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Stalwick JA, Somers G, Eccles KM, Thomas PJ, Cunada C, Gurney KEB. Polycyclic aromatic compounds in a northern freshwater ecosystem: Patterns, sources, and the influences of environmental factors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 351:123962. [PMID: 38614424 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) - a large group of organic chemicals naturally present in petroleum deposits (i.e., petrogenic) or released into the environment by incomplete combustion of organic materials (i.e., pyrogenic) - represent a potential risk to the health of aquatic ecosystems. In high latitude freshwater ecosystems, concentrations of PACs may be increasing, yet there are limited studies in such systems to assess change and to understand threats. Using 10 years of contemporary data from passive samplers deployed across five regions (n = 43 sites) in the Mackenzie River Basin, we (i) describe baseline levels of PACs, (ii) assess spatiotemporal patterns, and (iii) evaluate the extent to which environmental factors (fire, snowmelt, and proximity to oil infrastructure) influence concentrations in this system. Measured concentrations were low, relative to those in more southern systems, with mixtures primarily being dominated by non-alkylated, low molecular weight compounds. Concentrations were spatially consistent, except for two sites near Norman Wells (an area of active oil extraction) with increased levels. Similarly, observed annual variation was minimal, with 2014 having generally higher levels of PACs. We did not detect effects of fire, snowmelt, or oil infrastructure on concentrations. Taken together, our findings suggest that PACs in the Mackenzie River are currently at low levels and are primarily petrogenic in origin. They further indicate that ongoing monitoring and testing of environmental drivers (especially at finer spatial scales) are needed to better predict how ecosystem change will influence PAC levels in the basin and in other northern systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordyn A Stalwick
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Prairie Northern Wildlife Research Centre, 115 Perimeter Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 0X4.
| | - Gila Somers
- Department of Environment and Climate Change, Government of the Northwest Territories, 600 5102 50th Ave, Yellowknife, NT, Canada, X1A 2L9
| | - Kristin M Eccles
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, K1A 0K9
| | - Philippe J Thomas
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada, K1A 0H3
| | - Christopher Cunada
- Department of Environment and Climate Change, Government of the Northwest Territories, Highway 5, X0E 0P0, Fort Smith, NT, Canada
| | - Kirsty E B Gurney
- Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Prairie Northern Wildlife Research Centre, 115 Perimeter Road, Saskatoon, SK, Canada, S7N 0X4
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2
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Fu J, Zhang H, Li R, Shi T, Gao H, Jin S, Wang Q, Zong H, Na G. Occurrence, spatial patterns, air-seawater exchange, and atmospheric deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the Northwest Pacific to Arctic Ocean. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 183:105793. [PMID: 36371950 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have elucidated the characteristics of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Arctic; however, their behavior in different environments has not been studied at a large scale. To investigate the occurrence, spatial trends, air-seawater exchange and atmospheric deposition of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), this study takes sample from the Northwest Pacific Ocean. to the Arctic Ocean.The concentrations of 16 PAHs in air and seawater ranged from 27 to 5658 pg/m3 and 34-338 ng/L, respectively. The air-seawater exchange flux of the region was calculated with a Whitman two-film model to be -82681-24613 ng/m2/day. Meanwhile, low-ring PAHs were transported from seawater to the air, while high-ring PAHs were transported from air to seawater. A correlation analysis between multiple environmental factors and particle phase ratio suggested that temperature might be the major driving factor for PAHs in the long-range atmospheric transport (LRAT) process. Moreover, the dry atmospheric deposition fluxes in the region were analyzed by considering environmental factors and the physicochemical properties of each PAHs monomer, these fluxes ranged from 0.001 to 696 ng/m2/day and were greater inshore than offshore and at higher latitudes. This study highlights that PAHs are affected by LRAT during their transport from Asia to Northwest Pacific and further to the Arctic Ocean, while emphasizing that air-seawater exchange plays an important role in air-sea interactions in the open ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Ruijing Li
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Tengda Shi
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Hui Gao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shuaichen Jin
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Qian Wang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Humin Zong
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Guangshui Na
- Laboratory for Coastal Marine Eco-environment Process and Carbon Sink of Hainan Province/Yazhou Bay Innovation Institute, Hainan Tropical Ocean University, Sanya, 572022, China.
