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Zhu C, Fu Z, Liu L, Shi X, Li Y. Health risk assessment of PM 2.5 on walking trips. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19249. [PMID: 34584180 PMCID: PMC8478890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98844-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PM2.5 has an impact on residents' physical health during travelling, especially walking completely exposed to the environment. In order to obtain the specific impact of PM2.5 on walking, 368 healthy volunteers were selected and they were grouped according to gender and age. In the experiment, the heart rate change rate (HR%) is taken as test variable. According to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the travel is divided into two states: safety and risk. Based on this, a binary logit model considering Body Mass Index (BMI) is established to determine the contribution of PM2.5 concentration and body characteristics to travel risk. The experiment was conducted on Chang'an Middle Road in Xi'an City. The analysis results show that the threshold of HR% for safety and risk ranges from 31.1 to 40.1%, and that of PM2.5 concentration ranges from 81 to 168 μg/m3. The probability of risk rises 5.8% and 11.4%, respectively, for every unit increase in PM2.5 concentration and HR%. Under same conditions, the probability of risk for male is 76.8% of that for female. The probability of risk for youth is 67.5% of that for middle-aged people, and the probability of risk for people with BMI in healthy range is 72.1% of that for non-healthy range. The research evaluates risk characteristics of walking in particular polluted weather, which can improve residents' health level and provide suggestions for travel decision while walking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caihua Zhu
- College of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle section of south 2nd Ring Road, Xi'an, 710064, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Zekun Fu
- College of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle section of south 2nd Ring Road, Xi'an, 710064, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Linjian Liu
- College of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle section of south 2nd Ring Road, Xi'an, 710064, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xuan Shi
- College of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle section of south 2nd Ring Road, Xi'an, 710064, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Middle section of south 2nd Ring Road, Xi'an, 710064, Shaanxi Province, China.
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2
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Grigolato R, Accorona R, Lombardo G, Corrocher G, Garagiola U, Massari F, Nicoli S, Rossi S, Calabrese L. Oral cancer in non-smoker non-drinker patients. Could comparative pet oncology help to understand risk factors and pathogenesis? Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 166:103458. [PMID: 34461267 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last decades there has been a progressive increase in proportion of incidence of oral cancer not related to a known etiologic factor, such as the so-called "oral cancer in young", a relevant tumor in non-smoker non-drinker (NSND) patients. The topic is matter of long standing debate, and adequate study models to analyze this entity are lacking. Spontaneous oral cancer in companion animals such as dogs and cats, presents more clinical and biological similarities with the human oral cancer than any other animal model. In our review we analyze how the study of spontaneous oral cancer in common pets can prospectively prove to be of double usefulness in unraveling the question about the origin of oral cancer in NSND patients, allowing both the analysis of environmental and behavioral risk factors, and the study of how carcinogenic viruses, chronic inflammation, and changes in immunity can influence pre-tumoral and tumoral microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Grigolato
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology, "San Maurizio" Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Remo Accorona
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.
| | - Giorgio Lombardo
- School of Dentistry, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics, and Gynecology (DIPSCOMI), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corrocher
- School of Dentistry, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics, and Gynecology (DIPSCOMI), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Umberto Garagiola
- Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences Department, Maxillofacial and Odontostomatology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | - Sabrina Rossi
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Humanitas Cancer Center, Rozzano, Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Calabrese
- Division of Otorhinolaryngology, "San Maurizio" Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
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Kumar P, Kalaiarasan G, Porter AE, Pinna A, Kłosowski MM, Demokritou P, Chung KF, Pain C, Arvind DK, Arcucci R, Adcock IM, Dilliway C. An overview of methods of fine and ultrafine particle collection for physicochemical characterisation and toxicity assessments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 756:143553. [PMID: 33239200 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a crucial health risk factor for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The smaller size fractions, ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5; fine particles) and ≤0.1 μm (PM0.1; ultrafine particles), show the highest bioactivity but acquiring sufficient mass for in vitro and in vivo toxicological studies is challenging. We review the suitability of available instrumentation to collect the PM mass required for these assessments. Five different microenvironments representing the diverse exposure conditions in urban environments are considered in order to establish the typical PM concentrations present. The highest concentrations of PM2.5 and PM0.1 were found near traffic (i.e. roadsides and traffic intersections), followed by indoor environments, parks and behind roadside vegetation. We identify key factors to consider when selecting sampling instrumentation. These include PM concentration on-site (low concentrations increase sampling time), nature of sampling sites (e.g. indoors; noise and space will be an issue), equipment handling and power supply. Physicochemical characterisation requires micro- to milli-gram quantities of PM and it may increase according to the processing methods (e.g. digestion or sonication). Toxicological assessments of PM involve numerous mechanisms (e.g. inflammatory processes and oxidative stress) requiring significant amounts of PM to obtain accurate results. Optimising air sampling techniques are therefore important for the appropriate collection medium/filter which have innate physical properties and the potential to interact with samples. An evaluation of methods and instrumentation used for airborne virus collection concludes that samplers operating cyclone sampling techniques (using centrifugal forces) are effective in collecting airborne viruses. We highlight that predictive modelling can help to identify pollution hotspots in an urban environment for the efficient collection of PM mass. This review provides guidance to prepare and plan efficient sampling campaigns to collect sufficient PM mass for various purposes in a reasonable timeframe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Department of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Gopinath Kalaiarasan
