electrode. Herein, a facile strategy to directly remove these impurities and simultaneously repair the degraded LiCoO₂ by a target healing method is reported. Specifically, by using an optimized molten salt system of LiOH-KOH (molar ratio of 3:7) where LiNO₃ and O₂ both serve as oxidants, the impurities can be completely removed, while the structure, composition and morphology of degraded LiCoO₂ can be successfully repaired to commercial level based on a two-stage heating process (300 °C for 8 h and 500 °C for 16 h, respectively), resulting in a high recovery rate of approximately 100% for cathode material. More importantly, the regenerated LiCoO₂ exhibits a high reversible capacity, good cycling stability and excellent rate capability, which are comparable with commercial LiCoO₂. This work demonstrates an efficient approach to recycle and reuse advanced energy materials.

Enhanced electrochemical properties of Ni-rich layered cathode materials via Mg2+ and Ti4+co-doping for lithium-ion batteries

To optimize the electrochemical performance of Ni-rich cathode materials, the 0.005 mol of Mg²⁺ and 0.005 mol of Ti⁴⁺co-doping LiNi_0.83Co_0.11Mn_0.06O₂ composite powders, labeled as NCM-11, are successfully prepared by being calcinated at 750 °C for 15 h following by an appropriate post-treatment, which are confirmed by XRD, EDS and XPS. The results suggest that NCM-11 presents a well-ordered layered structure with a low Li⁺/Ni²⁺ mixing degree of 1.46% and Mg²⁺ and Ti⁴⁺ ions are uniformly distributed across the lattice. The cell assembled with NCM-11 can deliver an initial discharge specific capacity of 194.2 mAh g^-1 and retain a discharge specific capacity of 163.0 mAh g^-1 after 100cycles at 2.0C at 25 °C. Furthermore, it still maintains a discharge specific capacity of 166.7 mAh g^-1 after 100cycles at 2.0C at 60 °C. More importantly, it also exhibits a higher discharge specific capacity of about 150.7 mAh g^-1 even at 5.0C. Those superior electrochemical performance can be mainly ascribed to the synergistic effect of Mg²⁺ and Ti⁴⁺co-doping, in which Mg²⁺ ions can occupy the Li⁺ layer to act as pillar ions and Ti⁴⁺ ions can occupy the transition metal ions layer to enlarge the interplane spacing. Thus, the heterovalent cations co-doping strategy can be considered as a simple and practical method to improve the electrochemical performance of Ni-rich layered cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries.

A hafnium oxide-coated dendrite-free zinc anode for rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries

In aqueous zinc-ion batteries, metallic zinc is widely used as an anode because of its non-toxicity, environmental benignity, low cost, high abundance and theoretical capacity. However, growth of zinc dendrites, corrosion of zinc anode, passivation, and occurrence of side reactions during continuous charge-discharge cycling hinder development of zinc-ion batteries. In this study, a simple strategy involving application of a HfO₂ coating was used to guide uniform deposition of Zn²⁺ to suppress formation of zinc dendrites. The HfO₂-coated zinc anode improves electrochemical performance compared with bare Zn anode. Therefore, for zinc-zinc symmetric cells, zinc anode with HfO₂ coating (48 mV) shows lower voltage hysteresis than that of bare Zn anode (63 mV) at a current density of 0.4 mA cm^-2. Moreover, cell with HfO₂ coating also shows good cycling performance in Zn-MnO₂ full cells. At a constant current density of 1.0 A g^-1, discharge capacity of bare Zn-MnO₂ full cell is only 37.9 mAh g^-1 after 500 cycles, while that of Zn@HfO₂-MnO₂ full cell is up to 78.3 mAh g^-1. This good electrochemical performance may be the result of confinement effect and reduction of side reactions. Overall, a simple and beneficial strategy for future development of rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries is provided.