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3
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Han M, Li H, Kang Y, Liu H, Huang X, Zhang R, Yu K. Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of PAHs in tropical marine food webs from coral reef ecosystems, the South China Sea: Compositional pattern, driving factors, ecological aspects, and risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136295. [PMID: 36064010 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiple environmental pressures caused by global warming and human activities have aroused widespread concern about PAHs pollution in tropical marine coral reef regions (CRRs). However, the trophodynamics of PAHs in the food webs of the CRRs and the related influence factors have not been reported. This study investigated the occurrence, trophic amplification, and transmission of PAHs in various organisms selecting between at least representative species for each level in CRRs of the South China Sea (SCS); revealed their driving mechanisms; and explored the trophodynamics of PAHs in the food web of the coral reef ecosystem. Results showed that more PAHs can be accumulated in the mantle tissue of Tridacnidae, and the proportion of mantle tissue of Tridacnidae increases with the increase of latitude (y = 0.01x + 0.17, R2 = 0.49, p < 0.05). Latitude drives the differential occurrence level and bioaccumulation of PAHs in tropical marine organisms, and also affects the trophodynamics of PAHs in aquatic ecosystem food webs. PAHs undergo trophic amplification in the food webs of tropical marine ecosystems represented by coral reefs, thus further aggravating the negative environmental impact on coral reef ecosystems. The cancer risk caused by accidental ingestion of PAHs by humans through consumption of seafood in CRRs is very low, but we should be alert to the biomagnification effect of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwei Han
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Haolan Li
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Yaru Kang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Huanxin Liu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Xueyong Huang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519080, China.
| | - Kefu Yu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, Coral Reef Research Center of China, School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519080, China.
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Hasanoglu S, Göktaş RK. Fugacity-based analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pollution in Izmit Bay, Turkey: An analytical framework for assessment with limited data. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 182:113990. [PMID: 35939930 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
An analytical framework was proposed for analyzing long-term chemical pollution in a coastal region with limited environmental data. The framework consists of compiling and synthesizing the available knowledge including the chemical's properties and the environmentally relevant data, as well as the data obtained by past monitoring studies. The gathered data is analyzed to assess multimedia fate of the pollutant by using fugacity-based intermedia transport calculations. Uncertainty analysis by applying Monte Carlo simulations is an integrated part of the framework. Dispersion factor (k) values were adopted, enabling a unified and intuitive way to define lognormal uncertainty distributions. The proposed framework was applied to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pollution in Izmit Bay, a coastal region in Turkey, impacted by industrialization and population growth. The analysis showed the importance of atmospheric pollution as a PAH source and indicated that Izmit Bay sediments may be at steady state for most PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeyye Hasanoglu
- Environmental Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Recep Kaya Göktaş
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kocaeli University, 41001 Kocaeli, Turkey
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A comprehensive review on occurrence, source, effect, and measurement techniques of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in India. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Zhang R, Han M, Yu K, Kang Y, Wang Y, Huang X, Li J, Yang Y. Distribution, fate and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmosphere and surface water of multiple coral reef regions from the South China Sea: A case study in spring-summer. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125214. [PMID: 33529835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Our previous study revealed PAHs' wide occurrence in corals from multiple coral reef regions (CRRs) in the South China Sea. However, little is known about their occurrence, distribution, fate, and sources in the ambient environment of these CRRs. This study aimed to resolve these research gaps. The results showed ∑15PAHs (total concentrations of 15 US EPA priority controlled PAHs exclude naphthalene) in the atmosphere (gas-phase: 0.31-49.6 ng m-3; particle-phase: 2.6-649 pg m-3) were mainly influenced by air mass origins. Southwesterly wind caused higher ∑15PAHs than the southeasterly wind. The ∑15PAHs in seawater from the nearshore (462 ± 244 ng L-1) was higher than that from offshore Zhongsha Islands (80.5 ± 72.1 ng L-1) because of the effect of terrigenous pollution and ocean current. Source apportionment indicated that the mixed sources of spilled oil and combustion from neighboring countries were the main contributors to PAHs in these CRRs. The total deposition fluxes showed that PAHs tended to migrate from the atmosphere to seawater. Global warming may inhibit this process, but PAHs still have a migration pattern of atmosphere-ocean-corals, which will further increase the environmental pressure on coral reef ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Zhang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea; Coral Reef Research Center of China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China.
| | - Minwei Han
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea; Coral Reef Research Center of China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Kefu Yu
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea; Coral Reef Research Center of China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China.
