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Foroughi P, Golbabaei F, Sadeghi-Yarandi M, Yaseri M, Fooladi M, Kalantary S. Occupational exposure, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk assessment of formaldehyde in the pathology labs of hospitals in Iran. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12006. [PMID: 38796506 PMCID: PMC11127932 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62133-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde, a known carcinogenic compound, is commonly used in various medical settings. The objective of this study was to assess the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks associated with occupational exposure to formaldehyde. This study was conducted in the pathology labs of four hospitals in Tehran. Cancer and non-cancer risks were evaluated using the quantitative risk assessment method proposed by the United States environmental protection agency (USEPA), along with its provided database known as the integrated risk information system (IRIS). Respiratory symptoms were assessed using the American thoracic society (ATS) questionnaire. The results indicated that 91.23% of exposure levels in occupational groups exceed the NIOSH standard of 0.016 ppm. Regarding carcinogenic risk, 41.03% of all the studied subjects were in the definite carcinogenic risk range (LCR > 10-4), 23.08% were in the possible carcinogenic risk range (10-5 < LCR < 10-4), and 35.90% were in the negligible risk range (LCR < 10-6). The highest index of occupational carcinogenesis was observed in the group of lab technicians with a risk number of 3.7 × 10-4, followed by pathologists with a risk number of 1.7 × 10-4. Furthermore, 23.08% of the studied subjects were within the permitted health risk range (HQ < 1.0), while 76.92% were within the unhealthy risk range (HQ > 1.0). Overall, the findings revealed significantly higher carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks among lab technicians and pathologists. Therefore, it is imperative to implement control measures across various hospital departments to mitigate occupational formaldehyde exposure levels proactively. These findings can be valuable for policymakers in the health sector, aiding in the elimination or reduction of airborne formaldehyde exposure in work environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Foroughi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farideh Golbabaei
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Sadeghi-Yarandi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yaseri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahta Fooladi
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment, Iran Mineral Processing Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saba Kalantary
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Yang J, Lin Z, Shi S. Household air pollution and attributable burden of disease in rural China: A literature review and a modelling study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134159. [PMID: 38565018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Household air pollution prevails in rural residences across China, yet a comprehensive nationwide comprehending of pollution levels and the attributable disease burdens remains lacking. This study conducted a systematic review focusing on elucidating the indoor concentrations of prevalent household air pollutants-specifically, PM2.5, PAHs, CO, SO2, and formaldehyde-in rural Chinese households. Subsequently, the premature deaths and economic losses attributable to household air pollution among the rural population of China were quantified through dose-response relationships and the value of statistical life. The findings reveal that rural indoor air pollution levels frequently exceed China's national standards, exhibiting notable spatial disparities. The estimated annual premature mortality attributable to household air pollution in rural China amounts to 966 thousand (95% CI: 714-1226) deaths between 2000 and 2022, representing approximately 22.2% (95% CI: 16.4%-28.1%) of total mortality among rural Chinese residents. Furthermore, the economic toll associated with these premature deaths is estimated at 486 billion CNY (95% CI: 358-616) per annum, constituting 0.92% (95% CI: 0.68%-1.16%) of China's GDP. The findings quantitatively demonstrate the substantial disease burden attributable to household air pollution in rural China, which highlights the pressing imperative for targeted, region-specific interventions to ameliorate this pressing public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junling Yang
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210093, China
| | - Zhi Lin
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210093, China
| | - Shanshan Shi
- School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210093, China.
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Zhang T, Zhang D, Lyu Z, Zhang J, Wu X, Yu Y. Effects of extreme precipitation on bacterial communities and bioaerosol composition: Dispersion in urban outdoor environments and health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 344:123406. [PMID: 38244904 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Concerns about contaminants dispersed by seasonal precipitation have grown due to their potential hazards to outdoor environments and human health. However, studies on the crucial environmental factors influencing dispersion changes in bacterial communities are limited. This research adopted four-season in situ monitoring and sequencing techniques to examine the regional distribution profiles of bioaerosols, bacterial communities, and risks associated with extreme snowfall versus rainfall events in two monsoon cities. In the early-hours of winter snowfall, airborne cultivable bioaerosol concentrations were 4.1 times higher than the reference exposure limit (500 CFU/m3). The concentration of ambient particles (2.5 μm) exceeded 24,910 particles/L (97 μg/m3), positively correlating with the prevalence of cultivable bioaerosols. These bioaerosols contained cultivable bacterial species such as pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. Bioaerosol concentrations increased by 53.0% during 50-mm snow extremes. Taxonomic analysis revealed that Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, and Veillonella were the most abundant bacterial taxa in the initial snowmelt samples during winter precipitation. However, their abundance decreased by 87.6% as snowing continued (24 h). Reduced water base cation concentration also led to a 1.15-fold increase in the Shannon index, indicating a similar yet heightened bacterial diversity. Seasonally, Pedobacter and Massilia showed higher relative abundance (25% and 18%, respectively), presenting increased bacterial transmission to the soil. Furthermore, Pseudomonas was identified in 60% of spring snowstorm samples, suggesting long-distance dispersal of pathogenic bacteria. When these atmospheric aerosol particles carrying biological entities (0.65-1.1 μm) penetrated human alveoli, the calculated hazard ratio was 0.55, which as observed in inhalation exposures. Consequently, this study underscores the risk of seasonal precipitation-enhanced ambient bacterial transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China
| | - Dingqiang Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China
| | - Zhonghang Lyu
- College of Civil Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China
| | - Jitao Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China
| | - Xian Wu
- College of Civil Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin, 123000, China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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4
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Hussain MS, Gupta G, Mishra R, Patel N, Gupta S, Alzarea SI, Kazmi I, Kumbhar P, Disouza J, Dureja H, Kukreti N, Singh SK, Dua K. Unlocking the secrets: Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and their devastating effects on lung cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2024; 255:155157. [PMID: 38320440 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Lung cancer (LCs) is still a serious health problem globally, with many incidences attributed to environmental triggers such as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). VOCs are a broad class of compounds that can be released via various sources, including industrial operations, automobile emissions, and indoor air pollution. VOC exposure has been linked to an elevated risk of lung cancer via multiple routes. These chemicals can be chemically converted into hazardous intermediate molecules, resulting in DNA damage and genetic alterations. VOCs can also cause oxidative stress, inflammation, and a breakdown in the cellular protective antioxidant framework, all of which contribute to the growth of lung cancer. Moreover, VOCs have been reported to alter critical biological reactions such as cell growth, apoptosis, and angiogenesis, leading to tumor development and metastasis. Epidemiological investigations have found a link between certain VOCs and a higher probability of LCs. Benzene, formaldehyde, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are some of the most well-researched VOCs, with comprehensive data confirming their cancer-causing potential. Nevertheless, the possible health concerns linked with many more VOCs and their combined use remain unknown, necessitating further research. Identifying the toxicological consequences of VOCs in LCs is critical for establishing focused preventative tactics and therapeutic strategies. Better legislation and monitoring mechanisms can limit VOC contamination in occupational and environmental contexts, possibly reducing the prevalence of LCs. Developing VOC exposure indicators and analyzing their associations with genetic susceptibility characteristics may also aid in early identification and targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Sadique Hussain
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jaipur National University, Jagatpura, Jaipur, Rajasthan 302017, India
| | - Gaurav Gupta
- Centre for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, India; Centre of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, 346, United Arab Emirates; School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Riya Mishra
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Neeraj Patel
- School of Pharmacy, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Mahal Road, Jagatpura, Jaipur, India
| | - Saurabh Gupta
- Chameli Devi Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Khandwa Road, Village Umrikheda, Near Toll booth, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 452020, India
| | - Sami I Alzarea
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka, 72341, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Imran Kazmi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, 21589, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Popat Kumbhar
- Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Tal: Panhala Dist: Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416113, India
| | - John Disouza
- Tatyasaheb Kore College of Pharmacy, Warananagar, Tal: Panhala Dist: Kolhapur, Maharashtra 416113, India
| | - Harish Dureja
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak 124001, India
| | - Neelima Kukreti
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248007, India
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia.
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Li X, Yan Y, Fang X, Tu J. Numerical studies of indoor particulate and gaseous micropollutant transport and its impact on human health in densely-occupied spaces. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123031. [PMID: 38036091 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Micropollutants (MPs) have increasingly become a matter of concern owing to potential health risks associated with human inhalation exposure, particularly in densely-occupied indoor environments. This study employed numerical simulations in a traditional built indoor workspace and a public transport cabin to elucidate the transport dynamics and health impacts of particulate and gaseous type of indoor MPs on varying groups of occupants. The risk of infection from pathogen-bearing MPs was evaluated in the workspace using the integrated Eulerian-Lagrangian and modified Wells-Riley model. In the cabin environment, the health impact of inhaled TVOC within the human nasal system was assessed via the integrated nasal-involved manikin model and cancer/non-cancer risk model. The results demonstrated that when ventilation layout was in favour of restricting particulate MPs spread, considerably high health risks (up to 17.22% infection possibility) were generally found in near-fields of emission source (< 2.25 m). Conversely, if the ventilated flow interacts robustly with emission source, every occupant has a minimum 5% infection risk. Incorporating the nasal cavity in the human model offers a nuanced understanding of gaseous MP distributions post-inhalation. Notably, the olfactory and sinus regions displayed heightened vulnerability to TVOC exposure, with a 62.5%-108% concentration increase compared to other nasal areas. Cancer risk assessment plausibly explained the rising occurrence of brain and central nervous system cancer for aircrew members. Non-cancer risk was found acceptable. This study was expected to advance the understanding of environmental pollution and the health risks tied to indoor MPs in densely-populated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueren Li
- School of Engineering, RMIT Unversity, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Yihuan Yan
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China.
| | - Xiang Fang
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Jiyuan Tu
- School of Engineering, RMIT Unversity, PO Box 71, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
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Liang Z, Yu Y, Sun B, Yao Q, Lin X, Wang Y, Zhang J, Li Y, Wang X, Tang Z, Ma S. The underappreciated role of fugitive VOCs in ozone formation and health risk assessment emitted from seven typical industries in China. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 136:647-657. [PMID: 37923473 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Fugitive emission from industrial sources may result in ozone formation and health risk, while the exact contribution of this source remains incompletely understood. In this study, emission characteristics, ozone formation potential (OFP) and health risk of fugitive VOCs in 7 representative industries were investigated. Chemical material industry was the dominant contributor to VOCs of fugitive emission in comparison with other industries. The OFP of VOCs from fugitive emission was in the range of 1.45 × 103-3.98 × 105 µg/m3, with a higher value than that of organized emission in seven industries except for the coking industry and the chemical material industry, suggesting that fugitive VOCs should be taken into account while developing control strategies. Acetaldehyde, m,p-xylene, n-nonane, ethylene, vinyl chloridethe and other high OFP-contributing species were the major reactive species that should be targeted. Health risk assessment investigated non-cancer and cancer risks of fugitive VOCs in 7 industries were all above safe level (HR > 1 and LCR > 1 × 10-4), posing remarkable health threats to human health. OVOCs were the main contributor to non-cancer risk, while halohydrocarbons and aromatics contributed most to cancer risks, posing remarkable health threat on human health. Our findings highlighted the contribution of fugitive VOCs on ozone formation and health risk was underestimated, indicating which should be considered in emission control strategies of industrial sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiling Liang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China
| | - Yunjiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Bingbing Sun
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Qian Yao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Xihua Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Yongsheng Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510535, China
| | - Jianping Zhang
- Henan Jiyuan Ecological Environment Testing Center, Jiyuan 454650, China
| | - Yingzi Li
- Ecological Environment Bureau of Jiyuan Production City Integration Demonstration Zone, Jiyuan 454650, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Ecological Environment Bureau of Jiyuan Production City Integration Demonstration Zone, Jiyuan 454650, China
| | - Zhengzheng Tang
- Ecological Environment Bureau of Jiyuan Production City Integration Demonstration Zone, Jiyuan 454650, China
| | - Shexia Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510535, China.
