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Kim NY, Loganathan BG, Kim GB. Assessment of toxicity potential of freely dissolved PAHs using passive sampler in Kentucky Lake and Ohio River. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 207:116833. [PMID: 39159572 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are characterized with high KOW values, which lead to their recalcitrant nature, bioaccumulation, and biotoxicity, adversely affects the environment. Passive samplers (PS) have proven effective in measuring bioavailable PAH concentrations for toxicity assessments. In this study, we used low-density polyethylene (LDPE) to measure freely dissolved PAH concentrations (Cfree) in Kentucky Lake (KL) and Ohio River (OH), USA. PAHs toxicity potential in sediment was assessed using equilibrium partitioning sediment benchmarks toxic units (ESBTUs) and the interstitial water toxic units (IWTUs) that were derived from OC-normalized concentration (COC) and Cfree, respectively. The Cfree in April and June were 127 and 97 times higher in OH than in KL, respectively. Moreover, ESBTUs were higher in both the KL and OH compared to the IWTUs, suggesting that ESBTUs overestimate the toxicity potential to organisms. These results indicate that PS provides a reliable method for assessing the toxicity potential in sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Yeong Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea
| | - Bommanna G Loganathan
- Department of Chemistry and Watershed Studies Institute, Murray State University, Murray, KY 42071, USA
| | - Gi Beum Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong 53064, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Grundy JS, Lambert MK, Burgess RM. Passive Sampling-Based versus Conventional-Based Metrics for Evaluating Remediation Efficacy at Contaminated Sediment Sites: A Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:10151-10172. [PMID: 37364241 PMCID: PMC10404352 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Passive sampling devices (PSDs) are increasingly used at contaminated sites to improve the characterization of contaminant transport and assessment of ecological and human health risk at sediment sites and to evaluate the effectiveness of remedial actions. The use of PSDs after full-scale remediation remains limited, however, in favor of evaluation based on conventional metrics, such as bulk sediment concentrations or bioaccumulation. This review has three overall aims: (1) identify sites where PSDs have been used to support cleanup efforts, (2) assess how PSD-derived remedial end points compare to conventional metrics, and (3) perform broad semiquantitative and selective quantitative concurrence analyses to evaluate the magnitude of agreement between metrics. Contaminated sediment remedies evaluated included capping, in situ amendment, dredging and monitored natural recovery (MNR). We identify and discuss 102 sites globally where PSDs were used to determine remedial efficacy resulting in over 130 peer-reviewed scientific publications and numerous technical reports and conference proceedings. The most common conventional metrics assessed alongside PSDs in the peer-reviewed literature were bioaccumulation (39%), bulk sediments (40%), toxicity (14%), porewater grab samples (16%), and water column grab samples (16%), while about 25% of studies used PSDs as the sole metric. In a semiquantitative concurrence analysis, the PSD-based metrics agreed with conventional metrics in about 68% of remedy assessments. A more quantitative analysis of reductions in bioaccumulation after remediation (i.e., remediation was successful) showed that decreases in uptake into PSDs agreed with decreases in bioaccumulation (within a factor of 2) 61% of the time. Given the relatively good agreement between conventional and PSD-based metrics, we propose several practices and areas for further study to enhance the utilization of PSDs throughout the remediation of contaminated sediment sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Grundy
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education c/o U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/CEMM, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, OLEM, Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation, Edison, New Jersey 08837, United States
| | - Matthew K Lambert
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, OLEM, Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation, Washington, District of Columbia 20460, United States
| | - Robert M Burgess
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/CEMM, Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882, United States
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3
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Clokey JE, Hawker DW, Verhagen R, Ghorbani Gorji S, Knight ER, Thomas KV, Kaserzon SL. Calibration of a microporous polyethylene tube passive sampler for polar organic compounds in wastewater effluent. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162497. [PMID: 36863593 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Water resources are vulnerable to contamination from polar organic compounds (POCs) originating from sources such as wastewater effluent. Two configurations of a microporous polyethylene tube (MPT) passive sampler were investigated for the time-integrative detection and quantification of POCs in effluent. One configuration contained the polymeric reversed phase sorbent Strata-X (SX) and the other Strata-X suspended in agarose gel (SX-Gel). These were deployed for up to 29 days and analysed for forty-nine POCs including pesticides, pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) together with illicit drugs. Complementary composite samples were collected on days 6, 12, 20 and 26 representing the previous 24 h. Thirty-eight contaminants were detected in composite samples and MPT extracts, with MPT sampling rates (Rs) for 11 pesticides and 9 PPCPs/drugs ranging from 0.81 to 10.32 mL d-1 in SX and 1.35-32.83 mL d-1 in SX-Gel. Half-times to equilibrium of contaminants with the SX and SX-Gel equipped samplers ranged from two days to >29 days. MPT (SX) samplers were also deployed at 10 wastewater treatment effluent discharge sites across Australia for 7 days (again with complementary composite samples), to validate the sampler performance under varying conditions. Extracts from these MPTs detected 48 contaminants in comparison with 46 in composite samples, with concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 138 ng mL-1. An advantage of the MPT was preconcentration of contaminants, resulting in extract levels often markedly above instrument analytical detection limits. The validation study demonstrated a high correlation between accumulated contaminant mass in the MPTs and wastewater concentrations from composite samples (r2 > 0.70, where concentrations in composite samples were > 3× LOD). The MPT sampler shows promise as a sensitive tool for detecting POCs at trace levels in wastewater effluent and also quantifying these levels if temporal concentration variations are not significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E Clokey
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
| | - Darryl W Hawker
- Griffith University, School of Environment and Science, 170 Kessels Road, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Rory Verhagen
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Sara Ghorbani Gorji
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Emma R Knight
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Sarit L Kaserzon
- The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Sciences (QAEHS), 20 Cornwall Street, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
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Koroša A, Mali N. Control of organic contaminants in groundwater by passive sampling and multivariate statistical analysis. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 318:115440. [PMID: 35717694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic contaminants in groundwater are among the most challenging chemical compound contaminants today, particularly when it comes to understanding their occurrence, origin, and relations in groundwater, as well as the transport processes, fate, and environmental impacts involved. This paper presents the use of active carbon fibre (AFC) passive sampling and multivariate statistical processing of the results to predict the possible occurrence of organic compounds (OCs) in groundwater and to determine the origin of various anthropogenic activity. This study aims to deepen our knowledge on the control of OCs in groundwater by introducing a multi-analytical and multi-elemental holistic approach, using the Dravsko polje aquifer, the largest intergranular aquifer in Slovenia, as an example. The occurrence of OCs in groundwater was determined by means of ACFs and compared against the characteristics of the recharge area and the type of compounds detected. We combined hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and principal component analysis (PCA) to identify the relationship between different OCs in groundwater. The relationships between their occurrence, environmental setting and type of compound were determined using multiple linear regression (MLR). From the total of 343 organic compounds detected using passive sampling, 47 were included in further statistical analysis. MLR shows that the environmental setting is one of the most important factors affecting the different types of pollutants in groundwater. MLR models were calculated for different sources of pollution (agricultural, urban, and industrial) based on the environmental setting, land use, agglomeration, infrastructure networks, and hydrogeological characteristics of the aquifer. By means of HCA and PCA, we identified the relationships between different OCs in groundwater. As expected, the strongest correlations were found between primary compounds and their degradation products (e.g. atrazine and desethylatrazine) and compounds of similar use (e.g. atrazine and propazine, also desethylatrazine and propazine, atrazine and simazine). Some of them were also found to have a similar molecular structure (e.g. palmitic and stearic acid, 5-methoxygramine and 5-methoxytryptamine). The use of the same substances in different environments (agricultural/urban) makes them markers of both (different) origins. Therefore, it is particularly important to determine the combination of markers of different origin using multivariate statistical methods, especially in the case of mixed land use. This study identifies the main factors influencing the distribution of groundwater OCs and thus contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of the vulnerability of shallow groundwater to surface-derived contamination in similar environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Koroša
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Department of Hydrogeology, Dimičeva Ulica 14, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - N Mali
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Department of Hydrogeology, Dimičeva Ulica 14, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Passive sampling as an alternative strategy to monitor metals and PAHs trends at an upstream and rural catchment: a French case study. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-022-04990-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe study presents an alternative strategy to conventional spot sampling for monitoring metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at an upstream, rural and karstic catchment in the north eastern part of France, in order to get insight into their spatial and temporal variability. Passive samplers, as diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) and semipermeable membrane device (SPMD), are monthly deployed from August 2012 to March 2016 at five of the catchment monitoring stations located on the Saulx and Ornain Rivers. An improvement of the frequency of quantification (by a factor 2 to 8, depending on the targeted compound) is observed allowing us to better identify spatial and temporal variability. For instance, the upstream monitoring station on the Saulx River is characterized by high concentrations of Ni and Mn whereas the upstream monitoring station on the Ornain River is enriched in Cu and Zn. Furthermore, five metals (Al, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn) and three PAHs (fluoranthene, pyrene and chrysene) show significant variations with water levels when grouped in three categories (low, medium and high water levels) in relation with hydrological and climatic patterns. This study leads to a more accurate assessment of the background pollution in metals and PAHs within surface waters than when based on spot sampling data.
