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Zhu C, Li R, Qiu M, Zhu C, Gai Y, Li L, Yang N, Sun L, Wang C, Wang B, Yan G, Xu C. High spatiotemporal resolution ammonia emission inventory from typical industrial and agricultural province of China from 2000 to 2020. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170732. [PMID: 38340857 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
As a typical industrial and agricultural province, Shandong is one of China's most seriously air-polluted regions. One comprehensive ammonia emission inventory with a high spatial resolution (1 km × 1 km) for 136 county-level administrative divisions in Shandong from 2000 to 2020 is developed based on county-level activity data with the corrected and updated emission factors of seventy-seven subcategories. Annual ammonia emissions decrease from 1003.3 Gg in 2000 to 795.9 Gg in 2020, with an annual decrease rate of 1.2 %. Therein, the ammonia emissions associated with livestock and farmland ecosystems in 2020 account for 50.8 % and 32.9 % of the provincial total ammonia emission, respectively. Laying hen and wheat are the livestock and crop with the highest ammonia emissions, accounting for 23.3 % and 36.3 % of ammonia emissions from livestock and the application of synthetic fertilizers, respectively. Furthermore, waste treatment, humans and vehicles are the top three ammonia emission sources in urban areas, accounting for 5.0 %, 4.7 % and 1.3 % of total ammonia emissions, respectively. The spatial distribution of grids with high ammonia emissions is consistent with the distribution of intensive farms. Significant emission intensity areas mainly concentrate in western Shandong (e.g., Caoxian of Heze, Qihe of Dezhou, Yanggu of Liaocheng, Liangshan of Jining) due to the large area of arable land and the high levels of agricultural activity. Overall, prominent seasonal variability characteristics of ammonia emission are observed. Ammonia emissions tend to be high in summer and low in winter, and the August to January-emission ratio is 5.6. The high temperature and fertilization for maize are primarily responsible for Shandong's increase in ammonia emissions in summer. Finally, the validity of the estimates is further evaluated using uncertainty analysis and comparison with previous studies. This study can provide information to determine preferentially effective PM2.5 control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyong Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Renqiang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Mengyi Qiu
- State Grid of China Technology Collage, State Grid, Jinan 250002, China
| | - Changtong Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yichao Gai
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Ling Li
- Ecology Institute of Shandong Academy of Science, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Na Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Lei Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Chen Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Baolin Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Guihuan Yan
- Ecology Institute of Shandong Academy of Science, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Chongqing Xu
- Ecology Institute of Shandong Academy of Science, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
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2
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Li Y, Liu J, George C, Herrmann H, Gu M, Yang M, Wang Y, Mellouki A, Pan Y, Felix JD, Kawashima H, Zhang Z, Wang S, Zeng Y. Apportioning Atmospheric Ammonia Sources across Spatial and Seasonal Scales by Their Isotopic Fingerprint. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:16424-16434. [PMID: 37844023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitigating ammonia (NH3) emissions is a significant challenge, given its well-recognized role in the troposphere, contributing to secondary particle formation and impacting acid rain. The difficulty arises from the highly uncertain attribution of atmospheric NH3 to specific emission sources, especially when accounting for diverse environments and varying spatial and temporal scales. In this study, we established a refined δ15N fingerprint for eight emission sources, including three previously overlooked sources of potential importance. We applied this approach in a year-long case study conducted in urban and rural sites located only 40 km apart in the Shandong Peninsula, North China Plain. Our findings highlight that although atmospheric NH3 concentrations and seasonal trends exhibited similarities, their isotopic compositions revealed significant distinctions in the primary NH3 sources. In rural areas, although agriculture emerged as the dominant emission source (64.2 ± 19.5%), a previously underestimated household stove source also played a considerably greater role, particularly during cold seasons (36.5 ± 12.5%). In urban areas, industry and traffic (33.5 ± 15.6%) and, surprisingly, sewage treatment (27.7 ± 11.3%) associated with high population density were identified as the major contributors. Given the relatively short lifetime of atmospheric NH3, our findings highlight the significance of the isotope approach in offering a more comprehensive understanding of localized and seasonal influences of NH3 sources compared to emissions inventories. The refined isotopic fingerprint proves to be an effective tool in distinguishing source contributions across spatial and seasonal scales, thereby providing valuable insights for the development of emission mitigation policies aimed at addressing the increasing NH3 burden on the local atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongzhi Li
- Sino-French Research Institute for Ecology and Environment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Sino-French Research Institute for Ecology and Environment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Christian George
