1
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Besnard C, Marie A, Sasidharan S, Buček P, Walker JM, Parker JE, Spink MC, Harper RA, Marathe S, Wanelik K, Moxham TE, Salvati E, Ignatyev K, Kłosowski MM, Shelton RM, Landini G, Korsunsky AM. Multi-resolution Correlative Ultrastructural and Chemical Analysis of Carious Enamel by Scanning Microscopy and Tomographic Imaging. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:37259-37273. [PMID: 37524079 PMCID: PMC10416148 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Caries, a major global disease associated with dental enamel demineralization, remains insufficiently understood to devise effective prevention or minimally invasive treatment. Understanding the ultrastructural changes in enamel is hampered by a lack of nanoscale characterization of the chemical spatial distributions within the dental tissue. This leads to the requirement to develop techniques based on various characterization methods. The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate the strength of analytic methods using a correlative technique on a single sample of human dental enamel as a specific case study to test the accuracy of techniques to compare regions in enamel. The science of the different techniques is integrated to genuinely study the enamel. The hierarchical structures within carious tissue were mapped using the combination of focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy with synchrotron X-ray tomography. The chemical changes were studied using scanning X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray wide-angle and small-angle scattering using a beam size below 80 nm for ångström and nanometer length scales. The analysis of XRF intensity gradients revealed subtle variations of Ca intensity in carious samples in comparison with those of normal mature enamel. In addition, the pathways for enamel rod demineralization were studied using X-ray ptychography. The results show the chemical and structural modification in carious enamel with differing locations. These results reinforce the need for multi-modal approaches to nanoscale analysis in complex hierarchically structured materials to interpret the changes of materials. The approach establishes a meticulous correlative characterization platform for the analysis of biomineralized tissues at the nanoscale, which adds confidence in the interpretation of the results and time-saving imaging techniques. The protocol demonstrated here using the dental tissue sample can be applied to other samples for statistical study and the investigation of nanoscale structural changes. The information gathered from the combination of methods could not be obtained with traditional individual techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyril Besnard
- MBLEM,
Department of Engineering Science, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1
3PJ, U.K.
| | - Ali Marie
- MBLEM,
Department of Engineering Science, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1
3PJ, U.K.
| | - Sisini Sasidharan
- MBLEM,
Department of Engineering Science, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1
3PJ, U.K.
| | - Petr Buček
- TESCAN-UK
Ltd., Wellbrook Court, Girton, Cambridge CB3 0NA, U.K.
| | | | - Julia E. Parker
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | | | - Robert A. Harper
- School
of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands B5 7EG, U.K.
| | | | - Kaz Wanelik
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Thomas E.J. Moxham
- MBLEM,
Department of Engineering Science, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1
3PJ, U.K.
- Diamond
Light Source Ltd., Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Enrico Salvati
- MBLEM,
Department of Engineering Science, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1
3PJ, U.K.
| | | | | | - Richard M. Shelton
- School
of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands B5 7EG, U.K.
| | - Gabriel Landini
- School
of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, 5 Mill Pool Way, Edgbaston, Birmingham, West Midlands B5 7EG, U.K.
| | - Alexander M. Korsunsky
- MBLEM,
Department of Engineering Science, University
of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX1
3PJ, U.K.