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra E Porter
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Pinna
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michał M Kłosowski
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Room 1310, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Pain
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - D K Arvind
- Centre for Speckled Computing, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9AB, United Kingdom
| | - Rossella Arcucci
- Data Science Institute, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BU, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Adcock
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Dilliway
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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4
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Pacitto A, Stabile L, Morawska L, Nyarku M, Torkmahalleh MA, Akhmetvaliyeva Z, Andrade A, Dominski FH, Mantecca P, Shetaya WH, Mazaheri M, Jayaratne R, Marchetti S, Hassan SK, El-Mekawy A, Mohamed EF, Canale L, Frattolillo A, Buonanno G. Daily submicron particle doses received by populations living in different low- and middle-income countries. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:116229. [PMID: 33321310 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the daily dose in terms of particle surface area received by citizens living in different low- and middle-income countries, characterized by different lifestyles, habits, and climates, was evaluated. The level of exposure to submicron particles and the dose received by the populations of Accra (Ghana), Cairo (Egypt), Florianopolis (Brazil), and Nur-Sultan (Kazakhstan) were analyzed. A direct exposure assessment approach was adopted to measure the submicron particle concentration levels of volunteers at a personal scale during their daily activities. Non-smoking adult volunteers performing non-industrial jobs were considered. Exposure data were combined with time-activity pattern data (characteristic of each population) and the inhalation rates to estimate the daily dose in terms of particle surface area. The received dose of the populations under investigation varied from 450 mm2 (Florianopolis, Brazil) to 1300 mm2 (Cairo, Egypt). This work highlights the different contributions of the microenvironments to the daily dose with respect to high-income western populations. It was evident that the contribution of the Cooking & Eating microenvironment to the total exposure (which was previously proven to be one of the main exposure routes for western populations) was only 8%-14% for low- and middle-income populations. In contrast, significant contributions were estimated for Outdoor day and Transport microenvironments (up to 20% for Cairo, Egypt) and the Sleeping & Resting microenvironment (up to 28% for Accra, Ghana), highlighting the effects of different site-specific lifestyles (e.g. time-activity patterns), habits, socioeconomic conditions, climates, and outdoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Pacitto
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Luca Stabile
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy.
| | - Lidia Morawska
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mawutorli Nyarku
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mehdi Amouei Torkmahalleh
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Zarina Akhmetvaliyeva
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Nur-Sultan, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Alexandro Andrade
- Center of Health and Sport Science, State University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Fabio Hech Dominski
- Center of Health and Sport Science, State University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Paride Mantecca
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Research Centre POLARIS, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Waleed H Shetaya
- Air Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Mandana Mazaheri
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rohan Jayaratne
- International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Sara Marchetti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Research Centre POLARIS, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Salwa K Hassan
- Air Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Asmaa El-Mekawy
- Air Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Elham F Mohamed
- Air Pollution Research Department, Environmental Research Division, National Research Centre, 33 El-Bohouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Laura Canale
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Andrea Frattolillo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Architecture, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Giorgio Buonanno
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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5
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Scungio M, Rizza V, Stabile L, Morawska L, Buonanno G. Influence of methodology on the estimation of the particle surface area dose received by a population in all-day activities. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115209. [PMID: 32688075 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In everyday life, people are exposed to different concentrations of airborne particles depending on the microenvironment where they perform their different activities. Such exposure can lead to high sub-micron particle doses. The received dose depends on particle concentration to which people are exposed (typically expressed in terms of number or surface area), time spent in each activity or microenvironment (time activity pattern) and amount of air inhaled (inhalation rate). To estimate an actual value of the received dose, all these parameters should be measured under real-life conditions; in fact, the concentrations should be measured on a personal scale (i.e. through a direct exposure assessment), whereas time activity patterns and inhalation rates specific to the activity performed should be considered. The difficulties in obtaining direct measurements of these parameters usually lead to adopt time activity patterns and inhalation rates already available in scientific literature for typical populations, and local outdoor particle concentrations measured with fixed monitoring stations and extrapolated for all the other microenvironments. To overcome these limitations, we propose a full-field method for estimating the received dose of a population sample, in which all the parameters (concentration levels, time activity patterns and inhalation rates) are measured under real-life conditions (also including the inhalation rates, that were evaluated on the basis of the measured heart rates). Specifically, 34 volunteers were continuously monitored for seven days and the data of sub-micron particle concentrations, activities performed, and inhalation rates were recorded. The received dose was calculated with the proposed method and compared with those obtained from different simplified methodologies that consider typical data of particle concentrations, time activity patterns and inhalation rates obtained from literature. The results show that, depending on the methodology used, the differences in the received daily dose can be significant, with a general underestimation of the most simplified method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Scungio
- School of Engineering, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.