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Passive Sampling with Active Carbon Fibres in the Determination of Organic Pollutants in Groundwater. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14040585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Legislation addressing the quality of groundwater and increasing concerns over public health calls for the development of analytical methods that can produce accurate and precise results at the ppt level. Passive sampling has been recognised as a helpful tool in identifying various organic pollutants in groundwater, even when their presence had not yet been identified through conventional groundwater quality monitoring. The article presents an analytical method involving a simple and cost-effective passive sampling device using Zorflex® activated carbon fibres (ACFs) for the qualitative monitoring of a broad range of organic pollutants in water in a single run. The applicability of the method developed was tested in three hydrogeological studies. In the first case, we present a non-targeted qualitative screening and a list of 892 different contaminants detected in the groundwater in Slovenia. In the second case, we discuss the presence and origin of organic compounds in the groundwater from a pilot area of the urban aquifer, Ljubljansko polje. The third case presents a comparison of results between passive and grab sampling. Passive sampling with ACFs confirmed the presence of a pollutant, even when it had not been previously detected through a quantitative method.
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Emerging and Persistent Pollutants in the Aquatic Ecosystems of the Lower Danube Basin and North West Black Sea Region—A Review. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11209721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The tremendous impact of natural and anthropogenic organic and inorganic substances continuously released into the environment requires a better understanding of the chemical status of aquatic ecosystems. Water contamination monitoring studies were performed for different classes of substances in different regions of the world. Reliable analytical methods and exposure assessment are the basis of a better management of water resources. Our research comprised publications from 2010 regarding the Lower Danube and North West Black Sea region, considering regulated and unregulated persistent and emerging pollutants. The frequently reported ones were: pharmaceuticals (carbamazepine, diclofenac, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim), pesticides (atrazine, carbendazim, and metolachlor), endocrine disruptors—bisphenol A and estrone, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organochlorinated pesticides, and heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Pb, Hg, Cu, Cr). Seasonal variations were reported for both organic and inorganic contaminants. Microbial pollution was also a subject of the present review.
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Simionov IA, Cristea DS, Petrea SM, Mogodan A, Nicoara M, Plavan G, Baltag ES, Jijie R, Strungaru SA. Preliminary investigation of lower Danube pollution caused by potentially toxic metals. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128496. [PMID: 33032219 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The current study aims to assess the pollution status of the European river-sea system lower Danube River-Danube Delta-North West Black Sea, through an integrated analysis of metal concentrations in water, sediments and fish community. The Danube flows through numerous industrial cities and receives a significant amount of pollutants due to the reception of urban and industrial emissaries, as well as agricultural land runoff. Samples of water, sediments and fish (10 species) were collected from 7 representative sites along Danube River, Danube Delta and Black Sea shore. For the analysed fish species, potentially toxic and essential elements (Pb, Cd, As, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mg, Ca, Na, K) from muscle and liver samples were measured and discussed. Measurement of elements and other environmental quality parameters were determined for water and sediments. The Black Sea area, represented by S6 and S7, received sediments from Danube with the lowest concentrations of Cd (0.05 ± 0.01 μg g-1, respectively 0.01 ± 0.001 μg g-1), Pb (3 ± 0.03 μg g-1, respectively 2 ± 0.03 μg g-1), As (2 ± 0.02 μg g-1, respectively 1.4 ± 0.3 μg g-1), Ni (8.9 ± 0.1 μg g-1, respectively 5.2 ± 0.2 μg g-1), Cr (8 ± 0.7 μg g-1, respectively 5 ± 0.2 μg g-1), Cu (3 ± 0.1 μg g-1, respectively 2 ± 0.04 μg g-1), Fe(6 ± 0.3 μg g-1, respectively 3 ± 0.1 μg g-1) and Zn (0.03 ± 0.003 μg g-1, respectively 0.017 ± 0.001 μg g-1). These results suggest that the Danube Delta system plays an important role in filtering the pollutants. Based on the biota and water analysis, there was no correlation observed between Cd, respectively Pb concentration in the environment and fish body (Person Coef. = -0.02 in muscle tissue and -0.01 in liver tissue, respectively Pearson Coeff. = -0.06 in muscle tissue and 0.1 in liver tissue). Cadmium remained an active element in the pollution of the Danube area (S1 and S2), with high concentration in the water matrix (0.14 ± 0.02 μg L-1, respectively 0.05 ± 0.01 μg L-1) and fish muscle (0.15 ± 0.03 μg g-1f.w. in C. carpio - S2). This fact was confirmed by several other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira-Adeline Simionov
- "Dunărea de Jos" University of Galaţi, MoRAS Research Center, 47 Domnească Street, 800008, Galați, Romania
| | - Dragos Sebastian Cristea
- "Dunărea de Jos" University of Galaţi, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Nicolae Bălcescu Street 59-61, 800001, Galaţi, Romania
| | - Stefan-Mihai Petrea
- "Dunărea de Jos" University of Galaţi, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, 47 Domnească Street, 800008, Galați, Romania
| | - Alina Mogodan
- "Dunărea de Jos" University of Galaţi, Faculty of Food Science and Engineering, 47 Domnească Street, 800008, Galați, Romania
| | - Mircea Nicoara
- "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Faculty of Biology, Department of Biology, 700505, Iasi, Romania; "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Doctoral School of Geosciences, Faculty of Geography-Geology, B-dul Carol I, 700505 Iasi, Romania
| | - Gabriel Plavan
- "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Faculty of Biology, Department of Biology, 700505, Iasi, Romania
| | - Emanuel Stefan Baltag
- "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Marine Biological Research Station "Prof. dr. I. Borcea", Nicolae Titulescu Street, No. 163, 907018 Agigea, Constanta, Romania
| | - Roxana Jijie
- "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Marine Biological Research Station "Prof. dr. I. Borcea", Nicolae Titulescu Street, No. 163, 907018 Agigea, Constanta, Romania
| | - Stefan-Adrian Strungaru
- "Alexandru Ioan Cuza" University of Iasi, Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, Science Research Department, Lascar Catargi Str. 54, 700107, Iasi, Romania.
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9
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O'Connor Šraj L, Almeida MIGS, Sharp SM, McKelvie ID, Morrison R, Kolev SD. Monitoring of ammonia in marine waters using a passive sampler with biofouling resistance and neural network-based calibration. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115457. [PMID: 32889515 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A biofouling resistant passive sampler for ammonia, where the semi-permeable barrier is a microporous hydrophobic gas-diffusion membrane, has been developed for the first time and successfully applied to determine the time-weighted average concentration of ammonia in estuarine and coastal waters for 7 days. Strategies to control biofouling of the membrane were investigated by covering it with either a copper mesh or a silver nanoparticle functionalised cotton mesh, with the former approach showing better performance. The effects of temperature, pH and salinity on the accumulation of ammonia in the newly developed passive sampler were studied and the first two parameters were found to influence it significantly. A universal calibration model for the passive sampler was developed using the Group Method Data Handling algorithm based on seawater samples spiked with known concentrations of total ammonia under conditions ranging from 10 to 30 °C, pH 7.8 to 8.2 and salinity 20 to 35. The newly developed passive sampler is affordable, user-friendly, reusable, sensitive, and can be used to detect concentrations lower than the recently proposed guideline value of 160 μg total NH3-N L-1, for a 99% species protection level, with the lowest concentration measured at 17 nM molecular NH3 (i.e., 8 μg total NH3-N L-1 at pH 8.0 and 20 °C). It was deployed at four field sites in the coastal waters of Nerm (Port Phillip Bay), Victoria, Australia. Good agreement was found between molecular ammonia concentrations obtained with passive and discrete grab sampling methods (relative difference, - 12% to - 19%).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simon M Sharp
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Ian D McKelvie
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Richard Morrison
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Spas D Kolev
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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Ibigbami OA, Adeyeye EI, Adelodun AA. Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Groundwater of Fuel-Impacted Areas in Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1834413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adedeji A. Adelodun
- Department of Marine Science and Technology, The Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
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11
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Budai P, Kardos MK, Knolmár M, Szemán G, Turczel J, Clement A. Development of an autonomous flow-proportional water sampler for the estimation of pollutant loads in urban runoff. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:572. [PMID: 32772184 PMCID: PMC7415038 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08536-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Implementation of an extensive urban runoff monitoring program, targeting the quantification of heavy metal and organic micropollutant loads, necessitated the development of an autonomous water sampler. The design requirements for the device were to fulfill flow-proportional continuous composite sampling of urban runoff events in a widely customizable, relatively inexpensive, and simple way. In this paper, we introduce the concept along with the experiences gained from the first several months of field tests at seven pilot areas in Hungary that represent a wide range of urban environments. During the test period, prototype samplers were placed in natural (urban) streams as well as stormwater drainage pipes, resulting in a total of 97 automatic composite runoff samples. At two sites, an additional 28 manual grab samples were collected to represent time series from five distinct runoff events. Sampling efficiency was checked by comparing collected volumes with the theoretical ones (derived from pump mileage data). Ranges and ratios of concentrations measured from composite and grab samples were graphically interpreted in order to evaluate their representativeness. It has been shown that the concept is suitable for conducting cost-effective urban runoff characterization surveys targeting inter-event variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Budai
- Budapest University of Technology and Engineering, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest, 1111, Hungary.