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2
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Kumar P, Zavala-Reyes JC, Kalaiarasan G, Abubakar-Waziri H, Young G, Mudway I, Dilliway C, Lakhdar R, Mumby S, Kłosowski MM, Pain CC, Adcock IM, Watson JS, Sephton MA, Chung KF, Porter AE. Characteristics of fine and ultrafine aerosols in the London underground. Sci Total Environ 2023; 858:159315. [PMID: 36283528 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Underground railway systems are recognised spaces of increased personal pollution exposure. We studied the number-size distribution and physico-chemical characteristics of ultrafine (PM0.1), fine (PM0.1-2.5) and coarse (PM2.5-10) particles collected on a London underground platform. Particle number concentrations gradually increased throughout the day, with a maximum concentration between 18:00 h and 21:00 h (local time). There was a maximum decrease in mass for the PM2.5, PM2.5-10 and black carbon of 3.9, 4.5 and ~ 21-times, respectively, between operable (OpHrs) and non-operable (N-OpHrs) hours. Average PM10 (52 μg m-3) and PM2.5 (34 μg m-3) concentrations over the full data showed levels above the World Health Organization Air Quality Guidelines. Respiratory deposition doses of particle number and mass concentrations were calculated and found to be two- and four-times higher during OpHrs compared with N-OpHrs, reflecting events such as train arrival/departure during OpHrs. Organic compounds were composed of aromatic hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) which are known to be harmful to health. Specific ratios of PAHs were identified for underground transport that may reflect an interaction between PAHs and fine particles. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) chemical maps of fine and ultrafine fractions show they are composed of Fe and O in the form of magnetite and nanosized mixtures of metals including Cr, Al, Ni and Mn. These findings, and the low air change rate (0.17 to 0.46 h-1), highlight the need to improve the ventilation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK; Department of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Juan C Zavala-Reyes
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK; Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Unidad Mérida, UNAM, Carretera Mérida-Tetiz, Km 4.5, Ucú, Yucatán, 97357, Mexico
| | - Gopinath Kalaiarasan
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), School of Sustainability, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, Surrey, UK
| | | | - Gloria Young
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Ian Mudway
- National Institute of Health Research, Health Protection Research Unit in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Claire Dilliway
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Ramzi Lakhdar
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sharon Mumby
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Christopher C Pain
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Ian M Adcock
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jonathan S Watson
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Mark A Sephton
- Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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3
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Bernardini A, Trovatelli M, Kłosowski MM, Pederzani M, Zani DD, Brizzola S, Porter A, Rodriguez Y Baena F, Dini D. Reconstruction of ovine axonal cytoarchitecture enables more accurate models of brain biomechanics. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1101. [PMID: 36253409 PMCID: PMC9576772 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04052-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an increased need and focus to understand how local brain microstructure affects the transport of drug molecules directly administered to the brain tissue, for example in convection-enhanced delivery procedures. This study reports a systematic attempt to characterize the cytoarchitecture of commissural, long association and projection fibres, namely the corpus callosum, the fornix and the corona radiata, with the specific aim to map different regions of the tissue and provide essential information for the development of accurate models of brain biomechanics. Ovine samples are imaged using scanning electron microscopy combined with focused ion beam milling to generate 3D volume reconstructions of the tissue at subcellular spatial resolution. Focus is placed on the characteristic cytological feature of the white matter: the axons and their alignment in the tissue. For each tract, a 3D reconstruction of relatively large volumes, including a significant number of axons, is performed and outer axonal ellipticity, outer axonal cross-sectional area and their relative perimeter are measured. The study of well-resolved microstructural features provides useful insight into the fibrous organization of the tissue, whose micromechanical behaviour is that of a composite material presenting elliptical tortuous tubular axonal structures embedded in the extra-cellular matrix. Drug flow can be captured through microstructurally-based models using 3D volumes, either reconstructed directly from images or generated in silico using parameters extracted from the database of images, leading to a workflow to enable physically-accurate simulations of drug delivery to the targeted tissue. Imaging and reconstruction of sheep brain axonal cytoarchitecture provides insight for brain biomechanics models that simulate drug delivery and other biological processes governed by interstitial fluid flow and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bernardini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Marco Trovatelli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano Statale, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Pederzani