- Université Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne 69626, France
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig 04318, Germany
- Shandong University Chamber Laboratory, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Mengna Gu
- Sino-French Research Institute for Ecology and Environment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Muhan Yang
- Sino-French Research Institute for Ecology and Environment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yanjun Wang
- Sino-French Research Institute for Ecology and Environment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Institut de Combustion Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement (ICARE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Orléans 45071, France
- College of Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Rehamna 43150, Morocco
| | - Yuepeng Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry (LAPC), Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Joseph David Felix
- Department of Physical and Environmental Science, Texas A & M University - Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, Texas 78412, United States
| | - Hiroto Kawashima
- Department of Bioscience and Engineering, College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology, Saitama 337-8570, Japan
| | - Zhongyi Zhang
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shuguang Wang
- Sino-French Research Institute for Ecology and Environment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yang Zeng
- Sino-French Research Institute for Ecology and Environment, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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3
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Zhang C, Zhao G, Jiao Y, Quan B, Lu W, Su P, Tang Y, Wang J, Wu M, Xiao N, Zhang Y, Tong J. Critical analysis on the transformation and upgrading strategy of Chinese municipal wastewater treatment plants: Towards sustainable water remediation and zero carbon emissions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 896:165201. [PMID: 37406711 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
In the light of circular economy aspects, processing of large-scale municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) needs reconsideration to limit the overuse of energy, implement of non-green technologies and emit abundant greenhouse gas. Along with the huge increase in the worldwide population and agro-industrial activities, global environmental organizations have issued several recent roles to boost scientific and industrial communities towards sustainable development. Over recent years, China has imposed national and regional standards to control and manage the discharged liquid and solid waste, as well as to achieve carbon peaking and carbon neutrality. The aim of this report is to analyze the current state of Chinese WWTPs routing and related issues such as climate change and air pollution. The used strategies in Chinese WWTPs and upgrading trends were critically discussed. Several points were addressed including the performance, environmental impact, and energy demand of bio-enhanced technologies, including hydrolytic acidification pretreatment, efficient (toxic) strain treatment, and anaerobic ammonia oxidation denitrification technology, as well as advanced treatment technologies composed of physical and chemical treatment technologies, biological treatment technology and combined treatment technology. Discussion and critical analysis based on the current data and national policies were provided and employed to develop the future development trend of municipal WWTPs in China from the construction of sustainable and "Zero carbon" WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Guifeng Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanan Jiao
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bingxu Quan
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wenjing Lu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Peidong Su
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Yuanhui Tang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jianbing Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Mengmeng Wu
- Zhongguancun Summit Enviro-Protection Co., Ltd., Beijing 100081, China
| | - Nan Xiao
- Zhongguancun Summit Enviro-Protection Co., Ltd., Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yizhen Zhang
- Zhongguancun Summit Enviro-Protection Co., Ltd., Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jinghua Tong
- Zhongguancun Summit Enviro-Protection Co., Ltd., Beijing 100081, China
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4
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Li Q, Liu GH, Qi L, Wang H, Xian G. Chlorine-mediated electrochemical advanced oxidation process for ammonia removal: Mechanisms, characteristics and expectation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 896:165169. [PMID: 37400024 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine-Mediated Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation (Cl-EAO) technology is a promising approach for ammonia removal from wastewater due to its numerous advantages, including small infrastructure, short processing time, easy operation, high security, and high nitrogen selectivity. This paper provides a review of the ammonia oxidation mechanisms, characteristics, and anticipated applications of Cl-EAO technology. The mechanisms of ammonia oxidation encompass breakpoint chlorination and chlorine radical oxidation, although the contributions of active chlorine, Cl, and ClO remain uncertain. This study critically examines the limitations of existing research and suggests that a combination of determining free radical concentration and simulating a kinetic model would help elucidate the contributions of active chlorine, Cl, and ClO to ammonia oxidation. Furthermore, this review comprehensively summarizes the characteristics of ammonia oxidation, including kinetic properties, influencing factors, products, and electrodes. The amalgamation of Cl-EAO technology with photocatalytic and concentration technologies has the potential to enhance ammonia oxidation efficiency. Future research should concentrate on clarifying the contributions of active chlorine, Cl, and ClO to ammonia oxidation, the production of chloramines and other byproducts, and the development of more efficient anodes for the Cl-EAO process. The main objective of this review is to enhance the understanding of the Cl-EAO process. The findings presented herein contribute to the advancement of Cl-EAO technology and provide a foundation for future studies in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangang Li