| | - Máté Krisztián Kardos
- Budapest University of Technology and Engineering, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | - Marcell Knolmár
- Budapest University of Technology and Engineering, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
| | | | | | - Adrienne Clement
- Budapest University of Technology and Engineering, Műegyetem rkp. 3, Budapest, 1111, Hungary
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12
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Bretier M, Dabrin A, Billon G, Mathon B, Miège C, Coquery M. To what extent can the biogeochemical cycling of mercury modulate the measurement of dissolved mercury in surface freshwaters by passive sampling? CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 248:126006. [PMID: 32000038 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) is a pollutant of global concern owing to its great toxicity even at very low concentrations. Its toxicity depends on its chemical forms evidencing the importance to study its speciation. Dissolved Hg (Hg(d)) and methylmercury (MeHg(d)) monitoring in surface freshwaters represents a great challenge because of their very low concentrations and substantial temporal variability at different timescales. The Hg(d) temporal variability depends on the environmental conditions such as the hydrology, water temperature, redox potential (Eh), and solar photo cycle. Passive samplers represent an alternative to improve the assessment of Hg(d) and MeHg(d) concentrations in surface freshwaters by integrating their temporal variability. An original sampling strategy was designed to assess the relevance of 3-mercaptopropyl DGT (Diffusive Gradient in Thin films) to integrate in situ the temporal variations of labile Hg (Hg(DGT)) and MeHg (MeHg(DGT)) concentrations. This strategy was implemented on two rivers to study the dynamics of Hg(d), Hg(DGT), MeHg(d) and MeHg(DGT) at diurnal and annual timescales. We evidenced that Hg(DGT) and MeHg(DGT) concentrations were generally consistent with discrete sampling measurements of Hg(d) and MeHg(d) in dynamic surface freshwaters. However, Hg(DGT) concentrations were overestimated (2-16 times higher) in case of low flow or low water depth, low suspended particulate matter (SPM) concentrations and elevated daily photoperiod. The most probable hypothesis is that such conditions promoted Hg0 production, and resulted in Hg0 uptake by DGT. Thus, attention should be paid when interpreting Hg(DGT) concentrations in surface freshwaters in environmental conditions that could promote Hg0 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bretier
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 Rue de La Doua, F-69625, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - A Dabrin
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 Rue de La Doua, F-69625, Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
| | - G Billon
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIR, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - B Mathon
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 Rue de La Doua, F-69625, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - C Miège
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 Rue de La Doua, F-69625, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
| | - M Coquery
- INRAE, UR RiverLy, Centre de Lyon-Villeurbanne, 5 Rue de La Doua, F-69625, Villeurbanne Cedex, France
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González-Albarrán R, de Gyves J, Rodríguez de San Miguel E. Influence of some physicochemical parameters on the passive sampling of copper (II) from aqueous medium using a polymer inclusion membrane device. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113474. [PMID: 31859125 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs) have been proposed as materials for passive sampling, nonetheless a theoretical base to describe the mass transfer process through those materials, under such conditions of monitoring, has not been elucidated. Under the assumption that: (i) the transport of the metal ion occurs at steady state conditions, (ii) the concentration gradients are linear, and (iii) the kinetics of the chemical reactions in the extraction process on the membrane are elemental; an equation for the passive sampling of copper (II) using a PIM system containing Kelex-100 as carrier is derived. The prediction capacity of this sampler under different conditions of temperature, metal concentration, flow velocity, ionic strength and pH is analyzed as well. Among the dependencies of the PIM on the physicochemical conditions, effects of concentration, temperature and flow velocity tend to increment copper (II) flux across the membrane, being the parameter temperature the one with the most pronounced effect at T ≥ 30 °C. Ionic strength had no great effect on passive sampler response, however the sampler is dependent on the acidity of the medium. The comparable metal ion concentrations estimated from the PIM sampler to those obtained by direct measurements of the sampling medium suggest that PIMs can be robust materials when used as passive sampler devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- René González-Albarrán
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, CdMx, Mexico
| | - Josefina de Gyves
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, CdMx, Mexico
| | - Eduardo Rodríguez de San Miguel
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, CdMx, Mexico.
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Taylor VF, Buckman KL, Burgess RM. Preliminary investigation of polymer-based in situ passive samplers for mercury and methylmercury. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 234:806-814. [PMID: 31247490 PMCID: PMC6742538 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Development of an in situ passive sampler for mercury (Hg), and its toxic form, methylmercury (MeHg), using simple polymer films, was explored for the potential to make an efficient and environmentally relevant monitoring tool for this widespread aquatic pollutant. The sulfur-containing polymers polysulfone (PS), and polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), were found to accumulate both MeHg and inorganic Hg (iHg), whereas polyethylene (PE) sorbed iHg but not MeHg, and polyoxymethylene (POM) and polyethersulfone (PES) films had low affinity for both Hg species. Uptake rates of Hg species into polymers were linear over two weeks, and dissolved organic matter at natural levels had no effect on partitioning of MeHg or iHg to the polymers. Sorption of MeHg to PS and PPS from three estuarine sediments correlated with uptake into diffusive gel-type samplers over time, and in PPS, with accumulation by the estuarine amphipod, Leptocheirus plumulosus. These polymers had lower MeHg adsorption rates, but are simpler to assemble, than diffusive gel-type samplers. Higher contaminant concentrations in polymer and gel-type samplers corresponded with porewater concentrations across sediments, suggesting they sample the dissolved MeHg pool, whereas MeHg levels in amphipods were more elevated with higher bulk sediment MeHg, which may reflect feeding strategy. While polymers with higher affinity for MeHg and iHg are needed for some environmental applications, this work suggests a simple sampling approach has potential for time-integrated, environmentally-meaningful MeHg monitoring in contaminated sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien F Taylor
- Department of Earth Science, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Kate L Buckman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Robert M Burgess
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Atlantic Ecology Division, Narragansett, RI, USA
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15
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Taylor AC, Fones GR, Vrana B, Mills GA. Applications for Passive Sampling of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants in Water—A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 51:20-54. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1675043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Taylor
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Gary R. Fones
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Branislav Vrana
- Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Graham A. Mills
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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Abstract
Although phosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient for biological productivity, it can cause freshwater degradation when present at fairly low concentrations. Monitoring studies using continuous sampling is crucial for documenting P dynamics in freshwater ecosystems and to reduce the risk of eutrophication. Despite literature updates of developments of the analytical methods for measurement of P species in natural waters, there has been no comprehensive review addressing freshwater sample collection, sample preparation, and sample treatment to fractionate and characterize different forms of P. Therefore, this paper aims to elaborate the different techniques for freshwater sampling and to introduce alternative laboratory methods for sample preservation and P fractionation. The advantages and disadvantages of various sampling techniques, including the traditional manual and the recently developed automatic and passive methods, are presented to highlight the importance of collecting representative freshwater samples. Furthermore, we provide suggestions for sample pretreatment, including filtration, transportation, and storage steps to minimize microbial activity and to maximize the accuracy of measurement of various P fractions. Finally, the most common laboratory methods to measure dissolved and particulate as well as the organic and inorganic freshwater P fractions are efficiently provided. Using this guide, a comprehensive monitoring program of P dynamics in freshwater ecosystems can be developed and applied to improve water quality, particularly of P-rich freshwaters.