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Danilo Zani
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano Statale, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Stefano Brizzola
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano Statale, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Alexandra Porter
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | | | - Daniele Dini
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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4
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Kumar P, Kalaiarasan G, Porter AE, Pinna A, Kłosowski MM, Demokritou P, Chung KF, Pain C, Arvind DK, Arcucci R, Adcock IM, Dilliway C. An overview of methods of fine and ultrafine particle collection for physicochemical characterisation and toxicity assessments. Sci Total Environ 2021; 756:143553. [PMID: 33239200 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a crucial health risk factor for respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. The smaller size fractions, ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5; fine particles) and ≤0.1 μm (PM0.1; ultrafine particles), show the highest bioactivity but acquiring sufficient mass for in vitro and in vivo toxicological studies is challenging. We review the suitability of available instrumentation to collect the PM mass required for these assessments. Five different microenvironments representing the diverse exposure conditions in urban environments are considered in order to establish the typical PM concentrations present. The highest concentrations of PM2.5 and PM0.1 were found near traffic (i.e. roadsides and traffic intersections), followed by indoor environments, parks and behind roadside vegetation. We identify key factors to consider when selecting sampling instrumentation. These include PM concentration on-site (low concentrations increase sampling time), nature of sampling sites (e.g. indoors; noise and space will be an issue), equipment handling and power supply. Physicochemical characterisation requires micro- to milli-gram quantities of PM and it may increase according to the processing methods (e.g. digestion or sonication). Toxicological assessments of PM involve numerous mechanisms (e.g. inflammatory processes and oxidative stress) requiring significant amounts of PM to obtain accurate results. Optimising air sampling techniques are therefore important for the appropriate collection medium/filter which have innate physical properties and the potential to interact with samples. An evaluation of methods and instrumentation used for airborne virus collection concludes that samplers operating cyclone sampling techniques (using centrifugal forces) are effective in collecting airborne viruses. We highlight that predictive modelling can help to identify pollution hotspots in an urban environment for the efficient collection of PM mass. This review provides guidance to prepare and plan efficient sampling campaigns to collect sufficient PM mass for various purposes in a reasonable timeframe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Department of Civil, Structural & Environmental Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Gopinath Kalaiarasan
- Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra E Porter
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alessandra Pinna
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Michał M Kłosowski
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Demokritou
- Center for Nanotechnology and Nanotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, 665 Huntington Avenue, Room 1310, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Pain
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - D K Arvind
- Centre for Speckled Computing, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland EH8 9AB, United Kingdom
| | - Rossella Arcucci
- Data Science Institute, Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BU, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Adcock
- National Heart & Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW3 6LY, United Kingdom
| | - Claire Dilliway
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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5
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McGilvery CM, Abellan P, Kłosowski MM, Livingston AG, Cabral JT, Ramasse QM, Porter AE. Nanoscale Chemical Heterogeneity in Aromatic Polyamide Membranes for Reverse Osmosis Applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:19890-19902. [PMID: 32255610 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Reverse osmosis membranes are used within the oil and gas industry for seawater desalination on off-shore oilrigs. The membranes consist of three layers of material: a polyester backing layer, a polysulfone support and a polyamide (PA) thin film separating layer. It is generally thought that the PA layer controls ion selectivity within the membrane but little is understood about its structure or chemistry at the molecular scale. This active polyamide layer is synthesized by interfacial polymerization at an organic/aqueous interface between m-phenylenediamine and trimesoyl chloride, producing a highly cross-linked PA polymer. It has been speculated that the distribution of functional chemistry within this layer could play a role in solute filtration. The only technique potentially capable of probing the distribution of functional chemistry within the active PA layer with sufficient spatial and energy resolution is scanning transmission electron microscopy combined with electron energy-loss spectroscopy (STEM-EELS). Its use is a challenge because organic materials suffer beam-induced damage at relatively modest electron doses. Here we show that it is possible to use the N K-edge to map the active layer of a PA film using monochromated EELS spectrum imaging. The active PA layer is 12 nm thick, which supports previous neutron reflectivity data. Clear changes in the fine structure of the C K-edge across the PA films are measured and we use machine learning to assign fine structure at this edge. Using this method, we map highly heterogeneous intensity variations in functional chemistry attributed to N-C═C bonds within the PA. Similarities are found with previous molecular dynamics simulations of PA showing regions with a higher density of amide bonding as a result of the aggregation process at similar length scales. The chemical pathways that can be deduced may offer a clearer understanding of the transport mechanisms through the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catriona M McGilvery