- School of Environment and Nature Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- School of Environment and Nature Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
| | - Lu Qi
- School of Environment and Nature Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Hongchen Wang
- School of Environment and Nature Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Guang Xian
- Logistics Command Department, Army Logistics Academy, Chongqing 401331, China
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5
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Keawboonchu J, Thepanondh S, Kultan V, Pinthong N, Malakan W, Robson MG. Integrated Sustainable Management of Petrochemical Industrial Air Pollution. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2280. [PMID: 36767648 PMCID: PMC9914942 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The emission inventory, emission factor, and spatial concentration distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from a petrochemical industry (aromatics plant) were intensively evaluated in this study to elucidate the potential sources of BTX emission and their contribution to ambient concentrations. Five emission groups were quantified through direct measurement and emission models. These data were then used as input for the AERMOD dispersion model for the source apportionment analysis. The source to ambient contribution analysis revealed that a wastewater treatment facility and organic liquid storage tank were major contributors accounting for about 20.6-88.4% and 10.3-75.4% to BTX environmental concentrations, respectively. The highest annual ambient concentrations of benzene (B), toluene (T), and xylenes (X) were predicted as 9.0, 2.8, and 57.9 µg/m3 at the fence line of the plant boundary, respectively. These findings assist policymakers in prioritizing the appropriate control measures to the right source by considering not just the amount released but also their contribution to ambient concentrations. This study suggested that the wastewater treatment unit should be changed to the closed system which will benefit reduction in its emission (45.05%) as well as effectively minimizing ambient VOC concentration by 49.96% compared to its normal operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutarat Keawboonchu
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Thepanondh
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Vanitchaya Kultan
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Nattaporn Pinthong
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Wissawa Malakan
- Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
- Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Mark Gregory Robson
- Department of Plant Biology, School of Environmental and Biological Science, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8525, USA
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6
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Kar S, Singh R, Gurian PL, Hendricks A, Kohl P, McKelvey S, Spatari S. Life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis of nitrogen recovery by ammonia air-stripping from wastewater treatment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159499. [PMID: 36257433 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with anaerobic digestion of biosolids produce an ammonia-rich sidestream out of which nitrogen can be recovered through air stripping. Recovered ammonia can be used to produce ammonium sulfate (AS) for agricultural use, enabling the circular return of nitrogen as fertilizer to the food system. We investigate the cost and life cycle environmental impact of recovering ammonia from the sidestream of WWTPs for conversion to AS and compare it to AS production from the Haber Bosch process. We perform life cycle assessment (LCA) to investigate the environmental impact of AS fertilizer production by air-stripping ammonia from WWTP sidestreams at varying sidestream nitrogen concentrations. Techno-economic analysis (TEA) is performed to assess the break-even selling price of sidestream AS production at a WWTP in the City of Philadelphia. Greenhouse gas emissions for air-stripping technology range between 0.2 and 0.5 kg CO2e/kg AS, about six times lower than the hydrocarbon-based Haber-Bosch process, estimated at 2.5 kg CO2e/kg AS. Further reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is feasible by replacing fossil-based energy use in air-stripping process (82-98 % of net energy demand) with renewable sources. Also, a significant reduction in mineral depletion and improvement in human and ecosystem health are observed for the air-stripping approach. Furthermore, the break-even selling price for installing sidestream-based AS production at the Philadelphia's WWTP, considering capital and operating costs, is estimated at $0.046/kg AS (100 %), which is 92 % lower than the 2014 estimate of AS's average selling price at farms in the United States. We conclude that even with varying ammonia concentrations and high sidestream volume, air-stripping technology offers an environmentally and economically favorable option for implementing nitrogen recovery and simultaneous production of AS at WWTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurajyoti Kar
- Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia 19104, United States.