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7
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Cheng L, Wei W, Cheng S, Zhang C, Ye Z, Wang K, Wang R. Reductions of multiple air pollutants from coking industry through technology improvements and their impacts on air quality and health risks in a highly industrialized region of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168360. [PMID: 37939954 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region, a highly industrialized area in China, boasts a concentration of coking plants that constitute a vital component of the steel industry. In recent years, the Chinese government has implemented measures including backward production capacity elimination (BPCE), ultra-low emission technology transformation (ULET), and deep treatment of volatile organic compounds (DTV), to promote technological progress in the coking industry and mitigate the impact of pollutant emissions. This study focuses on the emission trends, reduction effects of various measures, and the impact on air quality and human health in the regional scale. The findings reveal that in 2015, the emissions of PM, SO2, NOx and VOCs of the coking industry in BTH region were 29.15, 9.64, 26.62 and 82.99 Gg (1000 tons/year) respectively. However, by 2019, these emissions had significantly decreased by 19.95, 5.78, 18.69, and 22.53 Gg, respectively. Of these reductions, ULET contributed about 80.3 % of NOx and SO2, and 57.4 % of PM. Meanwhile, DTV and BPCE contributed 49.2 % and 50.7 % of VOCs emission reduction, respectively. Despite the improvement effect on PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 is limited, the substantial decrease in VOCs (particularly benzene) resulted in a significant reduction in the coking industry's contribution to the atmospheric benzene concentration, dropping from 15.9 % in 2015 to 11.6 % in 2019. Moreover, the lifetime cancer risk (LCR) contribution of benzene inhalation in the BTH region also decreased from 1.7 × 10-6 to 1.2 × 10-6. Looking ahead to 2025, the continued implementation of DTV will be expected to reduce VOCs emissions by 24.41Gg. This will bring the industry's contribution to the benzene concentration down to 6.8 % and the cancer risk of the population to an acceptable level (LCR < 1 × 10-6). Additionally, the deep treatment of VOCs in coking plants will significantly reduce the health risks faced by people living in the vicinity of the plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Cheng
- College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Wei Wei
- College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Chengzhou Zhang
- Appraisal Center for Environment and Engineering, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhilan Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Kai Wang
- College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Ruipeng Wang
- College of Environmental & Energy Engineering, Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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Liu N, Liu W, Deng F, Liu Y, Gao X, Fang L, Chen Z, Tang H, Hong S, Pan M, Liu W, Huo X, Guo K, Ruan F, Zhang W, Zhao B, Mo J, Huang C, Su C, Sun C, Zou Z, Li H, Sun Y, Qian H, Zheng X, Zeng X, Guo J, Bu Z, Mandin C, Hänninen O, Ji JS, Weschler LB, Kan H, Zhao Z, Zhang Y. The burden of disease attributable to indoor air pollutants in China from 2000 to 2017. Lancet Planet Health 2023; 7:e900-e911. [PMID: 37940210 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(23)00215-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-level exposure to indoor air pollutants (IAPs) and their corresponding adverse health effects have become a public concern in China in the past 10 years. However, neither national nor provincial level burden of disease attributable to multiple IAPs has been reported for China. This is the first study to estimate and rank the annual burden of disease and the financial costs attributable to targeted residential IAPs at the national and provincial level in China from 2000 to 2017. METHODS We first did a systematic review and meta-analysis of 117 articles from 37 231 articles identified in major databases, and obtained exposure-response relationships for the candidate IAPs. The exposure levels to these IAPs were then collected by another systematic review of 1864 articles selected from 52 351 articles. After the systematic review, ten IAPs with significant and robust exposure-response relationships and sufficient exposure data were finally targeted: PM2·5, nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide, ozone, carbon monoxide, radon, formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, and p-dichlorobenzene. The annual exposure levels in residences were then evaluated in all 31 provinces in mainland China continuously from 2000 to 2017, using the spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression model to analyse indoor originating IAPs, and the infiltration factor method to analyse outdoor originating IAPs. The disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributable to the targeted IAPs were estimated at both national and provincial levels in China, using the population attributable fraction method. Financial costs were estimated by an adapted human capital approach. FINDINGS From 2000 to 2017, annual DALYs attributable to the ten IAPs in mainland China decreased from 4620 (95% CI 4070-5040) to 3700 (3210-4090) per 100 000. Nevertheless, in 2017, IAPs still ranked third among all risk factors, and their DALYs and financial costs accounted for 14·1% (95% CI 12·3-15·6) of total DALYs and 3·45% (3·01-3·82) of the gross domestic product. Specifically, the rank of ten targeted IAPs in order of their contribution to DALYs in 2017 was PM2·5, carbon monoxide, radon, benzene, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, sulphur dioxide, formaldehyde, toluene, and p-dichlorobenzene. The DALYs attributable to IAPs were 9·50% higher than those attributable to outdoor air pollution in 2017. For the leading IAP, PM2·5, the DALYs attributable to indoor origins are 18·3% higher than those of outdoor origins. INTERPRETATION DALYs attributed to IAPs in China have decreased by 20·0% over the past two decades. Even so, they are still much higher than those in the USA and European countries. This study can provide a basis for determining which IAPs to target in various indoor air quality standards and for estimating the health and economic benefits of various indoor air quality control approaches, which will help to reduce the adverse health effects of IAPs in China. FUNDING The National Key Research and Development Program of China and the National Natural Science Foundation of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningrui Liu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Furong Deng
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yumeng Liu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuehuan Gao
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuoru Chen
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Tang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shijie Hong
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Minyi Pan
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyue Huo
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Kangqi Guo
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fangfang Ruan
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Wenlou Zhang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Huang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxiao Su
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chanjuan Sun
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Zou
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Qian
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaohong Zheng
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangang Zeng
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Guo
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongming Bu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Corinne Mandin
- Institute for Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety, Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Otto Hänninen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Health Security, Kuopio, Finland
| | - John S Ji
- Vanke School of Public Health, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, NHC Key Laboratory of Health Technology Assessment (Fudan University), Shanghai Typhoon Institute/CMA, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Meteorology and Health, Shanghai, China; IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai China; WMO/IGAC MAP-AQ Asian Office Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China.
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9
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Niu Z, Kong S, Zheng H, Hu Y, Zheng S, Cheng Y, Yao L, Liu W, Ding F, Liu X, Qi S. Differences in compositions and effects of VOCs from vehicle emission detected using various methods. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122077. [PMID: 37343912 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Vehicle exhaust and oil fuel evaporation emit volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The differences in VOC compositions and their effects determined using different methods have not been addressed sufficiently. In this study, VOC samples are obtained from single gasoline and diesel vehicle exhausts using a portable emission measurement system, from a tunnel in Yichang City, and from gasoline and diesel evaporation at gas stations. A total of 107 VOCs are analysed. The calculated VOC source profiles (based on VOC source profiles of single-vehicle type and vehicle fleet composition in the tunnel) and the tested source profiles (from a tunnel test) are compared. The results show that gasoline burning can reduce alkenes from a mass fraction of 53.1% (for evaporation) to 3.6% (for burning), as well as increase the mass fraction of alkenes from 1.3% (for diesel evaporation) to 34.0% (for diesel burning). The calculated VOC source profiles differed from the tested VOC source profiles, with a coefficient of divergence of 0.6. Ethane, ethylene, n-undecane, and n-dodecane are used to distinguish VOCs in gasoline and diesel exhausts. Cis-2-butene, 2-methylpentane, m/p-xylene, o-xylene, and n-decane can be used to separate gasoline from diesel. The xylene/ethylbenzene ratios accurately reveal the photochemical age. Gasoline burning increases health risks associated with VOCs compared with gasoline evaporation. Furthermore, it modifies the main contributor to ozone formation potential. This study is expected to facilitate refined VOC source apportionment and studies pertaining to speciated emission inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Niu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430078, China; Research Centre for Complex Air Pollution of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430078, China.
| | - Huang Zheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430078, China; Research Centre for Complex Air Pollution of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Yao Hu
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Shurui Zheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Yi Cheng
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Liquan Yao
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Hubei Province Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Feng Ding
- Hubei Province Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Xiaoyong Liu
- Hubei Province Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430078, China; Research Centre for Complex Air Pollution of Hubei Province, Wuhan, 430078, China
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10
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Yen YC, Ku CH, Yao TC, Tsai HJ, Peng CY, Chen YC. Personal exposure to aldehydes and potential health risks among schoolchildren in the city. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:101627-101636. [PMID: 37653197 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29578-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Schoolchildren are sensitive to airborne aldehyde exposures. The knowledge regarding inhalation exposure to aldehydes and the factors influencing exposure in schoolchildren is limited. This study aimed to assess the variability and potential health risks of exposure to aldehydes (including formaldehyde) in schoolchildren. The important factors affecting personal exposure to aldehydes were also explored. Forty schoolchildren were recruited from the urban and suburban areas of Taiwan for aldehyde samplings and questionnaire surveys. Personal and indoor home samples of aldehydes were collected simultaneously during warm and cold seasons. We also identified the potential variables associated with aldehyde exposure based on the participant's responses to the questionnaires using mixed-effects models. The dominant three abundant aldehydes identified in personal exposure samples were formaldehyde (geometric mean, GM = 12.2 µg/m3), acetaldehyde (GM = 5.53 µg/m3), and hexaldehyde (GM = 8.79 µg/m3), accounting for approximately 80% of the total selected aldehydes. Higher personal exposure to aldehydes was observed during the warm season. Moreover, the within-subject variance was predominant, accounting for 66.6 to > 99.9% of the total variance in exposure. Schoolchildren had a high probability of overexposure to formaldehyde and acrolein, which resulted in an incremental lifetime cancer risk of 1.59 × 10-4 (95th percentile = 4.64 × 10-4). Season, location, household refurbishment, and indoor ventilation variables were significantly associated with personal exposure to aldehydes. The results can improve our understanding of aldehyde exposure among schoolchildren to propose mitigation strategies. These findings may be applied to further epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chuan Yen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Ku
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Chieh Yao
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ju Tsai
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Yu Peng
- Department of Public Health, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, 35 Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli, Taiwan.
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, China Medical University, 91 Hsueh-Shih Road, Taichung, Taiwan.
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, National United University, No. 2, Lienda, Miaoli, 360302, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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11
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González Serrano V, Lin EZ, Godri Pollitt KJ, Licina D. Adequacy of stationary measurements as proxies for residential personal exposure to gaseous and particle air pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116197. [PMID: 37224948 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
People are exposed to myriad of airborne pollutants in their homes. Owing to diverse potential sources of air pollution and human activity patterns, accurate assessment of residential exposures is complex. In this study, we explored the relationship between personal and stationary air pollutant measurements in residences of 37 participants working from home during the heating season. Stationary environmental monitors (SEMs) were located in the bedroom, living room or home office and personal exposure monitors (PEMs) were worn by the participants. SEMs and PEMs included both real-time sensors and passive samplers. During three consecutive weekdays, continuous data were obtained for particle number concentration (size range 0.3-10 μm), carbon dioxide (CO2), and total volatile organic compounds (TVOC), while passive samplers collected integrated measures of 36 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). The personal cloud effect was detected in >80% of the participants for CO2 and >50% participants for PM10. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that a single CO2 monitor placed in the bedroom efficiently represented personal exposure to CO2 (R2 = 0.90) and moderately so for PM10 (R2 = 0.55). Adding a second or third sensor in a residence did not lead to improved exposure estimates for CO2, with only 6-9% improvement for particles. Selecting data from SEMs when participants were in the same room improved personal exposure estimates by 33% for CO2 and 5% for particles. Out of 36 detected VOCs and SVOCs, 13 had at least 50% higher concentrations in personal versus stationary samples. Findings from this study aid improved understanding of the complex dynamics of gaseous and particle pollutants and their sources in residences, and could support the development of refined procedures for residential air quality monitoring and inhalation exposure assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana González Serrano
- Human-Oriented Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - Elizabeth Z Lin
- Environmental Health Sciences Department, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Environmental Health Sciences Department, School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, USA
| | - Dusan Licina
- Human-Oriented Built Environment Lab, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland.