A Comparative Study on Na2Fe0.6Mn0.4PO4F/C Cathode Materials Synthesized With Various Carbon Sources for Na-ion Batteries

Na₂Fe_0.6Mn_0.4PO₄F/C composite materials are synthesized with various carbon sources via a simple spray-drying method in this study, and the effect of carbon sources on structure, morphology, and electrochemical properties of Na₂Fe_0.6Mn_0.4PO₄F/C materials are investigated in detail. XRD and SEM results indicate that the reduction ability of carbon sources has a key impact on the structure and morphology of Na₂Fe_0.6Mn_0.4PO₄F/C composite materials. Among these Na₂Fe_0.6Mn_0.4PO₄F/C materials, the sample prepared with ascorbic acid presents a uniform hollow spherical architecture. Electrochemical analysis demonstrates that the Na₂Fe_0.6Mn_0.4PO₄F/C sample prepared with ascorbic acid has optimal electrochemical performance. The sample shows high discharge capacities of 95.1 and 48.1 mAh g⁻¹ at 0.05C and 1C rates, respectively, and it exhibits an improved cycle stability (91.7% retention after 100 cycles at 0.5C), which are superior to Na₂Fe_0.6Mn_0.4PO₄F/C materials prepared with other carbon sources. This study demonstrates that the reduction ability of carbon sources significantly influences the electrochemical properties of fluorophosphate/C composite materials. This work also provides a promising strategy to obtain high performance cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries.

Improved Electrochemical Performance of 0.5Li2MnO3·0.5LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 Cathode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries Synthesized by Ionic-Liquid-Assisted Hydrothermal Method

Well-dispersed Li-rich Mn-based 0.5Li₂MnO₃·0.5LiNi0.5Mn_0.5O₂ nanoparticles with diameter ranging from 50 to 100 nm are synthesized by a hydrothermal method in the presence of N-hexyl pyridinium tetrafluoroborate ionic liquid ([HPy][BF4]). The microstructures and electrochemical performance of the prepared cathode materials are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and electrochemical measurements. The XRD results show that the sample prepared by ionic-liquid-assisted hydrothermal method exhibits a typical Li-rich Mn-based pure phase and lower cation mixing. SEM and TEM images indicate that the extent of particle agglomeration of the ionic-liquid-assisted sample is lower compared to the traditional hydrothermal sample. Electrochemical test results indicate that the materials synthesized by ionic-liquid-assisted hydrothermal method exhibit better rate capability and cyclability. Besides, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) results suggest that the charge transfer resistance of 0.5Li₂MnO₃· 0.5LiNi0.5Mn_0.5O₂ synthesized by ionic-liquid-assisted hydrothermal method is much lower, which enhances the reaction kinetics.

NCA, NCM811, and the Route to Ni-Richer Lithium-Ion Batteries

The aim of this article is to examine the progress achieved in the recent years on two advanced cathode materials for EV Li-ion batteries, namely Ni-rich layered oxides LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) and LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811). Both materials have the common layered (two-dimensional) crystal network isostructural with LiCoO2. The performance of these electrode materials are examined, the mitigation of their drawbacks (i.e., antisite defects, microcracks, surface side reactions) are discussed, together with the prospect on a next generation of Li-ion batteries with Co-free Ni-rich Li-ion batteries.

Synthesis of LiNiO2 at Moderate Oxygen Pressure and Long-Term Cyclability in Lithium-Ion Full Cells

The widespread adoption of electric vehicles necessitates higher-energy-density and longer-life cathode materials for Li-ion batteries. LiNiO₂ offers a higher energy density at a lower cost than other high-Ni-content cathodes containing additional transition-metal ions. However, detrimental phase transformations and impedance growth, resulting from structural defects formed during synthesis, lead to poor cyclability and limit the practical viability of LiNiO₂. Herein, we demonstrate a considerably improved cycle life for LiNiO₂ by synthesizing it under a pressurized oxygen environment. The capacity retention in pouch-type full cells with a graphite anode after 1000 cycles is increased from 59 to 76% by applying a mere 1.7 atm of oxygen pressure during the synthesis of LiNiO₂. With iodometric titration and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy analysis, we provide clear evidence that oxygen pressure during synthesis reduces the occurrence of lattice oxygen vacancies and increases the content of Ni³⁺ in LiNiO₂, improving its structural integrity and cyclability. Post-mortem analysis of the cycled cathodes provides insights into the sources of degradation occurring during long-term cycling. This work demonstrates a practically viable, synthetic approach combined with doping and coating to achieve improved performance with high-Ni layered oxide materials. Furthermore, this work represents the first report of extended cycling of LiNiO₂ in pouch full cells with graphite anode and will, therefore, serves as an important benchmark for future research on LiNiO₂.