| | - Valeria Rizza
- Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (IIA), CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Stabile
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy
| | - Lidia Morawska
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Giorgio Buonanno
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, Italy; Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Zhou Y, Shao Y, Yuan Y, Liu J, Zou X, Bai P, Zhan M, Zhang P, Vlaanderen J, Vermeulen R, Downward GS. Personal black carbon and ultrafine particles exposures among high school students in urban China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114825. [PMID: 32474339 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is a major public health challenge in the highly urbanized megacities of China. However, knowledge on exposure to ambient unregulated air pollutants such as black carbon (BC) and ultrafine particles (UFP) among the Chinese population, especially among urban high school students who may have highly variable time-activity patterns, is scarce. To address this, the personal exposures to BC and UFP of high school students (aged 17 to 18) in Chengdu, China were measured at 1-min intervals via portable samplers. Monitoring lasted for 2 consecutive 24-h periods with days classified as "school days" or "non-school days". Time-activity diaries and measurements were combined to explore spatial, temporal, and behavioral factors that contribute to different exposure profiles. The overall geometric means of BC and UFP were 3.60 μg/m3 and 1.83 × 104p/cm3, respectively with notable spatiotemporal variation in exposures observed. In general, the household and transport microenvironments were the predominant contributors to total BC (74.5%) and UFP (36.5%) exposure. However, the outdoor public microenvironment was found to have significantly higher overall average levels of BC than the household and transport microenvironments (p < 0.001) while also presenting the greatest exposure dose intensity (EDI - a measure of exposure in a microenvironment in proportion to time spent in that environment) of 4.79. The largest overall average level of UFP occurred in the indoor public microenvironment followed by transport. The outdoor public microenvironment also presented the greatest EDI of UFP (4.17). This study shows notable spatiotemporal variety in exposure patterns and will inform future exposure and population health studies. The high EDI outdoors may mean that health positive activities, such as exercise, may be being undermined by ambient pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Centers for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and Chemistry, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Sanitary Technology, West China School of Public Health, University of Sichuan, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yijun Shao
- Centers for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and Chemistry, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yue Yuan
- Institute for Physical and Chemical Inspection, Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Chengdu Shude High School, Chengdu, 610031, China
| | - Xiaoli Zou
- Department of Sanitary Technology, West China School of Public Health, University of Sichuan, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Pinqing Bai
- Pudong New Area for Disease Control and Prevention, Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Ming Zhan
- Pudong New Area for Disease Control and Prevention, Fudan University Pudong Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Centers for Water and Health, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China; Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene and Chemistry, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jelle Vlaanderen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584CM, Netherlands
| | - Roel Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584CM, Netherlands
| | - George S Downward
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584CM, Netherlands.
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7
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Exposure to Submicron Particles and Estimation of the Dose Received by Children in School and Non-School Environments. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11050485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the daily dose in terms of submicron particle surface area received by children attending schools located in three different areas (rural, suburban, and urban), characterized by different outdoor concentrations, was evaluated. For this purpose, the exposure to submicron particle concentration levels of the children were measured through a direct exposure assessment approach. In particular, measurements of particle number and lung-deposited surface area concentrations at “personal scale” of 60 children were performed through a handheld particle counter to obtain exposure data in the different microenvironments they resided. Such data were combined with the time–activity pattern data, characteristics of each child, and inhalation rates (related to the activity performed) to obtain the total daily dose in terms of particle surface area. The highest daily dose was estimated for children attending the schools located in the urban and suburban areas (>1000 mm2), whereas the lowest value was estimated for children attending the school located in a rural area (646 mm2). Non-school indoor environments were recognized as the most influential in terms of children’s exposure and, thus, of received dose (>70%), whereas school environments contribute not significantly to the children daily dose, with dose fractions of 15–19% for schools located in urban and suburban areas and just 6% for the rural one. Therefore, the study clearly demonstrates that, whatever the school location, the children daily dose cannot be determined on the basis of the exposures in outdoor or school environments, but a direct assessment able to investigate the exposure of children during indoor environment is essential.