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17
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Dou Y, Klein M, Zhang TC, Stansbury J, Moussavi M, Richter-Egger DL, Zeng J. Feasibility of developing a passive sampler for sampling heavy metals in BMPs for stormwater runoff management. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2019; 40:1517-1524. [PMID: 29322862 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2018.1426634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Structural Best Management Practices (BMPs) have been used for stormwater treatment and management for several decades. How to monitor these BMPs performance reliably and economically is a challenge. This paper reports the feasibility of developing a flow through passive sampler (PS) based on Amberlite IRC748 ion exchange resin operated in kinetic regime for sampling heavy metals in BMPs (infiltration systems) for stormwater treatment and management. Tests were conducted using batch reactors and laboratory-scale BMPs. Batch reactor results indicate that PSs performed desirably with consistent and rapid metal uptake, and thus, the resin-based PS is feasible to be used for stormwater sampling. In lab-scale BMPs tests, the resin PSs were employed for sampling influent and effluent of BMPs loaded with synthetic stormwater for storm durations of 0.5, 3, and 12 hours. The removal efficiency of heavy metals in the BMPs as predicted by PSs was very similar to the actual treatment efficiencies obtained from control BMPs, with errors ranging from -5% to 2%, indicating that the PSs can be used for sampling stormwater and monitoring BMPs. The next step for this sampler will be to develop a method for evaluating the volume of water passing the PS during the sampling period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Dou
- a School of Resources and Environmental Engineering , Anhui University , Hefei , People's Republic of China
| | - Mitch Klein
- b Burns & McDonnell , Kansas City , MO , USA
| | - Tian C Zhang
- c Department of Civil Engineering , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - John Stansbury
- c Department of Civil Engineering , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Omaha , NE , USA
| | - Massoum Moussavi
- c Department of Civil Engineering , University of Nebraska-Lincoln , Omaha , NE , USA
| | | | - Jing Zeng
- e Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering , University of Iowa , Iowa City , IA , USA
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18
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Toušová Z, Vrana B, Smutná M, Novák J, Klučárová V, Grabic R, Slobodník J, Giesy JP, Hilscherová K. Analytical and bioanalytical assessments of organic micropollutants in the Bosna River using a combination of passive sampling, bioassays and multi-residue analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:1599-1612. [PMID: 30308846 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Complex mixtures of contaminants from multiple sources, including agriculture, industry or wastewater enter aquatic environments and might pose hazards or risks to humans or wildlife. Targeted analyses of a few priority substances provide limited information about water quality. In this study, a combined chemical and effect screening of water quality in the River Bosna, in Bosnia and Herzegovina was carried out, with focus on occurrence and effects of contaminants of emerging concern. Chemicals in water were sampled at 10 sites along the Bosna River by use of passive sampling. The combination of semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) enabled sampling of a broad range of contaminants from hydrophobic (PAHs, PCBs, OCPs) to hydrophilic compounds (pesticides, pharmaceuticals and hormones), which were determined by use of GC-MS and LC-MS (MS). In vitro, cell-based bioassays were applied to assess (anti)androgenic, estrogenic and dioxin-like potencies of extracts of the samplers. Of a total of 168 targeted compounds, 107 were detected at least once. Cumulative pollutant concentrations decreased downstream from the city of Sarajevo, which was identified as the major source of organic pollutants in the area. Responses in all bioassays were observed for samples from all sites. In general, estrogenicity could be well explained by analysis of target estrogens, while the drivers of the other observed effects remained largely unknown. Profiling of hazard quotients identified two sites downstream of Sarajevo as hotspots of biological potency. Risk assessment of detected compounds revealed, that 7 compounds (diazinon, diclofenac, 17β-estradiol, estrone, benzo[k]fluoranthene, fluoranthene and benzo[k]fluoranthene) might pose risks to aquatic biota in the Bosna River. The study brings unique results of a complex water quality assessment in a region with an insufficient water treatment infrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Toušová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Environmental Institute (EI), Okružná 784/42, 972 41 Koš, Slovakia
| | - Branislav Vrana
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Water Research Institute, Nabr. Arm. Gen. L. Svobodu 5, 812 49 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marie Smutná
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Novák
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Klučárová
- Slovak University of Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Radlinskeho 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, CZ-389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic
| | | | - John Paul Giesy
- Dept. Biomedical Veterinary Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Saskatchewan, Canada; School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Klára Hilscherová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, RECETOX, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Valenzuela EF, Menezes HC, Cardeal ZL. New passive sampling device for effective monitoring of pesticides in water. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1054:26-37. [PMID: 30712591 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of pesticides promotes environmental contamination, mainly in surface and ground waters. However, they remain at very low concentration and present wide degradation level requiring the use of efficient devices for pesticides passive sampling. In this study, a new in situ passive sampling device was developed for monitoring and estimating time-weighted average (TWA) of pesticides in waters. The device was made with simple, recyclable and cheap materials. The sampling system involves the liquid phase microextraction technique with hollow fiber in two-phases mode. Pesticides determination was done by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. The method was optimized and validated for the determination of 29 pesticides in water, showing good linearity in the range between 0.012 and 40.00 μg L-1 with determination coefficients of R2 > 0,9649. Limit of detection (LOD) ranged from 0.009 to 0.557 μg L-1 and limit of quantification (LOQ) from 0.012 to 0.802 μg L-1. The recoveries of spiked pesticides in water samples were in the range from 96 to 130%. The method was applied to forty environmental water samples collected at São Francisco river basin, Brazil. The highest detection frequency was found for the pesticides 4,4-DDE, 4,4-DDD and propazine. They were detected in more than 20 percent of the samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard F Valenzuela
- Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Helvécio C Menezes
- Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Zenilda L Cardeal
- Departamento de Química, ICEx, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Avenida Antônio Carlos, 6627, 31270901, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
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20
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Schintu M, Marrucci A, Marras B, Atzori M, Pellegrini D. Passive sampling monitoring of PAHs and trace metals in seawater during the salvaging of the Costa Concordia wreck (Parbuckling Project). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2018; 135:819-827. [PMID: 30301102 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Passive sampling techniques were used for monitoring trace metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the seawater surrounding the Costa Concordia shipwreck (Isola del Giglio, Italy). The monitoring lasted two and a half years (2012-2014) and considered all four phases of the "parbuckling project": stabilisation of the wreckage, installation of steel caissons on both sides of the wreck, parbuckling, and refloating. Dissolved trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, and V) were measured with diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT), while freely dissolved PAHs were measured with semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs). Passive sampling allowed to detect very low concentrations of contaminants, and indicated significant differences among the sampling stations and among the different steps for salvaging the wreck. The results suggested that the main source of contamination was the heavy working vessel traffic at the disaster site, rather than the release of contaminants from the wreck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Schintu
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | | | | | - Marco Atzori
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - David Pellegrini
- Istituto Superiore per la Protezione e la Ricerca Ambientale, Livorno, Italy
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21
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Vrana B, Smedes F, Allan I, Rusina T, Okonski K, Hilscherová K, Novák J, Tarábek P, Slobodník J. Mobile dynamic passive sampling of trace organic compounds: Evaluation of sampler performance in the Danube River. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 636:1597-1607. [PMID: 29606316 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A "dynamic" passive sampling (DPS) device, consisting of an electrically driven large volume water pumping device coupled to a passive sampler exposure cell, was designed to enhance the sampling rate of trace organic compounds. The purpose of enhancing the sampling rate was to achieve sufficient method sensitivity, when the period available for sampling is limited to a few days. Because the uptake principle in the DPS remains the same as for conventionally-deployed passive samplers, free dissolved concentrations can be derived from the compound uptake using available passive sampler calibration parameters. This was confirmed by good agreement between aqueous concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) derived from DPS and conventional caged passive sampler. The DPS device enhanced sampling rates of compounds that are accumulated in samplers under water boundary layer control (WBL) more than five times compared with the conventionally deployed samplers. The DPS device was deployed from a ship cruising downstream the Danube River to provide temporally and spatially integrated concentrations. A DPS-deployed sampler with surface area of 400cm2 can reach sampling rates up to 83Ld-1. The comparison of three passive samplers made of different sorbents and co-deployed in the DPS device, namely silicone rubber (SR), low density polyethylene (LDPE) and SDB-RPS Empore™ disks showed a good correlation of surface specific uptake for compounds that were sampled integratively during the entire exposure period. This provided a good basis for a cross-calibration between the samplers. The good correlation of free dissolved PAHs, PCBs and HCB concentration estimates obtained using SR and LDPE confirmed that both samplers are suitable for the identification of concentration gradients and trends in the water column. We showed that the differences in calculated aqueous concentrations between sampler types are mainly associated with different applied uptake models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branislav Vrana
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Foppe Smedes
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ian Allan
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalle'en 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tatsiana Rusina
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Krzysztof Okonski
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Hilscherová
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Novák
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Tarábek