Synthesis and Mechanism of High Structural Stability of Nickel-Rich Cathode Materials by Adjusting Li-Excess

It has been a long-term challenge to improve the phase stability of Ni-rich LiNi_xMn_yCo_1-x-yO₂ (x ≥ 0.6) transition metal (TM) oxides for large-scale applications. Herein, a new structure engineering strategy is utilized to optimize the structural arrangement of Li_1+x(Ni_0.88Mn_0.06Co_0.06)_1-xO₂ (NMC88) with a different Li-excess content. It was found that structure stability and particle sizes can be tuned with suitable Li-excess contents. NMC88 with an actual Li-excess of 2.7% (x = 0.027, Li/TM = 1.055) exhibits a high discharge capacity (209.1 mAh g^-1 at 3.0-4.3 V, 0.1 C) and maintains 91.7% after the 100th cycle at 1 C compared with the NMC88 sample free of Li-excess. It also performs a delayed voltage decay and a good rate capacity, delivering 145.8 mAh g^-1 at a high rate of 10 C. Multiscale characterization technologies including ex/in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD), focused ion beam (FIB) cutting-scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results show that a proper Li-excess (2.7%) content contributes to the formation of a broader Li slab, optimized cation mixing ratio, and even particle sizes. Therefore, NMC88 with a proper Li-excess is a good choice for next-generation cathode materials.

Research Progress on Na3V2(PO4)3 Cathode Material of Sodium Ion Battery

Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) are one of the most potential alternative rechargeable batteries because of their low cost, high energy density, high thermal stability, and good structure stability. The cathode materials play a crucial role in the cycling life and safety of SIBs. Among reported cathode candidates, Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ (NVP), a representative electrode material for sodium super ion conductor, has good application prospects due to its good structural stability, high ion conductivity and high platform voltage (~3.4 V). However, its practical applications are still restricted by comparatively low electronic conductivity. In this review, recent progresses of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ are well summarized and discussed, including preparation and modification methods, electrochemical properties. Meanwhile, the future research and further development of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ cathode are also discussed.

One-step activation of high-graphitization N-doped porous biomass carbon as advanced catalyst for vanadium redox flow battery

In this paper, we reported a one-step activation strategy to prepare highly graphitized N-doped porous carbon materials (KDC-FAC) derived from biomass, and adopted ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) as active agent. At high temperature, FAC was decomposed into Fe- and NH₃-based materials, further increasing graphitization degree, introducing N-containing functional groups and forming porous structure. KDC-FAC has superior electrocatalytic activity and stability towards V²⁺/V³⁺ and VO²⁺/VO₂⁺ redox reactions. High graphitization degree can enhance the conductivity of carbon material, and porous structure is conducive to increase reaction area of vanadium redox couples. Moreover, N-containing functional groups are beneficial to improve the electrode wettability and serve as active sites. The single cell tests demonstrate that KDC-FAC modified cell exhibits good adaptability under high current density and superb stability in cycling test. Compared with pristine cell, the energy efficiency of KDC-FAC modified cell is increased by 9% at 150 mA cm^-2. This biomass-derived carbon-based material proposed in our work is expected to be an excellent catalyst for vanadium redox flow battery.

Ultra-Broadband High-Efficiency Solar Absorber Based on Double-Size Cross-Shaped Refractory Metals

In this paper, a theoretical simulation based on a finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD) shows that the solar absorber can reach ultra-broadband and high-efficiency by refractory metals titanium (Ti) and titanium nitride (TiN). In the absorption spectrum of double-size cross-shaped absorber, the absorption bandwidth of more than 90% is 1182 nm (415.648–1597.39 nm). Through the analysis of the field distribution, we know the physical mechanism is the combined action of propagating plasmon resonance and local surface plasmon resonance. After that, the paper has a discussion about the influence of different structure parameters, polarization angle and angle of incident light on the absorptivity of the absorber. At last, the absorption spectrum of the absorber under the standard spectrum of solar radiance Air Mass 1.5 (AM1.5) is studied. The absorber we proposed can be used in solar energy absorber, thermal photovoltaics, hot-electron devices and so on.