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12
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Mandal M, Popek R, Przybysz A, Roy A, Das S, Sarkar A. Breathing Fresh Air in the City: Implementing Avenue Trees as a Sustainable Solution to Reduce Particulate Pollution in Urban Agglomerations. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1545. [PMID: 37050171 PMCID: PMC10097214 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The issue of air pollution from particulate matter (PM) is getting worse as more and more people move into urban areas around the globe. Due to the complexity and diversity of pollution sources, it has long been hard to rely on source control techniques to manage this issue. Due to the fact that urban trees may provide a variety of ecosystem services, there is an urgent need to investigate alternative strategies for dramatically improving air quality. PM has always been a significant concern due to its adverse effects on humans and the entire ecosystem. The severity of this issue has risen in the current global environmental context. Numerous studies on respiratory and other human disorders have revealed a statistical relationship between human exposure to outdoor levels of particles or dust and harmful health effects. These risks are undeniably close to industrial areas where these airborne, inhalable particles are produced. The combined and individual effects of the particle and gaseous contaminants on plants' general physiology can be detrimental. According to research, plant leaves, the primary receptors of PM pollution, can function as biological filters to remove significant amounts of particles from the atmosphere of urban areas. This study showed that vegetation could provide a promising green infrastructure (GI) for better air quality through the canopy and leaf-level processes, going beyond its traditional role as a passive target and sink for air pollutants. Opportunities exist for urban GI as a natural remedy for urban pollution caused by PMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamun Mandal
- Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Robert Popek
- Section of Basic Research in Horticulture, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Przybysz
- Section of Basic Research in Horticulture, Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Horticultural Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW (WULS-SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anamika Roy
- Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Sujit Das
- Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, West Bengal, India
| | - Abhijit Sarkar
- Laboratory of Applied Stress Biology, Department of Botany, University of Gour Banga, Malda 732103, West Bengal, India
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13
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Wang C, Wang W, Deng W, Zhang S, Shao S, Wen M, Li G, An T. Distribution characteristics, air-water exchange, ozone formation potential and health risk assessments of VOCs emitted from typical coking wastewater treatment process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160845. [PMID: 36526193 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Coking industry has been considered as important source of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions. However, few studies have emphasized the occurrence and adverse effects of VOCs from coking wastewater treatment processes. In this research, pollution profiles of both air and water phase VOCs in a typical coking wastewater treatment plant were investigated in terms of distribution characteristics, air-water exchange, ozone formation potential (OFP) and associated human health risks. Thirty VOCs were detected in the air phase, in which benzene and naphthalene were found to be the major VOCs with total contribution of 87.81 %. Nineteen VOCs were detected in the water phase, in which benzene, naphthalene and toluene contribute most to total VOCs with total contribution of 75.1 %. The regulating tank (RT) was the major source of VOCs, and the emission rate of total VOCs from all unites was 2711.03 g/d with annual emission of 0.99 t. The emission factor was estimated to be 1.36 g VOCs/m3 wastewater. The air-water exchange was assessed using the Fugacity model, and water-to-air volatilization was predominant based on the net flux of air-water exchange. OFP evaluated by emission factor indicated that the total OFP in RT was the highest (1.52 g O3/m3 wastewater), and toluene contributed 41.8 % of the total OFP, followed by naphthalene accounting for 38.7 % The total carcinogenic risks were in the range of 8.60 × 10-6 to 2.18 × 10-3, in which the RT exceeded the significant risk threshold (>1 × 10-4). The non-carcinogenic risks of hazard quotient value in RT also exceeded the risk threshold (>1), and naphthalene was the major contributor accounting for 79.02 %. These results not only provided comprehensive knowledge on pollution profiles and environmental risks of VOCs during coking wastewater treatment processes, but also facilitated the implement of VOCs regulation and occupational health protection strategies in coking industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wanjun Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Weiqiang Deng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shaobin Shao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Meicheng Wen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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14
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Han Y, Li L, Liu J. Distribution characteristics and potential risks of bacterial aerosol in waste transfer station. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 326:116599. [PMID: 36368203 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The waste transfer station (WTS) is an important link in the transfer of municipal solid waste (MSW) between the community and disposal terminals. While WTSs facilitate waste collection in communities, odorous gases and bioaerosols can escape from them, thereby negatively affecting their surroundings. In this study, the concentration, particle size distribution, pathogen population, and health risks of bioaerosols were analyzed at different locations in a transfer station. The results showed that the highest viable bacterial aerosol concentration was 10,353 ± 3701 CFU/m3, which was at 5 m from the disposal site. Fifty-three bacterial species, including pathogens, were detected. Of these, 39 were human pathogenic bacteria directly originating from the WTS. Furthermore, health risk assessments indicated unacceptable levels of non-carcinogenic risk for operational workers caused by bacterial aerosols of the WTS work area. In addition, bacterial aerosols may pose a severe health risk to children within a 15 m area of the WTS. The results of this study provide a scientific basis to control and reduce the risk associated with bioaerosol exposure in solid WTSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunping Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
| | - Junxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
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15
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Zheng X, Rehman S, Zhang P. Room temperature synthesis of monolithic MIL-100(Fe) in aqueous solution for energy-efficient removal and recovery of aromatic volatile organic compounds. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 442:129998. [PMID: 36152540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The removal and recovery of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are widely used in many industrials. Unfortunately, most conventional porous materials not only have low VOCs uptake, but also need to be regenerated at relatively high temperature. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have great potential for the removal and recovery of VOCs as their record-breaking gas adsorption capacity, easy regeneration, tunable pore structure and functional groups. Whereas, powdered MOFs are hardly implemented in industrial fields owing to their low bulk density and high pressure drop. Exploring a green method to prepare granular MOFs for the removal and recovery of VOCs is still a challenge. Herein, we report the room temperature green synthesis of a stable Fe-based MOF monolith by using water as the solvent without applying high pressure and chemical binders. The static and dynamic experiments show that the optimized centimeter-scale monolith has high porosity and mechanical strength, and exhibits much better adsorption performance for representative aromatic VOCs (benzene, toluene and p-xylene), than commercial activated carbon and activated carbon fiber under the same conditions. Remarkably, as-synthesized monolith can be rapidly regenerated at lower temperature. These results clearly demonstrate the advantages of MOF monoliths in removing and recovering VOCs, and also provide new insight into the effects of drying temperature, washing and centrifugation procedures on MOF shaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianming Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Environment and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Sadia Rehman
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pengyi Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China.
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16
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Li P, Ma J, Li L, Han Y, Zheng T, Wang Y, Chai F, Liu J. Emission behavior and impact assessment of gaseous volatile compounds in two typical rural domestic waste landfills. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 325:116659. [PMID: 36335702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Landfill sites are sources of gaseous volatile compounds. The dumping area (LDA) and leachate storage pool (LSP) of two typical rural domestic waste landfill sites in north China (NLF) and southwest China (SLF) were investigated. We found that 45, 46, 61 and 68 volatile organic compounds (VOC) were present in the air of NLF-LDA, NLF-LSP, SLF-LDA, and SLF-LSP, respectively. And there were 27, 29, 35 and 37 kinds of odorous compounds being detected. Oxygenated compounds (>48.88%), chlorinated compounds (>6.85%), and aromatics (>5.46%), such as organic acid, 1-chlorobutane, and benzene, were the most abundant compounds in both landfills. The SLF-LDA had the highest olfactory effect, with a corresponding total odor activity value of 29,635.39. The ozone-formation potential analysis showed that VOCs emitted from SLF landfills had significantly higher potential for ozone formation than those from NLF landfills, with ozone generation potentials of 166.02, 225.86, 2511.82, and 1615.99 mg/m3 for the NLF-LDA, NLF-LSP, SLF-LDA, and SLF-LSP, respectively. Higher chronic toxicity and cancer risk of VOCs were found in the SLF according to method of Risk Assessment Information System. Based on the sensitivity analysis by the Monte Carlo method, concentrations of benzene, propylene oxide, propylene, trichloroethylene, and N-nitrosodiethylamine, along with exposure duration, daily exposure time, and annual exposure frequency, significantly impacted the risk levels. We provide a scientific basis, which reflects the need for controlling and reducing gaseous pollutants from landfills, particularly rural residential landfills, which may improve rural sanitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Jiawei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, PR China.
| | - Yunping Han
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Tianlong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Ying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Fengguang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
| | - Junxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, PR China.
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17
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Aslam R, Sharif F, Baqar M, Nizami AS, Ashraf U. Role of ambient air pollution in asthma spread among various population groups of Lahore City: a case study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:8682-8697. [PMID: 35220536 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19086-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution levels rise as a result of industrial and vehicular emissions, epidemiological issues such as asthma become more prevalent in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan and cause adverse public health effects. Many studies explored the association between air pollutants and frequency of asthma hospital visits, although their effects are unclear. This study examined the link between air pollution, asthma, and socioeconomic and demographic factors. A questionnaire survey was administered among four age groups (15-25, 25-45, 45-60, and over 60 years old) in public and private hospitals of Lahore city. Daily average concentrations of five air pollutants including carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ozone (O3), and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) were recorded at ten fixed air monitoring sites in Lahore city. There were favorable connections between outpatient department (OPD) asthma visits (64%) and levels of outdoor air quality during winter season throughout the study period. The correlation between 1, 29, and 370 asthma patients and average daily air pollution levels found that the condition was more prevalent in females (53%) than males (47%). There was a significant correlation between PM10 exposure and asthma OPD visits in the city (p 0.001), as well as the elevated PM10 levels were substantially linked with OPD asthma visits over the winter season in the city. The hazard index (HI) for all adult population was estimated 0.001132. The study's findings indicate that exposure to ambient air pollution is a significant predictor of asthma hospital visits, particularly among the elderly. Strategies can be developed by policymakers in response to the worrying situation of allergic disease asthma in industrial cities due to air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Aslam
- Sustainable Development Study Center, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Faiza Sharif
- Sustainable Development Study Center, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Center, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Abdul-Sattar Nizami
- Sustainable Development Study Center, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Uzma Ashraf
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Lahore School of Economics, Lahore, 53200, Pakistan
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18
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Probabilistic human health risk assessment of 1,3-butadiene and styrene exposure using Monte Carlo simulation technique in the carpet production industry. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22103. [PMID: 36543865 PMCID: PMC9772311 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemicals containing Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are commonly used in the machine carpet production. 1,3-butadiene and styrene are main components of the carpenter's glue used in carpet factories. Exposition to these chemicals can lead to a number of adverse health effects. This is the first study of the human health risk assessment due to inhalational exposure to 1,3-butadiene (BD) and styrene (ST) performed among workers in the carpet factories in Kashan city, Iran. The importance of the study was related with the fact of high popularity of carpet production in the South Asia countries. Inhalation exposure to BD and ST were measured based on the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 1024 and 1501 methods, respectively. The cancerogenic risk (CR) and non-cancerogenic risk described as Hazard Quotient (HQ) values were calculated based on the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) method. The sensitivity and uncertainty analysis were performed by the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique. The average concentration measured of BD and ST during work shifts of employees were 0.039 mg m-3 (0.017 ppm) and 12.108 mg m-3 (2.84 ppm), respectively. The mean ± SD value of estimated cancerogenic risk in inhalation exposure to BD and ST were equal to 5.13 × 10-3 ± 3.85 × 10-4 and 1.44 × 10-3 ± 2.36 × 10-4, respectively exceeding the acceptable risk level of 10-6 defined by USEPA. The average non-carcinogenic risk (HQ) values of BD and ST were equal to 8.50 × 100 and 5.13 × 100, respectively exceeding the acceptable risk level of 1. As the results of our studies exceeded both cancerogenic and non-carcinogenic risk values it indicates that adverse health effects due to inhalational exposure to BD and ST for workers in the machine carpet industry are very likely. To avoid negative health effects protective measures for employees in the factories should be introduced immediately and furher detailed research are recommended.