- Water Research Institute, Nábr. arm. gen. L. Svobodu 5, 81249 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Lin W, Jiang R, Shen Y, Xiong Y, Hu S, Xu J, Ouyang G. Effect of dissolved organic matter on pre-equilibrium passive sampling: A predictive QSAR modeling study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 635:53-59. [PMID: 29660727 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Pre-equilibrium passive sampling is a simple and promising technique for studying sampling kinetics, which is crucial to determine the distribution, transfer and fate of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in environmental water and organisms. Environmental water samples contain complex matrices that complicate the traditional calibration process for obtaining the accurate rate constants. This study proposed a QSAR model to predict the sampling rate constants of HOCs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and pesticides) in aqueous systems containing complex matrices. A homemade flow-through system was established to simulate an actual aqueous environment containing dissolved organic matter (DOM) i.e. humic acid (HA) and (2-Hydroxypropyl)-β-cyclodextrin (β-HPCD)), and to obtain the experimental rate constants. Then, a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model using Genetic Algorithm-Multiple Linear Regression (GA-MLR) was found to correlate the experimental rate constants to the system state including physicochemical parameters of the HOCs and DOM which were calculated and selected as descriptors by Density Functional Theory (DFT) and Chem 3D. The experimental results showed that the rate constants significantly increased as the concentration of DOM increased, and the enhancement factors of 70-fold and 34-fold were observed for the HOCs in HA and β-HPCD, respectively. The established QSAR model was validated as credible (RAdj.2=0.862) and predictable (Q2=0.835) in estimating the rate constants of HOCs for complex aqueous sampling, and a probable mechanism was developed by comparison to the reported theoretical study. MAIN FINDING OF THE WORK The present study established a QSAR model of passive sampling rate constants and calibrated the effect of DOM on the sampling kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ruifen Jiang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Yong Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yaxin Xiong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Sizi Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jianqiao Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety, KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Chen S, Qu M, Ding J, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Di Y. BaP-metals co-exposure induced tissue-specific antioxidant defense in marine mussels Mytilus coruscus. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 205:286-296. [PMID: 29704836 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.04.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Both benzo(α)pyrene (BaP) and metals are frequently found in marine ecosystem and can cause detrimental effects in marine organism, especially the filter feeder-marine mussels. Although the biological responses in mussels have been well-studied upon the single metal or BaP exposure, the information about antioxidant defense, especially in different tissues of mussels, are still limited. Considering the variety of contaminants existing in the actual marine environment, single BaP (56 μg/L) and the co-exposure with Cu, Cd and Pb (50 μg/L, 50 μg/L and 3 mg/L respectively) were applied in a 6 days exposure followed by 6 days depuration experiment. The alterations of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) level were assessed in haemolymph, gills and digestive glands of marine mussels, Mytilus coruscus. An unparalleled change in antioxidant biomarkers was observed in all cells/tissues, with the SOD activity showing higher sensitivity to exposure. A tissue-specific response showing unique alteration in gill was investigated, indicating the different function of tissues during stress responses. Depressed antioxidant effects were induced by BaP-metals co-exposure, indicating the interaction may alter the intact properties of BaP. To our knowledge, this is the first research to explore the antioxidant defense induced by combined exposure of BaP-metals regarding to tissue-specific responses in marine mussels. The results and experimental model will provide valuable information and can be utilized in the investigation of stress response mechanisms, especially in relation to tissue functions in marine organism in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Chen
- Institute of Marine Biology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316000, China
| | - Mengjie Qu
- Institute of Marine Biology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316000, China
| | - Jiawei Ding
- Institute of Marine Biology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316000, China
| | - Yifei Zhang
- Institute of Marine Biology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316000, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Marine Biology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316000, China
| | - Yanan Di
- Institute of Marine Biology, Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, 316000, China.
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Luo Q, Yu F, Yang F, Yang C, Qiu P, Wang X. A 3D-printed self-propelled, highly sensitive mini-motor for underwater pesticide detection. Talanta 2018; 183:297-303. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Lin Z, Zhen Z, Chen C, Li Y, Luo C, Zhong L, Hu H, Li J, Zhang Y, Liang Y, Yang J, Zhang D. Rhizospheric effects on atrazine speciation and degradation in laterite soils of Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:12407-12418. [PMID: 29460244 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1468-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Atrazine (2-chloro-4-ethylamino-6-isopropylamino-1,3,5-triazine) is a worldwide-used herbicide and often detected in agricultural soils and groundwater at concentrations above the permitted limit, because of its high mobility, persistence, and massive application. This study applied pot experiments to investigate the atrazine contents and speciation during the phytoremediation process by Pennisetum alopecuroides (L.) Spreng. in laterite soils. From the change of the total atrazine and bioavailable atrazine measured by diffusive gradients in thin film (DGT), P. alopecuroides significantly improved atrazine degradation efficiency from 15.22 to 51.46%, attributing to the increasing bioavailable atrazine in rhizosphere. Only a small amount of atrazine was taken up by P. alopecuroides root and the acropetal translocation from roots to shoots was limited. The atrazine speciation was significantly different between rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere, attributing to the declining pH and organic matters in rhizosphere. The relationship between pH and soil-bound/humus-fixed atrazine illustrated the pH-dependant release of the atrazine from soils and the competition between humus adsorption and uptake by P. alopecuroides. The present study reveals the important roles of soil pH and organic matters in atrazine speciation and availability in laterite soils, and provides new insights in the rhizospheric effects on effective phytoremediation of atrazine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Lin
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Zhen
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, People's Republic of China
| | - Changer Chen
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yongtao Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunling Luo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Laiyuan Zhong
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanqiao Hu
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Li
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, People's Republic of China
| | - Yueqin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanqiu Liang
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiewen Yang
- College of Chemistry and Environment, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, People's Republic of China
| | - Dayi Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China.
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YQ, UK.
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Sousa JCG, Ribeiro AR, Barbosa MO, Pereira MFR, Silva AMT. A review on environmental monitoring of water organic pollutants identified by EU guidelines. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 344:146-162. [PMID: 29674092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 369] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of fresh water is a global concern. The huge impact of natural and anthropogenic organic substances that are constantly released into the environment, demands a better knowledge of the chemical status of Earth's surface water. Water quality monitoring studies have been performed targeting different substances and/or classes of substances, in different regions of the world, using different types of sampling strategies and campaigns. This review article aims to gather the available dispersed information regarding the occurrence of priority substances (PSs) and contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) that must be monitored in Europe in surface water, according to the European Union Directive 2013/39/EU and the Watch List of Decision 2015/495/EU, respectively. Other specific organic pollutants not considered in these EU documents as substances of high concern, but with reported elevated frequency of detection at high concentrations, are also discussed. The search comprised worldwide publications from 2012, considering at least one of the following criteria: 4 sampling campaigns per year, wet and dry seasons, temporal and/or spatial monitoring of surface (river, estuarine, lake and/or coastal waters) and ground waters. The highest concentrations were found for: (i) the PSs atrazine, alachlor, trifluralin, heptachlor, hexachlorocyclohexane, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate; (ii) the CECs azithromycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin, diclofenac, 17α-ethinylestradiol, imidacloprid and 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate; and (iii) other unregulated organic compounds (caffeine, naproxen, metolachlor, estriol, dimethoate, terbuthylazine, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, ketoprofen, atenolol, Bisphenol A, metoprolol, carbofuran, malathion, sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine and ofloxacin). Most frequent substances as well as those found at highest concentrations in different seasons and regions, together with available risk assessment data, may be useful to identify possible future PS candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- João C G Sousa
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana R Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Marta O Barbosa
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - M Fernando R Pereira
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Adrián M T Silva
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering - Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials (LSRE-LCM), Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
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Moschino V, Schintu M, Marrucci A, Marras B, Nesto N, Da Ros L. An ecotoxicological approach to evaluate the effects of tourism impacts in the Marine Protected Area of La Maddalena (Sardinia, Italy). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 122:306-315. [PMID: 28666593 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the Marine Protected Area of La Maddalena Archipelago, environmental protection rules and safeguard measures for nautical activities have helped in reducing anthropogenic pressure; however, tourism related activities remain particularly significant in summer. With the aim of evaluating their impacts, the biomarker approach using transplanted Mytilus galloprovincialis as sentinel organisms coupled with POCIS deployment was applied. Mussels, translocated to four marine areas differently impacted by tourism activities, were sampled before, during and after the tourist season. Moreover, endocrine disruptors in passive samplers POCIS and the cellular toxicity of whole POCIS extracts on mussel haemocytes were evaluated to integrate ecotoxicological information. Lysosomal biomarkers, condition index and mortality rate, as well as metals in tissues suggested an alteration of the health status of mussels transplanted to the most impacted sites. The cellular toxicity of POCIS extracts was pointed out, notwithstanding the concentrations of the examined compounds were always below the detection limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Moschino
- Institute of Marine Sciences, ISMAR-CNR, Venezia, Italy.