| | - Yaru Kang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea; Coral Reef Research Center of China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea; Coral Reef Research Center of China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Xueyong Huang
- Guangxi Laboratory on the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea; Coral Reef Research Center of China; School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - Jun Li
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ying Yang
- School of Marine Sciences, SunYat-SenUniversity, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Kumar A, Sankar TK, Sethi SS, Ambade B. Characteristics, toxicity, source identification and seasonal variation of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons over East India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:678-690. [PMID: 31808094 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06882-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed over urban and rural sites during January to December 2018. Total annual average concentration of PM2.5 was 74.41 ± 24.96 μg/m3 over urban and 52.03 ± 13.11 μg/m3 over rural site during study time. The annual average concentration of PM2.5 over urban and rural atmospheres were found approximately twice in urban and found also higher over rural site, with respect to National Ambient Air Quality (NAAQ) standard of 40 μg/m3 for PM2.5 concentration. The annual concentration of PAHs was 750.80 ± 19.49 ng/m3 over urban, and, over rural, it was 559.59 ± 17.56 ng/m3. The seasonal variation of concentration of PAHs was in order of winter > post-monsoon > summer > monsoon. The most predominant PAHs were IcP (17.21%), B(ghi) P(15.22%), BkF (11.60%), DBahA (11.34%) and BbF (10.91%) to the total PAH concentration over urban site; over rural site, most predominant PAHs were IcP (16.02%), B(ghi)P, (15.63%), BkF (11.46%), DBahA (11.12%) and BbF (8.99%) of total PAHs. DBahA concentration was contributed approximately 46% carcinogenicity over both urban and rural sites, and BaP contributes 33.56% carcinogenicity over urban site and 34.62% carcinogenicity over rural site of total PAH samples. The Excess Life Time Cancer Risk (ELCR) values over urban were found at acceptable limit 10-6-10-4 given by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Over rural site, the ELCR value was found near about acceptable limit. Diagnostic ratio analysis demonstrated that major sources of PAHs were pyrogenic sources and vehicular emission over study. Air parcel through trajectories over study site also contributed in PAH concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831014, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Sankar
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831014, India
| | | | - Balram Ambade
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, 831014, India.
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8
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Pulster EL, Johnson G, Hollander D, McCluskey J, Harbison R. Levels and Sources of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Surrounding an Oil Refinery in Curaçao. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2019.103025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Li Q, Yang K, Wang Y, Jin B, Luo C, Li J, Zhang G. Environmental behaviour of polychlorinated biphenyls in a paddy field: Impact factors and canopy effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 637-638:50-57. [PMID: 29742474 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Paddy fields play an important role in the transport of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) due to the filter effects of canopy and their wide distribution. Thus, most studies have been focusing on the filter effects of canopy for POPs. However, shielding effects of canopy might also influence transport and portion of POPs between top and bottom. To investigate these two important processes, our study involved 30 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a paddy field. Samples of bulk depositions, surface water, and air were taken to investigate the occurrence and the behaviour of PCBs. We found that rice canopy has potentially crucial effects on the transport of PCBs. The results showed slightly higher abundances for most of high‑chlorine PCBs (81.0%) at the top of the canopy, indicating that the high‑chlorine PCBs were intercepted by the rice leaves. Moreover, our study showed that the PCBs in surface water and soil tended to escape into air according to air, water, and soil fugacity. And we found higher atmospheric PCB levels (103 pg m-3) at the bottom of the canopy than top (88.9 pg m-3), indicating canopy shielding effects on escaped PCBs. In addition, the study showed that the PCBs intercepted by the rice canopy may occur in surface water and soil due to air movement and precipitation. These results suggest that paddy fields can enrich POPs, and effects of the environmental factors on POPs transport need to be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilu Li
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kong Yang
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Biao Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chunling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Yadav IC, Devi NL, Li J, Zhang G. Altitudinal and spatial variations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Nepal: Implications on source apportionment and risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 198:386-396. [PMID: 29421754 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although several global/regional studies have detailed the high level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban areas worldwide, unfortunately, Nepal has never been part of any global/regional regular monitoring plan. Despite few sporadic studies exist, the systematic monitoring and integrated concentration of PAHs in urban region of Nepal are lacking. In this study, the concentrations, sources, and health risk assessment of 16 PAHs in air (n = 34) were investigated in suspected source areas/more densely populated regions of Nepal. Four potential source areas in Nepal were focused as it was conjectured that urban centers in plain areas (Birgunj and Biratnagar) would possibly be more influenced by PAHs as a result of intense biomass/crop residue burning than those in hilly areas (Kathmandu and Pokhara). The overall concentrations of ∑16PAHs ranged from 4.3 to 131 ng/m3 (median 33.3 ng/m3). ∑16PAH concentrations in plain areas were two folds higher than those in hilly areas. PHE was the most abundant followed by FLUA, PYR, and NAP, which accounted for 36%, 15%, 12%, and 9% of ∑16PAHs, respectively. Principal component analysis confirmed that PAHs in highly urbanized areas (Kathmandu and Pokhara) were related to diesel exhausts and coal combustion, while PAHs in less urbanized regions (Birgunj and Biratnagar) originated from biomass and domestic wood combustions. Furthermore, in the urban areas of Nepal, vehicular emission could also influence atmospheric PAHs. The lifetime cancer risk per million populations due to PAH exposures was estimated to be higher for plain areas than that for hilly areas, suggesting a relatively greater risk of cancer in people living in plain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT) 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan.
| | | | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
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Kaw HY, Li J, Jin X, Wang Z, Cong L, He M, Li D. Ultrasound-assisted liquid–liquid spray extraction for the determination of multi-class trace organic compounds in high-volume water samples. Analyst 2018; 143:4575-4584. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an00656c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A premier analytical method for the determination of multi-class trace organic compounds in high-volume water matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Yeong Kaw
- Department of Chemistry
- MOE Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules
- Yanbian University
- Yanji 133002
- PR China
| | - Junlin Li
- Department of Chemistry
- MOE Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules
- Yanbian University
- Yanji 133002
- PR China
| | - Xiangzi Jin
- Department of Chemistry
- MOE Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules
- Yanbian University
- Yanji 133002
- PR China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Chemistry
- MOE Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules
- Yanbian University
- Yanji 133002
- PR China
| | - Linlin Cong
- Department of Chemistry
- MOE Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules
- Yanbian University
- Yanji 133002
- PR China
| | - Miao He
- Department of Chemistry
- MOE Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules
- Yanbian University
- Yanji 133002
- PR China
| | - Donghao Li
- Department of Chemistry
- MOE Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules
- Yanbian University
- Yanji 133002
- PR China
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12
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Romagnoli P, Vichi F, Balducci C, Imperiali A, Perilli M, Paciucci L, Petracchini F, Cecinato A. Air quality study in the coastal city of Crotone (Southern Italy) hosting a small-size harbor. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:25260-25275. [PMID: 28929369 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), n-alkanes, and gaseous pollutants were collected from the harbor and the urban area of Crotone (Southern Italy) in October 2015. The atmospheric concentrations of organic substances associated to PM10 were determined daily, while gaseous pollutants (BTEX, O3, SO2, NOx, NO2, and NH3) were monitored on monthly basis by means of diffusive sampling. Total PAHs reached, on the average, 1.56 ± 0.72, 0.33 ± 0.14, and 0.59 ± 0.37 ng/m3 at the urban monitoring stations (Fiore, Fermi) and at the harbor, respectively. The percent distribution and diagnostic concentration ratios of PAHs were similar at Fermi and harbor, whereas differences were found through comparison with Fiore site. Biogenic n-alkanes (n-C29, and n-C31) were the most abundant components, indicating the important impact of terrestrial higher plants in all sites. On the other hand, n-C23-n-C25 homologs originated from incomplete combustion of fossil fuel were not negligible (CPI2.5 = 2.4) in harbor, confirming the role of anthropogenic sources there. Inside the harbor, SO2 concentrations ranged from 5.6 to 14.8 μg/m3 showing the maximum value within the old part of the harbor (touristic port). A statistical significant difference between the harbor and the surroundings was indeed observed for this pollutant, which is a specific marker of ship emissions. The other gaseous species monitored did not exhibit the same distribution, with exception of NH3 and benzene, whose concentration values ranged from 2.8 to 6.9 μg/m3 and 0.3 to 1.4 μg/m3, respectively, and peaked at the same harbor site. Similarities were found in NOx, NO2, and O3 concentration distributions, showing high values in the New Port area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Romagnoli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy.