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19
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Lu X, Gong C, Lv K, Zheng L, Li B, Zhao Y, Lu H, Wei T, Huang J, Li R. Impacts of combined exposure to formaldehyde and PM 2.5 at ambient concentrations on airway inflammation in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 315:120234. [PMID: 36195197 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is a respiratory disease that can be exacerbated by certain environmental factors. Both formaldehyde (FA) and PM2.5, the most common indoor and outdoor air pollutants in mainland China, are closely associated with the onset and development of asthma. To date, however, there is very little report available on whether there is an exacerbating effect of combined exposure to FA and PM2.5 at ambient concentrations. In this study, asthmatic mice were exposed to 1 mg/m3 FA, 1 mg/kg PM2.5, or a combination of 0.5 mg/m3 FA and 0.5 mg/kg PM2.5, respectively. Results demonstrated that both levels of oxidative stress and inflammation were significantly increased, accompanied by an obvious decline in lung function. Further, the initial activation of p38 MAPK and NF-κB that intensified the immune imbalance of asthmatic mice were found to be visibly mitigated following the administration of SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor. Noteworthily, it was found that combined exposure to the two at ambient concentrations could significantly worsen asthma than exposure to each of the two alone at twice the ambient concentration. This suggests that combined exposure to formaldehyde and PM2.5 at ambient concentrations may have a synergistic effect, thus causing more severe damage in asthmatic mice. In general, this work has revealed that the combined exposure to FA and PM2.5 at ambient concentrations can synergistically aggravate asthma via the p38 MAPK pathway in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxian Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China; Department of Materials and Architectural Engineering, Hebei Institute of Mechanical and Electrical Technology, Xingtai, 054002, China
| | - Cunyi Gong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Ke Lv
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Lifang Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Beibei Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Yuanteng Zhao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Haonan Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Tingting Wei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Jiawei Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China
| | - Rui Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, China.
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20
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Arı A, Arı PE, İlhan SÖ, Gaga EO. Handheld two-stroke engines as an important source of personal VOC exposure for olive farm workers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:78711-78725. [PMID: 35699878 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21378-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Personal exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is mainly associated with indoor exposures; however, elevated short-term exposures may also occur during ambient activities. Handheld two-stroke gasoline-powered engines have widespread use in agriculture, but so far, no studies have been conducted on the potential health risks due to the inhalation of emitted VOCs. A one-week passive sampling has been conducted on olive farm workers during the harvesting season to monitor personal exposure levels to VOCs. The first group of workers was selected to represent the contribution of gasoline-powered shaker to daily personal VOC exposures, and one another group of workers was selected as the control, whose have not been using the device. Higher concentrations of 1-pentene, n-hexane, isopentane, n-pentene, and toluene were observed in personal samples collected from machine operators. Personal exposure concentrations of a total of 45 monitored VOCs varied between 29.2 ± 10.7 and 3733.4 ± 3300.1 µg m-3 among 20 volunteer workers. Estimated carcinogenic risks were between the acceptable levels of 10-4 and 10-6 for all workers. All individual chronic HQs and HIs (as the sum of individual HQs) were below the benchmark value of 1 for regular workers in 3 different sampling sites, whereas HI values in both acute (short term) and chronic exposure scenarios were exceeded 1 for shaker machine operators. This represented potential non-carcinogenic health hazards for exposed shaker operators, along with elevated VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akif Arı
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey.
| | - Pelin Ertürk Arı
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Soner Özenç İlhan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Eftade O Gaga
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, 26555, Eskişehir, Turkey
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21
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Cheng CA, Ching TC, Tsai SW, Chuang KJ, Chuang HC, Chang TY. Exposure and health risk assessment of indoor volatile organic compounds in a medical university. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 213:113644. [PMID: 35697085 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are used for experiments at universities, and most of them contain benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylene, and an extraction solvent of dichloromethane. This study aimed to investigate the indoor concentrations of these five compounds in different locations on campus and to evaluate possible health risks for faculty members and students in a medical university. We selected 10 locations as sampling sites to conduct 4-h monitoring sessions on weekdays each season during 2019-2020. We used a 6-liter canister to collect air samples and analyzed these five VOCs via gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. Monte Carlo simulation was performed to evaluate the carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks of these five VOCs. We found that dichloromethane was the most highly detected compound (median: 621.07 μg/m3; range: 44.01-8523.91 μg/m3), and the Department of Medicine had the highest concentration of the total of these VOCs among all of the locations (median: 5595.29 μg/m3; range: 1565.67-7398.66 μg/m3). The median carcinogenic risks of dichloromethane and benzene were 6.36 × 10-5 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.83 × 10-6-7.37 × 10-4) and 5.47 × 10-6 (95% CI: 4.03 × 10-7-2.42 × 10-5), respectively, for faculty members, and the lower risks of 3.14 × 10-5 (95% CI: 3.39 × 10-6-3.64 × 10-4) and 2.69 × 10-6 (95% CI: 1.97 × 10-7-1.19 × 10-5) were estimated for the students. The chronic noncarcinogenic risks of four VOCs were less than one, except for dichloromethane with a median hazard index of 1.92 (95% CI: 2.11 × 10-1-2.22 × 101). This study observed the spatial variation in the concentrations of the total of five VOCs and dichloromethane. The carcinogenic risks were classified as being at the possible level, and the noncarcinogenic risk of dichloromethane was greater than the acceptable level. Increasing local exhaust ventilation during the experiment and reducing the using amount of dichloromethane are recommended actions to reduce VOCs exposures in the medical university.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieh-An Cheng
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Chun Ching
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Tsai
- Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Jen Chuang
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; School of Public Health, College of Public Health and Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chi Chuang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Yuan Chang
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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22
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Fang L, Liu N, Liu W, Mo J, Zhao Z, Kan H, Deng F, Huang C, Zhao B, Zeng X, Sun Y, Qian H, Sun C, Guo J, Zheng X, Zhang Y. Indoor formaldehyde levels in residences, schools, and offices in China in the past 30 years: A systematic review. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13141. [PMID: 36305078 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to formaldehyde causes a variety of adverse health outcomes, while the distributions of indoor formaldehyde in different building types are still not clear in China. In this study, based on the systematic review of previously published data and Monte Carlo simulation, we assessed geographical and temporal distributions of indoor formaldehyde concentrations in residences, schools, and offices across China. A total of 397 studies covered 34 provincial-level regions since 1986 were collected. The results showed that indoor formaldehyde concentrations in residences, schools, and offices in nationwide were decreasing over years due to the publishment of indoor air quality standards since 2002. During 2011 to 2015, the median concentrations of indoor formaldehyde in newly renovated residences, schools, and offices were 153 μg/m3 , 163 μg/m3 , and 94 μg/m3 , with an exceeding rate of 82%, 46%, and 91% considering a standard threshold of 100 μg/m3 at that time, while the exceeding rate was less than 5% for buildings that were renovated beyond one year. Our findings release the temporal trends and geographic distributions of indoor formaldehyde concentrations in residences, schools, and offices in China in the past 30 years, and provide basic data for the comprehensive evaluation of disease burden attributable to indoor formaldehyde exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Fang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
- Daikin industries, LTD, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ningrui Liu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Furong Deng
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Huang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangang Zeng
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Qian
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chanjuan Sun
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianguo Guo
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Zheng
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
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23
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Huang S, Ma S, Wang D, Liu H, Li G, Yu Y. National-scale urinary phthalate metabolites in the general urban residents involving 26 provincial capital cities in China and the influencing factors as well as non-carcinogenic risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:156062. [PMID: 35597362 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) are widely used in daily products but can cause a variety of adverse effects in humans. Few studies have been carried out on human internal exposure levels of PAEs on a large-scale, especially in developing countries. In the present study, 1161 urine samples collected from residents of 26 provincial capitals in China were analyzed for nine phthalate metabolites (mPAEs). The chemicals were widely detected, and the median specific gravity adjusted urinary concentration of Σ9mPAEs was 278 μg/L. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) were the main parent PAEs that the residents were exposed to. Demographic characteristics, such as age and educational level, were significantly associated with PAE exposure. Children and the elderly had higher mPAE levels. Subjects with lower educational levels were more frequently exposed to DnBP and DEHP. However, mono-ethyl phthalate showed the opposite trend, i.e., higher concentrations in subjects aged 18-59 years and with higher educational levels. Geographic differences were detected at the national scale. Residents in northeastern and western China had higher levels of mPAEs than those in central China, most likely because of different industrial usage of the chemicals and different living habits and living conditions of the residents. Health risk assessment showed that hazard indices of PAEs ranged from 0.07 to 9.34, with 20.0% of the subjects being concern for potential non-carcinogenic risk as assessed by Monte Carlo simulation. DEHP and DnBP were the primary contributors, representing 96.7% of total risk. This first large-scale study on PAE human internal exposure in China provides useful information on residents' health in a developing country, which could be used for chemical management and health protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Senyuan Huang
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Dongwu Wang
- Shouguang City Center for Disease Control and Prevention in Shandong Province, Weifang 262700, PR China
| | - Hongli Liu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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24
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Liu N, Bu Z, Liu W, Kan H, Zhao Z, Deng F, Huang C, Zhao B, Zeng X, Sun Y, Qian H, Mo J, Sun C, Guo J, Zheng X, Weschler LB, Zhang Y. Indoor exposure levels and risk assessment of volatile organic compounds in residences, schools, and offices in China from 2000 to 2021: A systematic review. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13091. [PMID: 36168233 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The last two decades have witnessed rapid urbanization and economic growth accompanied by severe indoor air pollution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in China. However, indoor VOC pollution across China has not been well characterized and documented. This study is a systematic review of field measurements of eight target VOCs (benzene, toluene, xylenes, acetaldehyde, p-dichlorobenzene, butadiene, trichloroethylene, and tetrachloroethylene) in residences, offices, and schools in China from 2000 to 2021. The results show that indoor pollution of benzene, toluene, and xylenes has been more serious in China than in other countries. Spatiotemporal distribution shows lower indoor VOC levels in east and south-east regions and a declining trend from 2000 to 2021. Moving into a dwelling more than 1 year after decoration and improving ventilation could significantly reduce exposure to indoor VOCs. Reducing benzene exposure is urgently needed because it is associated with greater health risks (4.5 × 10-4 for lifetime cancer risk and 8.3 for hazard quotient) than any other VOCs. The present study enriches the database of indoor VOC levels and provides scientific evidence for improving national indoor air quality standards as well as estimating the attributable disease burden caused by VOCs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningrui Liu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongming Bu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Furong Deng