| | - M Schintu
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - A Marrucci
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - B Marras
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - N Nesto
- Institute of Marine Sciences, ISMAR-CNR, Venezia, Italy
| | - L Da Ros
- Institute of Marine Sciences, ISMAR-CNR, Venezia, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes, IDPA-CNR, Padova, Italy
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Wang L, Gong X, Wang R, Gan Z, Lu Y, Sun H. Application of an immobilized ionic liquid for the passive sampling of perfluorinated substances in water. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1515:45-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Mali N, Cerar S, Koroša A, Auersperger P. Passive sampling as a tool for identifying micro-organic compounds in groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 593-594:722-734. [PMID: 28364607 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents the use of a simple and cost efficient passive sampling device with integrated active carbon with which to test the possibility of determining the presence of micro-organic compounds (MOs) in groundwater and identifying the potential source of pollution as well as the seasonal variability of contamination. Advantage of the passive sampler is to cover a long sampling period by integrating the pollutant concentration over time, and the consequently analytical costs over the monitoring period can be reduced substantially. Passive samplers were installed in 15 boreholes in the Maribor City area in Slovenia, with two sampling campaigns covered a period about one year. At all sampling sites in the first series a total of 103 compounds were detected, and 144 in the second series. Of all detected compounds the 53 most frequently detected were selected for further analysis. These were classified into eight groups based on the type of their source: Pesticides, Halogenated solvents, Non-halogenated solvents, Domestic and personal, Plasticizers and additives, Other industrial, Sterols and Natural compounds. The most frequently detected MO compounds in groundwater were tetrachloroethene and trichloroethene from the Halogenated solvents group. The most frequently detected among the compound's groups were pesticides. Analysis of frequency also showed significant differences between the two sampling series, with less frequent detections in the summer series. For the analysis to determine the origin of contamination three groups of compounds were determined according to type of use: agriculture, urban and industry. Frequency of detection indicates mixed land use in the recharge areas of sampling sites, which makes it difficult to specify the dominant origin of the compound. Passive sampling has proved to be useful tool with which to identify MOs in groundwater and for assessing groundwater quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mali
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Department of Hydrogeology, Dimičeva ulica 14, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - S Cerar
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Department of Hydrogeology, Dimičeva ulica 14, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - A Koroša
- Geological Survey of Slovenia, Department of Hydrogeology, Dimičeva ulica 14, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - P Auersperger
- Public Water Supply Company Vodovod-Kanalizacija, Vodovodna cesta 90, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Yao Y, Huang CL, Wang JZ, Ni HG, Yang ZY, Huang ZY, Bao LJ, Zeng EY. Significance of Anthropogenic Factors to Freely Dissolved Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Freshwater of China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:8304-8312. [PMID: 28653836 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of surface water pollution by organic pollutants is a top priority in many parts of the world, as it provides critical information for implementing effective measures to ensure drinking water safety. This is particularly important in China, where insufficient data of national scale have been acquired on the occurrence of any organic pollutants in the country's water bodies. To fill the knowledge gap, we employed passive samplers to survey polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 42 freshwaters throughout the country. The dissolved Σ24PAH concentrations ranged from 0.28 to 538 ng L-1, with the highest and lowest values obtained in Southern Lake in Wuhan and in the Nam Co Lake in Tibet, respectively. Average Σ24PAH concentrations in West, Central, and East China correlated well with the population densities in these regions. The composition profiles of PAHs showed a mixed PAH source of coal combustion, fossil fuel combustion, and oil spills. In addition, all dissolved PAH concentrations were below the water guidelines developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the European Union, and the Canadian government, except for anthracene in Southern Lake. Our results also demonstrated the feasibility of establishing a global network of monitoring organic pollutants in the aquatic environment with passive sampling techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chun-Li Huang
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ji-Zhong Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology , Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Hong-Gang Ni
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Circular Economy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ze-Yu Yang
- Emergencies Science and Technology Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada , Ottawa, K1A0H3, Canada
| | - Zhi-Yong Huang
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Guangzhou 510640, China
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, China
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Terzopoulou E, Voutsa D. Study of persistent toxic pollutants in a river basin-ecotoxicological risk assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2017; 26:625-638. [PMID: 28382548 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-017-1795-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a complementary approach for the evaluation of water quality in a river basin by employing active and passive sampling. Persistent toxic pollutants representing three classes: organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), were studied in grab water samples, in passive samplers/SemiPermeable Membrane Devices (SPMDs) and in fish tissues collected along the Strymonas River, northern Greece at three sampling campaigns during the year 2013. Almost all the target compounds were detected in the study river of Strymonas, northern Greece at the periods of high rainfall intensity and/or low flow-rate. The most frequently detected compounds were 1,2-benzanthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, endosulfan I, endosulfan II, endosulfan sulfate, endrin aldehyde, fluorene, methoxychlor, polychlorinated biphenyl PCB 28, PCB 180 and pyrene. The family of DDT compounds and aldrin were also occasionally detected. Agricultural run-off and waste effluents are the main sources of hydrophobic organic compounds in the river basin. The use of SPMDs allowed the detection of more micropollutants than active sampling (31 vs. 16, respectively). Results showed relatively low risk however the potential risk associated with micropollutants such as 1,2-benzanthracene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, p,p-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (DDD), endosulfan II, methoxychlor, PCB 180 and pyrene should not be neglected. Performing risk assessment based on passive sampling, more information was obtained about temporal and spatial variation. SPMDs could be applied as a pre-evaluation before chemical monitoring in biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Terzopoulou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
- Veterinary Laboratory of Serres, Terma Omonoias, Serres, 62110, Greece
| | - Dimitra Voutsa
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece.
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32
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Vincent-Hubert F, Morga B, Renault T, Le Guyader F. Adsorption of norovirus and ostreid herpesvirus type 1 to polymer membranes for the development of passive samplers. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 122:1039-1047. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Vincent-Hubert
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie; LSEM/SG2M; Ifremer; Nantes Cedex 03 France
| | - B. Morga
- Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie des Mollusques; SG2M Station de La Tremblade; La Tremblade France
| | - T. Renault
- Département Ressources Biologiques et Environnement; Ifremer; Nantes France
| | - F.S. Le Guyader
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie; LSEM/SG2M; Ifremer; Nantes Cedex 03 France
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33
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Męczykowska H, Kobylis P, Stepnowski P, Caban M. Calibration of Passive Samplers for the Monitoring of Pharmaceuticals in Water-Sampling Rate Variation. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2016; 47:204-222. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2016.1259063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Męczykowska
- Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paulina Kobylis
- Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magda Caban
- Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
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34
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Morrison SA, Luttbeg B, Belden JB. Comparisons of discrete and integrative sampling accuracy in estimating pulsed aquatic exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:749-756. [PMID: 27511440 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Most current-use pesticides have short half-lives in the water column and thus the most relevant exposure scenarios for many aquatic organisms are pulsed exposures. Quantifying exposure using discrete water samples may not be accurate as few studies are able to sample frequently enough to accurately determine time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations of short aquatic exposures. Integrative sampling methods that continuously sample freely dissolved contaminants over time intervals (such as integrative passive samplers) have been demonstrated to be a promising measurement technique. We conducted several modeling scenarios to test the assumption that integrative methods may require many less samples for accurate estimation of peak 96-h TWA concentrations. We compared the accuracies of discrete point samples and integrative samples while varying sampling frequencies and a range of contaminant water half-lives (t50 = 0.5, 2, and 8 d). Differences the predictive accuracy of discrete point samples and integrative samples were greatest at low sampling frequencies. For example, when the half-life was 0.5 d, discrete point samples required 7 sampling events to ensure median values > 50% and no sampling events reporting highly inaccurate results (defined as < 10% of the true 96-h TWA). Across all water half-lives investigated, integrative sampling only required two samples to prevent highly inaccurate results and measurements resulting in median values > 50% of the true concentration. Regardless, the need for integrative sampling diminished as water half-life increased. For an 8-d water half-life, two discrete samples produced accurate estimates and median values greater than those obtained for two integrative samples. Overall, integrative methods are the more accurate method for monitoring contaminants with short water half-lives due to reduced frequency of extreme values, especially with uncertainties around the timing of pulsed events. However, the acceptability of discrete sampling methods for providing accurate concentration measurements increases with increasing aquatic half-lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane A Morrison
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
| | - Barney Luttbeg
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
| | - Jason B Belden
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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35
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Manamsa K, Lapworth DJ, Stuart ME. Temporal variability of micro-organic contaminants in lowland chalk catchments: New insights into contaminant sources and hydrological processes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 568:566-577. [PMID: 26850859 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper explores the temporal variation of a broad suite of micro organic (MO) compounds within hydrologically linked compartments of a lowland Chalk catchment, the most important drinking water aquifer in the UK. It presents an assessment of results from relatively high frequency monitoring at a well-characterised site, including the type and concentrations of compounds detected and how they change under different hydrological conditions including exceptionally high groundwater levels and river flow conditions during 2014 and subsequent recovery. This study shows for the first time that within the Chalk groundwater there can be a greater diversity of the MOs compared to surface waters. Within the Chalk 26 different compounds were detected over the duration of the study compared to 17 in the surface water. Plasticisers (0.06-39μg/L) were found to dominate in the Chalk groundwater on 5 visits (38.4%) accounting for 14.5% of detections but contributing highest concentrations whilst other compounds dominated in the surface water. Trichloroethene and atrazine were among the most frequently detected compounds. The limit for the total pesticide concentration detected did not exceed EU/UK prescribed concentration values for drinking water. Emerging organic compounds such as caffeine, which currently do not have water quality limits, were also detected. The low numbers of compounds found within the hyporheic zone highlight the role of this transient interface in the attenuation and breakdown of the MOs, and provision of an important ecosystem service.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Manamsa
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - D J Lapworth
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK.