| | - Francesca Vichi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Catia Balducci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Andrea Imperiali
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Mattia Perilli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Lucia Paciucci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Francesco Petracchini
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
| | - Angelo Cecinato
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, P.O. Box 10, I-00015, Monterotondo, RM, Italy
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13
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Lai IC, Lee CL, Ko FC, Lin JC, Huang HC, Shiu RF. Use of a numerical simulation approach to improve the estimation of air-water exchange fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a coastal zone. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 120:259-267. [PMID: 28526196 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The air-water exchange is important for determining the transport, fate, and chemical loading of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere and in aquatic systems. Investigations of PAH air-water exchange are mostly based on observational data obtained using complicated field sampling processes. This study proposes a new approach to improve the estimation of long-term PAH air-water exchange fluxes by using a multivariate regression model to simulate hourly gaseous PAH concentrations. Model performance analysis and the benefits from this approach indicate its effectiveness at improving the flux estimations and at decreasing the field sampling difficulty. The proposed GIS mapping approach is useful for box model establishment and is tested for visualization of the spatiotemporal variations of air-water exchange fluxes in a coastal zone. The air-water exchange fluxes illustrated by contour maps suggest that the atmospheric PAHs might have greater impacts on offshore sites than on the coastal area in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Chien Lai
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chon-Lin Lee
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Kuroshio Research Group, Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Fung-Chi Ko
- Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong-Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Chieh Lin
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hu-Ching Huang
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ruei-Feng Shiu
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Hamid N, Syed JH, Kamal A, Aziz F, Tanveer S, Ali U, Cincinelli A, Katsoyiannis A, Yadav IC, Li J, Malik RN, Zhang G. A Review on the Abundance, Distribution and Eco-Biological Risks of PAHs in the Key Environmental Matrices of South Asia. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 240:1-30. [PMID: 26809717 DOI: 10.1007/398_2015_5007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are consistently posing high risks to human/biota in developing countries of South Asia where domestic areas are exposed to biomass burning and commercial/industrial activities. This review article summarized the available data on PAHs occurrence, distribution, potential sources and their possible risks in the key environmental matrices (i.e., Air, Soil/Sediments, Water) from South Asian Region (SAR). Available literature reviewed suggested that PAHs concentration levels were strongly influenced by the monsoonal rainfall system in the region and it has been supported by many studies that higher concentrations were measured during the winter season as compared to summer. Biomass burning (household and brick kilns activities), open burning of solid wastes and industrial and vehicular emissions were categorized as major sources of PAHs in the region. Regional comparison revealed that the contamination levels of PAHs in the water bodies and soil/sediments in SAR remained higher relatively to the reports from other regions of the world. Our findings highlight that there is still a general lack of reliable data, inventories and research studies addressing PAHs related issues in the context of environmental and human health in SAR. There is therefore a critical need to improve the current knowledge base, which should build upon the research experience from other regions which have experienced similar situations in the past. Further research into these issues in South Asia is considered vital to help inform future policies/control strategies as already successfully implemented in other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naima Hamid
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Atif Kamal
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Faiqa Aziz
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Sundas Tanveer
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia, 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
- CNR, Istituto per la Dinamica dei Processi Ambientali, Via Dorsoduro 2137, 30123, Venezia, Italy
| | - Athanasios Katsoyiannis
- Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU) - FRAM High North Research Centre on Climate and the Environment, Hjalmar Johansens gt. 14 NO, 9296, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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15
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Suvarapu LN, Baek SO. Review on the Concentrations of Benzo[a]pyrene in the Indian Environment Since 1983. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2016.1140658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sung-Ok Baek
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, Republic of Korea
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16
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Environmental Epidemiology of Cancer in South Asian Population: Risk Assessment Against Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Volatile Organic Compounds. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-016-2139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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17