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Huang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangang Zeng
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Qian
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chanjuan Sun
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianguo Guo
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Zheng
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
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25
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Gielen GJHP, Andrews JP, Karbiwnyk CM, Riddell MJC, Husheer SW, Gapes DJ. Hydrothermal conversion of toilet waste: effect of processing conditions on gas phase emissions. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09708. [PMID: 35756115 PMCID: PMC9213707 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, many populations suffer from a lack of access to basic sanitation facilities. This is partly caused by a combination of water resource shortages and the high cost of conventional centralised treatment systems. A novel decentralised treatment technology based on sub-critical hydrothermal processing of organic wastes at toilet-scale, contributes to addressing these economic and resource limitations. To be effective, this technology needs to satisfy a broad range of environmental and safety considerations, including the nature and quantity of formed gas products. We investigated the impact of four process parameters (temperature; O2: COD ratio (λ); time; feed solids content) on off-gas composition by quantifying volatile organic compounds (VOCs), CO, H2 and CO2 in factorial experiments. Temperature and λ influenced VOCs generation greatly. The lowest VOC emissions occurred at 200% λ and 300 °C. Aldehydes and ketones were mostly generated at 200% λ and intermediate temperatures, sulphur compounds in the absence of oxygen, and aromatics, furans, and pyrroles at intermediate oxygen levels and elevated temperatures. Most CO was created at 300 °C but its concentration decreased at longer processing times. Processing conditions have complex impacts and require careful consideration when designing for real world deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John P Andrews
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | | | - Mark J C Riddell
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Sean W Husheer
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
| | - Daniel J Gapes
- Scion, Titokorangi Drive, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand
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26
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Liu N, Bu Z, Liu W, Kan H, Zhao Z, Deng F, Huang C, Zhao B, Zeng X, Sun Y, Qian H, Mo J, Sun C, Guo J, Zheng X, Weschler LB, Zhang Y. Health effects of exposure to indoor volatile organic compounds from 1980 to 2017: A systematic review and meta-analysis. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13038. [PMID: 35622720 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) indoors is thought to be associated with several adverse health effects. However, we still lack concentration-response (C-R) relationships between VOC levels in civil buildings and various health outcomes. For this paper, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies to summarize related associations and C-R relationships. Four databases were searched to collect all relevant studies published between January 1980 and December 2017. A total of 39 studies were identified in the systematic review, and 32 of these were included in the meta-analysis. We found that the pooled relative risk (RR) for leukemia was 1.03 (95% CI: 1.01-1.05) per 1 μg/m3 increase of benzene and 1.25 (95%CI: 1.14-1.37) per 0.1 μg/m3 increase of butadiene. The pooled RRs for asthma were 1.08 (95% CI: 1.02-1.14), 1.02 (95% CI: 1.00-1.04), and 1.04 (95% CI: 1.02-1.06) per 1 μg/m3 increase of benzene, toluene, and p-dichlorobenzene, respectively. The pooled RR for low birth weight was 1.12 (95% CI: 1.05-1.19) per 1 μg/m3 increase of benzene. Our findings provide robust evidence for associations between benzene and leukemia, asthma, and low birth weight, as well as for health effects of some other VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningrui Liu
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongming Bu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Institute for Health and Environment, Chongqing University of Science and Technology, Chongqing, China
| | - Haidong Kan
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Furong Deng
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Huang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangang Zeng
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Hua Qian
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Chanjuan Sun
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianguo Guo
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Zheng
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Yinping Zhang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing, China
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Li X, Li Z, Shen H, Zhao H, Qin G, Xue J. Effects of long-term and low-concentration exposures of benzene and formaldehyde on mortality of Drosophila melanogaster. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 300:118924. [PMID: 35104555 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Single-chemical thresholds cannot comprehensively evaluate the risk of chemical mixture exposure in indoor air. Moreover, a large number of researches have focused on short-term and high-concentration co-exposure scenarios related to different species, based on diverse endpoints, which hampers the application and improvement of existing risk evaluation models of chemical mixture exposures. More importantly, current risk evaluation models are not user-friendly for construction practitioners who do not have sufficient toxicological knowledge. Therefore, in this study, an inhalation experiment system and a hazard index (HI) were developed to investigate the risks associated with low-concentration and long-term inhalation exposure scenarios of formaldehyde and benzene, individually and combined, based on Drosophila melanogaster mortality. The results showed that the system exhibited good reproducibility in providing stable exposure concentrations during D. melanogaster life cycle. Furthermore, in a range of experimental concentrations, the interaction between formaldehyde and benzene was additive or synergistic, which was concentration- and ratio-dependent. This study is of great significance in harmonising and providing toxicity data under long-term and low-concentration exposure scenarios, which is beneficial for establishing a new user-friendly risk evaluation model for indoor chemical mixture exposures. It should be noted that the proposed HI value could indicate the hazard degrees of long-term inhalation exposures of formaldehyde and benzene, individually and combined, to D. melanogaster. However, the applicability of this index requires further experiments to evaluate the exposure risks of other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoying Li
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Zhenhai Li
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Hao Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Haishan Zhao
- Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Guojun Qin
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Jingchuan Xue
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
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Shi J, Bao Y, Ren L, Chen Y, Bai Z, Han X. Mass Concentration, Source and Health Risk Assessment of Volatile Organic Compounds in Nine Cities of Northeast China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084915. [PMID: 35457782 PMCID: PMC9028055 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
From April 2008 to July 2009, ambient measurements of 58 volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including alkanes, alkenes, and aromatics, were conducted in nine industrial cities (Shenyang, Fushun, Changchun, Jilin, Harbin, Daqing, Huludao, Anshan and Tianjin) of the Northeast Region, China (NRC). Daqing had the highest concentration of VOCs (519.68 ± 309.88 μg/m3), followed by Changchun (345.01 ± 170.52 μg/m3), Harbin (231.14 ± 46.69 μg/m3), Jilin (221.63 ± 34.32 μg/m3), Huludao (195.92 ± 103.26 μg/m3), Fushun (135.43 ± 46.01 μg/m3), Anshan (109.68 ± 23.27 μg/m3), Tianjin (104.31 ± 46.04 μg/m3), Shenyang (75.2 ± 40.09 μg/m3). Alkanes constituted the largest percentage (>40%) in concentrations of the quantified VOCs in NRC, and the exception was Tianjin dominated by aromatics (about 52.34%). Although alkanes were the most abundant VOCs at the cities, the most important VOCs contributing to ozone formation potential (OFP) were alkenes and aromatics. Changchun had the highest OFP (537.3 μg/m3), Tianjin had the lowest OFP (111.7 μg/m3). The main active species contributing to OFP in the nine cities were C2~C6 alkanes, C7~C8 aromatic hydrocarbons, individual cities (Daqing) contained n-hexane, propane and other alkane species. Correlation between individual hydrocarbons, B/T ratio and principal component analysis model (PCA) were deployed to explore the source contributions. The results showed that the source of vehicle exhausts was one of the primary sources of VOCs in all nine cities. Additionally, individual cities, such as Daqing, petrochemical industry was founded to be an important source of VOCs. The results gained from this study provided a large of useful information for better understanding the characteristics and sources of ambient VOCs incities of NRC. The non-carcinogenic risk values of the nine cities were within the safe range recognized by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (HQ < 1), and the lifetime carcinogenic risk values of benzene were 3.82 × 10−5~1.28 × 10−4, which were higher than the safety range specified by the US Environmental Protection Agency (R < 1.00 × 10−6). The results of risk values indicated that there was a risk of cancer in these cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwu Shi
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (J.S.); (Y.B.); (L.R.)
- National-Regional Engineering Center for Recovery of Waste Gases from Metallurgical and Chemical Industries, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yuzhai Bao
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (J.S.); (Y.B.); (L.R.)
- National-Regional Engineering Center for Recovery of Waste Gases from Metallurgical and Chemical Industries, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Liang Ren
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China; (J.S.); (Y.B.); (L.R.)
| | - Yuanqi Chen
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China;
| | - Zhipeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China;
| | - Xinyu Han
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-150-8715-0201
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29
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Chen Q, Tian E, Luo Z, Mo J. Adsorption film with sub-milli-interface morphologies via direct ink writing for indoor formaldehyde removal. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 427:128190. [PMID: 35007806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In-situ thermally regenerated flexible adsorption films are superior for long-term purification of indoor low-concentration volatile organic compounds (VOCs). To further improve the adsorption kinetics of the films, the surface morphology of adsorption films was suggested in hierarchical channel structure. However, such structure is far from practical applications because of its complicated fabrication method and limited flexibility. In this study, we proposed a convenient and fast method named direct ink writing (DIW) based 3D printing to fabricate flexible adsorption films. Inks were prepared to have appropriate rheological properties and good printability. Three types of adsorption film (flat, straight finned, and trough-like finned) were constructed on flexible polyimide circuit substrates by DIW. We utilized the printed adsorption films for indoor level (1 ppm) formaldehyde removal. The trough-like finned film achieved the best performance among the three printed films, showing a 275% longer penetration time and 252% larger effective adsorption capacity than the flat film. By conducting a 7-cycle adsorption-desorption experiment (more than 12 h), we verified that the films' adsorption performance could effectively recover via in-situ heating. This work could dance around the complicated coating process, increase the structural flexibility and reduce the adsorbent interfacial modification cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Chen
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Enze Tian
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China; Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ziyi Luo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinhan Mo
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China; Key Laboratory of Eco Planning & Green Building, Ministry of Education (Tsinghua University), Beijing 100084, China.