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Abellan
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
| | - Michał M Kłosowski
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G Livingston
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - João T Cabral
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Quentin M Ramasse
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Daresbury, WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering and School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra E Porter
- Department of Materials and London Centre for Nanotechnology, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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6
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Doube M, Felder AA, Chua MY, Lodhia K, Kłosowski MM, Hutchinson JR, Shefelbine SJ. Limb bone scaling in hopping macropods and quadrupedal artiodactyls. R Soc Open Sci 2018; 5:180152. [PMID: 30473802 PMCID: PMC6227981 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.180152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Bone adaptation is modulated by the timing, direction, rate and magnitude of mechanical loads. To investigate whether frequent slow, or infrequent fast, gaits could dominate bone adaptation to load, we compared scaling of the limb bones from two mammalian herbivore clades that use radically different high-speed gaits, bipedal hopping (suborder Macropodiformes; kangaroos and kin) and quadrupedal galloping (order Artiodactyla; goats, deer and kin). Forelimb and hindlimb bones were collected from 20 artiodactyl and 15 macropod species (body mass M 1.05-1536 kg) and scanned in computed tomography or X-ray microtomography. Second moment of area (I max) and bone length (l) were measured. Scaling relations (y = axb ) were calculated for l versus M for each bone and for I max versus M and I max versus l for every 5% of length. I max versus M scaling relationships were broadly similar between clades despite the macropod forelimb being nearly unloaded, and the hindlimb highly loaded, during bipedal hopping. I max versus l and l versus M scaling were related to locomotor and behavioural specializations. Low-intensity loads may be sufficient to maintain bone mass across a wide range of species. Occasional high-intensity gaits might not break through the load sensitivity saturation engendered by frequent low-intensity gaits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Doube
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Skeletal Biology Group, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Alessandro A. Felder
- Skeletal Biology Group, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Melissa Y. Chua
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kalyani Lodhia
- Skeletal Biology Group, The Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, UK
| | | | - John R. Hutchinson
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Sandra J. Shefelbine
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, 334 Snell Engineering Center, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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7
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Kłosowski MM, Carzaniga R, Shefelbine SJ, Porter AE, McComb DW. Nanoanalytical electron microscopy of events predisposing to mineralisation of turkey tendon. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3024. [PMID: 29445112 PMCID: PMC5813010 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The macro- and micro-structures of mineralised tissues hierarchy are well described and understood. However, investigation of their nanostructure is limited due to the intrinsic complexity of biological systems. Preceding transmission electron microscopy studies investigating mineralising tissues have not resolved fully the initial stages of mineral nucleation and growth within the collagen fibrils. In this study, analytical scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy were employed to characterise the morphology, crystallinity and chemistry of the mineral at different stages of mineralization using a turkey tendon model. In the poorly mineralised regions, calcium ions associated with the collagen fibrils and ellipsoidal granules and larger clusters composed of amorphous calcium phosphate were detected. In the fully mineralised regions, the mineral had transformed into crystalline apatite with a plate-like morphology. A change in the nitrogen K-edge was observed and related to modifications of the functional groups associated with the mineralisation process. This transformation seen in the nitrogen K-edge might be an important step in maturation and mineralisation of collagen and lend fundamental insight into how tendon mineralises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał M Kłosowski
- Department of Materials and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Sandra J Shefelbine
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, USA
| | - Alexandra E Porter
- Department of Materials and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - David W McComb
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.