| | - M E Stuart
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
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Ahrens L, Daneshvar A, Lau AE, Kreuger J. Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27584699 DOI: 10.3791/54053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study provides a protocol for the passive sampler preparation, calibration, extraction method and instrumental analysis. Sampling rates (RS) and passive sampler-water partition coefficients (KPW) were calculated for silicone rubber, polar organic chemical integrative sampler POCIS-A, POCIS-B, SDB-RPS and C18 disk. The uptake of the selected compounds depended on their physicochemical properties, i.e., silicone rubber showed a better uptake for more hydrophobic compounds (log octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) > 5.3), whereas POCIS-A, POCIS-B and SDB-RPS disk were more suitable for hydrophilic compounds (log KOW < 0.70).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences;
| | - Atlasi Daneshvar
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Center for Chemical Pesticides, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Anna E Lau
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Center for Chemical Pesticides, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
| | - Jenny Kreuger
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; Center for Chemical Pesticides, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
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Wu X, Zhu L. Evaluating bioavailability of organic pollutants in soils by sequential ultrasonic extraction procedure. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 156:21-29. [PMID: 27156212 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.04.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Under current retrospective risk assessment framework, the total concentrations of organic pollutants in soils have been employed as the standard for over 30 years. The total concentrations reflect the overall accumulation in soils but tend to be overly conservative for assessing the ecological risks, where the bioavailability plays an important role. In this study, the bioavailability of organic pollutants in soils was evaluated using a stepwise and tiered classification method, namely the sequential ultrasonic extraction procedure (SEUP). The water-soluble and acid-soluble fractions extracted by the SEUP were the bioavailable fractions. The reliability and environmental relevance of the speciation method were examined with representative organic pollutants using the root uptake methods and the semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs). The plant uptake amounts corrected with weight were highly correlated with the bioavailable fractions (R(2) > 0.75). The amounts of the bioavailable fractions were negatively correlated with the logKow values (R(2) ranging from 0.71 to 0.77) of the organic pollutants and the contents of soil organic matter (R(2) ranging from 0.68 to 0.96). As a refinement of the current risk assessment framework, the SUEP that has proved to be a reliable and convenient is thus highly recommended for evaluating the bioavailability of organic pollutants in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Wu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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Belles A, Alary C, Mamindy-Pajany Y. Thickness and material selection of polymeric passive samplers for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water: Which more strongly affects sampler properties? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:1708-1717. [PMID: 26647116 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Three configurations of single-phase polymer passive samplers made of polyoxymethylene (POM), silicone rubber, and polyethylene (PE) were simultaneously calibrated in laboratory experiments by determining their partitioning coefficients and the POM diffusion coefficients and by validating a kinetic accumulation model. In addition, the performance of each device was evaluated under field conditions. With the support of the developed model, the device properties are discussed with regard to material selection and polymer thickness. The results show that a sampler's properties, such as its concentration-averaging period and ability to sample a large amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, are widely affected by material selection. Sampler thickness also allows modulation of the properties of the device but with a much lower magnitude. Selection of the appropriate polymer and/or thickness allows samplers to be adapted either for quick equilibration or for the kinetic accumulation regime and promotes either membrane or water boundary layer control of the kinetic accumulation. In addition, membrane-controlled or equilibrated compounds are quantified with greater accuracy because they are not corrected by the performance reference compounds approach. However, the averaged concentrations cannot be assessed when compounds reach equilibrium in the sampler, whereas membrane-controlled devices remaining in the kinetic accumulation regime provide averaged concentrations without requiring performance reference compound correction; detection limits are then increased because of the higher mass transfer resistance of the membrane. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1708-1717. © 2015 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Belles
- Mines Douai, LGCGE-GCE, Douai, France
- Lille University of Science and Technology, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Claire Alary
- Mines Douai, LGCGE-GCE, Douai, France
- Lille University of Science and Technology, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Yannick Mamindy-Pajany
- Mines Douai, LGCGE-GCE, Douai, France
- Lille University of Science and Technology, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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39
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Uher E, Mirande-Bret C, Gourlay-Francé C. Assessing the relation between anthropogenic pressure and PAH concentrations in surface water in the Seine River basin using multivariate analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 557-558:551-561. [PMID: 27037876 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the relation between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in freshwater and anthropogenic pressure is fundamental to finding a solution to reduce the presence of PAHs in water, and thus their potential impact on aquatic life. In this paper we propose to gain greater insight into the variability, sources and partitioning of PAHs in labile (or freely dissolved=not associated to the organic matter), dissolved and particulate phases in freshwater. This study was conducted using land use data as a marker of anthropogenic pressure and coupling it with chemical measurements. This study was conducted on 30 sites in the Seine River basin, which is subjected to a strong human impact and exhibits a wide range of land uses. Half of the sites were studied twice. Labile PAHs were measured by semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs), and dissolved and particulate phases by grab samples. Partial least squares regressions were performed between chemical measurements and data of anthropogenic pressure. The results indicate different sources for the dissolved phase and particles. Dissolved and labile phases were more related to the population density of the watershed, while particles were more related to a local pressure. Season and land use data are necessary information to correctly interpret and compare PAH concentrations from different sites. Furthermore, the whole data set of the 45 field deployments comprising labile, dissolved, total and particulate PAH concentrations as well as the physico-chemical parameters is available in the supplementary information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Uher
- Irstea, UR HBAN Hydrosystèmes et bioprocédés, 1 rue Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, CS 10030, 92761 Antony cedex, France; FIRE, FR-30204 place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France.
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40
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Dou Y, Zhang TC, Zeng J, Stansbury J, Moussavi M, Richter-Egger DL, Klein MR. Polyurethane foam (PUF) passive samplers for monitoring phenanthrene in stormwater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:473-481. [PMID: 26942631 DOI: 10.1039/c5em00591d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Pollution from highway stormwater runoff has been an increasing area of concern. Many structural Best Management Practices (BMPs) have been implemented for stormwater treatment and management. One challenge for these BMPs is to sample stormwater and monitor BMP performance. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using polyurethane foam (PUF) passive samplers (PSs) for sampling phenanthrene (PHE) in highway stormwater runoff and BMPs. Tests were conducted using batch reactors, glass-tube columns, and laboratory-scale BMPs (bioretention cells). Results indicate that sorption for PHE by PUF is mainly linearly relative to time, and the high sorption capacity allows the PUF passive sampler to monitor stormwater events for months or years. The PUF passive samplers could be embedded in BMPs for monitoring influent and effluent PHE concentrations. Models developed to link the results of batch and column tests proved to be useful for determining removal or sorption parameters and performance of the PUF-PSs. The predicted removal efficiencies of BMPs were close to the real values obtained from the control columns with errors ranging between -8.46 and 1.52%. This research showed that it is possible to use PUF passive samplers for sampling stormwater and monitoring the performance of stormwater BMPs, which warrants the field-scale feasibility studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Dou
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, P. R. China.
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41
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Belles A, Mamindy-Pajany Y, Alary C. Simulation of aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons remobilization from a river sediment using laboratory experiments supported by passive sampling techniques. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:2426-2436. [PMID: 26416124 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5462-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Resuspension of bedded sediments was simulated under laboratory-controlled conditions in order to assess the amount of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) remobilized in the dissolved fraction during one short and vigorous mixing. The desorbed amount of PAH was compared to the exchangeable fraction, the total amount of PAH sorbed on the sediment particles, and the dissolved PAH amount contained in the interstitial pore waters in order to evaluate the contribution of each fraction to the total amount of PAH released. To monitor the desorption of PAH and measure low trace level concentrations, passive samplers were used in an experimental open flow through exposure simulator. Results show that for the selected sediment, a substantial fraction of sorbed PAH (69 % of the total amount) is not available for remobilization in a depleted medium. Obtained data pinpoint that over 9 days, only 0.007 % of PAH are desorbed by passive diffusion through a water-sediment interface area of 415 cm(2) and that an intense resuspension event of 15 min induces desorption of 0.015 % of PAH during the following 9 days. Results also highlight that during resuspension simulation, modifications of the sediment and the water body occurred since partitioning constants of some pollutants between sediment and water have significantly decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Belles
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mines Douai, LGCGE-GCE, F-59508, Douai, France.