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30
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Ahmadi-Moshiran V, Sajedian AA, Soltanzadeh A, Seifi F, Koobasi R, Nikbakht N, Sadeghi-Yarandi M. Carcinogenic and health risk assessment of respiratory exposure to Acrylonitrile, 1,3-Butadiene and Styrene (ABS) in a Petrochemical Industry Using the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2022; 28:i-ix. [PMID: 35363589 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2022.2059171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to carcinogenic and health risk assessment of respiratory exposure to acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, and styrene in the petrochemical industry. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted in a petrochemical plant producing acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene (ABS) copolymers. Respiratory exposure with acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene and styrene was measured using methods No. 1604, 1024, and 1501 of the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, respectively. The US Environmental Protection Agency method was used to assess carcinogenic and health risks. RESULTS The average occupational exposure to acrylonitrile, 1,3-butadiene, and styrene was 560.82 μg. m-3 for 1,3-butadiene, 122.8 μg. m-3 for acrylonitrile and 1.92 μg. m-3 for styrene. The average lifetime cancer risk (LCR) in the present study was 2.71 ×10-3 for 1,3-butadiene, 2.1 ×10-3 for acrylonitrile, and 6.6 for styrene. Also, the mean non-cancer risk (HQ) among all participants for 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, and styrene was 4.04 ± 6.93, 10.82 ± 14.76, and 0.19 ± 0.11, respectively. CONCLUSION The values of carcinogenic and health risks in the majority of the subjects were within the unacceptable risk levels due to exposure to 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, and styrene vapors. Hence, corrective actions are required to protect the workers from non-cancer and cancer risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Ahmadi-Moshiran
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran. Email address: , Tel
| | - Ali Asghar Sajedian
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Email address: , Tel
| | - Ahmad Soltanzadeh
- Department of Occupational Health and Safety Engineering, Research Center for Environmental Pollutants, Faculty of Health, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran. , Tel
| | - Fatemeh Seifi
- Department of HSE, Faculty of Environment and Energy, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran. Email address: , Tel
| | - Rozhin Koobasi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Email address: , Tel
| | - Neda Nikbakht
- Department of Chemical Engineering Health, Safety and Environment and Human and Sustainable Development Research Center, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran. Email address: , Tel
| | - Mohsen Sadeghi-Yarandi
- Department of Occupational Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Email address: , Tel
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31
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Yu J, Wania F, Abbatt JPD. A New Approach to Characterizing the Partitioning of Volatile Organic Compounds to Cotton Fabric. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3365-3374. [PMID: 35230819 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemical partitioning to surfaces can influence human exposure by various pathways, resulting in adverse health consequences. Clothing can act as a source, a barrier, or a transient reservoir for chemicals that can affect dermal and inhalation exposure rates. A few clothing-mediated exposure studies have characterized the accumulation of a select number of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), but systematic studies on the partitioning behavior for classes of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and SVOCs are lacking. Here, the cloth-air equilibrium partition ratios (KCA) for carbonyl, carboxylic acid, and aromatic VOC homologous series were characterized for cellulose-based cotton fabric, using timed exposures in a real indoor setting followed by online thermal desorption and nontargeted mass spectrometric analysis. The analyzed VOCs exhibit rapid equilibration within a day. Homologous series generally show linear correlations of the logarithm of KCA with carbon number and the logarithms of the VOC vapor pressure and octanol-air equilibrium partition ratio (KOA). When expressed as a volume-normalized partition ratio, log KCA_V values are in a range of 5-8, similar to the values for previously measured SVOCs which have lower volatility. When expressed as surface area-normalized adsorption constants, KCA_S values suggest that equilibration corresponds to a saturated surface coverage of adsorbed species. Aqueous solvation may occur for the most water-soluble species such as formic and acetic acids. Overall, this new experimental approach facilitates VOC partitioning studies relevant to environmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Frank Wania
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Jonathan P D Abbatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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32
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Bao J, Li H, Wu Z, Zhang X, Zhang H, Li Y, Qian J, Chen J, Deng L. Atmospheric carbonyls in a heavy ozone pollution episode at a metropolis in Southwest China: Characteristics, health risk assessment, sources analysis. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 113:40-54. [PMID: 34963548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ambient carbonyls were continuously observed in the field during a heavy ozone pollution episode in Chengdu, China from August 4 to August 19, 2019, and the pollution characteristics, atmospheric photochemical reactivity, human health risk, and sources of carbonyls were analyzed. Fifteen carbonyls were quantified with average total mixing ratios of 20.38 ppbv Formaldehyde (9.86 ppbv), acetone (4.41 ppbv), and acetaldehyde (3.57 ppbv) were the three most abundant carbonyls. During the heavy ozone pollution episode, the concentration of carbonyls was found to be higher on pollution days than on the clean days, and relatively higher in the daytime, especially at noon on the pollution days. This was influenced by the intensity of photochemical reactions and precipitation. The "weekend effect" with the concentration of carbonyls was higher on the weekends than on the weekdays was pointed out. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and hexaldehyde were the dominant oxidative species during the observation. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk values of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were higher on pollution days than on clean days, and these values were higher compared with those of other cities in China and abroad. Long-term exposure to these compounds should therefore be avoided. Diagnostic ratios and correlation analysis together with backward trajectory analysis showed that primary emission and secondary formation accounted 66%-76% and 24%-34% of carbonyls in Chengdu, respectively, with primary emission being the main sources of carbonyls, and carbonyls from the surrounding cities and emission from natural sources also had a significant contribution to the carbonyls in Chengdu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiemeng Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Zhenhai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Mathematics, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yunfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Sichuan Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Junhui Chen
- Sichuan Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
| | - Liqun Deng
- Sichuan Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu 610000, China
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Characterizing Key Volatile Pollutants Emitted from Adhesives by Chemical Compositions, Odor Contributions and Health Risks. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27031125. [PMID: 35164389 PMCID: PMC8839774 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
As one of the major sources of volatile pollutants in indoor air, gaseous emissions from adhesives during interior decoration have attracted increasing concern. Identifying major volatile pollutants and the risk in adhesive gaseous emissions is of great significance, but remains rarely reported. In the present research, we assessed the major volatile pollutants emitted from white emulsion adhesive and silicone adhesive samples (n = 30) from three aspects: chemical composition, odor and health risk contributions. The results showed that a total of 21 volatile pollutants were detected. Significantly, xylene was the most concentrated compound from white emulsion adhesives, accounting for 45.51% of the total concentrations. Butanone oxime was the most concentrated compound in silicone adhesives, accounting for 69.86% of the total concentrations. The trends in odor concentration (evaluated by the odor activity value method) over time were well correlated with the total chemical concentrations. Xylene (58.00%) and butanone oxime (76.75%) showed the highest odor contribution, respectively. Moreover, from an integrated perspective of chemical emissions, odor and health risk contributions, xylene, ethylbenzene, ethyl acetate and benzene were identified as the key volatile pollutants emitted from the white emulsion adhesives, while butanone oxime, butanone, and ethanol were the key volatile pollutants emitted from the silicone adhesives. This study not only identified the key volatile pollutants but also provided characteristics of odor and health risks of gas emitted from adhesives.
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34
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Chen WQ, Zhang XY. 1,3-Butadiene: a ubiquitous environmental mutagen and its associations with diseases. Genes Environ 2022; 44:3. [PMID: 35012685 PMCID: PMC8744311 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-021-00233-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a petrochemical manufactured in high volumes. It is a human carcinogen and can induce lymphohematopoietic cancers, particularly leukemia, in occupationally-exposed workers. BD is an air pollutant with the major environmental sources being automobile exhaust and tobacco smoke. It is one of the major constituents and is considered the most carcinogenic compound in cigarette smoke. The BD concentrations in urban areas usually vary between 0.01 and 3.3 μg/m3 but can be significantly higher in some microenvironments. For BD exposure of the general population, microenvironments, particularly indoor microenvironments, are the primary determinant and environmental tobacco smoke is the main contributor. BD has high cancer risk and has been ranked the second or the third in the environmental pollutants monitored in most urban areas, with the cancer risks exceeding 10-5. Mutagenicity/carcinogenicity of BD is mediated by its genotoxic metabolites but the specific metabolite(s) responsible for the effects in humans have not been determined. BD can be bioactivated to yield three mutagenic epoxide metabolites by cytochrome P450 enzymes, or potentially be biotransformed into a mutagenic chlorohydrin by myeloperoxidase, a peroxidase almost specifically present in neutrophils and monocytes. Several urinary BD biomarkers have been developed, among which N-acetyl-S-(4-hydroxy-2-buten-1-yl)-L-cysteine is the most sensitive and is suitable for biomonitoring BD exposure in the general population. Exposure to BD has been associated with leukemia, cardiovascular disease, and possibly reproductive effects, and may be associated with several cancers, autism, and asthma in children. Collectively, BD is a ubiquitous pollutant that has been associated with a range of adverse health effects and diseases with children being a subpopulation with potentially greater susceptibility. Its adverse effects on human health may have been underestimated and more studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Qi Chen
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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35
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Huang S, Song S, Nielsen CP, Zhang Y, Xiong J, Weschler LB, Xie S, Li J. Residential building materials: An important source of ambient formaldehyde in mainland China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106909. [PMID: 34619531 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the contribution of formaldehyde from residential building materials to ambient air in mainland China. Based on 265 indoor field tests in 9 provinces, we estimate that indoor residential sources are responsible for 6.66% of the total anthropogenic formaldehyde in China's ambient air (range for 31 provinces: 1.88-18.79%). Residential building materials rank 6th among 81 anthropogenic sources (range: 2nd-10th for 31 provinces). Emission intensities show large spatial variability between and within regions due to different residential densities, emission characteristics of building materials, and indoor thermal conditions. Our findings indicate that formaldehyde from the indoor environment is a significant source of ambient formaldehyde, especially in urban areas. This study will help to more accurately evaluate exposure to ambient formaldehyde and its related pollutants, and will assist in formulating policies to protect air quality and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodan Huang
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston 02115, USA
| | - Shaojie Song
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Boston 02138, USA
| | - Chris P Nielsen
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Boston 02138, USA
| | - Yuqiang Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham 27708, USA
| | - Jianyin Xiong
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | | | - Shaodong Xie
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston 02115, USA; College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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36
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Yin Y, He J, Zhao L, Pei J, Yang X, Sun Y, Cui X, Lin CH, Wei D, Chen Q. Identification of key volatile organic compounds in aircraft cabins and associated inhalation health risks. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 158:106999. [PMID: 34991259 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The identification of key VOCs during flights is important in creating a satisfactory aircraft cabin environment. Two VOC databases for the building indoor environment (from 251 occupied residences) and the aircraft cabin environment (from 56 commercial flights) were compared, to determine the common compounds (detection rate (DR) > 70%) in the two environments and the characteristic VOCs (only those with high DR during flights) in aircraft cabins. Possible VOC emission sources in flights were also discussed. As TVOC is usually viewed as a general indicator of air quality, the prediction of TVOC concentration was carried out using BP neural network algorithm, and the average error between the predicted and measured values was 55.35 μg/m3 (R2 = 0.80). Meanwhile, the VOCs' inhalation cancer/non-cancer risks to crew members and passengers were calculated on the basis of detection rates, exposure concentrations, and health risk assessments. Six compounds (i.e., formaldehyde, benzene, tetrachloroethylene, trichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane, and naphthalene) were proposed as the key VOCs in the existing aircraft cabin environment, presenting a risk to crew members that is higher than the US EPA proposed acceptable level (evaluated mean value > 1E-06). The estimated lifetime excess cancer/non-cancer risks for passengers were all below the assessment criteria. Based on a summary of various VOC limits in five built environments, hierarchical design of VOC concentration limits is recommended for the aircraft environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Yin
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Junzhou He
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Jingjing Pei
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Xudong Yang
- Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Environmental Quality Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xikang Cui
- COMAC Beijing Aircraft Technology Research Institute, Beijing 102211, China
| | - Chao-Hsin Lin
- Environmental Control Systems, Boeing Commercial Airplanes, Everett, WA 98203, USA
| | - Daniel Wei
- Boeing Research & Technology - China, Beijing 100027, China