| | - Rajveer Singh
- Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia 19104, United States
| | - Patrick L Gurian
- Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia 19104, United States
| | - Adam Hendricks
- Philadelphia Water Department, Philadelphia 19107, United States
| | - Paul Kohl
- Philadelphia Water Department, Philadelphia 19107, United States
| | - Sean McKelvey
- Philadelphia Water Department, Philadelphia 19107, United States
| | - Sabrina Spatari
- Civil, Architectural & Environmental Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia 19104, United States; Civil and Environmental Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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7
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González D, Colón J, Sánchez A, Gabriel D. Multipoint characterization of the emission of odour, volatile organic compounds and greenhouse gases from a full-scale membrane-based municipal WWTP. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 313:115002. [PMID: 35390658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Different environmental and social concerns can arise due to the generation of gaseous emissions during the treatment of urban wastewater. However, there is not an extensive knowledge about which are the main potential odour and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission sources in a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and their variability. In this study, a multipoint characterization of the gaseous emissions generated in a full-scale municipal WWTP located in Barcelona was conducted, aiming at identifying the main odour and GHG emission sources. The WWTP under study treats an average inlet flow of 33,000 m3 d-1 using a Ludzack-Ettinger system with Membrane BioReactor (MBR) technology, and it has installed a gas caption and treatment system consisting of a biotrickling filter followed by a conventional biofilter to treat part of the off-gases produced during the wastewater treatment. For this work, gaseous emissions characterization campaigns were conducted to assess the proper performance of the gas treatment unit and to estimate the emission factors referred to odorants and GHGs for the different emission sources and to assess the proper performance of the gas treatment system. Besides, a chemical characterization of the different volatile organic compounds (VOC) present in the gaseous emissions was performed through TD-GC/MS. The main potential odour sources were the reception tank, the barscreens building and the primary settler, where odour concentrations were in the range of 1300 and 2600 ou·m-3. Moreover, GHG emissions were found during the primary treatment and in the MBR units, ranging from 2.21 to 68,217.13 mg CO2eq·m-3. Different VOCs such as aromatic hydrocarbons, alkanes and ketones were found in the gaseous emissions with a high variability among all the emission sources. The results obtained are valuable indicators that can be used to develop odour and GHG mitigation strategies in WWTPs and to estimate the environmental impact of these facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel González
- Composting Research Group (GICOM) Dept. of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Group of Biological Treatment of Liquid and Gaseous Effluents (GENOCOV) Dept. of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Colón
- BETA Technology Centre: "U Science Tech", University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia, 08500, Vic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Sánchez
- Composting Research Group (GICOM) Dept. of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Gabriel
- Group of Biological Treatment of Liquid and Gaseous Effluents (GENOCOV) Dept. of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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8
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He S, Huang M, Zheng L, Chang M, Chen W, Xie Q, Wang X. Seasonal variation of transport pathways and potential source areas at high inorganic nitrogen wet deposition sites in southern China. J Environ Sci (China) 2022; 114:444-453. [PMID: 35459507 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study attempts to identify the dominant transport pathways, potential source areas, and their seasonal variation at sites with high inorganic nitrogen (IN) wet deposition flux in southern China. This is a long-term study (2010-2017) based on continuous deposition measurements at the Guangzhou urban site (GZ) and the Dinghushan Natural Reserve site (DHS) located in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. A dataset on monthly IN concentration in precipitation and wet deposition flux were provided. The average annual fluxes measured at both sites (GZ: 33.04±9.52, DHS: 20.52±10.22 kg N/(ha∙year)) were higher, while the ratios of reduced to oxidized N (GZ: 1.19±0.77, DHS: 1.25±0.84) were lower compared with the national mean level and the previous reported level throughout the PRD region. The dominant pathways were not always consistent with the highest proportional trajectory clusters. The transport pathways contributing most of deposition were identified in the north and north-northeast in the dry season and in the east-southeast, east, and south-southwest in the wet season. A weighted potential source contribution function (WPSCF) value >0.3 was determined reasonably to define the potential source area. Emission within the PRD region contributed the majority (≥95% at both sites) of the IN deposition in the wet season, while the contribution outside the region increased significantly in the dry season (GZ: 27.86%, DHS: 95.26%). Our results could help create more effective policy to control precursor emissions for IN fluxes, enabling reduction of the ecological risks due to excessive nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuidi He
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Minjuan Huang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Zhuhai 519082, China.