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Tiwari A, Kumar P, Baldauf R, Zhang KM, Pilla F, Di Sabatino S, Brattich E, Pulvirenti B. Considerations for evaluating green infrastructure impacts in microscale and macroscale air pollution dispersion models. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 672:410-426. [PMID: 30965257 PMCID: PMC7236027 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Green infrastructure (GI) in urban areas may be adopted as a passive control system to reduce air pollutant concentrations. However, current dispersion models offer limited modelling options to evaluate its impact on ambient pollutant concentrations. The scope of this review revolves around the following question: how can GI be considered in readily available dispersion models to allow evaluation of its impacts on pollutant concentrations and health risk assessment? We examined the published literature on the parameterisation of deposition velocities and datasets for both particulate matter and gaseous pollutants that are required for deposition schemes. We evaluated the limitations of different air pollution dispersion models at two spatial scales - microscale (i.e. 10-500 m) and macroscale (i.e. 5-100 km) - in considering the effects of GI on air pollutant concentrations and exposure alteration. We conclude that the deposition schemes that represent GI impacts in detail are complex, resource-intensive, and involve an abundant volume of input data. An appropriate handling of GI characteristics (such as aerodynamic effect, deposition of air pollutants and surface roughness) in dispersion models is necessary for understanding the mechanism of air pollutant concentrations simulation in presence of GI at different spatial scales. The impacts of GI on air pollutant concentrations and health risk assessment (e.g., mortality, morbidity) are partly explored. The i-Tree tool with the BenMap model has been used to estimate the health outcomes of annually-averaged air pollutant removed by deposition over GI canopies at the macroscale. However, studies relating air pollution health risk assessments due to GI-related changes in short-term exposure, via pollutant concentrations redistribution at the microscale and enhanced atmospheric pollutant dilution by increased surface roughness at the macroscale, along with deposition, are rare. Suitable treatments of all physical and chemical processes in coupled dispersion-deposition models and assessments against real-world scenarios are vital for health risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Tiwari
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, United Kingdom; Department of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Richard Baldauf
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA; (d)U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K Max Zhang
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Francesco Pilla
- Department of Planning and Environmental Policy, University College Dublin, Dublin D14, Ireland
| | - Silvana Di Sabatino
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Erika Brattich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Viale Berti Pichat 6/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy
| | - Beatrice Pulvirenti
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Energetica, Nucleare e del Controllo Ambientale, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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9
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Rizza V, Stabile L, Vistocco D, Russi A, Pardi S, Buonanno G. Effects of the exposure to ultrafine particles on heart rate in a healthy population. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:2403-2410. [PMID: 30292996 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The correlation amongst exposure to ultrafine particle concentrations and heart rate in a large healthy population was investigated. The study was conducted by continuously monitoring for seven days fifty volunteers in terms of exposure to particle concentrations, heart rate and physical activity performed through portable monitors. Data were analyzed adopting a linear mixed model able to manage the obtained repeated measures and to recognize a general trend resulting from the subject-specific patterns. Results show that the short-term exposure to ultrafine particle concentrations is positively associated with the heart rate for the different physical activities of the subject investigated (laying down, sitting, standing positions). In particular, a logarithmic correlation was recognized with a sharper increase of about 4-6 bpm for a variation of the particle number concentration of 2 × 104 part/cm3 and a slighter effect for further increases of about 0.1-0.2 × 10-4 bpm/(part/cm). CAPSULE: A positive correlation can be associated between the exposure to ultrafine particles and the heart rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Rizza
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy
| | - Luca Stabile
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy.
| | - Domenico Vistocco
- Department of Economics and Law, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy
| | - Aldo Russi
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Buonanno
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Italy; Department of Engineering, University "Parthenope", Naples, Italy; Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Abstract
What are the actual trends in Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), and in which direction is academic interest moving? Much progress has been made in identifying and mitigating indoor pollutants, due to both prevention campaigns (e.g., smoking bans) and greater control of product emissions. However, IAQ is still of interest and the future trends are unknown. In this study, a thorough bibliometric analysis was conducted on the scientific literature available on the Web of Science database with CiteSpace from 1990 until today. It was possible to identify past trends and current advances, both with the aim of introducing the IAQ topic to those encountering it for the first time and to examine the issues that are expected to be pertinent in the future.