| | - Qingyan Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Kharel M, Chalise S, Chalise B, Sharma KR, Gyawali D, Paudyal H, Neupane BB. Assessing volatile organic compound level in selected workplaces of Kathmandu Valley. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08262. [PMID: 34765781 PMCID: PMC8571507 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are one of the major contributors to poor indoor air quality. Due to advancements in sensor technologies, continuous if not regular monitoring total VOC (TVOC) and or some specific VOC in potential high risk workplaces is possible even in resource limited settings. In this study, we implemented a portable VOC sensor to measure concentration of TVOC and formaldehyde (HCHO) in six types of potential high risk workplaces (n = 56 sites) of Katmandu Valley. For comparison, concentration was also measured in immediate surroundings (n = 56) of all the sites. To get preliminary information on safety practices, a survey study was also conducted. The mean TVOC and HCHO concentration in the sites ranged from 1.5‒8 mg/m3 and <0.01–5.5 mg/m3, respectively. The indoor: outdoor TVOC and HCHO ratio (I/O) was found to be significantly higher (I/O > 1.5 and p < 0.05) in 34 (~61%) and 47 sites (∼84%), respectively. A strong positive correlation between HCHO and TVOC concentration was observed in furniture industry (R = 0.91) and metal workshops (R = 0.98). Interestingly, we found TVOC and HCHO concentration higher than WHO safe limit in ∼64% and ∼32% sites, respectively. A rough estimate of chronic daily intake (CDI) of formaldehyde showed that CDI is higher than WHO limit in four sites. These findings suggested that indoor air quality in the significant number of the workplaces is poor and possible measures should be taken to minimize the exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhav Kharel
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Surendra Chalise
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Baburam Chalise
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Khaga Raj Sharma
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Deepak Gyawali
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal.,Ministry of Forests and Environment, Department of Environment, Government of Nepal, Nepal
| | - Hari Paudyal
- Central Department of Chemistry, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal
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Bu Z, Hu M, Yuan F, Xu Y, Dong C, Zhang N, Mmereki D, Cao J, Zheng Y. Phthalates in Chinese vehicular environments: Source emissions, concentrations, and human exposure. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:2118-2129. [PMID: 34288145 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates are typical air pollutants in vehicular environment since numerous synthetic materials that might contain phthalates are widely used to fabricate vehicle interiors (e.g., seat cushions, floor mats and dashboards). Hitherto, the importance of phthalate pollution in vehicular environment is not well-recognized because people spend only a small portion (around 8%) of their time in vehicles. In this study, the mass fractions of six phthalates in nine materials commonly used in Chinese vehicles (floor mats and seat cushions) were measured. Two phthalates, di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), were identified in most materials (the other phthalates were not detected). The emission characteristics of DnBP and DEHP from these materials were further investigated. The measured emission parameters were used as input for a mass-transfer model to estimate DnBP and DEHP concentrations in cabin air. Finally, the ratios between human exposures (via inhalation and dermal absorption from the gas phase) in vehicular environment and the total exposures in typical indoor environments (e.g., residences and offices) were estimated to be up to 110% and 20% for DnBP and DEHP, respectively. Based on these results, the vehicular environment might be a considerable site for human exposure to airborne phthalates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Bu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Maochao Hu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangzhou Yuan
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yousheng Xu
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cong Dong
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel Mmereki
- Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Jianping Cao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youqu Zheng
- Department of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, China
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou, China
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Xie G, Chen H, Zhang F, Shang X, Zhan B, Zeng L, Mu Y, Mellouki A, Tang X, Chen J. Compositions, sources, and potential health risks of volatile organic compounds in the heavily polluted rural North China Plain during the heating season. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 789:147956. [PMID: 34052493 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Severe volatile organic compound (VOC) pollution has become an urgent problem during the heating season in the North China Plain (NCP), as exposure to hazardous VOCs can lead to chronic or acute diseases. A campaign with online VOC measurements was conducted at a rural site in Wangdu, NCP during the 2018 heating season to characterize the compositions and associated sources of VOCs and to assess their potential health risks. The total concentration of VOCs with 94 identified species was 77.21 ± 54.39 ppb. Seven source factors were identified by non-negative matrix factorization, including coal combustion (36.1%), LPG usage (21.1%), solvent usage (13.9%), biomass burning and secondary formation (14.2%), background (7.0%), industrial emissions (4.5%), and vehicle emissions (3.3%). The point estimate approach and Monte Carlo simulation were used to estimate the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of harzadous VOCs. The results showed that the cumulative health risk of VOCs was above the safety level. Acrolein, 1.2-dichloroethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, chloroform, 1,3-butadiene, and benzene were identified as the key hazardous VOCs in Wangdu. Benzene had the highest average carcinogenic risk. Solvent usage and secondary formation were the dominant sources of adverse health effects. During the Spring Festival, most sources were sharply reduced; and VOC concentration declined by 49%. However, coal and biomass consumptions remained relatively large, probably due to heating demand. This study provides important references for the control strategies of VOCs during the heating season in heavily polluted rural areas in the NCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangzhao Xie
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
| | - Fei Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Acadamy of Environment Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiaona Shang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Bixin Zhan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Institut de Combustion, Aerothermique, Reactivite et Environnement, CNRS, 45071 Orleans cedex 02, France
| | - Xu Tang
- IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; IRDR International Center of Excellence on Risk Interconnectivity and Governance on Weather/Climate Extremes Impact and Public Health, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China.
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Li YW, Ma WL. Photocatalytic oxidation technology for indoor air pollutants elimination: A review. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130667. [PMID: 34162075 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As more people are spending the majority of their daily lives indoors, indoor air quality has been acknowledged as an important factor influencing human health, with increasing research attention in recent decades. Indoor air pollutants (IAPs), such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), can cause acute irritation and chronic diseases. Photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) technology is an efficient approach for eliminating IAPs. In this review, the development of PCO technology was explained and discussed to promote future development of PCO technology for IAP elimination. First, the health effects and the measured concentrations of typical VOCs and SVOCs in indoor environments worldwide were briefly introduced. Subsequently, the development and limitations of some typical photocatalytic reactors (including packed-bed reactors, monolithic reactors, optical fiber reactors, and microreactors) were summarized and compared. Then, the influences of operating parameters (including initial concentration of contaminants, relative humidity, space velocity, light source and intensity, catalyst support materials, and immobilization method) and the degradation pathways as well as intermediates of PCO technology were elucidated. Finally, the possible challenges and future development directions regarding PCO technology for IAP elimination were critically proposed and addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Wei Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
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Quantitative and Semiquantitative Health Risk Assessment of Occupational Exposure to Styrene in a Petrochemical Industry. Saf Health Work 2021; 12:396-402. [PMID: 34527402 PMCID: PMC8430436 DOI: 10.1016/j.shaw.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Styrene is one of the aromatic compounds used in acetonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) producing petrochemicals, which has an impact on health of workers. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the health risks of styrene emitted from the petrochemical industry in Iran. Methods Air samples were collected based on NIOSH 1501 method. The samples were analyzed by the Varian-cp3800 gas chromatograph. Finally, risk levels of styrene's health effects on employees were assessed by the quantitative method of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and the semiquantitative way by the Singapore Occupational Safety and Health Association. Results Based on the results, the employees had the highest average exposure to styrene vapors (4.06 × 10 - 1 m g . ( k g - d a y ) - 1 ) in the polybutadiene latex (PBL) unit. Therefore, the most top predictors of cancer and non-cancer risk were 2.3 × 10 - 4 and 7.26 × 10 - 1 , respectively. Given that the lowest average exposure (1.5 × 10 - 2 m g . ( k g - d a y ) - 1 ) was in the dryer unit, the prediction showed a moderate risk of cancer (0.8 × 10 - 6 ) and non-cancer (2.3 × 10 - 3 ) for the employees. The EPA method also predicted that there would be a definite cancer risk in 16% and a probable risk in 76% of exposures. However, according to the semiquantitative approach, the rate of risk was at the "low" level for all staff. The results showed that there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the units in exposure and health risk of styrene (p < 0.05). Conclusion Given the high risk of styrene's health effects, appropriate control measures are required to reduce the exposure level.
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Muir B, Sobczyk M, Bajda T. Fundamental features of mesoporous functional materials influencing the efficiency of removal of VOCs from aqueous systems: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 784:147121. [PMID: 34088064 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are harmful contaminants that are emitted into the environment as a result of various commercial, industrial, and domestic practices. Their presence in water leads to pollution and poses a huge threat to the ecological environment and human health. They are typically released into the environment through a spill or inappropriate disposal which allows the chemicals to get absorbed into the ground or enter the sewage system. Thus far, several treatment methods have been developed to remove VOCs from water, including steam stripping or air stripping, ion exchange, filtration, adsorption, and application of various types of sorbents. Due to their cost-effectiveness and efficiency, the use of mesoporous materials, especially those synthesized from coal fly ash (FA), is recognized as the most promising strategy for slowing down the impact of VOCs. This study is believed to be the first to assess the advances made in improving the adsorption of VOCs by different functional mesoporous materials (FA, zeolites, mesoporous silica, metal organic frameworks). The impact associated with the properties of these materials is carefully summarized in this paper, in regard to their solid-state characteristics, material synthesis method, and surface modification. In addition, their chemical and physical interactions in solution, the reaction kinetics, and the influence of temperature and pH are described in detail. The aim of this work was to compare the sorption properties of the materials synthesized from FA with more complex mesoporous materials. This overview provides a comprehensive understanding of VOC removal from water systems using various functional materials, as well as helps in identifying the materials that may play a key role in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Muir
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Maciej Sobczyk
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bajda
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Geology, Geophysics and Environmental Protection, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland
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Zhou X, Dong X, Ma R, Wang X, Wang F. Characterizing the partitioning behavior of formaldehyde, benzene and toluene on indoor fabrics: Effects of temperature and humidity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 416:125827. [PMID: 33878652 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fabrics are widely distributed in residential buildings. Due to their highly porous structures and large specific surface areas, they have strong adsorption properties for volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The secondary source effect that is induced by their desorption can aggravate indoor air pollution and prolong the pollution period. The partition coefficient, which is a characteristic parameter of VOC mass transfer, is sensitive to variations in environmental parameters. However, due to the inherent differences between fabrics and other indoor porous building materials, the relevant research conclusions on the VOC mass transfer parameters of building materials cannot be applied. In addition, the effects of temperature and humidity on the partitioning behavior of VOCs on fabrics have rarely been quantitatively analyzed. Based on an analysis of the porous structure and corresponding mass transfer process of fabrics, a novel prediction model of the fabric partition coefficient under the coupling effect of temperature and humidity is proposed. Three types of indoor typical fabrics and primary water-soluble VOC (formaldehyde) and water-insoluble VOC (benzene, toluene) are examined experimentally via hygroscopicity tests and environmental chamber tests. The experimental results demonstrate the reliability of the proposed model for a variety of conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhou
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China.
| | - Xuejiao Dong
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Ruixue Ma
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Xinke Wang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
| | - Fenghao Wang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710054, China
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Indoor Air Quality and Human Health Risk Assessment in the Open-Air Classroom. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13158302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Indoor air quality is associated with academic performance and harmful health effects on students and teachers who participate in the classroom. Outdoor sources always contribute to classroom air quality. This study aims to estimate the amounts of indoor and outdoor pollutants and the influence of outdoor sources on open-air classrooms in a school located in the city. A health risk assessment was applied to assess the non-carcinogenic risk to students and teachers from exposure to the pollutants in the classroom. The concentrations of indoor NO2 ranged between 46.40 and 77.83 µg/m3, which is about 0.8 times that of outdoor NO2. A strong correlation and a high indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio (>0.5) without a source, indicated that indoor NO2 is significantly influenced by outdoor sources. The range of indoor PM2.5 concentrations was 1.66 to 31.52 µg/m3 which was influenced by meteorological conditions. The indoor PM2.5 concentrations were affected by both indoor and outdoor sources. Although the level of indoor air pollutants met the official standard, the young children were exposed to indoor air pollutants which were above the recommended limits to human health with regard to the hazard index (HI) of 1.12. Instant measures such as regularly cleaning the classrooms, zoning the students, and installation of solid and vegetation barriers are recommended to reduce the daily dose of pollutants affecting students in open-air classrooms.