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Chahal MK, Harsh JB, Flury M. Translocation of fluoranthene in porous media by advancing and receding air–water interfaces. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Qin N, He W, Kong XZ, Liu WX, He QS, Yang B, Ouyang HL, Wang QM, Xu FL. Atmospheric partitioning and the air-water exchange of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a large shallow Chinese lake (Lake Chaohu). CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:1685-1693. [PMID: 23791347 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The residual levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the atmosphere and in dissolved phase from Lake Chaohu were measured by (GC-MS). The composition and seasonal variation were investigated. The diffusive air-water exchange flux was estimated by a two-film model, and the uncertainty in the flux calculations and the sensitivity of the parameters were evaluated. The following results were obtained: (1) the average residual levels of all PAHs (PAH16) in the atmosphere from Lake Chaohu were 60.85±46.17 ng m(-3) in the gaseous phase and 14.32±23.82 ng m(-3) in the particulate phase. The dissolved PAH16 level was 173.46±132.89 ng L(-1). (2) The seasonal variation of average PAH16 contents ranged from 43.09±33.20 ng m(-3) (summer) to 137.47±41.69 ng m(-3) (winter) in gaseous phase, from 6.62±2.72 ng m(-3) (summer) to 56.13±22.99 ng m(-3) (winter) in particulate phase, and 142.68±74.68 ng L(-1) (winter) to 360.00±176.60 ng L(-1) (summer) in water samples. Obvious seasonal trends of PAH16 concentrations were found in the atmosphere and water. The values of PAH16 for both the atmosphere and the water were significantly correlated with temperature. (3) The monthly diffusive air-water exchange flux of total PAH16 ranged from -1.77×10(4) ng m(-2) d(-1) to 1.11×10(5) ng m(-2) d(-1), with an average value of 3.45×10(4) ng m(-2) d(-1). (4) The results of a Monte Carlo simulation showed that the monthly average PAH fluxes ranged from -3.4×10(3) ng m(-2) d(-1) to 1.6×10(4) ng m(-2) d(-1) throughout the year, and the uncertainties for individual PAHs were compared. (5) According to the sensitivity analysis, the concentrations of dissolved and gaseous phase PAHs were the two most important factors affecting the results of the flux calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Qin
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Cheng JO, Ko FC, Lee CL, Fang MD. Air-water exchange fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the tropical coast, Taiwan. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:2614-2622. [PMID: 23260251 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Air-water exchange fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were simultaneously measured in air and water samples from two sites on the Kenting coast, located at the southern tip of Taiwan, from January to December 2010. There was no significant difference in the total PAH (t-PAH) concentrations in both gas and dissolved phases between these two sites due to the less local input which also coincided to the low levels of t-PAH concentration; the gas and dissolved phases averaged 1.29±0.59 ng m(-3) and 2.17±1.19 ng L(-1) respectively. The direction and magnitude of the daily flux of PAHs were significantly influenced by wind speed and dissolved PAH concentrations. Individual PAH flux ranged from 627 ng m(-2) d(-1) volatilization of phenanthrene during the rainy season with storm-water discharges raising dissolved phase concentration, to 67 ng m(-2) d(-1) absorption of fluoranthene during high wind speed periods. Due to PAH annual fluxes through air-water exchange, Kenting seawater is a source of low molecular weight PAHs and a reservoir of high molecular weight PAHs. Estimated annual volatilization fluxes ranged from 7.3 μg m(-2) yr(-1) for pyrene to 50 μg m(-2) yr(-1) for phenanthrene and the absorption fluxes ranged from -2.6 μg m(-2) yr(-1) for chrysene to -3.5 μg m(-2) yr(-1) for fluoranthene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-O Cheng
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan; Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Chi Ko
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan; Institute of Marine Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, National Dong-Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan.
| | - Chon-Lin Lee
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Kuroshio Research Group, Asia-Pacific Ocean Research Center, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Der Fang
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Green Energy and Environment Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Fang MD, Lee CL, Jiang JJ, Ko FC, Baker JE. Diffusive exchange of PAHs across the air-water interface of the Kaohsiung Harbor lagoon, Taiwan. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2012; 110:179-187. [PMID: 22789653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2011] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Instantaneous air-water polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exchange fluxes were calculated in 22 pairs of ambient air and water samples from Kaohsiung Harbor lagoon, from December 2003 to January 2005. The highest net volatilization (3135 ng m(-2) day(-1)) and absorptive (-1150 ng m(-2) day(-1)) fluxes in the present study were obtained for the three-ring PAH phenanthrene on 7 April and 27 January 2004, respectively. All PAH diffusive fluxes for three-ring PAHs except phenanthrene were mainly volatilization exchange across the air-water interface. Phenanthrene and the four-ring PAHs were absorbed primarily from the atmosphere and deposited to the surface water, although some minor volatilization fluxes were also observed. Differences in flux magnitude and direction between the dry and wet seasons were also evident for PAHs. Strong absorptive/weaker volatilization PAH fluxes occurred in the dry season, but the opposite was found in the wet season. The mean daily PAH diffusive fluxes were an in flux of -635 ng m(-2) day(-1) in the dry season and an efflux of 686 ng m(-2) day(-1) in the wet season. The integrated absorbed and emitted fluxes of PAHs for harbor lagoon surface waters in the dry and wet seasons were 3.1 kg and 3.4 kg, respectively. Different from water bodies located in temperate zone, phenanthrene diffusive fluxes in Kaohsiung Harbor lagoon was favored in volatilization from surface waters during the wet season (April to September) because of scavenging by precipitation and dilution by prevailing southwesterly winds. In addition, this study used both of salinity and temperature to improve estimation of Henry's law constants (H) of PAHs in a tropical coastal area and show that correction for salinity produced 13-15% of differences in H values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Der Fang
- Department of Marine Environment and Engineering, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
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