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Pacitto A, Stabile L, Scungio M, Rizza V, Buonanno G. Characterization of airborne particles emitted by an electrically heated tobacco smoking system. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:248-254. [PMID: 29747109 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Smoking activities were recognized as a main risk factor for population. Indeed, mainstream smoke aerosol is directly inhaled by smokers then delivering harmful compounds in the deepest regions of the lung. In order to reduce the potential risk of smoking, different nicotine delivery products have been recently developed. The latest device released is an electrically heated tobacco system (iQOS®, Philip Morris) which is able to warm the tobacco with no combustion. In the present paper a dimensional and volatility characterization of iQOS-generated particles was performed through particle number concentration and distribution measurements in the mainstream aerosol. The experimental analysis was carried out through a condensation particle counter, a fast mobility particle sizer and a thermo-dilution sampling system allowing aerosol samplings at different temperatures. Estimates of the particle surface area dose received by smokers were also carried out on the basis of measured data and typical smoking patterns. The particle number concentrations in the mainstream aerosols resulted lower than 1 × 108 part. cm-3 with particle number distribution modes of about 100 nm. Nonetheless, the volatility analysis showed the high amount of volatile fraction of iQOS-generated particles, indeed, samplings performed at 300 °C confirmed a significant particle shrinking phenomena (modes of about 20 nm). Anyway, the particle number concentration does not statistically decrease at higher sampling temperatures, then showing that a non-volatile fraction is always presents in the emitted particles. The dose received by smokers in terms of non-volatile amount of particle surface area was equal to 1-2 mm2 per puff, i.e. up to 4-fold larger than that received by electronic cigarette vapers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pacitto
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino (FR), Italy
| | - L Stabile
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino (FR), Italy.
| | - M Scungio
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - V Rizza
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino (FR), Italy
| | - G Buonanno
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino (FR), Italy; Department of Engineering, University "Parthenope", Naples, Italy; Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Pacitto A, Stabile L, Viana M, Scungio M, Reche C, Querol X, Alastuey A, Rivas I, Álvarez-Pedrerol M, Sunyer J, van Drooge BL, Grimalt JO, Sozzi R, Vigo P, Buonanno G. Particle-related exposure, dose and lung cancer risk of primary school children in two European countries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:720-729. [PMID: 29089125 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Schools represent a critical microenvironment in terms of air quality due to the proximity to outdoor particle sources and the frequent lack of proper ventilation and filtering systems. Moreover, the population exposed in schools (i.e. children) represents a susceptible population due to their age. Air quality-based studies involving students' exposure at schools are still scarce and often limited to mass-based particle metrics and may thus underestimate the possible effect of sub-micron particles and particle toxicity. To this purpose, the present paper aims to evaluate the exposure to different airborne particle metrics (including both sub- and super-micron particles) and attached carcinogenic compounds. Measurements in terms of particle number, lung-deposited surface area, and PM fraction concentrations were measured inside and outside schools in Barcelona (Spain) and Cassino (Italy). Simultaneously, PM samples were collected and chemically analysed to obtain mass fractions of carcinogenic compounds. School time airborne particle doses received by students in classrooms were evaluated as well as their excess lung cancer risk due to a five-year primary school period. Median surface area dose received by students during school time in Barcelona and Cassino resulted equal to 110mm2 and 303mm2, respectively. The risk related to the five-year primary school period was estimated as about 2.9×10-5 and 1.4×10-4 for students of Barcelona and Cassino, respectively. The risk in Barcelona is slightly higher with respect to the maximum tolerable value (10-5, according to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency), mainly due to toxic compounds on particles generated from anthropogenic emissions (mainly industry). On the other hand, the excess lung cancer risk in Cassino is cause of concern, being one order of magnitude higher than the above-mentioned threshold value due to the presence of biomass burning heating systems and winter thermal inversion that cause larger doses and great amount of toxic compounds on particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pacitto
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy
| | - L Stabile
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy
| | - M Viana
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Scungio
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy
| | - C Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - X Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - I Rivas
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - J Sunyer
- ISGlobal - Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Barcelona, Spain
| | - B L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J O Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - R Sozzi
- ARPA Lazio, Via Garibaldi, 114, 02100 Rieti, Italy
| | - P Vigo
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy
| | - G Buonanno
- Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; Department of Engineering, University "Parthenope", Naples, Italy; Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Cassino, FR, Italy.
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