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Zheng X, Zhang H, Rehman S, Zhang P. Energy-efficient capture of volatile organic compounds from humid air by granular metal organic gel. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 411:125057. [PMID: 33465540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of granular adsorbents for the capture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from humid air and rapid regeneration at low temperature is still a challenge. Here we reported formation of a granular Al-based metal organic gel, CAU-3-NH2(gel), by adjusting heating up time in the synthesis procedure. The water and thermal stable xerogel shows high surface area (1964 m2/g) and adsorption capacity for VOCs (uptakes of toluene and hexanal reach 4.5 and 3.85 mmol/g at P/P0 = 0.1, respectively). Dynamic adsorption experiments further conformed its outstanding adsorption performance for toluene under 50% RH, higher than that of commercial adsorbents and widely studied MOFs including BPL activated carbon, ZSM-5, zeolite 13X, XAD-16, MIL-101(Cr), CAU-1 and ZIF-8. Under the mass space velocity of 12,000 mL/g.h, CAU-3-NH2(gel) kept 99.95% removal ratio of low concentration toluene (100 ppm) over 12 h in 3 cycles at 298 K. Furthermore, desorption experiments show its excellent regenerability under mild temperature (328 K and 358 K). The interaction of toluene-framework and adsorption process are investigated by using Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianming Zheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huiyu Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sadia Rehman
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Pengyi Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Beijing 100084, China.
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Alharbi BH, Pasha MJ, Al-Shamsi MAS. Firefighter exposures to organic and inorganic gas emissions in emergency residential and industrial fires. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:145332. [PMID: 33515879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The gas emissions generated from fires could cause mortalities and diseases in firefighters. Gas emissions from fire contain a mixture of a wide range of organic and inorganic gases, depending on several elements that are not currently known. In this study, firefighters were equipped with portable gas detectors to measure selected organic and inorganic gases in 26 emergency fire incidents. The fire incidents were categorized as industrial or residential based on their source. The exposure of firefighters to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in residential fires was double that in industrial fires. This is probably due to the contents of the houses, as more VOCs are released from textiles and furniture. The concentration of toluene, which is widely used in cosmetics and paints in housing, was fifteen-fold higher in residential fires than industrial fires. The exposure of firefighters to inorganic gases was much higher in industrial fires than residential fires. The concentration of hydrogen chloride, which is generated from the combustion of chlorinated plastics, such as industrial pipes and cables, in industrial fires was 18-fold higher than that in residential fires. Additionally, in this study, we found that the concentration of VOCs that poses cancer and non-cancer health risk to firefighters increases in residential fire incidents to almost three times that in industrial fire incidents. Hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide concentrations were higher in industrial fire incidents than in residential fire incidents. The level of hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide were 19-fold and 8-fold higher, respectively, in industrial fire incidents than in residential fire incidents. This study reveals that gas emissions vary widely between industrial and residential fires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badr H Alharbi
- National Centre for Environmental Technology (NCET), Life Science & Environment Research Institute (LSERI), King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST), Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad J Pasha
- National Centre for Environmental Technology (NCET), Life Science & Environment Research Institute (LSERI), King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST), Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ahmad S Al-Shamsi
- National Centre for Environmental Technology (NCET), Life Science & Environment Research Institute (LSERI), King Abdulaziz City for Science & Technology (KACST), Saudi Arabia.
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Petit P, Maître A, Bicout DJ. A consensus approach for estimating health risk: Application to inhalation cancer risks. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 196:110436. [PMID: 33166535 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Conducting a risk assessment is challenging because various and contrasting risk indicators are available, which can lead to discrepancies and, sometimes, conflicting conclusions. Constructing and using a consensus risk indicator (CRI) could provide a reliable alternative that is consistent and supports direct comparisons. The goal of this study is to propose a structured and pragmatic approach for constructing a CRI distribution and demonstrate its feasibility and easy implementation when conducting risk assessments. A CRI distribution is constructed as a weighted combination of existing indicators where the weights are obtained by using the overlapping areas of an individual indicator's distribution and an aggregated reference distribution. The approach is illustrated through an assessment of human cancer risk following inhalation exposure. The CRI is constructed using eight risk indicators. The CRI distribution parameters for 199 human carcinogenic chemicals associated with inhalation exposure were determined and are presented in an interactive table. To aid the wider implementation of the CRI approach, a user-friendly and interactive web application, named InCaRisk, was created to facilitate the cancer risk estimation following inhalation exposure. Our approach could be useful for enhancing the quality of regulatory decisions and protecting human health from environmental pollutants; our approach can be applied for a given health outcome, route of exposure and exposure setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Petit
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG (UMR 5525 CNRS - UGA), EPSP Team (Environment and Health Prediction of Populations), F-38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Anne Maître
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG (UMR 5525 CNRS - UGA), EPSP Team (Environment and Health Prediction of Populations), F-38000, Grenoble, France; Grenoble Alpes Teaching Hospital, Occupational and Environmental Toxicology Laboratory, Biochemistry Molecular Biology and Environmental Toxicology Department, Biology and Pathology Institute, F-38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Dominique J Bicout
- Grenoble Alpes University, CNRS, Grenoble INP, TIMC-IMAG (UMR 5525 CNRS - UGA), EPSP Team (Environment and Health Prediction of Populations), F-38000, Grenoble, France; Biomathematics and Epidemiology EPSP-TIMC, VetAgro Sup, Veterinary Campus of Lyon, Marcy L'Etoile, France; Laue - Langevin Institute, Theory Group, Grenoble, France.
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48
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Li X, Zhong Y, He W, Huang S, Li Q, Guo C, Ma S, Li G, Yu Y. Co-exposure and health risks of parabens, bisphenols, triclosan, phthalate metabolites and hydroxyl polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons based on simultaneous detection in urine samples from guangzhou, south China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 272:115990. [PMID: 33199068 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and certain ingredients in personal care products, such as parabens, bisphenols, triclosan and phthalate metabolites, have become ubiquitous in the world. Concerns of human exposure to these pollutants have increased during recent years because of various adverse health effects of these chemicals. Multiple compounds including parabens, bisphenols, triclosan, phthalate metabolites (mPAEs) and hydroxyl PAHs (OH-PAHs) in urine samples from Guangzhou were determined simultaneously to identify the human exposure pathways without external exposure data combined with data analysis, and the toxicants posed the highest risk to human health were screened in the present study. The detection frequencies for the chemicals exceeded 90%. Among the contaminants, mPAEs showed the highest concentrations, followed by OH-PAHs, with triclosan present at the lowest concentrations. Mono-n-butyl phthalate, methylparaben, bisphenol A, and hydroxynaphthalene represented the most abundant mPAE, parabens, bisphenol, and OH-PAH compounds, respectively. The present PAHs are mainly exposed to human through inhalation, while the chemicals added to personal care products are mainly exposed to human through oral intake and dermal contact. The urine samples from suburban subjects showed significantly higher OH-PAH levels than the urine samples from urban subjects, and females had lower OH-PAH levels than males. Urinary concentrations of the analyzed contaminants were significantly correlated with age, body mass index, residence time, as well as the frequencies of alcohol consumption and swimming. Risk assessments based on Monte Carlo simulation indicated that approximately 30% of the subjects suffered non-carcinogenic risks from mPAEs and OH-PAHs, with mPAEs accounting for 89% of the total risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminant Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yi Zhong
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, PR China
| | - Weiyun He
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, PR China
| | - Senyuan Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminant Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Qin Li
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, PR China
| | - Chongshan Guo
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 510440, PR China
| | - Shengtao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminant Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminant Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China
| | - Yingxin Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminant Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, PR China; School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
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Kuang H, Li Z, Lv X, Wu P, Tan J, Wu Q, Li Y, Jiang W, Pang Q, Wang Y, Fan R. Exposure to volatile organic compounds may be associated with oxidative DNA damage-mediated childhood asthma. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 210:111864. [PMID: 33412282 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important and ubiquitous air pollutants, which may lead to a significant increase in the prevalence of respiratory diseases. To investigate the relationships between VOCs exposure and childhood asthma, 252 asthmatic children and 69 healthy children were recruited. Urinary 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG, a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage), trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (OH-Cot, a biomarker of passive smoking) and 27 VOC metabolites were simultaneously determined by an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometer. Results showed that levels of 8-OHdG and most VOC metabolites in asthmatic children were significantly higher than those in healthy children. More than half of the VOC metabolites were significantly and positively associated with OH-Cot with maximal β coefficient of 0.169, suggesting that second-hand smoking is one important source of VOCs exposure for children in Guangzhou. Significant dose-response relationships between most VOC metabolites and 8-OHdG were observed. Each unit increase in ln-transformed VOC metabolite levels was significantly associated with 5.5-32% increase in ln-transformed 8-OHdG level. Moreover, each unit increase in ln-transformed 8-OHdG level was associated with an 896% increased odd ratios (OR) of asthma in children (OR = 9.96, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 4.75, 20.9), indicating that oxidative stress induced by VOCs exposure may have a significant impact on childhood asthma. Urinary 3-&4-Methylhippuric acid (3-&4-MHA, OR: 5.78, 95% CI: 3.50, 9.54), rac 2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATCA, OR: 2.90, 95% CI: 1.69, 4.99) and N-Acetyl-S-(3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-L-cysteine (DHBMA, OR: 2.76, 95% CI: 1.73, 4.43) which may derive from m/p-xylene, cyanide and 1,3-butadiene exposure, respectively, could significantly and maximally increase the odds of asthma. Interestingly, they also had the strongest associations with 8-OHdG among all investigated VOC metabolites. Moreover, DHBMA strongly correlated with most VOC metabolites. Hence, DHBMA is a suitable biomarker to indicate not only VOCs exposure profile, but also the DNA damage-mediated asthma induced by VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxuan Kuang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School o f Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Zhilin Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Xuejing Lv
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Peiqiong Wu
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Jianhua Tan
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou 511447, China
| | - Qiurong Wu
- Department of Mathematical Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yonghong Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Wenhui Jiang
- Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Qihua Pang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Yaru Wang
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou 511447, China
| | - Ruifang Fan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Drug and Food Biological Resources Processing and Comprehensive Utilization, School o f Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
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50
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Xie J, Lei C, Chen W, Xie Q, Guo Q, Huang B. Catalytic properties of transition metals modified nanoscale zero-valent iron for simultaneous removal of 4-chlorophenol and Cr(VI): Efficacy, descriptor and reductive mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123827. [PMID: 33264918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Since chlorophenols (CPs) and Cr(VI) are two types of common pollutants in the environment, developing an effective approach to remove these contaminants has important benefits for public health. However, few efforts have been made so far. In this study, we prepared nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) and a series of bimetallic nanoparticles (transition-metal modified nZVI) to investigate their catalytic properties for the simultaneous removal of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) and Cr(VI). While nZVI enabled a fast removal of Cr(VI), it had a poor dechlorination ability. However, effective simultaneous removal of 4-CP and Cr(VI) was achieved with the transition metal modified nZVI, especially in the Pd/Fe bimetallic system. The enhanced catalytic activity of transition metal modified nZVI was primarily attributed to the formations of numerous nano-galvanic cells and atomic hydrogen species that facilitated electron transfer in the reaction system and played a key role in triggering the C-Cl bond cleavage, respectively. According to the dechlorination ability, the transition-metal catalysts examined in this study can be divided into three groups in descending order: the first being Pd and Ni, the second including Cu and Pt, while the last consisting of Au and Ag. The catalytic hydrodechlorination activity of bimetals can be well described by the volcano curve and rationally explained by the hydrogen adsorption energies on the metals, and was severely impaired by increasing Cr(VI) concentrations. Characterization results validated the formations of Fe(III)-Cr(III) hydroxide/oxyhydroxide on the bimetals surface after reacting with 4-CP and Cr(VI). This work provides the first insight into the catalytic properties of transition-metal modified nZVI for the effective removal of combined pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jituo Xie
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Chao Lei
- School of Hydraulic Engineering, Changsha University of Science & Technology, Changsha 410114, China; Key Laboratory of Dongting Lake Aquatic Eco-Environmental Control and Restoration of Hunan Province, Changsha 410114, China
| | - Wenqian Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Qianqian Xie
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Qian Guo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Binbin Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China.
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