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8
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Li Y, Kłosowski MM, McGilvery CM, Porter AE, Livingston AG, Cabral JT. Probing flow activity in polyamide layer of reverse osmosis membrane with nanoparticle tracers. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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9
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Kłosowski MM, McGilvery CM, Li Y, Abellan P, Ramasse Q, Cabral JT, Livingston AG, Porter AE. Micro-to nano-scale characterisation of polyamide structures of the SW30HR RO membrane using advanced electron microscopy and stain tracers. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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10
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Kłosowski MM, Carzaniga R, Abellan P, Ramasse Q, McComb DW, Porter AE, Shefelbine SJ. Electron Microscopy Reveals Structural and Chemical Changes at the Nanometer Scale in the Osteogenesis Imperfecta Murine Pathology. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 3:2788-2797. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał M. Kłosowski
- Department
of Materials and Engineering, Royal School of Mines, South Kensington
Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Raffaella Carzaniga
- Cancer
Research U.K., Francis Crick Institute, 44 Lincoln’s Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, U.K
| | - Patricia Abellan
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K
| | - Quentin Ramasse
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, SciTech Daresbury Campus, Keckwick Lane, Daresbury, Warrington WA4 4AD, U.K
| | - David W. McComb
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Center for Electron Microscopy
and Analysis, The Ohio State University, 1305 Kinnear Road, Columbus, Ohio 43212, United States
| | - Alexandra E. Porter
- Department
of Materials and Engineering, Royal School of Mines, South Kensington
Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Sandra J. Shefelbine
- Department
of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Northeastern University, 334 Snell Engineering Center, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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11
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Abstract
Birds form the largest extant group of bipedal animals and occupy a broad range of body masses, from grams to hundreds of kilograms. Additionally, birds occupy distinct niches of locomotor behaviour, from totally flightless strong runners such as the ratites (moa, kiwi, ostrich) to birds that may walk, dabble on water or fly. We apply a whole-bone approach to investigate allometric scaling trends in the pelvic limb bones (femur, tibiotarsus, tarsometatarsus) from extant and recently extinct birds of greatly different size, and compare scaling between birds in four locomotor groups; flightless, burst-flying, dabbling and flying. We also compare scaling of birds' femoral cross-sectional properties to data previously collected from cats. Scaling exponents were not significantly different between the different locomotor style groups, but elevations of the scaling relationships revealed that dabblers (ducks, geese, swans) have particularly short and slender femora compared with other birds of similar body mass. In common with cats, but less pronounced in birds, the proximal and distal extrema of the bones scaled more strongly than the diaphysis, and in larger birds the diaphysis occupied a smaller proportion of bone length than in smaller birds. Cats and birds have similar femoral cross-sectional area (CSA) for the same body mass, yet birds' bone material is located further from the bone's long axis, leading to higher second and polar moments of area and a greater inferred resistance to bending and twisting. The discrepancy in the relationship between outer diameter to CSA may underlie birds' reputation for having 'light' bones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Doube
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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12
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Doube M, Kłosowski MM, Arganda-Carreras I, Cordelières FP, Dougherty RP, Jackson JS, Schmid B, Hutchinson JR, Shefelbine SJ. BoneJ: Free and extensible bone image analysis in ImageJ. Bone 2010; 47:1076-9. [PMID: 20817052 PMCID: PMC3193171 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1125] [Impact Index Per Article: 80.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Revised: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Bone geometry is commonly measured on computed tomographic (CT) and X-ray microtomographic (μCT) images. We obtained hundreds of CT, μCT and synchrotron μCT images of bones from diverse species that needed to be analysed remote from scanning hardware, but found that available software solutions were expensive, inflexible or methodologically opaque. We implemented standard bone measurements in a novel ImageJ plugin, BoneJ, with which we analysed trabecular bone, whole bones and osteocyte lacunae. BoneJ is open source and free for anyone to download, use, modify and distribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Doube
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom. ;
- Corresponding author: , Phone: +44 (0)20 7594 7426, Fax: +44 (0)20 7594 9817
| | - Michał M Kłosowski
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom. ;
| | - Ignacio Arganda-Carreras
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA. Phone: (001) 617-452-4976
| | - Fabrice P Cordelières
- Institut Curie, Section de Recherche, Plate-forme d’Imagerie Cellualire et Tissulaire, CNRS UMR 3348, Centre Universitaire, Bât. 112, Orsay 91405, France. Phone: +33 1 6986 3130
| | | | - Jonathan S Jackson
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02445, USA. Phone: (001) 617-732-6012
| | - Benjamin Schmid
- Department of Neurobiology and Genetics, University of Würzberg, Germany. Phone: +49 (0)931 8884466
| | - John R Hutchinson
- Structure and Motion Laboratory, The Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, United Kingdom.
| | - Sandra J Shefelbine
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom. ;
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