| | - Lianming Zheng
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ming Chang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Weihua Chen
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qianqian Xie
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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9
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Chen Y, Zhang Q, Cai X, Zhang H, Lin H, Zheng C, Guo Z, Hu S, Chen L, Tao S, Liu M, Wang X. Rapid Increase in China's Industrial Ammonia Emissions: Evidence from Unit-Based Mapping. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3375-3385. [PMID: 35107276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is an important precursor of secondary inorganic aerosols and greatly impacts nitrogen deposition and acid rain. Previous studies have mainly focused on the agricultural NH3 emissions, while recent research has noted that industrial sources could be significant in China. However, detailed estimates of NH3 emitted from industrial sectors in China are lacking. Here, we established an unprecedented high-spatial-resolution data set of China's industrial NH3 emissions using up-to-date measurements of NH3 and point source-level information covering eight major industries and 27 subdivided process categories. We found that China emitted 798 (90% confidence interval: 668-933) gigagrams of industrial NH3 into the atmosphere in 2019, equivalent to 44 ± 20% of the industrial emissions worldwide; this flux is 3-fold larger than that in 1998 and has fluctuated since 2014. Furthermore, although fertilizer production is responsible for approximately half of the emissions in China, the emissions from cement production and coal-fired power plants increased dramatically from near zero to 164 and 41 gigagrams, respectively, in the past two decades, primarily due to the NH3 escape caused by the large-scale application of the denitration process. Our results reveal that, unlike other major air pollutants, China's industrial NH3 emission control is still in a critical period, and stricter NH3 emission standards and innovation in pollution control technologies are highly desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuang Chen
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qianru Zhang
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Xingrui Cai
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haoran Zhang
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huiming Lin
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chaoyue Zheng
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhanqiang Guo
- China Association of Circular Economy, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Shanying Hu
- Center for Industrial Ecology, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shu Tao
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Maodian Liu
- School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Xuejun Wang
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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10
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Zhang Y, Benedict KB, Tang A, Sun Y, Fang Y, Liu X. Persistent Nonagricultural and Periodic Agricultural Emissions Dominate Sources of Ammonia in Urban Beijing: Evidence from 15N Stable Isotope in Vertical Profiles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:102-109. [PMID: 31818095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b05741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) emission reduction is key to limiting the deadly PM2.5 pollution globally. However, studies of long-term source apportionment of vertical NH3 are relatively limited. On the basis of the one-year measurements of weekly vertical profiles of δ15N-NH3 at 5 heights (2, 15, 102, 180, and 320 m) on a 325-m meteorological tower in urban Beijing, we found that vertical profiles of NH3 concentrations generally remained stable with height. δ15N-NH3 increased obviously as a function of height in cold seasons (with heating) and decreased in warm seasons (with fertilization), indicating a stronger human-induced seasonal variation via regional transport at higher altitudes. Relatively stable δ15N-NH3 near the ground surface suggested the strong local emission. The results of isotopic mixing model (SIAR) indicate that source apportionment using measured δ15N-NH3 only would overestimate the contribution of agricultural emissions to NH3. By using an estimation of initial δ15N-NH3, we found that nonagricultural sources contributed ∼72% of NH3 on average. Our study suggests that (i) both persistent nonagricultural and periodic agricultural emissions drive atmospheric NH3 concentration and its vertical distribution in urban Beijing; and (ii) source apportionment based on measured δ15N-NH3 only likely underestimates fossil fuel source contribution, if the combined NHx isotope effects are not considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Katherine B Benedict
- Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Aohan Tang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yunting Fang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, Liaoning 110164, P. R. China