- Lille University of Science and Technology, F-59650, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France.
| | - Yannick Mamindy-Pajany
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mines Douai, LGCGE-GCE, F-59508, Douai, France
- Lille University of Science and Technology, F-59650, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Claire Alary
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Mines Douai, LGCGE-GCE, F-59508, Douai, France
- Lille University of Science and Technology, F-59650, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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42
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Dabrin A, Ghestem JP, Uher E, Gonzalez JL, Allan IJ, Schintu M, Montero N, Balaam J, Peinerud E, Miège C, Coquery M. Metal measurement in aquatic environments by passive sampling methods: Lessons learning from an in situ intercomparison exercise. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 208:299-308. [PMID: 26589099 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Passive sampling devices (PS) are widely used for pollutant monitoring in water, but estimation of measurement uncertainties by PS has seldom been undertaken. The aim of this work was to identify key parameters governing PS measurements of metals and their dispersion. We report the results of an in situ intercomparison exercise on diffusive gradient in thin films (DGT) in surface waters. Interlaboratory uncertainties of time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations were satisfactory (from 28% to 112%) given the number of participating laboratories (10) and ultra-trace metal concentrations involved. Data dispersion of TWA concentrations was mainly explained by uncertainties generated during DGT handling and analytical procedure steps. We highlight that DGT handling is critical for metals such as Cd, Cr and Zn, implying that DGT assembly/dismantling should be performed in very clean conditions. Using a unique dataset, we demonstrated that DGT markedly lowered the LOQ in comparison to spot sampling and stressed the need for accurate data calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dabrin
- Irstea, UR MALY, Freshwater Systems, Ecology and Pollution Research Unit, 5 rue de la Doua, CS 70077, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - J-P Ghestem
- BRGM, 3 Avenue C. Guillemin, BP 36009, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - E Uher
- Irstea, UR HBAN, F-92163, Antony, France
| | - J-L Gonzalez
- Ifremer, Département Biogéochimie et Ecotoxicologie, B.P. 330 Zone Portuaire de Brégaillon, 83507, La Seyne/mer cedex, France
| | - I J Allan
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustalleen 21, O349, Oslo, Norway
| | - M Schintu
- Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - N Montero
- AZTI-Tecnalia, Marine Research Division, Herrera kai, Portualdea z/g, Pasaia, 20110, Spain
| | - J Balaam
- Cefas, Centre for the Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Lowestoft Laboratory, Lowestoft, United Kingdom
| | - E Peinerud
- ALS Scandinavia, Box 511, SE-183 25, Taby, Sweden
| | - C Miège
- Irstea, UR MALY, Freshwater Systems, Ecology and Pollution Research Unit, 5 rue de la Doua, CS 70077, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
| | - M Coquery
- Irstea, UR MALY, Freshwater Systems, Ecology and Pollution Research Unit, 5 rue de la Doua, CS 70077, F-69626, Villeurbanne, France
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Chimuka L, Sibiya P, Amdany R, Cukrowska E, Forbes PBC. Status of PAHs in Environmental Compartments of South Africa: A Country Report. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2014.988276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Chimuka
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of ChemistryUniversity of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - P. Sibiya
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of ChemistryUniversity of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - R. Amdany
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of ChemistryUniversity of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - E. Cukrowska
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of ChemistryUniversity of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - P. B. C. Forbes
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Ahrens L, Daneshvar A, Lau AE, Kreuger J. Characterization of five passive sampling devices for monitoring of pesticides in water. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1405:1-11. [PMID: 26087968 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Five different passive sampler devices were characterized under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides in water. In addition, passive sampler derived time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations were compared to time-integrated active sampling in the field. Sampling rates (RS) and passive sampler-water partition coefficients (KPW) were calculated for individual pesticides using silicone rubber (SR), polar organic chemical integrative sampler (POCIS)-A, POCIS-B, Chemcatcher(®) SDB-RPS and Chemcatcher(®) C18. The median RS (Lday(-1)) decreased as follows: SR (0.86)>POCIS-B (0.22)>POCIS-A (0.18)>Chemcatcher(®) SDB-RPS (0.05)>Chemcatcher(®) C18 (0.02), while the median logKPW (Lkg(-1)) decreased as follows: POCIS-B (4.78)>POCIS-A (4.56)>Chemcatcher(®) SDB-RPS (3.17)>SR (3.14)>Chemcatcher(®)C18 (2.71). The uptake of the selected compounds depended on their physicochemical properties, i.e. SR showed a better uptake for more hydrophobic compounds (log octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW)>5.3), whereas POCIS-A, POCIS-B and Chemcatcher(®) SDB-RPS were more suitable for hydrophilic compounds (logKOW<0.70). Overall, the comparison between passive sampler and time-integrated active sampler concentrations showed a good agreement and the tested passive samplers were suitable for capturing compounds with a wide range of KOW's in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Ahrens
- Dept of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Atlasi Daneshvar
- Dept of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; Center for Chemical Pesticides, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna E Lau
- Dept of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; Center for Chemical Pesticides, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jenny Kreuger
- Dept of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; Center for Chemical Pesticides, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P. O. Box 7050, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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45
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Kreuzeder A, Santner J, Zhang H, Prohaska T, Wenzel W. Uncertainty evaluation of the diffusive gradients in thin films technique. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:1594-602. [PMID: 25579402 PMCID: PMC4319404 DOI: 10.1021/es504533e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Although the analytical performance of the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique is well investigated, there is no systematic analysis of the DGT measurement uncertainty and its sources. In this study we determine the uncertainties of bulk DGT measurements (not considering labile complexes) and of DGT-based chemical imaging using laser ablation - inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. We show that under well-controlled experimental conditions the relative combined uncertainties of bulk DGT measurements are ∼10% at a confidence interval of 95%. While several factors considerably contribute to the uncertainty of bulk DGT, the uncertainty of DGT LA-ICP-MS mainly depends on the signal variability of the ablation analysis. The combined uncertainties determined in this study support the use of DGT as a monitoring instrument. It is expected that the analytical requirements of legal frameworks, for example, the EU Drinking Water Directive, are met by DGT sampling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kreuzeder
- University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Jakob Santner
- University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Hao Zhang
- Lancaster
University, Department of Environmental
Science, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United
Kingdom
| | - Thomas Prohaska
- University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Chemistry, VIRIS Laboratory, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Walter
W. Wenzel
- University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
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46
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Terzopoulou E, Voutsa D, Kaklamanos G. A multi-residue method for determination of 70 organic micropollutants in surface waters by solid-phase extraction followed by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:1095-1112. [PMID: 25109470 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3397-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A multi-residue method, based on gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), has been developed for the determination of 70 organic micropollutants from various chemical classes (organochlorinated, organophosphorous, triazines, carbamate and urea, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, pharmaceuticals, phenols, etc.) in surface waters. A single-step SPE extraction using OASIS HLB cartridges was employed for the recovery of target micropollutants. The method has been validated according to monitoring performance criteria of the Water Framework Directive, taking into account the approved guidelines on quality assurance and quality control. The recoveries ranged from 60 to 110 %, the coefficient of variation from 0.84 to 27.4 %, and the uncertainty from 6 to 37 %. The LOD varied from 6.0 to 40 ng/L. The limits of quantification for the priority pollutants anthracene, alachlor, atrazine, benzo(a)pyrene, chlorfenvinphos, diuron, isoproturon, nonylphenol, simazine, and terbutryn fulfill the criterion of <30 % of the relevant environmental standards. The method was employed to investigate the water quality in the basin of a transboundary river, Strymonas, in NE Greece during three sampling campaigns conducted in the year 2013. Thirty-nine compounds were detected in the river water. Metolachlor, diuron, isoproturon, salicylic acid, chlorfenvinphos, 1,2-benzanthracene, pyrene, diflubenzuron, and carbaryl exhibited the highest detection frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangelia Terzopoulou
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, 54124, Greece
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Amdany R, Chimuka L, Cukrowska E, Kukučka P, Kohoutek J, Tölgyessy P, Vrana B. Assessment of bioavailable fraction of POPS in surface water bodies in Johannesburg City, South Africa, using passive samplers: an initial assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2014; 186:5639-5653. [PMID: 24869948 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-014-3809-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the semipermeable membrane device (SPMD) passive samplers were used to determine freely dissolved concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in selected water bodies situated in and around Johannesburg City, South Africa. The devices were deployed for 14 days at each sampling site in spring and summer of 2011. Time weighted average (TWA) concentrations of the water-borne contaminants were calculated from the amounts of analytes accumulated in the passive samplers. In the area of interest, concentrations of analytes in water ranged from 33.5 to 126.8 ng l(-1) for PAHs, from 20.9 to 120.9 pg l(-1) for PCBs and from 0.2 to 36.9 ng l(-1) for OCPs. Chlorinated pesticides were mainly composed of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) (0.15-36.9 ng l(-1)) and dichlorodiphenyltrichloromethane (DDT) with its metabolites (0.03-0.55 ng l(-1)). By applying diagnostic ratios of certain PAHs, identification of possible sources of the contaminants in the various sampling sites was performed. These ratios were generally inclined towards pyrogenic sources of pollution by PAHs in all study sites except in the Centurion River (CR), Centurion Lake (CL) and Airport River (AUP) that indicated petrogenic origins. This study highlights further need to map up the temporal and spatial variations of these POPs using passive samplers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Amdany
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, P/Bag 3, WITS, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
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