Tin and Tin Compound Materials as Anodes in Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries: A Review

Tin and tin compounds are perceived as promising next-generation lithium (sodium)-ion batteries anodes because of their high theoretical capacity, low cost and proper working potentials. However, their practical applications are severely hampered by huge volume changes during Li⁺ (Na⁺) insertion and extraction processes, which could lead to a vast irreversible capacity loss and short cycle life. The significance of morphology design and synergic effects-through combining compatible compounds and/or metals together-on electrochemical properties are analyzed to circumvent these problems. In this review, recent progress and understanding of tin and tin compounds used in lithium (sodium)-ion batteries have been summarized and related approaches to optimize electrochemical performance are also pointed out. Superiorities and intrinsic flaws of the above-mentioned materials that can affect electrochemical performance are discussed, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of tin and tin compounds in lithium(sodium)-ion batteries.

Fabrication of ZnO@Ag@Ag3PO4 Ternary Heterojunction: Superhydrophilic Properties, Antireflection and Photocatalytic Properties

A ZnO seed layer was formed on the fluorine-doped tin oxide substrate by magnetron sputtering, and then a ZnO nanorod was grown on the ZnO seed layer by a hydrothermal method. Next, we prepared a single-crystal Ag seed layer by magnetron sputtering to form a ZnO@Ag composite heterostructure. Finally, Ag₃PO₄ crystals were grown on the Ag seed layer by a stepwise deposition method to obtain a ZnO@Ag@Ag₃PO₄ ternary heterojunction. The composite heterostructure of the material has super strong hydrophilicity and can be combined with water-soluble pollutants very well. Besides, it has excellent anti-reflection performance, which can absorb light from all angles. When Ag exists in the heterojunction, it can effectively improve the separation of photo-generated electrons and holes, and improve the photoelectric conversion performance. Based on the above characteristics, this nano-heterostructure can be used in the fields of solar cells, sensors, light-emitting devices, and photocatalysis.

A Perfect Absorber Based on Similar Fabry-Perot Four-Band in the Visible Range

A simple metamaterial absorber is proposed to achieve near-perfect absorption in visible and near-infrared wavelengths. The absorber is composed of metal-dielectric-metal (MIM) three-layer structure. The materials of these three-layer structures are Au, SiO₂, and Au. The top metal structure of the absorber is composed of hollow three-dimensional metal rings regularly arranged periodically. The results show that the high absorption efficiency at a specific wavelength is mainly due to the resonance of the Fabry-Perot effect (FP) in the intermediate layer of the dielectric medium, resulting in the resonance light being trapped in the middle layer, thus improving the absorption efficiency. The almost perfect multiband absorption, which is independent of polarization angle and insensitivity of incident angle, lends the absorber great application prospects for filtering and optoelectronics.

Fabrication of ZnO@MoS2 Nanocomposite Heterojunction Arrays and Their Photoelectric Properties

In this paper, ZnO@MoS₂ core-shell heterojunction arrays were successfully prepared by the two-step hydrothermal method, and the growth mechanism was systematically studied. We found that the growth process of molybdenum disulfide (MoS₂) was sensitively dependent on the reaction temperature and time. Through an X-ray diffractometry (XRD) component test, we determined that we prepared a 2H phase MoS₂ with a direct bandgap semiconductor of 1.2 eV. Then, the photoelectric properties of the samples were studied on the electrochemical workstation. The results show that the ZnO@MoS₂ heterojunction acts as a photoanode, and the photocurrent reaches 2.566 mA under the conditions of 1000 W/m² sunshine and 0.6 V bias. The i-t curve also illustrates the perfect cycle stability. Under the condition of illumination and external bias, the electrons flow to the conduction band of MoS₂ and flow out through the external electrode of MoS₂. The holes migrate from the MoS₂ to the zinc oxide (ZnO) valence band. It is transferred to the external circuit through the glass with fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) together with the holes on the ZnO valence band. The ZnO@MoS₂ nanocomposite heterostructure provides a reference for the development of ultra-high-speed photoelectric switching devices, photodetector(PD) devices, and photoelectrocatalytic technologies.