| | - Xuejun Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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11
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Yang K, Wang C, Xue S, Li W, Liu J, Li L. The identification, health risks and olfactory effects assessment of VOCs released from the wastewater storage tank in a pesticide plant. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 184:109665. [PMID: 31520952 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater generated during pesticide synthesis is a potential source of high concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions, which would cause adverse effects on human health and the environment. Here, we provided a comprehensive study on concentrations, health risks, and olfactory effects of VOCs emitted from a pesticide wastewater storage tank. A total of 21 VOCs were identified, their concentrations ranged from 0.63 to 5023.83 μg/m3. Chlorinated compounds such as trichloroethylene (mean = 2581.29 μg/m3) and dichloromethane (mean = 2309.55 μg/m3) presented the highest concentrations. Both the cumulative chronic toxicities (514) and cancer risks (1.67 × 10-3) of VOCs were up to three orders of magnitude higher than the occupational safety limits. Trichloroethylene contributed the greatest to the cumulative chronic toxicities (88.41%) and cancer risks (74.91%). Benzene was another compound with a high cancer risk of 3.32 × 10-4. Regarding olfactory effects, triethylamine and diethylamine were the dominant contributors with a relative olfactory perception importance of 39.93% and 34.26%, respectively. The results of fuzzy synthetic evaluation revealed that benzene, diethylamine, trichloroethylene, dichloromethane, and triethylamine were the priority compounds caused the overall pollution levels, health risks, and olfactory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaixiong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Chen Wang
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030051, China.
| | - Song Xue
- Fujian Provincial Colleges and University Engineering Research Center of Solid Waste Resource Utilization, Longyan University, Longyan, Fujian, 364012, China.
| | - Wenkai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Junxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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12
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Chang Y, Zou Z, Zhang Y, Deng C, Hu J, Shi Z, Dore AJ, Collett JL. Assessing Contributions of Agricultural and Nonagricultural Emissions to Atmospheric Ammonia in a Chinese Megacity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:1822-1833. [PMID: 30645946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is the predominant alkaline gas in the atmosphere contributing to formation of fine particles-a leading environmental cause of increased morbidity and mortality worldwide. Prior findings suggest that NH3 in the urban atmosphere derives from a complex mixture of agricultural (mainly livestock production and fertilizer application) and nonagricultural (e.g., urban waste, fossil fuel-related emissions) sources; however, a citywide holistic assessment is hitherto lacking. Here we show that NH3 from nonagricultural sources rivals agricultural NH3 source contributions in the Shanghai urban atmosphere. We base our conclusion on four independent approaches: (i) a full-year operation of a passive NH3 monitoring network at 14 locations covering urban, suburban, and rural landscapes; (ii) model-measurement comparison of hourly NH3 concentrations at a pair of urban and rural supersites; (iii) source-specific NH3 measurements from emission sources; and (iv) localized isotopic signatures of NH3 sources integrated in a Bayesian isotope mixing model to make isotope-based source apportionment estimates of ambient NH3. Results indicate that nonagricultural sources and agricultural sources are both important contributors to NH3 in the urban atmosphere. These findings highlight opportunities to limit NH3 emissions from nonagricultural sources to help curb PM2.5 pollution in urban China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua Chang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment , Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , Nanjing 210044 , P. R. China
| | - Zhong Zou
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , P. R. China
| | - Yanlin Zhang
- Yale-NUIST Center on Atmospheric Environment , Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , Nanjing 210044 , P. R. China
| | - Congrui Deng
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences , Fudan University , Shanghai 200433 , P. R. China
| | - Jianlin Hu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , Nanjing 210044 , P. R. China
| | - Zhihao Shi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology , Nanjing 210044 , P. R. China
| | - Anthony J Dore
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology Edinburgh , Bush Estate, Penicuik , Midlothian EH26 0QB , United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey L Collett
- Department of Atmospheric Science , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
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